备战2021年高考英语二轮复习之阅读理解“典型技巧”高效练
典型技巧10
文章写作手法的判断
【考情角度】
考情分析
写作手法判断类的试题常出现在学校生活类说明文中，此类文章常涉及记叙文、说明文或议论文三种体裁，文章难度中等，结构层次清晰，做题时应注意全文或某个段落所运用的写作手法。
考查角度
常考查细节推断题、隐含推断题、写作意图题、观点态度题或写作手法题。
【考题示例】 (2020·唐山质检) 主题语境：学校生活与学习
Student
loan
(贷款)
debt
has
become
a
worldwide
problem.
In
America,
the
country's
overall
student
debt
reached
a
record
of
$1.6
trillion
in
2019.
The
average
person
with
student
loan
debt
owed
between
$20,000
and
$25,000.
A
recent
Japanese
government
report
says
it
has
been
lending
over
$9
billion
yearly
to
students
since
2010.
Similar
conditions
exist
in
Africa
and
South
America.
Several
factors
account
for
high
student
loan
debt.
One
is
that
employers
everywhere
have
increased
their
demands
for
skilled
workers,
making
higher
education
a
requirement
for
many
jobs.
The
students,
however,
after
graduation,
often
find
that
their
country's
economy
is
not
strong
enough
to
support
their
financial
needs,
so
their
ability
to
pay
back
the
loan
becomes
a
problem.
To
solve
the
problem,
many
countries
are
seeking
their
ways.
Australia
has
developed
a
system
where
students
do
not
have
to
pay
anything
back
until
they
are
earning
at
least
$40,000
a
year.
In
America,
several
candidates
running
for
president
in
the
2020
election
have
offered
more
extreme
solutions
that
all
or
at
least
some
of
these
loans
will
be
forgiven.
Some
professors
in
several
universities
recently
studied
what
the
effects
of
debt
forgiveness
might
be.
They
found
that,
overall,
sudden
debt
relief
greatly
improved
the
borrowers'
lives.
Not
only
did
they
have
more
money,
but
they
were
more
likely
to
move
to
a
new
area
and
seek
better
paying
work.
Yet
the
professors'
research
doesn't
include
what
might
happen
to
financial
institutions
or
the
overall
economy
if
debt
were
totally
forgiven.
It
only
looks
at
how
debt
forgiveness
would
help
the
borrowers.
They
warn
of
some
other
possible
negative
effects.
If
a
borrower
knew
that
if
he
ran
into
any
trouble
he
would
be
saved
because
he
could
get
the
debt
relief,
then
he
might
actually
become
more
reckless
(轻率的)
with
his
borrowing
in
the
future.
No
matter
what,
the
professors
agree
that
if
countries
do
decide
to
approve
some
student
debt
relief
the
neediest
students
should
be
helped
first.
1.How
does
the
author
introduce
the
problem
of
student
loan?
A.
By
making
a
comparison.
B.
By
making
classifications.
C.
By
presenting
some
statistics.
D.
By
setting
down
general
rules.
2.What
is
the
professors'
attitude
to
debt
forgiveness?
A.
Uncaring.
B.
Positive.
C.
Disapproving.
D.
Cautious.
答案与解析：1.C 2.D
1.第1段出现的$1.6
trillion,
$20,000
and
$25,000和over
$9
billion是作者引入学生债务的方法。
2.观点态度题。由最后两段教授们的研究中对债务减免的几个看法，可看出教授们的态度。
【技巧释义】把握文章脉络 理解段落层次 确定写作手法
---提出学生贷款债务问题(第1段)
多次出现的数据信息提示第1题答案
---说明导致高额学生债务的因素(第2段)
各国解决债务问题的方法
---债务减免的影响和教授们对债务减免的看法(第3～5段)
警示可能的消极作用
---首先帮助最需要帮助的学生(第6段)
【词汇积累】
overall
adj.全面的
candidate
n.应试者；候选人
financial
adj.经济的
forgiveness
n.宽恕
account
for说明……的原因
pay
back偿还
debt
forgiveness债务减免
【技巧演练】（建议用时：45分钟）
1
Every
human
being,
no
matter
what
he
is
doing,
gives
off
body
heat.
The
usual
problem
is
how
to
get
rid
of
it.
But
the
designers
of
the
University
of
Pittsburgh
set
themselves
the
opposite
problem-----how
to
collect
body
heat.
They
have
designed
a
collection
system
which
makes
good
use
of
not
only
body
heat,
but
the
heat
given
off
by
such
objects
as
electric
lights
and
fridges
as
well.
The
system
works
so
well
that
no
fuel
is
needed
to
make
the
university’s
six
buildings
warm
and
comfortable.
Some
parts
of
most
modern
buildings-----theaters
and
offices
as
well
as
classrooms
are
heated
by
people
and
lights
far
more
than
necessary,
and
sometimes
they
must
be
air-conditioned
even
in
winter.
The
skills
of
saving
heat
and
sharing
it
out
again
in
a
different
way
is
called
“heat
recovery.”
A
few
modern
buildings
recover
heat
from
some
buildings
and
reuse
it
in
others.
Along
the
way,
Pittsburgh
has
learned
a
great
deal
about
some
of
its
heat
producers.
The
harder
a
student
studies,
the
more
heat
his
body
gives
off.
Boy
students
send
out
more
heat
than
girl
students,
and
the
larger
a
student
is,
the
more
heat
he
gives.
The
hottest
for
the
Pittsburgh
University
would
be
a
hardworking,
overweight
boy
student
who
is
very
clever
in
the
university.
1.According
to
this
passage,
the
heat
system
of
the
Pittsburgh
University
is
supplied
by
________.
A.human
bodies
B.human
bodies
and
electrical
equipment
C.human
bodies
and
fuel
D.human
bodies,
electrical
and
fuel
2.From
the
passage,
who
can
we
infer
would
produce
the
least
amount
of
heat?
A.A
fat
boy
student
who
is
clever
and
studies
hard.
B.A
thin
girl
student
who
is
not
clever
and
does
not
study
hard
C.A
thin
boy
student
who
is
clever
and
studies
not
study
hard
D.A
fat
girl
student
who
is
both
clever
and
hard-working
3.What
does
the
passage
mainly
talk
about?
A.recovery
of
boys’
heat
in
the
Pittsburgh
University.
B.modern
buildings’
heat
system
of
human
being.
C.a
new
heat
recovery
system
in
the
Pittsburgh
University.
D.a
best
way
to
save
fuel
or
electricity.
4.How
is
the
passage
developed?
A.By
telling
facts.
B.By
following
time
order.
C.By
analyzing
causes.
D.By
making
comparison.
【答案】1.B2.B3.C4.A
【分析】
这是一篇说明文。短文介绍了匹兹堡大学的设计师们利用每个人都能发出体热的原理，设计了体能收集系统，为学校教学楼提供能源供给。
1.细节理解题。根据第一段“They
have
designed
a
collection
system
which
makes
good
use
of
not
only
body
heat,
but
the
heat
given
off
by
such
objects
as
electric
lights
and
fridges
as
well.”可知，他们设计了一个收集系统，不仅可以很好地利用人体热量，还可以利用电灯和冰箱等物体发出的热量。由此可知，根据这篇文章，匹兹堡大学的供热系统是由人体和电气设备提供的。故选B项。
2.推理判断题。根据最后一段“The
harder
a
student
studies,
the
more
heat
his
body
gives
off.
Boy
students
send
out
more
heat
than
girl
students,
and
the
larger
a
student
is,
the
more
heat
he
gives.”可知，学生学习越努力，身体散发的热量就越多。男生比女生散发出更多的热量，学生越大，他发出的热量就越多。由此判断出，B选项“不聪明、学习不努力的瘦弱女学生”会产生最少的热量。故选B项。
3.主旨大意题。通过读全尤其是第一段“But
the
designers
of
the
University
of
Pittsburgh
set
themselves
the
opposite
problem-----how
to
collect
body
heat.
They
have
designed
a
collection
system
which
makes
good
use
of
not
only
body
heat,
but
the
heat
given
off
by
such
objects
as
electric
lights
and
fridges
as
well.
The
system
works
so
well
that
no
fuel
is
needed
to
make
the
university’s
six
buildings
warm
and
comfortable.”可知，但是匹兹堡大学的设计师们却给自己设置了一个相反的问题——如何收集人体热量。他们设计了一个收集系统，不仅可以很好地利用人体热量，还可以利用电灯和冰箱等物体发出的热量。该系统运行良好，不需要燃料就可以使大学的六栋大楼温暖舒适。所以短文主要是关于匹兹堡大学的一种新的热回收系统。故选C项。
4.推理判断题。根据第一段“Every
human
being,
no
matter
what
he
is
doing,
gives
off
body
heat.”
每个人，不管他在做什么，都会散发出体热。以及第二段“Some
parts
of
most
modern
buildings-----theaters
and
offices
as
well
as
classrooms
are
heated
by
people
and
lights
far
more
than
necessary,
and
sometimes
they
must
be
air-conditioned
even
in
winter.”
大多数现代建筑的某些部分，如剧院、办公室和教室，用人和灯光取暖的程度远远超过了必要的程度，有时甚至在冬天也必须安装空调。由此判断出文章是通过讲事实展开行文的。故选A项。
2
How
often
do
you
get
uncomfortable?
A
couple
of
years
ago
I
bought
a
shirt
as
part
of
an
adoption
fundraiser.
The
front
of
the
shirt
said,
"Life
begins
at
the
end
of
your
comfort
zone.”
That
phrase
has
really
resonated
(产生共鸣)
with
me
and
has
increasingly
pushed
me
in
many
areas
of
my
life
so
much
that
I
really
want
2018
to
be
a
year
when
I
challenge
my
comfort
zone
like
never
before.
I
believe
the
best
things
in
life
come
from
stretching(延伸，伸展)
ourselves
and
getting
uncomfortable.
Take
health
and
fitness,
for
example.
It
is
so
deliciously
tempting
(诱人的)
to
sit
on
the
sofa
and
watch
a
favorite
Netflix
series
with
a
favorite
sweet
or
salty
snack
in
hand.
That
is
comfortable,
and
physically
unhealthy
when
done
repeatedly.
A
good
heart-pounding,
sweaty
workout
is
uncomfortable
in
the
moment,
and
physically
and
emotional
strengthening
when
done
repeatedly.
Here’s
another
example.
My
wife
and
I
adopted
a
boy
with
Down
syndrome
in
April
2016
to
add
to
our
family
of
three
sons.
It
was
a
decision
that
we
cautiously
made
and
with
some
level
of
fear
and
wonder
as
to
what
would
happen.
While
we
are
still
very
early
in
this
lifetime
journey
with
him
and
while
the
past
nearly
two
years
have
been
more
challenging
and
harder
than
we
certainly
imagined,
I
have
personally
never
felt
so
much
peace,
joy
and
energy.
In
the
many
sacrifices
(牺牲)
required
to
raise
our
wonderful
son,
I
believe
I
have
found
so
much
more
that
would
have
otherwise
been
possible.
My
goal
is
to
stretch
my
comfort
zone
in
all
that
I
do
as
a
husband,
father,
family
member,
and
employee.
We
only
live
once
and
it
will
be
done
before
we
know
it.
I
want
to
make
as
much
difference
as
I
can
in
the
time
that
I
have
here
before
it
all
ends.
And
I
really
believe
that
begins
with
pushing
past
my
comfort
zone.
Perhaps
you
should
challenge
yourself
to
get
uncomfortable
and
see
where
the
adventure
takes
you.
5.What
inspired
the
author
to
challenge
his
comfort
zone?
A.Being
an
adoption
fundraiser.
B.Some
words
on
a
shirt.
C.Being
physically
unhealthy.
D.The
coming
of
2018.
6.The
author
holds
the
view
that
his
adopted
son
______.
A.makes
him
happy
and
energetic
B.seldom
brings
trouble
to
his
family
C.sets
a
good
example
for
his
other
sons
D.hardly
affects
his
lifetime
journey
7.What
does
the
author
probably
advise
readers
to
do?
A.Treasure
your
comfortable
zone.
B.Relax
yourself
by
watching
TV.
C.Solve
problems
by
yourself.
D.Risk
living
an
uncomfortable
life.
8.How
does
the
author
mainly
develop
the
text?
A.By
setting
down
general
rules.
B.By
making
comparisons.
C.By
giving
examples.
D.By
presenting
research
findings.
【答案】5.B6.A7.D8.C
【分析】
这是一篇议论文。文章通过举例子的方式证明了走出生活舒适区能给人带来更多的快乐和活力。
5.细节理解题。根据第一段中“The
front
of
the
shirt
said,
"Life
begins
at
the
end
of
your
comfort
zone.”
That
phrase
has
really
resonated
(产生共鸣)
with
me
and
has
increasingly
pushed
me
in
many
areas
of
my
life
so
much
that
I
really
want
2018
to
be
a
year
when
I
challenge
my
comfort
zone
like
never
before.（衬衫的正面写着:“生活从舒适区的尽头开始。”这句话真的与我产生了共鸣，并在生活的许多领域不断地推动着我，以至于我真的希望2018年成为挑战我的舒适区前所未有的一年。）”可知，作者是受了一件衬衫上的一句话的激励，才想挑战自己的舒适区。故选B项。
6.细节理解题。根据第四段中“while
the
past
nearly
two
years
have
been
more
challenging
and
harder
than
we
certainly
imagined,
I
have
personally
never
felt
so
much
peace,
joy
and
energy.（虽然过去近两年的日子比我们想象的要充满挑战和艰辛，但我个人却从未感受过这么多的平静、快乐和活力。）”可知，作者认为他的养子使他非常的快乐和充满活力。故选A项。
7.推理判断题。根据文章最后一段“Perhaps
you
should
challenge
yourself
to
get
uncomfortable
and
see
where
the
adventure
takes
you.（也许你应该挑战自己，让自己感到不舒服，然后看看冒险会把你带到哪里。）”可知，作者建议读者挑战生活在不舒适区，看看冒险会带来什么结果。故选D项。
8.推理判断题。根据文章第三段段首“Take
health
and
fitness,
for
example.（以健康和健身为例。）”和第四段段首“Here’s
another
example.（这是另一个例子。）”可知，作者在文章中用了大量的篇幅去举例子，从而证明走出舒适区给他带来的惊喜和挑战。故选C项。
3
New
research
linked
outdoor
air
pollution
to
an
increased
risk
of
diabetes
(糖尿病)
globally,
according
to
a
study
from
Washington
University
in
St.
Louis
and
the
Veterans
Affairs
(VA)
St.
Louis
Health
Care
System.
The
findings
raised
the
possibility
that
reducing
pollution
might
lead
to
a
drop
in
diabetes
cases.
“Our
research
shows
a
significant
link
between
air
pollution
and
diabetes
globally,”
said
Ziyad
Al-Aly,
a
professor
at
Washington
University.
“We
found
an
increased
risk,
even
at
low
levels
of
air
pollution
currently
considered
safe
by
the
US
Environmental
Protection
Agency
(EPA)
and
the
World
Health
Organization
(WHO).
This
is
important
because
many
industry
groups
argue
that
current
levels
are
too
strict.
Evidence
shows
that
current
levels
are
still
not
sufficiently
safe
and
need
tightening.”
The
findings
were
published
on
June
29
in
The
Lancet
Planetary
Health.
To
evaluate
outdoor
air
pollution,
the
researchers
looked
at
small
pieces
of
dust,
smoke
and
liquid
droplets.
In
diabetes,
pollution
was
thought
to
reduce
insulin
(胰岛素)
production
and
prevent
the
body
from
changing
blood
glucose
(葡萄糖)
into
energy
that
the
body
needed
to
maintain
health.
The
researchers
also
found
that
poverty-stricken
countries
faced
a
higher
diabetes-pollution
risk
including
Afghanistan,
Papua
New
Guinea
and
Guyana,
while
richer
countries
such
as
France,
Finland
and
Iceland
experienced
a
lower
risk.
The
US
experienced
a
middle
risk
of
pollution-related
diabetes.
In
the
US,
the
EPA’s
pollution
limit
was
12
micrograms
per
cubic
meter
of
air,
the
highest
level
of
air
pollution
considered
safe
for
the
public,
as
was
set
by
the
Clean
Air
Act
of
1990
and
was
updated
in
2012.
However,
using
mathematical
models,
Al-Aly’s
team
set
an
increased
diabetes
risk
at
2.4
micrograms
per
cubic
meter
of
air.
Based
on
VA
data,
among
a
sample
of
citizens
exposed
to
pollution
at
a
level
of
between
5
to
10
micrograms
per
cubic
meter
of
air,
about
21
percent
developed
diabetes.
“The
team
in
St.
Louis
is
doing
important
research
to
firm
up
links
between
pollution
and
health
conditions
such
as
diabetes,”
said
commission
member
Philip
J.
Landrigan,
MD,
a
pediatrician
and
epidemiologist
at
Mount
Sinai
School
of
Medicine
in
New
York.
“I
believe
their
research
will
have
a
significant
global
effect.”
9.What
can
we
know
from
the
first
two
paragraphs?
A.Diabetes
had
little
to
do
with
outdoor
air
pollution.
B.Reducing
pollution
might
lead
to
a
lot
of
diabetes
cases.
C.Air
pollution
contributed
significantly
to
diabetes
globally.
D.Low-level
air
pollution
was
always
considered
safe
by
WHO.
10.How
did
the
researchers
assess
the
air
pollution?
A.By
reducing
insulin
production.
B.By
analyzing
small
matter
in
the
air.
C.By
connecting
diabetes
and
pollution.
D.By
checking
blood
glucose
in
the
body.
11.Why
does
the
author
list
some
figures
in
paragraph
5?
A.To
present
a
result.
B.To
support
his
idea.
C.To
make
a
comparison.
D.To
draw
a
conclusion.
【答案】9.C10.B11.B
【分析】
这是一篇说明文。文章讲述了通过研究发现糖尿病患病率与污染有重要关系。
9.推理判断题。根据文中“
The
findings
raised
the
possibility
that
reducing
pollution
might
lead
to
a
drop
in
diabetes
cases.”（这些发现提高了减少污染可能会导致糖尿病病例的下降的可能性。）可知，污染和糖尿病例是有着一定关系的，所以A项Diabetes
had
little
to
do
with
outdoor
air
pollution.（糖尿病与户外空气污染没关系。）错误
；同时B项Reducing
pollution
might
lead
to
a
lot
of
diabetes
cases.（减少污染也会导致大量的糖尿病病例。）与原文文意不符，所以错误。又根据文中“Our
research
shows
a
significant
link
between
air
pollution
and
diabetes
globally.”（我们的研究表明空气污染与全球糖尿病有着重要关系。）可知C项Air
pollution
contributed
significantly
to
diabetes
globally.（空气污染对全球糖尿病发病有重要影响。）正确；根据文中“even
at
low
levels
of
air
pollution
currently
considered
safe
by
the
US
Environmental
Protection
Agency
(EPA)
and
the
World
Health
Organization
(WHO).”（即使是EPA和WHO组织现阶段认为的安全的低水平的空气污染。）可知D项Low-level
air
pollution
was
always
considered
safe
by
WHO.（低水平污染总是被WHO认为是安全的，与文章不符，文章中只是说现在，所以D项错误。故选C项。
10.细节理解题。根据文中“To
evaluate
outdoor
air
pollution,
the
researchers
looked
at
small
pieces
of
dust,
smoke
and
liquid
droplets.”（为了评估室外空气污染，研究者观察了小块的灰土，烟和液体飞沫。）可知，研究者评估空气污染是通过分析空气中的小物质，故选B项。
11.推理判断题。根据第五段数据展示，美国1990设定的污染限制到2012再次将污染限制更新后，已经是美国公认的安全了，但是通过Al-Aly的团队的发现，将患糖尿病的风险设定为每立方米空气2.4微克，但是后来在每立方米空气污染水平为5至10微克的公民样本中，约有21%
患上了糖尿病。所以根据第五段数据展示，作者是想要证明第四段最后一句话“The
US
experienced
a
middle
risk
of
pollution-related
diabetes.”（美国经历了污染引起糖尿病的中度风险。）的这个观点，故选B项。
4
Chinese
scientists
have
created
the
world's
first
light-based
quantum
(量子)computer
named
Jiuzhang.
It
is
a
milestone
in
which
a
quantum
machine
can
solve
a
problem
no
classical
supercomputer
can
tackle
within
a
reasonable
amount
of
time.
Experts
recognized
the
Chinese
machine
as
a
“state-of-the-art
experiment”.
Fabio
Sciarrino,
a
quantum
physicist
at
Sapienza
University
of
Rome,
told
Science
News
that
his
first
impression
of
the
Chinese
quantum
computer
was,
simply,
“wow”.
Anton
Zeilinger,
noted
quantum
physicist
and
president
of
the
Austrian
Academy
of
Sciences,
said
that,
following
this
experiment,
he
predicts
there
is
a
very
good
chance
that
quantum
computers
may
be
used
very
broadly
someday.
Quantum
computers
stand
out
at
running
simulations
that
are
impossible
for
conventional
computers.
Quantum
machines
can
take
computational
shortcuts
when
simulating
extremely
complex
situations,
while
conventional
computers
have
to
force
their
way
to
a
solution,
taking
significantly
more
time
in
the
process.
Moreover,
it
can
perform
an
extreme
calculation,
called
Gaussian
boson
sampling,
in
200
seconds.
The
same
task
would
take
the
world's
fastest
classical
supercomputer,
Fugaku,
around
600
million
years.
Pan
Jianwei,
who
is
recognized
as
China's
top
quantum
scientist
and
one
of
the
key
researchers
behind
Jiuzhang,
said
the
calculations
they
carried
out
can
not
only
showcase
the
machine's
computing
power
but
also
demonstrate
potential
practical
applications
in
machine
learning
and
quantum
chemistry.
“Quantum
computing
has
already
become
a
fierce
competition
area
among
the
United
States,
Europe
and
other
developed
regions,
”
Pan
said,
adding
that
China's
quantum
computational
advantage
took
about
7
to
10
years
to
achieve,
since
the
team
first
decided
to
tackle
the
problem
around
2013.
However,
Pan
stressed
that
the
quantum
computer
is
a
highly
specialized
machine,
and
is
currently
only
programmed
to
do
boson
sampling.
“It
is
not
a
general-purpose
quantum
computer,
”
he
said.
In
the
near
future,
scientists
may
increase
Jiuzhang's
possible
output
states—a
key
indicator
of
computing
power—from
10
to
the
30th
power
to
10
to
the
40th
power.
12.What
is
the
Anton
Zeilingefs
attitude
towards
quantum
computer?
A.Negative.
B.Optimistic.
C.Doubtful.
D.Satisfied.
13.How
does
the
author
support
his
opinion
in
Paragraph
3
?
A.By
making
contrasts.
B.By
presenting
reasons.
C.By
analyzing
figures.
D.By
conducting
experiments.
14.What
may
be
the
next
main
focus
in
developing
Jiuzhang?
A.Capacity.
B.Programme.
C.Storage.
D.Application.
15.What
does
the
text
mainly
talk
about?
A.High
recognition
of
Chinese
experts
in
the
world.
B.Fierce
competition
in
Boson
sampling
all
over
the
world.
C.Appearance
of
the
world's
first
light-based
quantum
computer.
D.Distinctions
between
quantum
computer
and
conventional
computer.
【答案】12.B13.A14.A15.C
【分析】
本文是一篇新闻报道。中国科学家构建的量子计算原型机“九章”，求解数学算法高斯玻色取样只需200秒，这一突破使我国成为全球第二个实现“量子优越性”的国家。文章介绍了九章的优势，发展前景，以及目前的局限。
12.推理判断题。根据第二段的“Anton
Zeilinger,
noted
quantum
physicist
and
president
of
the
Austrian
Academy
of
Sciences,
said
that,
following
this
experiment,
he
predicts
there
is
a
very
good
chance
that
quantum
computers
may
be
used
very
broadly
someday.”（奥地利科学院院长，著名量子物理学家Anton
Zeilinger说，通过这次实验，他预测量子计算机有很大的机会得到广泛的应用）可推知，Anton
Zeilinger对量子计算机很乐观。故选B。
13.推理判断题。根据第三段的“Quantum
machines
can
take
computational
shortcuts
when
simulating
extremely
complex
situations,
while
conventional
computers
have
to
force
their
way
to
a
solution,
taking
significantly
more
time
in
the
process.
Moreover,
it
can
perform
an
extreme
calculation,
called
Gaussian
boson
sampling,
in
200
seconds.
The
same
task
would
take
the
world's
fastest
classical
supercomputer,
Fugaku,
around
600
million
years.”（在模拟特别复杂的场景时，量子计算机可以采用计算捷径，而传统计算机必须一步步地找解决方案，在过程中花费更多时间。此外，它可以在200秒内完成一个极端的计算，即高斯玻色子采样。同样的任务需要世界上最快的传统计算机Fugaku大约6亿年才能完成）可推知，作者主要采用把量子计算即和传统计算机进行对比来支持自己的观点。
故选A。
14.推理判断题。根据最后一段的“In
the
near
future,
scientists
may
increase
Jiuzhang's
possible
output
states—a
key
indicator
of
computing
power—from
10
to
the
30th
power
to
10
to
the
40th
power.”（在不久的将来，科学家会增加九章潜在的输出态——这是计算机能力的一个关键的指标——从10的30次方到10的40次方）可推知，科学家下一步的发展重点是量子计算的潜在输出态，即它的容量。故选A。
15.主旨大意题。根据文章的主要内容，尤其第一段的“Chinese
scientists
have
created
the
world's
first
light-based
quantum
（量子）computer
named
Jiuzhang.
It
is
a
milestone
in
which
a
quantum
machine
can
solve
a
problem
no
classical
supercomputer
can
tackle
within
a
reasonable
amount
of
time.”（中国科学家构建了世界上首台光量子计算机“九章”。这是一个里程碑，量子计算机可以解决传统计算机无法在合理的时间内解决的问题）可知，本文主要讲述了第一台光量子计算机的问世。故选C。备战2021年高考英语二轮复习之阅读理解“典型技巧”高效练
典型技巧10
文章写作手法的判断
【考情角度】
考情分析
写作手法判断类的试题常出现在学校生活类说明文中，此类文章常涉及记叙文、说明文或议论文三种体裁，文章难度中等，结构层次清晰，做题时应注意全文或某个段落所运用的写作手法。
考查角度
常考查细节推断题、隐含推断题、写作意图题、观点态度题或写作手法题。
【考题示例】 (2020·唐山质检) 主题语境：学校生活与学习
Student
loan
(贷款)
debt
has
become
a
worldwide
problem.
In
America,
the
country's
overall
student
debt
reached
a
record
of
$1.6
trillion
in
2019.
The
average
person
with
student
loan
debt
owed
between
$20,000
and
$25,000.
A
recent
Japanese
government
report
says
it
has
been
lending
over
$9
billion
yearly
to
students
since
2010.
Similar
conditions
exist
in
Africa
and
South
America.
Several
factors
account
for
high
student
loan
debt.
One
is
that
employers
everywhere
have
increased
their
demands
for
skilled
workers,
making
higher
education
a
requirement
for
many
jobs.
The
students,
however,
after
graduation,
often
find
that
their
country's
economy
is
not
strong
enough
to
support
their
financial
needs,
so
their
ability
to
pay
back
the
loan
becomes
a
problem.
To
solve
the
problem,
many
countries
are
seeking
their
ways.
Australia
has
developed
a
system
where
students
do
not
have
to
pay
anything
back
until
they
are
earning
at
least
$40,000
a
year.
In
America,
several
candidates
running
for
president
in
the
2020
election
have
offered
more
extreme
solutions
that
all
or
at
least
some
of
these
loans
will
be
forgiven.
Some
professors
in
several
universities
recently
studied
what
the
effects
of
debt
forgiveness
might
be.
They
found
that,
overall,
sudden
debt
relief
greatly
improved
the
borrowers'
lives.
Not
only
did
they
have
more
money,
but
they
were
more
likely
to
move
to
a
new
area
and
seek
better
paying
work.
Yet
the
professors'
research
doesn't
include
what
might
happen
to
financial
institutions
or
the
overall
economy
if
debt
were
totally
forgiven.
It
only
looks
at
how
debt
forgiveness
would
help
the
borrowers.
They
warn
of
some
other
possible
negative
effects.
If
a
borrower
knew
that
if
he
ran
into
any
trouble
he
would
be
saved
because
he
could
get
the
debt
relief,
then
he
might
actually
become
more
reckless
(轻率的)
with
his
borrowing
in
the
future.
No
matter
what,
the
professors
agree
that
if
countries
do
decide
to
approve
some
student
debt
relief
the
neediest
students
should
be
helped
first.
1.How
does
the
author
introduce
the
problem
of
student
loan?
A.
By
making
a
comparison.
B.
By
making
classifications.
C.
By
presenting
some
statistics.
D.
By
setting
down
general
rules.
2.What
is
the
professors'
attitude
to
debt
forgiveness?
A.
Uncaring.
B.
Positive.
C.
Disapproving.
D.
Cautious.
答案与解析：1.C 2.D
1.第1段出现的$1.6
trillion,
$20,000
and
$25,000和over
$9
billion是作者引入学生债务的方法。
2.观点态度题。由最后两段教授们的研究中对债务减免的几个看法，可看出教授们的态度。
【技巧释义】把握文章脉络 理解段落层次 确定写作手法
---提出学生贷款债务问题(第1段)
多次出现的数据信息提示第1题答案
---说明导致高额学生债务的因素(第2段)
各国解决债务问题的方法
---债务减免的影响和教授们对债务减免的看法(第3～5段)
警示可能的消极作用
---首先帮助最需要帮助的学生(第6段)
【词汇积累】
overall
adj.全面的
candidate
n.应试者；候选人
financial
adj.经济的
forgiveness
n.宽恕
account
for说明……的原因
pay
back偿还
debt
forgiveness债务减免
【技巧演练】（建议用时：45分钟）
1
Every
human
being,
no
matter
what
he
is
doing,
gives
off
body
heat.
The
usual
problem
is
how
to
get
rid
of
it.
But
the
designers
of
the
University
of
Pittsburgh
set
themselves
the
opposite
problem-----how
to
collect
body
heat.
They
have
designed
a
collection
system
which
makes
good
use
of
not
only
body
heat,
but
the
heat
given
off
by
such
objects
as
electric
lights
and
fridges
as
well.
The
system
works
so
well
that
no
fuel
is
needed
to
make
the
university’s
six
buildings
warm
and
comfortable.
Some
parts
of
most
modern
buildings-----theaters
and
offices
as
well
as
classrooms
are
heated
by
people
and
lights
far
more
than
necessary,
and
sometimes
they
must
be
air-conditioned
even
in
winter.
The
skills
of
saving
heat
and
sharing
it
out
again
in
a
different
way
is
called
“heat
recovery.”
A
few
modern
buildings
recover
heat
from
some
buildings
and
reuse
it
in
others.
Along
the
way,
Pittsburgh
has
learned
a
great
deal
about
some
of
its
heat
producers.
The
harder
a
student
studies,
the
more
heat
his
body
gives
off.
Boy
students
send
out
more
heat
than
girl
students,
and
the
larger
a
student
is,
the
more
heat
he
gives.
The
hottest
for
the
Pittsburgh
University
would
be
a
hardworking,
overweight
boy
student
who
is
very
clever
in
the
university.
1.According
to
this
passage,
the
heat
system
of
the
Pittsburgh
University
is
supplied
by
________.
A.human
bodies
B.human
bodies
and
electrical
equipment
C.human
bodies
and
fuel
D.human
bodies,
electrical
and
fuel
2.From
the
passage,
who
can
we
infer
would
produce
the
least
amount
of
heat?
A.A
fat
boy
student
who
is
clever
and
studies
hard.
B.A
thin
girl
student
who
is
not
clever
and
does
not
study
hard
C.A
thin
boy
student
who
is
clever
and
studies
not
study
hard
D.A
fat
girl
student
who
is
both
clever
and
hard-working
3.What
does
the
passage
mainly
talk
about?
A.recovery
of
boys’
heat
in
the
Pittsburgh
University.
B.modern
buildings’
heat
system
of
human
being.
C.a
new
heat
recovery
system
in
the
Pittsburgh
University.
D.a
best
way
to
save
fuel
or
electricity.
4.How
is
the
passage
developed?
A.By
telling
facts.
B.By
following
time
order.
C.By
analyzing
causes.
D.By
making
comparison.
2
How
often
do
you
get
uncomfortable?
A
couple
of
years
ago
I
bought
a
shirt
as
part
of
an
adoption
fundraiser.
The
front
of
the
shirt
said,
"Life
begins
at
the
end
of
your
comfort
zone.”
That
phrase
has
really
resonated
(产生共鸣)
with
me
and
has
increasingly
pushed
me
in
many
areas
of
my
life
so
much
that
I
really
want
2018
to
be
a
year
when
I
challenge
my
comfort
zone
like
never
before.
I
believe
the
best
things
in
life
come
from
stretching(延伸，伸展)
ourselves
and
getting
uncomfortable.
Take
health
and
fitness,
for
example.
It
is
so
deliciously
tempting
(诱人的)
to
sit
on
the
sofa
and
watch
a
favorite
Netflix
series
with
a
favorite
sweet
or
salty
snack
in
hand.
That
is
comfortable,
and
physically
unhealthy
when
done
repeatedly.
A
good
heart-pounding,
sweaty
workout
is
uncomfortable
in
the
moment,
and
physically
and
emotional
strengthening
when
done
repeatedly.
Here’s
another
example.
My
wife
and
I
adopted
a
boy
with
Down
syndrome
in
April
2016
to
add
to
our
family
of
three
sons.
It
was
a
decision
that
we
cautiously
made
and
with
some
level
of
fear
and
wonder
as
to
what
would
happen.
While
we
are
still
very
early
in
this
lifetime
journey
with
him
and
while
the
past
nearly
two
years
have
been
more
challenging
and
harder
than
we
certainly
imagined,
I
have
personally
never
felt
so
much
peace,
joy
and
energy.
In
the
many
sacrifices
(牺牲)
required
to
raise
our
wonderful
son,
I
believe
I
have
found
so
much
more
that
would
have
otherwise
been
possible.
My
goal
is
to
stretch
my
comfort
zone
in
all
that
I
do
as
a
husband,
father,
family
member,
and
employee.
We
only
live
once
and
it
will
be
done
before
we
know
it.
I
want
to
make
as
much
difference
as
I
can
in
the
time
that
I
have
here
before
it
all
ends.
And
I
really
believe
that
begins
with
pushing
past
my
comfort
zone.
Perhaps
you
should
challenge
yourself
to
get
uncomfortable
and
see
where
the
adventure
takes
you.
5.What
inspired
the
author
to
challenge
his
comfort
zone?
A.Being
an
adoption
fundraiser.
B.Some
words
on
a
shirt.
C.Being
physically
unhealthy.
D.The
coming
of
2018.
6.The
author
holds
the
view
that
his
adopted
son
______.
A.makes
him
happy
and
energetic
B.seldom
brings
trouble
to
his
family
C.sets
a
good
example
for
his
other
sons
D.hardly
affects
his
lifetime
journey
7.What
does
the
author
probably
advise
readers
to
do?
A.Treasure
your
comfortable
zone.
B.Relax
yourself
by
watching
TV.
C.Solve
problems
by
yourself.
D.Risk
living
an
uncomfortable
life.
8.How
does
the
author
mainly
develop
the
text?
A.By
setting
down
general
rules.
B.By
making
comparisons.
C.By
giving
examples.
D.By
presenting
research
findings.
3
New
research
linked
outdoor
air
pollution
to
an
increased
risk
of
diabetes
(糖尿病)
globally,
according
to
a
study
from
Washington
University
in
St.
Louis
and
the
Veterans
Affairs
(VA)
St.
Louis
Health
Care
System.
The
findings
raised
the
possibility
that
reducing
pollution
might
lead
to
a
drop
in
diabetes
cases.
“Our
research
shows
a
significant
link
between
air
pollution
and
diabetes
globally,”
said
Ziyad
Al-Aly,
a
professor
at
Washington
University.
“We
found
an
increased
risk,
even
at
low
levels
of
air
pollution
currently
considered
safe
by
the
US
Environmental
Protection
Agency
(EPA)
and
the
World
Health
Organization
(WHO).
This
is
important
because
many
industry
groups
argue
that
current
levels
are
too
strict.
Evidence
shows
that
current
levels
are
still
not
sufficiently
safe
and
need
tightening.”
The
findings
were
published
on
June
29
in
The
Lancet
Planetary
Health.
To
evaluate
outdoor
air
pollution,
the
researchers
looked
at
small
pieces
of
dust,
smoke
and
liquid
droplets.
In
diabetes,
pollution
was
thought
to
reduce
insulin
(胰岛素)
production
and
prevent
the
body
from
changing
blood
glucose
(葡萄糖)
into
energy
that
the
body
needed
to
maintain
health.
The
researchers
also
found
that
poverty-stricken
countries
faced
a
higher
diabetes-pollution
risk
including
Afghanistan,
Papua
New
Guinea
and
Guyana,
while
richer
countries
such
as
France,
Finland
and
Iceland
experienced
a
lower
risk.
The
US
experienced
a
middle
risk
of
pollution-related
diabetes.
In
the
US,
the
EPA’s
pollution
limit
was
12
micrograms
per
cubic
meter
of
air,
the
highest
level
of
air
pollution
considered
safe
for
the
public,
as
was
set
by
the
Clean
Air
Act
of
1990
and
was
updated
in
2012.
However,
using
mathematical
models,
Al-Aly’s
team
set
an
increased
diabetes
risk
at
2.4
micrograms
per
cubic
meter
of
air.
Based
on
VA
data,
among
a
sample
of
citizens
exposed
to
pollution
at
a
level
of
between
5
to
10
micrograms
per
cubic
meter
of
air,
about
21
percent
developed
diabetes.
“The
team
in
St.
Louis
is
doing
important
research
to
firm
up
links
between
pollution
and
health
conditions
such
as
diabetes,”
said
commission
member
Philip
J.
Landrigan,
MD,
a
pediatrician
and
epidemiologist
at
Mount
Sinai
School
of
Medicine
in
New
York.
“I
believe
their
research
will
have
a
significant
global
effect.”
9.What
can
we
know
from
the
first
two
paragraphs?
A.Diabetes
had
little
to
do
with
outdoor
air
pollution.
B.Reducing
pollution
might
lead
to
a
lot
of
diabetes
cases.
C.Air
pollution
contributed
significantly
to
diabetes
globally.
D.Low-level
air
pollution
was
always
considered
safe
by
WHO.
10.How
did
the
researchers
assess
the
air
pollution?
A.By
reducing
insulin
production.
B.By
analyzing
small
matter
in
the
air.
C.By
connecting
diabetes
and
pollution.
D.By
checking
blood
glucose
in
the
body.
11.Why
does
the
author
list
some
figures
in
paragraph
5?
A.To
present
a
result.
B.To
support
his
idea.
C.To
make
a
comparison.
D.To
draw
a
conclusion.
4
Chinese
scientists
have
created
the
world's
first
light-based
quantum
(量子)computer
named
Jiuzhang.
It
is
a
milestone
in
which
a
quantum
machine
can
solve
a
problem
no
classical
supercomputer
can
tackle
within
a
reasonable
amount
of
time.
Experts
recognized
the
Chinese
machine
as
a
“state-of-the-art
experiment”.
Fabio
Sciarrino,
a
quantum
physicist
at
Sapienza
University
of
Rome,
told
Science
News
that
his
first
impression
of
the
Chinese
quantum
computer
was,
simply,
“wow”.
Anton
Zeilinger,
noted
quantum
physicist
and
president
of
the
Austrian
Academy
of
Sciences,
said
that,
following
this
experiment,
he
predicts
there
is
a
very
good
chance
that
quantum
computers
may
be
used
very
broadly
someday.
Quantum
computers
stand
out
at
running
simulations
that
are
impossible
for
conventional
computers.
Quantum
machines
can
take
computational
shortcuts
when
simulating
extremely
complex
situations,
while
conventional
computers
have
to
force
their
way
to
a
solution,
taking
significantly
more
time
in
the
process.
Moreover,
it
can
perform
an
extreme
calculation,
called
Gaussian
boson
sampling,
in
200
seconds.
The
same
task
would
take
the
world's
fastest
classical
supercomputer,
Fugaku,
around
600
million
years.
Pan
Jianwei,
who
is
recognized
as
China's
top
quantum
scientist
and
one
of
the
key
researchers
behind
Jiuzhang,
said
the
calculations
they
carried
out
can
not
only
showcase
the
machine's
computing
power
but
also
demonstrate
potential
practical
applications
in
machine
learning
and
quantum
chemistry.
“Quantum
computing
has
already
become
a
fierce
competition
area
among
the
United
States,
Europe
and
other
developed
regions,
”
Pan
said,
adding
that
China's
quantum
computational
advantage
took
about
7
to
10
years
to
achieve,
since
the
team
first
decided
to
tackle
the
problem
around
2013.
However,
Pan
stressed
that
the
quantum
computer
is
a
highly
specialized
machine,
and
is
currently
only
programmed
to
do
boson
sampling.
“It
is
not
a
general-purpose
quantum
computer,
”
he
said.
In
the
near
future,
scientists
may
increase
Jiuzhang's
possible
output
states—a
key
indicator
of
computing
power—from
10
to
the
30th
power
to
10
to
the
40th
power.
12.What
is
the
Anton
Zeilingefs
attitude
towards
quantum
computer?
A.Negative.
B.Optimistic.
C.Doubtful.
D.Satisfied.
13.How
does
the
author
support
his
opinion
in
Paragraph
3
?
A.By
making
contrasts.
B.By
presenting
reasons.
C.By
analyzing
figures.
D.By
conducting
experiments.
14.What
may
be
the
next
main
focus
in
developing
Jiuzhang?
A.Capacity.
B.Programme.
C.Storage.
D.Application.
15.What
does
the
text
mainly
talk
about?
A.High
recognition
of
Chinese
experts
in
the
world.
B.Fierce
competition
in
Boson
sampling
all
over
the
world.
C.Appearance
of
the
world's
first
light-based
quantum
computer.
D.Distinctions
between
quantum
computer
and
conventional
computer.
