备战2021年高考英语二轮复习之阅读理解“典型技巧”高效练
典型技巧11
文章大意的概括策略
【考情角度】
考情分析
概括大意类试题常出现在社会生活类说明文中，此类文章是高考阅读中常涉及的，篇首常以个例形式引入现象，下文会围绕该现象从几个方面进行说明。
考查角度
常考查隐含推断题、观点态度题与主旨大意题。
【真题再现】(2019·全国卷Ⅱ·C) 主题语境：社会生活
Marian
Bechtel
sits
at
West
Palm
Beach's
Bar
Louie
counter
by
herself,
quietly
reading
her
e?book
as
she
waits
for
her
salad.
What
is
she
reading?
None
of
your
business!
Lunch
is
Bechtel's
“me”
time.
And
like
more
Americans,
she's
not
alone.
A
new
report
found
46
percent
of
meals
are
eaten
alone
in
America.
More
than
half
(53
percent)
have
breakfast
alone
and
nearly
half
(46
percent)
have
lunch
by
themselves.
Only
at
dinnertime
are
we
eating
together
anymore,
74
percent,
according
to
from
the
report.
“I
prefer
to
go
out
and
be
out.
Alone,
but
together,
you
know？”
Bechtel
said,
looking
up
from
her
book.
Bechtel,
who
works
in
downtown
West
Palm
Beach,
has
lunch
with
coworkers
sometimes,
but
like
many
of
us,
too
often
works
through
lunch
at
her
desk.
A
lunchtime
allows
her
to
keep
a
boss
from
her
on
the
shoulder.
She
returns
to
work
feeling
.
“Today,
I
just
wanted
some
time
to
myself，”
she
said.
Just
two
seats
over,
Andrew
Mazoleny,
a
local
videographer,
is
finishing
his
lunch
at
the
bar.
He
likes
that
he
can
sit
and
check
his
phone
in
peace
or
chat
up
the
barkeeper
with
whom
he's
on
a
first?name
basis
if
he
wants
to
have
a
little
interaction
(交流).
“I
reflect
on
how
my
day's
gone
and
think
about
the
rest
of
the
week，”
he
said.
“It's
a
chance
for
self?reflection.
You
return
to
work
and
with
a
plan.”
That
freedom
to
choose
is
one
reason
more
people
like
to
eat
alone.
There
was
a
time
when
people
may
have
felt
about
asking
for
a
table
for
one,
but
those
days
are
over.
Now,
we
have
our
smartphones
to
keep
us
company
at
the
table.
“It
doesn't
feel
as
alone
as
it
may
have
before
all
the
advances
in
technology，”
said
Laurie
Demeritt,
whose
company
provided
the
statistics
for
the
report.
1.What
are
the
statistics
in
paragraph
2
about?
A.
Food
variety.
B.
Eating
habits.
C.
Table
manners.
D.
Restaurant
service.
2.Why
does
Bechtel
prefer
to
go
out
for
lunch?
A.
To
meet
with
her
coworkers.
B.
To
catch
up
with
her
work.
C.
To
have
some
time
on
her
own.
D.
To
collect
data
for
her
report.
3.What
do
we
know
about
Mazoleny?
A.
He
makes
videos
for
the
bar.
B.
He's
fond
of
the
food
at
the
bar.
C.
He
interviews
customers
at
the
bar.
D.
He's
familiar
with
the
barkeeper.
4.What
is
the
text
mainly
about?
A.
The
trend
of
having
meals
alone.
B.
The
importance
of
self?reflection.
C.
The
stress
from
working
overtime.
D.
The
advantage
of
wireless
technology.
答案与解析： 1.B 2.C 3.D 4.A
1.根据题干中的关键词statistics可观察原文第二段数据，三个数据涉及早、午、晚三餐独自就餐的数据，与人们就餐习惯有关。
2.由第三段最后一句中的“wanted
some
time
to
myself”，比对选项确定答案。
3.该题解题关键是理解on
a
first?name
basis的意思，
first
name意为“名”，如两个人称名不称姓，说明已很熟悉。
4.文章是总分结构，文章中多次出现eat
alone，由此可判断文章主要的说明对象。
【技巧释义】定位关键词知文章大意
?速读首段，确定要说明的现象
越来越多的人选择自己吃饭，争取独处的时间
?通读全文确定文章结构
第2段：用数据说明独自就餐很普遍
第3、4段：举例说明独自用餐的趋势
第5段：分析独自用餐的原因
?确定全文关键词，词中应有与“alone”相关的表达，概括主旨
【词汇积累】
statistics
n.统计
awkward
adj.令人尴尬的；使人难堪的
energized
adj.精力充沛的
recharge
vt.恢复精力
escape
n.解脱，消遣
tap
vt.轻拍
chat
up与……搭讪
reflect
on沉思；认真考虑
【技巧演练】（建议用时：45分钟）
1
Growing
up
in
a
city,
a
vast
global
survey
has
found,
has
a
lifelong
negative
impact
on
a
personas
ability
to
navigate.
When
looking
for
a
half-remembered
restaurant
in
a
poorly-lit
side
street,
it
seems
a
countryman
would
be
a
more
useful
companion.
In
the
new
study,
scientists
led
by
Antoine
Coutrot
at
the
University
of
Nantes
and
Hugo
Spiers
at
University
College
London
describe
how
they
used
a
data
set
gathered
from
players
of
a
computer
game
called
"Sea
Hero
Quest",
which
tests
way-finding
skills
by
asking
players
to
memorise
a
map
showing
the
location
of
checkpoints
and
then
measuring
how
well
players
can
guide
a
boat
to
find
them.
The
game
was
released
in
2016
and
all
players
have
since
been
asked
for
basic
information
about
themselves,
including
their
age,
gender,
home
country,
and
whether
or
not
they
grew
up
in
a
city.
From
that
database,
Dr
Spiers
and
his
colleagues
examined
a
subset
of
442,000
players
from
38
countries.
They
found
that
the
strongest
indicator
of
a
high
score
was
a
player's
age,
older
people
performed
relatively
poorly.
But
the
benefit
of
rural
living
was
strong
enough
to
offset
some
of
that.
Data
showed
that
a
70-year-old
who
grew
up
in
the
countryside
had
the
navigational
abilities
of
an
average
60-year-old
across
the
data
set.
The
gap
between
the
navigation
skills
of
rural
and
city
people
was
the
largest
in
America,
and
the
researchers
think
they
know
why.
They
gave
each
country
a
complexity
score
by
analysing
how
the
streets
were
laid
out
in
its
largest
cities.
And
they
found
that
countries
dominated
by
simple
layouts
of
grid-based
(基于网格的)
cities
(most
common
in
America
and
Argentina)
dragged
down
navigation
skills
more
than
growing
up
in
a
city
based
around
more
complicated
networks
of
streets,
such
as
Prague.
Dr
Spiers
says
that
the
brain's
navigational
abilities
probably
weaken
in
the
less
challenging
city
environment
because
they
are
not
being
used
as
much.
Although
cities
may
appear
more
complicated,
they
also
feature
more
clues
to
help
residents
find
their
way,
such
as
numbered
streets.
As
many
city
people
on
a
visit
to
the
countryside
say,
one
field
tends
to
look
much
the
same
as
another,
so
there
are
fewer
external
landmarks
to
help
guide
the
way.
1.What
did
the
players
have
to
do
when
playing
"Sea
Hero
Quest"
?
A.Draw
the
right
way
to
checkpoints
on
a
map.
B.Find
out
the
right
map
of
checkpoints
as
fast
as
possible.
C.Choose
the
proper
locations
for
checkpoints
on
a
map.
D.Find
checkpoints
relying
on
their
mental
map.
2.What
does
the
underlined
word
"offset"
in
Paragraph
3
mean?
A.Worsen.
B.Display.
C.Confirm.
D.Balance.
3.What
may
help
improve
the
navigation
skills
of
people
in
Prague?
A.The
grid
of
streets.
B.The
clear
street
signs.
C.The
complex
layout
of
streets.
D.The
similar
street
views.
4.What
does
the
last
paragraph
mainly
talk
about?
A.Differences
between
city
streets
and
country
roads.
B.A
possible
explanation
for
the
findings.
C.Effective
ways
to
improve
navigational
abilities.
D.A
practical
application
of
the
findings.
【答案】1.D2.D3.C4.B
【分析】
这是一篇说明文。一项大规模的全球调查发现，在城市长大会对一个人的导航能力产生终生的负面影响。文章介绍了这项研究开展的过程，研究中的发现以及对这些发现的解释。
1.细节理解题。根据第二段中“In
the
new
study,
scientists
led
by
Antoine
Coutrot
at
the
University
of
Nantes
and
Hugo
Spiers
at
University
College
London
describe
how
they
used
a
data
set
gathered
from
players
of
a
computer
game
called
"Sea
Hero
Quest",
which
tests
way-finding
skills
by
asking
players
to
memorise
a
map
showing
the
location
of
checkpoints
and
then
measuring
how
well
players
can
guide
a
boat
to
find
them.(在一项发布到在线存储库bioRxiv的新研究中,以法国南特大学的Antoine
Coutrot和伦敦大学学院的Hugo
Spiers为首的一群科学家讲述他们如何使用一个从一款叫做航海英雄的游戏上的四百万用户中手机到的数据库的。这款游戏主要是测试玩家的寻路技巧的，这首先要求玩家记住特定点的位置，然后测试他们如何根据自己的记忆驾船找到这些点。)”可知，玩家在玩“航海英雄”时必须根据他们心里记忆的地图找到检查点。故选D。
2.词义猜测题。根据画线词上文“They
found
that
the
strongest
indicator
of
a
high
score
was
a
player's
age,
older
people
performed
relatively
poorly.(他们发现得分最高的指标是玩家的年龄，年龄较大的人表现相对较差)”；“But
the
benefit
of
rural
living
was
strong
enough
to”以及后文“Data
showed
that
a
70-year-old
who
grew
up
in
the
countryside
had
the
navigational
abilities
of
an
average
60-year-old
across
the
data
set.(数据显示，一个在农村长大的70岁老人在数据集上的导航能力相当于一个60岁的普通人)”可知，虽然年龄较大的人表现较差，但是农村生活的好处平衡了其中的一部分差距，即画线词意思为“平衡”。A.
Worsen.恶化；B.
Display.展示；C.
Confirm.确认；D.
Balance.平衡。故选D。
3.细节理解题。根据倒数第二段中“And
they
found
that
countries
dominated
by
simple
layouts
of
grid-based
(基于网格的)
cities
(most
common
in
America
and
Argentina)
dragged
down
navigation
skills
more
than
growing
up
in
a
city
based
around
more
complicated
networks
of
streets,
such
as
Prague.(而且他们发现，与在布拉格等基于更复杂的街道布局的城市中成长的人相比，生活在以简单的网格化城市布局为主的国家的人——在美洲和阿根廷最常见——其城市布局降低了他们的导航技能)”可知，街道的复杂布局可以帮助提高布拉格人的导航能力。故选C。
4.主旨大意题。根据最后一段“Dr
Spiers
says
that
the
brain's
navigational
abilities
probably
weaken
in
the
less
challenging
city
environment
because
they
are
not
being
used
as
much.
Although
cities
may
appear
more
complicated,
they
also
feature
more
clues
to
help
residents
find
their
way,
such
as
numbered
streets.
As
many
city
people
on
a
visit
to
the
countryside
say,
one
field
tends
to
look
much
the
same
as
another,
so
there
are
fewer
external
landmarks
to
help
guide
the
way.(
但Spiers博士说，大脑的方向感在不太具有挑战性的城市环境中可能会减弱，因为它们没有被充分利用。虽然城市可能看起来更复杂，但它们也提供了更多帮助居民找到路的线索，比如编号的街道。正如许多城市居民在乡村旅行时可以证明的那样，一个地方看起来和另一个地方非常相似，所以很少有外部的路标来帮助人们·指引方向。)”可知，最后一段主要讲了对这些发现可能的解释。故选B。
2
Bill
Gates
said
his
three
children
understand
why
he
has
promised
to
leave
his
?70
billion
fortune
to
charity
when
he
dies.
In
a
revealing
insight
into
his
private
life,
the
Microsoft
founder,
60,
said
his
children
are
“proud”
of
his
decision
to
devote
his
money
to
helping
the
world's
poorest.
Gates
said
that
instead
of
billion-dollar
trust
funds,
his
two
daughters
and
son
will
be
given
a
“great
education”
to
help
kick-start
their
own
careers.
But
the
business
mogul
did
say
there
would
still
be
a
financial
safety
net
in
place,
adding,
“They
are
never
going
to
be
poorly
off”.
Gates
and
his
wife
Melinda,
52,
have
three
children
together,
Jennifer,
20,
Rory,
17,
and
Phoebe,
14.
Jennifer
is
in
her
second
year
at
prestigious
Stanford
University,
California,
where
her
father
donated
?5million
to
the
construction
of
a
computer
science
building
in
his
name.
She
is
also
an
accomplished
equestrian,
riding
in
national
competitions.
The
Gates
will
only
pass
on
a
fraction
of
their
vast
wealth
to
their
children.
The
rest
will
go
to
their
charity,
the
Bill
and
Melinda
Gates
Foundation,
which
funds
health
and
education
projects
around
the
world.
He
said,
“This
money
is
dedicated
to
helping
the
poorest.
They
know
that,
they
are
proud
of
that,
they
go
on
trips
with
us
to
see
the
work
that's
being
done.”
5.What
will
Bill
Gates'
children
be
given?
A.billion-dollar
trust
funds
B.good
education
C.vast
wealth
D.nothing
6.What
may
be
the
name
of
the
computer
science
building
Bill
Gates
donated
?5
million
to
construct?
A.Bill
Gates
B.Jennifer
C.Rory
D.Phoebe
7.What's
the
main
idea
of
this
passage?
A.Bill
Gates
experience
B.How
Bill
Gates
allocates
his
wealth
C.Bill
Gates
and
his
children
D.Bill
Gates
fortune
【答案】5.B6.A7.B
【分析】
这是一篇说明文。文章主要说明了比尔盖茨称他的三个儿女理解他承诺死后将700亿英镑财产捐给慈善事业的行为。文章介绍了他三个孩子的情况，以及盖茨夫妇对于他们巨额财富的分配方案。
5.细节理解题。根据第三段“Gates
said
that
instead
of
billion-dollar
trust
funds,
his
two
daughters
and
son
will
be
given
a
“great
education”
to
help
kick-start
their
own
careers.(盖茨表示，他的两个女儿和儿子将接受“良好的教育”，以帮助他们开启自己的事业，而不是数十亿美元的信托基金)”可知，比尔·盖茨的孩子将得到良好的教育。故选B。
6.细节理解题。根据倒数第三段中“Jennifer
is
in
her
second
year
at
prestigious
Stanford
University,
California,
where
her
father
donated
?5million
to
the
construction
of
a
computer
science
building
in
his
name.(珍妮弗是加州著名的斯坦福大学的大二学生，她的父亲给斯坦福大学捐赠了500万英镑，用他的名字建造了一座计算机科学大楼)”可知，比尔·盖茨捐赠了500万英镑建造的计算机科学大楼叫“Bill
Gates”。故选A。
7.主旨大意题。根据倒数第二段“The
Gates
will
only
pass
on
a
fraction
of
their
vast
wealth
to
their
children.
The
rest
will
go
to
their
charity,
the
Bill
and
Melinda
Gates
Foundation,
which
funds
health
and
education
projects
around
the
world.(盖茨夫妇只会将其巨额财富的一小部分留给子女。剩下的钱将捐给他们的慈善机构比尔和梅琳达·盖茨基金会，该基金会为世界各地的健康和教育项目提供资金)”结合文章主要说明了比尔盖茨称他的三个儿女理解他承诺死后将700亿英镑财产捐给慈善事业的行为。文章介绍了他三个孩子的情况，以及盖茨夫妇对于他们巨额财富的分配方案。可知，这篇文章主要讲述比尔盖茨如何分配他的财富。故选B。
3
In
the
fall
of
2017,
when
Naomi
needed
to
get
a
job,
she
found
herself
at
a
crossroads.
The
50-year-old
wasn’t
sure
she
would
ever
work
again,
due
to
health
issues.
But
Naomi’s
life
and
career
journey
started
to
turn
around
after
she
connected
with
Bestwill
of
Central
Iowa’s
skills
training
programs.
These
programs
are
tailored
to
help
people
develop
the
kind
of
specific,
real-world
skills
they
need
to
get
or
keep
a
job,
through
a
combination
of
detailed
instructions
and
hands-on
experience.
When
Naomi
first
connected
with
Bestwill
in
September
2017,
she
was
dealing
with
several
barriers
to
immediate
employment.
Transportation
was
challenging,
as
she
didn’t
have
a
driver’s
license
or
own
a
car.
Naomi
also
had
a
limited
work
history
with
long
employment
gaps,
meaning
she
missed
out
on
learning
important
skills,
such
as
working
a
credit
card
machine.
On
top
of
that,
her
physical
health
issues
were
also
a
problem.
According
to
Duff,
a
career
specialist
at
Bestwill
of
Central
Iowa,
the
biggest
barrier
Naomi
had
to
overcome
was
from
within.
“She
said
outwardly
that
she
had
all
of
this
confidence
and
that
she
knew
how
strong
a
worker
she
was,
but
I
don’t
think
she
truly
believed
it
herself.”
Thankfully,
Naomi
had
plenty
of
people
on
her
side
to
provide
motivation
and
guidance.
She
originally
started
off
in
the
food
service
training
program
but
was
eager
to
enter
the
retail
skills
program,
since
she
had
previously
worked
at
the
Salvation
Army
and
Subway.
When
Naomi
mentioned
her
interest
in
retail,
Duff
recognized
that
her
go-getting
attitude
would
be
a
perfect
match
for
the
program.
The
seven-week
retail
skills
training
is
a
systematic
program
combining
classroom
instructions
with
on-the-job
experience
at
a
Goodwill
store.
As
Naomi
progressed
and
graduated
from
the
program,
she
became
more
confident
in
her
abilities.
Duff
said
it
was
great
to
see
how
Naomi
grew
into
the
devoted,
driven
worker
she
is
today.
“She
has
this
strong
desire,
this
longing
to
succeed.
And
she
knows
that
she’s
able
to
do
that,
although
she
has
fallen
short
in
the
past.”
8.What
can
be
learned
about
Bestwill’s
training
programs?
A.They
were
established
in
the
autumn
of
2017.
B.They
guarantee
a
good
job
for
participants.
C.They
are
designed
only
for
the
unemployed.
D.They
combine
directions
with
practice.
9.What
was
the
biggest
problem
Naomi
faced
according
to
Duff?
A.Poor
health.
B.Poor
working
skills.
C.A
lack
of
confidence.
D.A
lack
of
a
driver’s
license.
10.Why
did
Naomi
change
her
training
program?
A.She
followed
Duff’s
advice.
B.She
was
more
interested
in
retail.
C.She
wanted
to
gain
some
hands-on
experience.
D.She
wanted
to
attend
a
more
systematic
program.
11.What’s
the
main
idea
of
the
text?
A.Bestwill
springs
up
around
the
world.
B.A
50-year-old
devotes
herself
to
Bestwill.
C.Success
is
linked
to
appropriate
training
programs.
D.Bestwill
helps
a
50-year-old
turn
her
life
around.
【答案】8.D9.C10.B11.D
【分析】
本文是一篇记叙文。主要讲了爱荷华州中部的技能培训项目帮助了50岁的内奥米获得工作技能，从而使她的职业生涯出现转机。
8.细节理解题。根据第二段“These
programs
are
tailored
to
help
people
develop
the
kind
of
specific,
real-world
skills
they
need
to
get
or
keep
a
job,
through
a
combination
of
detailed
instructions
and
hands-on
experience.（这些项目通过将详细的指导和亲身的实践经验相结合，帮助人们发展获得或保住一份工作所需的特定的、现实世界的技能。）”可知这些训练主要是帮助人们将理论的指导与实践结合起来，从而获得真正的工作技能，结合选项可知选项D.
They
combine
directions
with
practice.(
他们把指导和实践结合起来。)符合题意。故选D。
9.细节理解题。根据第四段“According
to
Duff,
a
career
specialist
at
Bestwill
of
Central
Iowa,
the
biggest
barrier
Naomi
had
to
overcome
was
from
within.
“She
said
outwardly
that
……but
I
don’t
think
she
truly
believed
it
herself.”（
达夫是爱荷华州中部百事威尔的职业专家，据他说，内奥米必须克服的最大障碍就是内在的。”她表面上说...
...
但我不认为她真的相信她自己”）”可知内奥米面对的最大问题是来自于内心的不太自信，即缺乏自信。故选C。
10.细节理解题。根据第5段“When
Naomi
mentioned
her
interest
in
retail,
Duff
recognized
that
her
go-getting
attitude
would
be
a
perfect
match
for
the
program.（当内奥米提到她对零售业的兴，达夫意识到她热切的态度，正好适合这个项目。）”可知内奥米改变她的培训项目是因为她对零售业的兴趣。故选B。
11.主旨大意题。根据文章的第一段“when
Naomi
needed
to
get
a
job,
she
found
herself
at
a
crossroads.
The
50-year-old
wasn’t
sure
she
would
ever
work
again,
due
to
health
issues.（当内奥米需要找工作的时候，她发现自己处在一个十字路口。50岁的她不确定自己还能不能工作，因为健康问题。）”及第二首句“But
Naomi’s
life
and
career
journey
started
to
turn
around
after
she
connected
with
Bestwill
of
Central
Iowa’s
skills
training
programs.（但是内奥米的生活和职业生涯，在她与爱荷华州中部的技能培训项目的最佳意愿中心联系后，开始出现转机。）”在结合下文就如何如何帮助内奥米的细节描述可知文章主要讲最佳意愿中心帮助50岁的内奥米获得工作技能，从而使她的职业生涯出现转机，结合选项可知选项D.
Bestwill
helps
a
50-year-old
turn
her
life
around.(
最佳意愿中心帮助一个50岁的女人重获人生新转机。)概括较为全面准确。故选D。
4
We’ve
known
that
sitting
for
long
periods
of
time
every
day
has
countless
health
consequences,
like
a
higher
risk
of
heart
disease.
But
now
a
new
study
has
found
that
sitting
is
also
bad
for
your
brain.
A
study
published
last
week,
conducted
by
Dr.
Prabha
Siddarth
at
the
University
of
California,
showed
that
sedentary
(久坐的)
behavior
is
associated
with
reduced
thickness
of
the
medial
temporal
lobe,
a
brain
area
that
is
critical
to
learning
and
memory.
The
researchers
asked
a
group
of
35
healthy
people,
ages
45
to
70,
about
their
activity
levels
and
the
average
number
of
hours
each
day
spent
sitting
and
then
scanned
their
brains.
They
found
that
the
subjects
who
reported
sitting
for
longer
periods
had
the
thinnest
medial
temporal
lobes.
It
means
that
the
more
time
you
spend
in
a
chair,
the
worse
it
is
for
your
brain
health,
resulting
in
possible
damage
to
learning
and
memory.
What
is
also
interesting
is
that
this
study
did
not
find
a
significant
association
between
the
level
of
physical
activity
and
thickness
of
this
brain
area,
suggesting
that
exercise,
even
severe
exercise,
may
not
be
enough
to
protect
you
from
the
harmful
effects
of
sitting.
It
then
surprisingly
turned
out
that
you
don’t
even
have
to
move
much
to
improve
cognition;
just
standing
will
do
the
trick.
For
example,
two
groups
of
subjects
were
asked
to
complete
a
test
while
either
sitting
or
standing.
Participants
are
presented
with
conflicting
stimuli,
like
the
word
“green”
in
blue
ink,
and
asked
to
name
the
color.
Subjects
thinking
on
their
feet
beat
those
who
sat
by
a
32-millisecond
margin.
The
cognitive
effects
of
severe
physical
exercise
are
well
known.
But
the
possibility
that
standing
more
and
sitting
less
improves
brain
health
could
lower
the
bar
for
everyone.
I
know,
this
all
runs
counter
to
received
ideas
about
deep
thought,
from
our
grade
school
teachers,
who
told
us
to
sit
down
and
focus,
to
Rodin’s
famous
“Thinker,”
sitting
with
chin
on
hand.
They
were
wrong.
You
can
now
all
stand
up.
12.What
can
we
infer
from
Paragraphs
3
and
4?
A.Severe
exercise
can
lessen
the
damage
of
sitting.
B.Severe
exercise
can
greatly
improve
our
brain
health.
C.Sedentary
behavior
will
possibly
damage
our
brain.
D.Brain
health
has
nothing
to
do
with
sedentary
behavior.
13.What
does
the
underlined
word
“margin”
in
Paragraph
5
mean?
A.Blank.
B.Edge.
C.Increase.
D.Difference.
14.What
is
the
received
idea
about
deep
thought?
A.Sitting
more
is
good
for
our
mental
health.
B.Sitting
is
better
when
we
think.
C.Thinking
more
can
improve
our
cognition.
D.We
should
stand
while
thinking.
15.What
does
the
text
mainly
tells
us?
A.People
tend
to
sit
while
thinking.
B.Standing
more
can
make
our
brain
healthier.
C.Physical
exercise
can
improve
our
brain
health.
D.Sedentary
behavior
leads
to
countless
health
problems.
【答案】12.C13.D14.B15.B
【分析】
这是一篇说明文。我们知道，每天长时间坐着对健康有无数的影响，比如患心脏病的风险更高。但现在一项新研究发现，久坐也对大脑有害。文章主要说明了研究发现站着思考能够使人的大脑更加健康、思维更加敏捷的这一现象，介绍了这一研究过程和研究意义。
12.推理判断题。根据第三段中“It
means
that
the
more
time
you
spend
in
a
chair
the
worse
it
is
for
your
brain
health,
resulting
in
possible
damage
to
learning
and
memory.(这意味着，你在椅子上坐的时间越久，就越不利于你的大脑健康，可能会导致学习和记忆受损)”以及第四段中“What
is
also
interesting
is
that
this
study
did
not
find
a
significant
association
between
the
level
of
physical
activity
and
thickness
of
this
brain
area,
suggesting
that
exercise,
even
severe
exercise,
may
not
be
enough
to
protect
you
from
the
harmful
effects
of
sitting.(有趣的是，这项研究没有发现身体活动水平和大脑区域厚度之间有显著的关联，这表明运动，甚至是剧烈运动，可能不足以保护你免受坐姿的有害影响)”可推知，久坐的行为可能会损害我们的大脑。故选C。
13.词义猜测题。根据画线词上文“For
example,
two
groups
of
subjects
were
asked
to
complete
a
test
while
either
sitting
or
standing.
Participants
are
presented
with
conflicting
stimuli,
like
the
word
“green”
in
blue
ink,
and
asked
to
name
the
color.(例如，两组受试者被要求在坐着或站着时完成一项测试。受试者看到相互矛盾的刺激物，比如用蓝色墨水写的单词“绿色”，然后被要求说出这种颜色)”以及“Subjects
thinking
on
their
feet
beat
those
who
sat
by
a
32-millisecond”可知，站着思考的受试者会以32毫秒的差异击败坐着的受试者，故margin在此处意为“差异”。A.
Blank.
空白；B.
Edge.边缘；C.
Increase.增加；D.
Difference.差异。故选D。
14.细节理解题。根据倒数第二段“I
know,
this
all
runs
counter
to
received
ideas
about
deep
thought,
from
our
grade
school
teachers,
who
told
us
to
sit
down
and
focus,
to
Rodin’s
famous
“Thinker,”
sitting
with
chin
on
hand.(我知道，这一切都与我们从小学老师那里得到的关于深思熟虑的想法背道而驰，他们让我们坐下集中注意力，还有罗丹著名的“思想者”，手托下巴坐着)”可知，我们以前接受的关于深思熟虑的想法是坐着思考更好。故选B。
15.主旨大意题。根据第一段中的“But
now
a
new
study
has
found
that
sitting
is
also
bad
for
your
brain.(但现在一项新的研究发现，坐着对大脑也有害)”以及第三段最后一句“It
means
that
the
more
time
you
spend
in
a
chair
the
worse
it
is
for
your
brain
health,
resulting
in
possible
damage
to
learning
and
memory.(这意味着，你在椅子上坐的时间越久，就越不利于你的大脑健康，可能会导致学习和记忆受损)”结合文章主要说明了研究发现站着思考能够使人的大脑更加健康、思维更加敏捷的这一现象，介绍了这一研究过程和研究意义。可知，文章主要告诉我们多站可以使我们的大脑更健康。故选B。备战2021年高考英语二轮复习之阅读理解“典型技巧”高效练
典型技巧11
文章大意的概括策略
【考情角度】
考情分析
概括大意类试题常出现在社会生活类说明文中，此类文章是高考阅读中常涉及的，篇首常以个例形式引入现象，下文会围绕该现象从几个方面进行说明。
考查角度
常考查隐含推断题、观点态度题与主旨大意题。
【真题再现】(2019·全国卷Ⅱ·C) 主题语境：社会生活
Marian
Bechtel
sits
at
West
Palm
Beach's
Bar
Louie
counter
by
herself,
quietly
reading
her
e?book
as
she
waits
for
her
salad.
What
is
she
reading?
None
of
your
business!
Lunch
is
Bechtel's
“me”
time.
And
like
more
Americans,
she's
not
alone.
A
new
report
found
46
percent
of
meals
are
eaten
alone
in
America.
More
than
half
(53
percent)
have
breakfast
alone
and
nearly
half
(46
percent)
have
lunch
by
themselves.
Only
at
dinnertime
are
we
eating
together
anymore,
74
percent,
according
to
from
the
report.
“I
prefer
to
go
out
and
be
out.
Alone,
but
together,
you
know？”
Bechtel
said,
looking
up
from
her
book.
Bechtel,
who
works
in
downtown
West
Palm
Beach,
has
lunch
with
coworkers
sometimes,
but
like
many
of
us,
too
often
works
through
lunch
at
her
desk.
A
lunchtime
allows
her
to
keep
a
boss
from
her
on
the
shoulder.
She
returns
to
work
feeling
.
“Today,
I
just
wanted
some
time
to
myself，”
she
said.
Just
two
seats
over,
Andrew
Mazoleny,
a
local
videographer,
is
finishing
his
lunch
at
the
bar.
He
likes
that
he
can
sit
and
check
his
phone
in
peace
or
chat
up
the
barkeeper
with
whom
he's
on
a
first?name
basis
if
he
wants
to
have
a
little
interaction
(交流).
“I
reflect
on
how
my
day's
gone
and
think
about
the
rest
of
the
week，”
he
said.
“It's
a
chance
for
self?reflection.
You
return
to
work
and
with
a
plan.”
That
freedom
to
choose
is
one
reason
more
people
like
to
eat
alone.
There
was
a
time
when
people
may
have
felt
about
asking
for
a
table
for
one,
but
those
days
are
over.
Now,
we
have
our
smartphones
to
keep
us
company
at
the
table.
“It
doesn't
feel
as
alone
as
it
may
have
before
all
the
advances
in
technology，”
said
Laurie
Demeritt,
whose
company
provided
the
statistics
for
the
report.
1.What
are
the
statistics
in
paragraph
2
about?
A.
Food
variety.
B.
Eating
habits.
C.
Table
manners.
D.
Restaurant
service.
2.Why
does
Bechtel
prefer
to
go
out
for
lunch?
A.
To
meet
with
her
coworkers.
B.
To
catch
up
with
her
work.
C.
To
have
some
time
on
her
own.
D.
To
collect
data
for
her
report.
3.What
do
we
know
about
Mazoleny?
A.
He
makes
videos
for
the
bar.
B.
He's
fond
of
the
food
at
the
bar.
C.
He
interviews
customers
at
the
bar.
D.
He's
familiar
with
the
barkeeper.
4.What
is
the
text
mainly
about?
A.
The
trend
of
having
meals
alone.
B.
The
importance
of
self?reflection.
C.
The
stress
from
working
overtime.
D.
The
advantage
of
wireless
technology.
答案与解析： 1.B 2.C 3.D 4.A
1.根据题干中的关键词statistics可观察原文第二段数据，三个数据涉及早、午、晚三餐独自就餐的数据，与人们就餐习惯有关。
2.由第三段最后一句中的“wanted
some
time
to
myself”，比对选项确定答案。
3.该题解题关键是理解on
a
first?name
basis的意思，
first
name意为“名”，如两个人称名不称姓，说明已很熟悉。
4.文章是总分结构，文章中多次出现eat
alone，由此可判断文章主要的说明对象。
【技巧释义】定位关键词知文章大意
?速读首段，确定要说明的现象
越来越多的人选择自己吃饭，争取独处的时间
?通读全文确定文章结构
第2段：用数据说明独自就餐很普遍
第3、4段：举例说明独自用餐的趋势
第5段：分析独自用餐的原因
?确定全文关键词，词中应有与“alone”相关的表达，概括主旨
【词汇积累】
statistics
n.统计
awkward
adj.令人尴尬的；使人难堪的
energized
adj.精力充沛的
recharge
vt.恢复精力
escape
n.解脱，消遣
tap
vt.轻拍
chat
up与……搭讪
reflect
on沉思；认真考虑
【技巧演练】（建议用时：45分钟）
1
Growing
up
in
a
city,
a
vast
global
survey
has
found,
has
a
lifelong
negative
impact
on
a
personas
ability
to
navigate.
When
looking
for
a
half-remembered
restaurant
in
a
poorly-lit
side
street,
it
seems
a
countryman
would
be
a
more
useful
companion.
In
the
new
study,
scientists
led
by
Antoine
Coutrot
at
the
University
of
Nantes
and
Hugo
Spiers
at
University
College
London
describe
how
they
used
a
data
set
gathered
from
players
of
a
computer
game
called
"Sea
Hero
Quest",
which
tests
way-finding
skills
by
asking
players
to
memorise
a
map
showing
the
location
of
checkpoints
and
then
measuring
how
well
players
can
guide
a
boat
to
find
them.
The
game
was
released
in
2016
and
all
players
have
since
been
asked
for
basic
information
about
themselves,
including
their
age,
gender,
home
country,
and
whether
or
not
they
grew
up
in
a
city.
From
that
database,
Dr
Spiers
and
his
colleagues
examined
a
subset
of
442,000
players
from
38
countries.
They
found
that
the
strongest
indicator
of
a
high
score
was
a
player's
age,
older
people
performed
relatively
poorly.
But
the
benefit
of
rural
living
was
strong
enough
to
offset
some
of
that.
Data
showed
that
a
70-year-old
who
grew
up
in
the
countryside
had
the
navigational
abilities
of
an
average
60-year-old
across
the
data
set.
The
gap
between
the
navigation
skills
of
rural
and
city
people
was
the
largest
in
America,
and
the
researchers
think
they
know
why.
They
gave
each
country
a
complexity
score
by
analysing
how
the
streets
were
laid
out
in
its
largest
cities.
And
they
found
that
countries
dominated
by
simple
layouts
of
grid-based
(基于网格的)
cities
(most
common
in
America
and
Argentina)
dragged
down
navigation
skills
more
than
growing
up
in
a
city
based
around
more
complicated
networks
of
streets,
such
as
Prague.
Dr
Spiers
says
that
the
brain's
navigational
abilities
probably
weaken
in
the
less
challenging
city
environment
because
they
are
not
being
used
as
much.
Although
cities
may
appear
more
complicated,
they
also
feature
more
clues
to
help
residents
find
their
way,
such
as
numbered
streets.
As
many
city
people
on
a
visit
to
the
countryside
say,
one
field
tends
to
look
much
the
same
as
another,
so
there
are
fewer
external
landmarks
to
help
guide
the
way.
1.What
did
the
players
have
to
do
when
playing
"Sea
Hero
Quest"
?
A.Draw
the
right
way
to
checkpoints
on
a
map.
B.Find
out
the
right
map
of
checkpoints
as
fast
as
possible.
C.Choose
the
proper
locations
for
checkpoints
on
a
map.
D.Find
checkpoints
relying
on
their
mental
map.
2.What
does
the
underlined
word
"offset"
in
Paragraph
3
mean?
A.Worsen.
B.Display.
C.Confirm.
D.Balance.
3.What
may
help
improve
the
navigation
skills
of
people
in
Prague?
A.The
grid
of
streets.
B.The
clear
street
signs.
C.The
complex
layout
of
streets.
D.The
similar
street
views.
4.What
does
the
last
paragraph
mainly
talk
about?
A.Differences
between
city
streets
and
country
roads.
B.A
possible
explanation
for
the
findings.
C.Effective
ways
to
improve
navigational
abilities.
D.A
practical
application
of
the
findings.
2
Bill
Gates
said
his
three
children
understand
why
he
has
promised
to
leave
his
?70
billion
fortune
to
charity
when
he
dies.
In
a
revealing
insight
into
his
private
life,
the
Microsoft
founder,
60,
said
his
children
are
“proud”
of
his
decision
to
devote
his
money
to
helping
the
world's
poorest.
Gates
said
that
instead
of
billion-dollar
trust
funds,
his
two
daughters
and
son
will
be
given
a
“great
education”
to
help
kick-start
their
own
careers.
But
the
business
mogul
did
say
there
would
still
be
a
financial
safety
net
in
place,
adding,
“They
are
never
going
to
be
poorly
off”.
Gates
and
his
wife
Melinda,
52,
have
three
children
together,
Jennifer,
20,
Rory,
17,
and
Phoebe,
14.
Jennifer
is
in
her
second
year
at
prestigious
Stanford
University,
California,
where
her
father
donated
?5million
to
the
construction
of
a
computer
science
building
in
his
name.
She
is
also
an
accomplished
equestrian,
riding
in
national
competitions.
The
Gates
will
only
pass
on
a
fraction
of
their
vast
wealth
to
their
children.
The
rest
will
go
to
their
charity,
the
Bill
and
Melinda
Gates
Foundation,
which
funds
health
and
education
projects
around
the
world.
He
said,
“This
money
is
dedicated
to
helping
the
poorest.
They
know
that,
they
are
proud
of
that,
they
go
on
trips
with
us
to
see
the
work
that's
being
done.”
5.What
will
Bill
Gates'
children
be
given?
A.billion-dollar
trust
funds
B.good
education
C.vast
wealth
D.nothing
6.What
may
be
the
name
of
the
computer
science
building
Bill
Gates
donated
?5
million
to
construct?
A.Bill
Gates
B.Jennifer
C.Rory
D.Phoebe
7.What's
the
main
idea
of
this
passage?
A.Bill
Gates
experience
B.How
Bill
Gates
allocates
his
wealth
C.Bill
Gates
and
his
children
D.Bill
Gates
fortune
3
In
the
fall
of
2017,
when
Naomi
needed
to
get
a
job,
she
found
herself
at
a
crossroads.
The
50-year-old
wasn’t
sure
she
would
ever
work
again,
due
to
health
issues.
But
Naomi’s
life
and
career
journey
started
to
turn
around
after
she
connected
with
Bestwill
of
Central
Iowa’s
skills
training
programs.
These
programs
are
tailored
to
help
people
develop
the
kind
of
specific,
real-world
skills
they
need
to
get
or
keep
a
job,
through
a
combination
of
detailed
instructions
and
hands-on
experience.
When
Naomi
first
connected
with
Bestwill
in
September
2017,
she
was
dealing
with
several
barriers
to
immediate
employment.
Transportation
was
challenging,
as
she
didn’t
have
a
driver’s
license
or
own
a
car.
Naomi
also
had
a
limited
work
history
with
long
employment
gaps,
meaning
she
missed
out
on
learning
important
skills,
such
as
working
a
credit
card
machine.
On
top
of
that,
her
physical
health
issues
were
also
a
problem.
According
to
Duff,
a
career
specialist
at
Bestwill
of
Central
Iowa,
the
biggest
barrier
Naomi
had
to
overcome
was
from
within.
“She
said
outwardly
that
she
had
all
of
this
confidence
and
that
she
knew
how
strong
a
worker
she
was,
but
I
don’t
think
she
truly
believed
it
herself.”
Thankfully,
Naomi
had
plenty
of
people
on
her
side
to
provide
motivation
and
guidance.
She
originally
started
off
in
the
food
service
training
program
but
was
eager
to
enter
the
retail
skills
program,
since
she
had
previously
worked
at
the
Salvation
Army
and
Subway.
When
Naomi
mentioned
her
interest
in
retail,
Duff
recognized
that
her
go-getting
attitude
would
be
a
perfect
match
for
the
program.
The
seven-week
retail
skills
training
is
a
systematic
program
combining
classroom
instructions
with
on-the-job
experience
at
a
Goodwill
store.
As
Naomi
progressed
and
graduated
from
the
program,
she
became
more
confident
in
her
abilities.
Duff
said
it
was
great
to
see
how
Naomi
grew
into
the
devoted,
driven
worker
she
is
today.
“She
has
this
strong
desire,
this
longing
to
succeed.
And
she
knows
that
she’s
able
to
do
that,
although
she
has
fallen
short
in
the
past.”
8.What
can
be
learned
about
Bestwill’s
training
programs?
A.They
were
established
in
the
autumn
of
2017.
B.They
guarantee
a
good
job
for
participants.
C.They
are
designed
only
for
the
unemployed.
D.They
combine
directions
with
practice.
9.What
was
the
biggest
problem
Naomi
faced
according
to
Duff?
A.Poor
health.
B.Poor
working
skills.
C.A
lack
of
confidence.
D.A
lack
of
a
driver’s
license.
10.Why
did
Naomi
change
her
training
program?
A.She
followed
Duff’s
advice.
B.She
was
more
interested
in
retail.
C.She
wanted
to
gain
some
hands-on
experience.
D.She
wanted
to
attend
a
more
systematic
program.
11.What’s
the
main
idea
of
the
text?
A.Bestwill
springs
up
around
the
world.
B.A
50-year-old
devotes
herself
to
Bestwill.
C.Success
is
linked
to
appropriate
training
programs.
D.Bestwill
helps
a
50-year-old
turn
her
life
around.
4
We’ve
known
that
sitting
for
long
periods
of
time
every
day
has
countless
health
consequences,
like
a
higher
risk
of
heart
disease.
But
now
a
new
study
has
found
that
sitting
is
also
bad
for
your
brain.
A
study
published
last
week,
conducted
by
Dr.
Prabha
Siddarth
at
the
University
of
California,
showed
that
sedentary
(久坐的)
behavior
is
associated
with
reduced
thickness
of
the
medial
temporal
lobe,
a
brain
area
that
is
critical
to
learning
and
memory.
The
researchers
asked
a
group
of
35
healthy
people,
ages
45
to
70,
about
their
activity
levels
and
the
average
number
of
hours
each
day
spent
sitting
and
then
scanned
their
brains.
They
found
that
the
subjects
who
reported
sitting
for
longer
periods
had
the
thinnest
medial
temporal
lobes.
It
means
that
the
more
time
you
spend
in
a
chair,
the
worse
it
is
for
your
brain
health,
resulting
in
possible
damage
to
learning
and
memory.
What
is
also
interesting
is
that
this
study
did
not
find
a
significant
association
between
the
level
of
physical
activity
and
thickness
of
this
brain
area,
suggesting
that
exercise,
even
severe
exercise,
may
not
be
enough
to
protect
you
from
the
harmful
effects
of
sitting.
It
then
surprisingly
turned
out
that
you
don’t
even
have
to
move
much
to
improve
cognition;
just
standing
will
do
the
trick.
For
example,
two
groups
of
subjects
were
asked
to
complete
a
test
while
either
sitting
or
standing.
Participants
are
presented
with
conflicting
stimuli,
like
the
word
“green”
in
blue
ink,
and
asked
to
name
the
color.
Subjects
thinking
on
their
feet
beat
those
who
sat
by
a
32-millisecond
margin.
The
cognitive
effects
of
severe
physical
exercise
are
well
known.
But
the
possibility
that
standing
more
and
sitting
less
improves
brain
health
could
lower
the
bar
for
everyone.
I
know,
this
all
runs
counter
to
received
ideas
about
deep
thought,
from
our
grade
school
teachers,
who
told
us
to
sit
down
and
focus,
to
Rodin’s
famous
“Thinker,”
sitting
with
chin
on
hand.
They
were
wrong.
You
can
now
all
stand
up.
12.What
can
we
infer
from
Paragraphs
3
and
4?
A.Severe
exercise
can
lessen
the
damage
of
sitting.
B.Severe
exercise
can
greatly
improve
our
brain
health.
C.Sedentary
behavior
will
possibly
damage
our
brain.
D.Brain
health
has
nothing
to
do
with
sedentary
behavior.
13.What
does
the
underlined
word
“margin”
in
Paragraph
5
mean?
A.Blank.
B.Edge.
C.Increase.
D.Difference.
14.What
is
the
received
idea
about
deep
thought?
A.Sitting
more
is
good
for
our
mental
health.
B.Sitting
is
better
when
we
think.
C.Thinking
more
can
improve
our
cognition.
D.We
should
stand
while
thinking.
15.What
does
the
text
mainly
tells
us?
A.People
tend
to
sit
while
thinking.
B.Standing
more
can
make
our
brain
healthier.
C.Physical
exercise
can
improve
our
brain
health.
D.Sedentary
behavior
leads
to
countless
health
problems.
