备战2021年高考英语二轮复习之阅读理解“典型技巧”高效练
典型技巧13
主线确定文章的标题
【考情角度】
考情分析
社会与文化类说明文，结构层次较为分明，常见的文章结构是总分或总分总结构。中间段会利用事例进一步说明。
考查角度
常考查细节理解题、主旨大意题、词义理解题和标题归纳题等。
【真题再现】(2019·全国卷Ⅲ·B) 主题语境：社会与文化
For
Western
designers,
China
and
its
rich
culture
have
long
been
an
inspiration
for
Western
.
“It's
no
secret
that
China
has
always
been
a
source
(来源)
of
inspiration
for
designers，”
says
Amanda
Hill,
chief
creative
officer
at
A＋E
Networks,
a
global
media
company
and
home
to
some
of
the
biggest
fashion
(时尚)
shows.
Earlier
this
year,
the
China
Through
A
Looking
Glass
exhibition
in
New
York
exhibited
140
pieces
of
China?inspired
fashionable
clothing
alongside
Chinese
works
of
art,
with
the
aim
of
exploring
the
influence
of
Chinese
aesthetics
(美学)
on
Western
fashion
and
how
China
has
the
fashionable
imagination
for
centuries.
The
exhibition
had
record
，
showing
that
there
is
huge
interest
in
Chinese
influences.
“China
is
impossible
to
，”
says
Hill.
“Chinese
models
are
the
faces
of
beauty
and
fashion
campaigns
that
sell
dreams
to
women
all
over
the
world,
which
means
Chinese_women_are_not_just_consumers_of_fashion—they
are
central
to
its
movement.”
Of
course,
not
only
are
today's
top
Western
designers
being
influenced
by
China—some
of
the
best
designers
of
fashion
are
themselves
Chinese.
“Vera
Wang,
Alexander
Wang,
Jason
Wu
are
taking_on
Galliano
Albaz,
Marc
Jacobs—and
beating
them
hands
down
in
design
and
sales，”
adds
Hill.
For
Hill,
it
is
impossible
not
to
talk
about
China
as
the
leading
player
when
discussing
fashion.
“The
most
famous
designers
are
Chinese,
so
are
the
models,
and
so
are
the
consumers，”
she
says.
“China
is
no
longer
just
another
market;
in
many
senses
it
has
become
the
market.
If
you
talk
about
fashion
today,
you
are
talking
about
China—its
influences,
its
direction,
its
clothes,
and
how
young
designers
and
models
are
finally
that
in
many
ways.”
1.What
can
we
learn
about
the
？
A.
It
promoted
the
sales
of
artworks.
B.
It
attracted
a
large
number
of
visitors.
C.
It
showed
ancient
Chinese
clothes.
D.
It
aimed
to
introduce
Chinese
models.
2.What
does
Hill
say
about
？
A.
They
are
setting
the
fashion.
B.
They
start
many
fashion
campaigns.
C.
They
admire
super
models.
D.
They
do
business
all
over
the
world.
3.What
do
the
underlined
words
“taking
on”
in
paragraph
4
mean?
A.
Learning
from.
B.
Looking
down
on.
C.
Working
with.
D.
Competing
against.
4.What
can
be
a
suitable
title
for
the
text?
A.
Young
Models
Selling
Dreams
to
the
World
B.
A
Chinese
Art
Exhibition
Held
in
New
York
C.
Differences
between
Eastern
and
Western
Aesthetics
D.
Chinese
Culture
Fueling
International
Fashion
Trends
答案与解析： 1.B 2.A 3.D 4.D
1.由题干关键词exhibition
in
New
York定位文章第三段，寻读并定位关键信息record
attendance可确定答案。
2.根据题干关键词Chinese
women导读原文，Hill对Chinese
women的评价，定位第4段中破折号后内容“central
to
its
movement”，由此可判断出答案。
3.根据下文的beating
them
hands
down可准确猜出词义。
4.文章第一段就是主旨句，下文围绕其展开说明，举例也是为了说明此点。
【技巧释义】循文章主线定最佳标题
?循主线定标题，首次肯定中国文化是西方设计师的创意素材(第1～2段)
?举例说明(第3～4段)
《镜花水月》展览参观人数创历史新高(可解第1题)
?Hill列举王薇薇(Vera
Wang)、王大仁(Alexander
Wang)和吴秀刚(Jason
Wu)在设计和销售额方面击败西方顶级设计师(可解第3题)
?再次肯定中国文化在国际时尚领域的影响：引领潮流(第5段)
【词汇积累】
overlook
vt.忽略；俯瞰
contemporary
adj.当代的
breathtaking
adj.引人入胜的
acknowledge
vt.认可
attendance
n.出勤率
creative
n.创意
fuel
【技巧演练】（建议用时：45分钟）
1
One
way
to
divide
up
the
world
is
between
people
who
like
to
explore
new
possibilities
and
those
who
stick
to
the
tried
and
true.
In
fact,
the
tension
between
betting
on
a
sure
thing
and
taking
a
chance
that
something
unexpected
and
wonderful
might
happen
troubles
human
and
nonhuman
animals
alike.
Take
songbirds,
for
example.
The
half-dozen
finches
(雀)
resting
at
my
desk
feeder
all
summer
know
exactly
what
they'll
find
there:
black
sunflower
seed,
and
lots
of
it.
Meanwhile,
the
warblers
(莺)
exploring
the
woods
nearby
don't
depend
on
this
predictable
food
source
in
fine
weather.
As
food
hunters,
they
enjoy
less
exposure
to
predators
and,
as
a
bonus,
the
chance
to
meet
the
perfect
mate
flying
from
tree
to
tree.
This
"explore-exploit"
trade-off
(权衡)
has
prompted
scores
of
lab
studies,
computer
simulations
and
algorithms
(算法)
trying
to
determine
which
strategy
brings
in
the
greatest
reward.
Now
a
new
study
of
human
behavior
in
the
real
world,
published
last
month
in
the
journal
Nature
Communications,
shows
that
in
good
times,
there
isn't
much
of
a
difference
between
pursuing
novelty
and
sticking
to
the
status
quo
(原状)
When
the
going
gets
tough,
however,
explorers
are
the
winners.
The
new
study,
led
by
Shay
O'Farrell
and
James
Sanchirico,
both
of
the
University
of
California,
Davis,
along
with
Orr
Spiegel
of
Tel
Aviv
University,
examined
the
routes
and
results
of
nearly
2,500
commercial
fishing
trips
in
the
Gulf
of
Mexico
over
a
period
of
2.5
years.
The
study
focused
on
"bottom
longline"
fishing,
a
system
where
hundreds
of
lines
are
attached
to
a
horizontal
bar
that
is
then
lowered
to
reach
the
sea
bed.
Dr.
O'Farrell
explained
the
procedure
this
way:
Go
to
a
location
and
put
the
line
down.
Stay
for
a
few
hours.
The
lines
are
a
mile
long
and
have
a
buoy
(浮标)
at
either
end.
When
they
pull
that
up,
they
assess
the
catch,
and
then
decide
if
they
will
stay
or
move
on
to
a
different
spot.
Over
two
years
of
collecting
data
under
various
climate
conditions,
the
researchers
discovered
that
the
fishermen
were
fairly
consistent.
"The
exploiters
would
go
to
a
smaller
set
of
locations
over
and
over,
and
go
with
what
they
know,"
Dr.
O'Farrell
said.
The
explorers
would
constantly
try
a
wider
range;
they'd
sample
new
places.
In
the
long
run,
there
wasn't
a
huge
difference
in
payoffs
between
the
two
groups,
perhaps
due
to
the
sharing
information
between
fishing
crews,
said
Dr.
O'Farrell.
But
in
challenging
times,
the
study's
message
was
clear:
"You
can
try
new
things
in
the
face
of
uncertainty."
1.The
author
takes
the
songbird
as
an
example
to
indicate
that
_____.
A.like
birds,
humans
tend
to
be
satisfied
with
the
predictable
B.some
birds
are
used
to
looking
for
food
instead
of
being
fed
C.there
exist
the
conservative
and
the
adventurous
like
humans
D.birds
choose
different
ways
to
look
for
food
in
different
weather
2.According
to
the
third
paragraph,
people
who
mastered
"explore-exploit"
trade-off
_____.
A.will
choose
either
to
pursue
novelty
or
keep
the
status
quo
B.are
ready
to
risk
in
time
of
difficulty
C.will
be
tough
in
good
times
and
bad
times
D.will
grow
to
be
experts
in
lab
studies
3.Which
can
be
inferred
from
the
new
study
led
by
Shay
O'Farrell
and
James
Sanchirico?
A.The
two
groups
react
to
the
unexpected
differently.
B.The
"explore-exploit"
trade-off
helps
scientific
research
a
lot.
C.The
exploiters
are
used
to
fishing
based
solely
on
their
experience.
D.The
explorers
tend
to
achieve
more
than
the
exploiters
in
the
long
run.
4.Which
of
the
following
can
be
the
best
title
for
passage?
A.How
the
Exploiter
differs
from
the
Explorer
B.How
to
Become
a
Productive
Fisherman
C.What
is
"Explore-Exploit"
Trade-off
D.When
to
take
risks
matters
【答案】1.C
2.B
3.A
4.D
【分析】
这是一篇说明文。短文介绍了上个月发表在《自然通讯》杂志上的一项关于人类在现实世界中行为的新研究表明，在稳定时期，追求新奇与坚持现状没有太大区别，但在充满挑战的时期，面对不确定性，人们更应该尝试新事物，冒险者才是赢家。
1.推理判断题。根据第一段“In
fact,
the
tension
between
betting
on
a
sure
thing
and
taking
a
chance
that
something
unexpected
and
wonderful
might
happen
troubles
human
and
nonhuman
animals
alike.”可知，事实上，在确定的事情上下注和冒险一些意想不到的美妙事情可能发生之间的紧张关系困扰着人类和非人类动物。根据第二段“Take
songbirds,
for
example.”以以鸣禽为例。由此判断出，作者以鸣禽为例，说明像人类一样保守和冒险在动物间也是存在的。故选C项。
2.推理判断题。根据第三段“This
"explore-exploit"
trade-off
(权衡)
has
prompted
scores
of
lab
studies,
computer
simulations
and
algorithms
(算法)
trying
to
determine
which
strategy
brings
in
the
greatest
reward.
When
the
going
gets
tough,
however,
explorers
are
the
winners.”可知，
这种“探索-利用”的权衡促使了大量的实验室研究、计算机模拟和算法，试图确定哪种策略能带来最大的回报。在充满挑战的时期，冒险者才是赢家。由此判断出，掌握了“探索-利用”权衡的人，在困难时期随时准备冒险。故选B项。
3.推理判断题。根据第五段“The
exploiters
would
go
to
a
smaller
set
of
locations
over
and
over,
and
go
with
what
they
know,"
Dr.
O'Farrell
said.
The
explorers
would
constantly
try
a
wider
range;
they'd
sample
new
places.
”可知，奥法雷尔博士说：“这些开发者会一次又一次地去一个较小的地点，并按照他们所知道的去做。探险家们会不断地尝试更广阔的范围；他们不断尝试新的地点。由此判断出，两组人对未预料的事情的反应不同。故选A项。
4.主旨大意题。短文介绍了上个月发表在《自然通讯》杂志上的一项关于人类在现实世界中行为的新研究表明，在稳定时期，追求新奇与坚持现状没有太大区别，但在充满挑战的时期，面对不确定性，人们更应该尝试新事物，冒险者才是赢家。所以短文的最佳标题为“何时冒险很重要”。故选D项。
2
Faster,
cheaper,
better-technology
is
one
field
many
people
rely
upon
to
offer
a
vision
of
a
brighter
future.
But
as
the
2020s
dawn,
optimism
is
in
short
supply.
The
new
technologies
that
dominated
the
past
decade
seem
to
be
making
things
worse.
Social
media
were
supposed
to
bring
people
together,
but
they
are
better
known
for
leaking
privacy.
E-commerce,
ride-hailing
(网约车)
and
the
gig
economy
(零工经济)
may
be
convenient,
but
they
are
charged
with
underpaying
workers,
worsening
inequality
and
blocking
the
streets
with
vehicles.
Today's
pessimistic
mood
is
centered
on
smart
phones
and
social
media,
which
took
off
a
decade
ago.
Yet
concerns
that
particular
technologies
might
be
doing
more
harm
than
good
have
arisen
before.
The
1920s
witnessed
a
criticism
against
cars,
which
had
earlier
been
seen
as
an
answer
to
the
problems
caused
by
horse-drawn
vehicles
which
filled
the
streets
with
noise
and
animal
waste
and
caused
accidents.
And
industrialization
was
criticized
in
the
19th
century
by
Romantics
who
worried
about
the
replacement
of
skilled
workers,
the
robbing
of
the
countryside
and
the
suffering
of
factory
hands.
However,
that
pessimism
can
be
overdone.
Too
often
people
focus
on
the
drawbacks
of
a
new
technology
while
taking
its
benefits
for
granted.
Worries
about
screen
time
should
be
weighed
against
the
much
more
substantial
benefits
of
convenient
communication
and
the
instant
access
to
information
and
entertainment
that
smartphones
make
possible.
A
further
danger
is
that
Luddite
(反对技术进步者)
efforts
to
avoid
the
short-term
costs
associated
with
a
new
technology
will
end
up
denying
access
to
its
long-term
benefits-something
Carl
Benedikt
Frey,
an
Oxford
academic,
calls
a
"technology
trap".
Fears
that
robots
will
steal
people's
jobs
may
discourage
their
use.
Yet
in
the
long
run
countries
that
wish
to
maintain
their
standard
of
living
as
their
workforce
ages
and
shrinks
will
need
more
robots,
not
fewer.
Any
powerful
technology
can
be
used
for
good
or
ill.
It
is
the
choices
people
make
about
it
that
shape
the
world.
Perhaps
the
real
source
of
anxiety
is
not
technology
itself,
but
growing
doubts
about
the
ability
of
societies
to
hold
this
debate,
and
come
up
with
good
answers.
So
as
the
decade
turns,
put
aside
the
pessimism
for
a
moment.
To
be
alive
in
the
tech-obsessed
2020s
is
to
be
among
the
luckiest
people
who
have
ever
lived.
5.What
phenomenon
is
described
in
Paragraph
1?
A.The
seriousness
of
social
inequality.
B.The
rapid
development
of
technology.
C.Problems
brought
by
personal
privacy
leaks.
D.Worries
about
the
influence
of
new
technologies.
6.Which
word
can
best
describe
Romantics'
concern
over
industrialization?
A.Negative.
B.Uncertain.
C.Sympathetic.
D.Enthusiastic.
7.What
might
be
a
result
of
a
"technology
trap"?
A.A
lack
of
good
jobs
in
the
job
market.
B.An
increase
in
the
number
of
Luddites.
C.A
decrease
in
the
number
of
skilled
workers.
D.An
interruption
to
the
advancement
of
a
new
technology.
8.What
is
the
best
title
for
the
text?
A.Pessimism
vs
Progress
B.Technology
vs
Civilization
C.2020s:
The
Age
of
Technology
D.Robots:
Our
Future
Caretakers
【答案】5.D6.A7.D8.A
【分析】
这是一篇说明文。作者从近些年火热起来的电子商务，网约车，零点经济等入手，介绍了科技给人们带来巨大便利的同时也使很多人感到担忧，从而提出人们如何选择和使用科技才是使社会进步的关键。
【详解】
5.推理判断题。根据第一段后三句“Social
media
were
supposed
to
bring
people
together,
but
they
are
better
known
for
leaking
privacy.
E-commerce,
ride-hailing
(网约车)
and
the
gig
economy
(零工经济)
may
be
convenient,
but
they
are
charged
with
underpaying
workers,
worsening
inequality
and
blocking
the
streets
with
vehicles.”（社交媒体本应将人们团结在一起，但它们更出名的是泄露隐私。电子商务、网约车和零工经济或许很方便，但它们都被指控给工人支付了较低的工资，加剧了不平等，还用车辆堵塞了街道。）可知，第一段中提到了新媒体泄露隐私信息，网约车阻塞街道，电子商务缺乏公平，工人报酬低等问题，从而对新技术所产生的影响表示担忧。故选D。
6.观点态度题。根据第二段最后一句“And
industrialization
was
criticized
in
the
19th
century
by
Romantics
who
worried
about
the
replacement
of
skilled
workers,
the
robbing
of
the
countryside
and
the
suffering
of
factory
hands.”（在19世纪，浪漫主义者批评工业化，他们担心技术工人的替代，农村的掠夺和工厂工人的痛苦。）可知浪漫主义者对工业化的态度是消极的。故选A。
7.推理判断题。根据第三段“A
further
danger
is
that
Luddite
(反对技术进步者)
efforts
to
avoid
the
short-term
costs
associated
with
a
new
technology
will
end
up
denying
access
to
its
long-term
benefits-something
Carl
Benedikt
Frey,
an
Oxford
academic,
calls
a
"technology
trap".
Fears
that
robots
will
steal
people's
jobs
may
discourage
their
use.
Yet
in
the
long
run
countries
that
wish
to
maintain
their
standard
of
living
as
their
workforce
ages
and
shrinks
will
need
more
robots,
not
fewer.”（更严重的危险是，路德派试图避免与新技术相关的短期成本，最终会阻碍其长期利益的获得——牛津大学学者卡尔?贝内迪克特?弗雷称之为“技术陷阱”。对机器人会抢走人类工作的担心可能会阻碍机器人的使用。然而，从长远来看，那些希望随着劳动力老龄化和劳动力缩减而维持其生活水平的国家将需要更多的机器人，而不是更少。）可知，人们虽然担忧机器人会使很多人失业，但是从长期来看，机器人有助于改善人们的生活水平，社会需要更多的机器人，而“技术陷阱”反对机器人的应用，进而会阻碍机器人技术的进步，由此可知，“技术陷阱”可能会导致一项新技术进展的中断，故选D项。
8.主旨大意题。根据最后一段“Any
powerful
technology
can
be
used
for
good
or
ill.
It
is
the
choices
people
make
about
it
that
shape
the
world.
”（任何强大的技术都可能被用于好的地方或坏的地方。人们做出的选择塑造了这个世界。）可知，作者从近些年火热起来的电子商务，网约车，零点经济等入手，介绍了科技给人们带来巨大便利的同时也使很多人感到担忧，从而提出人们如何选择和使用科技才是使社会进步的关键。故选A。
3
Be
black
or
white,
the
exact
color
of
a
person’s
skin
is
determined
by
a
combination
of
his
parentage
and
random
chance
and
it
affects
how
every
single
person
treats
you.
You
can’t
take
your
skin
off,
even
if
you’re
terrified
or
ashamed
to
wear
it,
even
if
you’re
sick
and
tired
of
wearing
it.
Freddie
Gray,
who
was
arrested
in
2016
for
possessing
a
legal
knife
and
died
in
police
custody(拘留),
was
born
Black.
Tamir
Rice
,
who
barely
lived
more
than
one
being
Black,
was
shot
at
the
age
of
12
for
playing
with
a
toy
gun
in
2014.
Breonna
Taylor,
who
was
shot
and
killed
in
March
when
two
plainclothes
police
officers
entered
her
apartment
unannounced,
didn’t
choose
to
be
Black.
But
the
police
officers
who
shot
her
chose
their
careers.
They
chose
to
shoot
her,
too.
Police
across
America
also
chose
to
shoot
336
other
unarmed
Black
people
from
2013-2019.
Each
of
these
victims
did
not
possess
a
weapon
at
the
time
of
their
murder,
and
in
all
but
few
of
the
cases
they
lost
their
lives
because
someone
"thought"
they
were
reaching
for
a
gun
that
turned
out
to
be
a
wallet,
cell
phone
or
nothing
at
all.
This
is
absolutely
unacceptable.
We're
not
saying
they
shouldn't
have
been
captured
with
all
necessary
force
and
imprisoned
accordingly.
A
criminal
is
a
criminal
and
should
be
handled
as
such.
But
even
a
criminal,
as
long
as
he
lives
in
this
great
country,
is
an
American
worthy
of
justified
handling
and
a
fair
trial.
Black
people
don’t
get
to
sign
up
for
lives
of
discrimination
and
terror.
They
often
found
themselves
moving
through
wave
upon
wave
of
white
faces
that
usually
mirrored
the
same
emotions—shock,
disbelief
and
anger.
It
is
the
fear
of
black
skin
that
plays
a
part
in
each
of
these
murders.
African
Americans
can
no
longer
tolerate
the
unjustified
killings
of
their
loved
ones.
As
a
country,
it’s
time
to
start
effective
dialogues
to
end
this
pitiless
trend.
It
has
to
be
a
long
struggle
and
pain
before
Black
people
overcome
prejudice
to
win
the
chance
of
being
understood
by
white
ones.
9.What
is
the
author’s
purpose
of
mentioning
the
murders
in
Paragraph
2?
A.To
provide
examples
of
unjustified
killings
of
Black
people.
B.To
give
an
explanation
why
police
officers
choose
to
shoot
black
people.
C.To
offer
a
description
of
Police
officers’
hatred
towards
black
people.
D.To
make
an
analysis
of
how
hard
lives
black
people
were
living.
10.What
is
the
author’s
attitude
towards
the
killings
mentioned
in
the
text？
A.Forgiving.
B.Cautious.
C.Disapproving.
D.Indifferent.
11.What
can
we
infer
from
the
text?
A.The
process
of
overcoming
prejudice
towards
the
black
is
on
its
way.
B.Black
people
are
ashamed
to
wear
their
skin
color
which
leads
to
injustice.
C.Black
people
will
turn
to
violence
to
stop
the
unjustified
killings
among
them.
D.The
police
should
have
chosen
a
proper
way
to
treat
black
“criminals”.
12.What
is
the
best
title
of
the
text?
A.Prejudice
from
Whites
B.Blacks
Call
for
Justice
C.Policemen’s
Fair
Trial
D.Fight
for
Mutual
Trust
【答案】9.A10.C11.D12.B
【分析】
这是一篇说明文。短文介绍了美国黑人的生活状况，遭到白人无端的歧视和白人警察无理的枪杀，美国的黑人不愿接受歧视和恐怖的生活，呼吁社会的公正。
9.推理判断题。根据第二段“Freddie
Gray,
who
was
arrested
in
2016
for
possessing
a
legal
knife
and
died
in
police
custody(拘留),
was
born
Black.
Tamir
Rice
,
who
barely
lived
more
than
one
being
Black,
was
shot
at
the
age
of
12
for
playing
with
a
toy
gun
in
2014.
Breonna
Taylor,
who
was
shot
and
killed
in
March
when
two
plainclothes
police
officers
entered
her
apartment
unannounced,
didn’t
choose
to
be
Black.
But
the
police
officers
who
shot
her
chose
their
careers.
They
chose
to
shoot
her,
too.
Police
across
America
also
chose
to
shoot
336
other
unarmed
Black
people
from
2013-2019.可知，弗雷迪·格雷于2016年因持有合法刀具被捕，并在警方拘留期间死亡。他是黑人。2014年，12岁的塔米尔·赖斯因为玩玩具枪而被枪击。布若娜·泰勒今年3月在两名便衣警察未经通知进入她的公寓时被枪杀，她并没有选择要成为黑人。但射杀她的警察忠于职守。他们也选择了射杀她。2013-2019年，全美各地的警察还射杀了另外336名手无寸铁的黑人。由此判断出，第二段中提到谋杀案的目的是提供无理杀害黑人的例子。故选A项。
10.推理判断题。根据第三段“Each
of
these
victims
did
not
possess
a
weapon
at
the
time
of
their
murder,
and
in
all
but
few
of
the
cases
they
lost
their
lives
because
someone
"thought"
they
were
reaching
for
a
gun
that
turned
out
to
be
a
wallet,
cell
phone
or
nothing
at
all.
This
is
absolutely
unacceptable.”可知，这些受害者在遇害时都没有武器，除了极少数案件外，他们都是因为有人“以为”他们伸手去拿枪，结果却是钱包、手机或什么都没拿，所以才丧命的。这是绝对不能接受的。由此判断出，作者对文中提到的杀戮持反对的态度。故选C项。
11.推理判断题。根据第三段“We're
not
saying
they
shouldn't
have
been
captured
with
all
necessary
force
and
imprisoned
accordingly.
A
criminal
is
a
criminal
and
should
be
handled
as
such.”可知，我们并不是说不应该采取一切必要的手段逮捕他们，并相应地关押他们。罪犯就是罪犯，应该按罪犯处理。由此判断出，警察应该选择一种正确的方式来对待黑人“罪犯”。故选D项。
12.主旨大意题。短文介绍了美国黑人的生活状况，遭到白人无端的歧视和白人警察毫无理的枪杀，美国的黑人不接受歧视和恐怖的生活，呼吁社会的公正。所以短文的最佳标题为“黑人呼吁公正”。故选B。
4
If
you
learned
about
Thanksgiving
in
an
American
elementary
school,
chances
are
that
the
holiday
is
in
honor
of
how
the
Pilgrim（清教徒）of
Plymouth,
Mass,
celebrated
the
harvest
by
enjoying
a
dinner
with
their
friendly
Indian
neighbors.
This
story
is
inspired
by
a
real
1621
meal,
which
reflects
neither
the
17th
century
nor
the
21st
century
understanding
of
it.
An
1889
novel
that
described
Thanksgiving
as
an
outdoor
feast
became
a
best-seller.
The
growing
ad
industry
helped
spread
popular
images
of
the
tale.
By
the
1920s,
Thanksgiving
was
the
most
talked-about
holiday
in
U.S.
classrooms.
The
parts
that
made
the
colonists（殖民者）look
bad
were
left
out.
However,
many
classrooms
are
beginning
to
change.
And
on
a
recent
Saturday
morning
in
Washington
D.C.,
about
two
dozens
teachers
went
to
the
National
Museum
of
the
American
Indian
to
learn
a
better
way
to
teach
the
Thanksgiving
story.
When
Gokey,
the
museum’s
teacher-services
worker,
explained
that
early
Thanksgivings
celebrated
the
burning
of
a
Pequot
village
in
1637
and
the
killing
of
Wampanoag
leader
Massasoit’s
son,
listeners
felt
shocked.
“I
look
back
now
and
realize
I
was
teaching
a
lot
of
wrong
facts
and
ideas,”
Tonia
Parker,
a
second-grade
teacher
told
TIME.
Teachers
like
the
ones
at
the
workshop
know
that
change
is
coming,
and
state
social-studies
standards
increasingly
encourage
students
to
look
at
history
from
multiple
angles.
Moreover,
teaching
a
better
lesson
about
thankfulness
is
something
anyone
can
support.
At
the
workshop
in
Washington,
after
learning
something
new,
participants
learned
to
say
Wado.
That
Cherokee
word
means
“Thank
you”.
13.What
did
Americans
learn
about
Thanksgiving
from
the
elementary
school?
A.It
was
first
celebrated
in
1889.
B.It
was
a
family
feast
for
the
Pilgrims.
C.It
reflected
the
real
history
of
the
17th
century.
D.It
showed
the
friendship
between
the
Pilgrims
and
Indians.
14.Why
did
some
teachers
go
to
the
National
Museum
of
the
American
Indian?
A.To
confirm
the
importance
of
the
holiday.
B.To
prepare
for
the
changing
of
the
classroom.
C.To
find
a
more
appropriate
way
to
teach
Thanksgiving.
D.To
correct
their
misunderstanding
about
Thanksgiving.
15.What
can
we
infer
from
the
last
two
paragraphs?
A.Wado
means
“Thank
you
”in
Cherokee.
B.Lessons
about
thankfulness
are
increasingly
popular.
C.Participants
at
the
workshop
learned
to
support
each
other.
D.Students
are
encouraged
to
see
history
from
different
aspects.
16.What
would
be
the
best
title
of
the
text?
A.The
Importance
of
Thanksgiving
Education
B.Thanksgiving:
a
Holiday
with
a
Hidden
Truth
C.Thanksgiving:
a
Holiday
Popularized
by
a
Novel
D.The
Reform
of
Education
in
American
Classrooms
【答案】13.D14.C15.D16.B
【分析】
这是一篇新闻报道，介绍了美国课堂对感恩节的来历讲述并不正确，原先教材省略了历史上殖民者对美国印第安人的残忍行径，因此导致学生对感恩节来历的了解不准确和全面，最近，大约有二十多位老师前往美国印第安人国家博物馆去学习一种更好的教感恩节故事的方法。
13.细节理解题。由第一段“If
you
learned
about
Thanksgiving
in
an
American
elementary
school,
chances
are
that
the
holiday
is
in
honor
of
how
the
Pilgrim
of
Plymouth,
Mass,
celebrated
the
harvest
by
enjoying
a
dinner
with
their
friendly
Indian
neighbors.”（
如果你在美国的小学里学到了感恩节的故事，你可能知道的是这样的感恩节：
为了纪念清教徒与友好的印第安人庆祝丰收）可知
，感恩节展示了清教徒和印第安人之间的友谊，故选D。
14.细节理解题。由第三段“about
two
dozens
teachers
went
to
the
National
Museum
of
the
American
Indian
to
learn
a
better
way
to
teach
the
Thanksgiving
story.
”（大约有二十多位老师前往美国印第安人国家博物馆去学习一种更好的教感恩节故事的方法）可知，这些老师去美国印第安人国家博物馆是为了找一种更合适的方法来教感恩节故事。故选C项。
15.推理判断题。由第五段“and
state
social-studies
standards
increasingly
encourage
students
to
look
at
history
from
multiple
angles.”（国家社会学习标准越来越鼓励学生从多个角度看待历史）可知，学生被鼓励从不同的角度看待历史。故选D。
16.主旨大意题。通读全文可知，本文主要介绍了美国课堂对感恩节的来历讲述并不正确，原先教材省略了历史上殖民者对美国印第安人的残忍行径，因此导致学生对感恩节来历的了解不准确和全面，最近，大约有二十多位老师前往美国印第安人国家博物馆去学习一种更好的教感恩节故事的方法。因此，本文的最佳标题是：感恩节，一个隐藏了历史真相的节日。故选B。备战2021年高考英语二轮复习之阅读理解“典型技巧”高效练
典型技巧13
主线确定文章的标题
【考情角度】
考情分析
社会与文化类说明文，结构层次较为分明，常见的文章结构是总分或总分总结构。中间段会利用事例进一步说明。
考查角度
常考查细节理解题、主旨大意题、词义理解题和标题归纳题等。
【真题再现】(2019·全国卷Ⅲ·B) 主题语境：社会与文化
For
Western
designers,
China
and
its
rich
culture
have
long
been
an
inspiration
for
Western
.
“It's
no
secret
that
China
has
always
been
a
source
(来源)
of
inspiration
for
designers，”
says
Amanda
Hill,
chief
creative
officer
at
A＋E
Networks,
a
global
media
company
and
home
to
some
of
the
biggest
fashion
(时尚)
shows.
Earlier
this
year,
the
China
Through
A
Looking
Glass
exhibition
in
New
York
exhibited
140
pieces
of
China?inspired
fashionable
clothing
alongside
Chinese
works
of
art,
with
the
aim
of
exploring
the
influence
of
Chinese
aesthetics
(美学)
on
Western
fashion
and
how
China
has
the
fashionable
imagination
for
centuries.
The
exhibition
had
record
，
showing
that
there
is
huge
interest
in
Chinese
influences.
“China
is
impossible
to
，”
says
Hill.
“Chinese
models
are
the
faces
of
beauty
and
fashion
campaigns
that
sell
dreams
to
women
all
over
the
world,
which
means
Chinese_women_are_not_just_consumers_of_fashion—they
are
central
to
its
movement.”
Of
course,
not
only
are
today's
top
Western
designers
being
influenced
by
China—some
of
the
best
designers
of
fashion
are
themselves
Chinese.
“Vera
Wang,
Alexander
Wang,
Jason
Wu
are
taking_on
Galliano
Albaz,
Marc
Jacobs—and
beating
them
hands
down
in
design
and
sales，”
adds
Hill.
For
Hill,
it
is
impossible
not
to
talk
about
China
as
the
leading
player
when
discussing
fashion.
“The
most
famous
designers
are
Chinese,
so
are
the
models,
and
so
are
the
consumers，”
she
says.
“China
is
no
longer
just
another
market;
in
many
senses
it
has
become
the
market.
If
you
talk
about
fashion
today,
you
are
talking
about
China—its
influences,
its
direction,
its
clothes,
and
how
young
designers
and
models
are
finally
that
in
many
ways.”
1.What
can
we
learn
about
the
？
A.
It
promoted
the
sales
of
artworks.
B.
It
attracted
a
large
number
of
visitors.
C.
It
showed
ancient
Chinese
clothes.
D.
It
aimed
to
introduce
Chinese
models.
2.What
does
Hill
say
about
？
A.
They
are
setting
the
fashion.
B.
They
start
many
fashion
campaigns.
C.
They
admire
super
models.
D.
They
do
business
all
over
the
world.
3.What
do
the
underlined
words
“taking
on”
in
paragraph
4
mean?
A.
Learning
from.
B.
Looking
down
on.
C.
Working
with.
D.
Competing
against.
4.What
can
be
a
suitable
title
for
the
text?
A.
Young
Models
Selling
Dreams
to
the
World
B.
A
Chinese
Art
Exhibition
Held
in
New
York
C.
Differences
between
Eastern
and
Western
Aesthetics
D.
Chinese
Culture
Fueling
International
Fashion
Trends
答案与解析： 1.B 2.A 3.D 4.D
1.由题干关键词exhibition
in
New
York定位文章第三段，寻读并定位关键信息record
attendance可确定答案。
2.根据题干关键词Chinese
women导读原文，Hill对Chinese
women的评价，定位第4段中破折号后内容“central
to
its
movement”，由此可判断出答案。
3.根据下文的beating
them
hands
down可准确猜出词义。
4.文章第一段就是主旨句，下文围绕其展开说明，举例也是为了说明此点。
【技巧释义】循文章主线定最佳标题
?循主线定标题，首次肯定中国文化是西方设计师的创意素材(第1～2段)
?举例说明(第3～4段)
《镜花水月》展览参观人数创历史新高(可解第1题)
?Hill列举王薇薇(Vera
Wang)、王大仁(Alexander
Wang)和吴秀刚(Jason
Wu)在设计和销售额方面击败西方顶级设计师(可解第3题)
?再次肯定中国文化在国际时尚领域的影响：引领潮流(第5段)
【词汇积累】
overlook
vt.忽略；俯瞰
contemporary
adj.当代的
breathtaking
adj.引人入胜的
acknowledge
vt.认可
attendance
n.出勤率
creative
n.创意
fuel
【技巧演练】（建议用时：45分钟）
1
One
way
to
divide
up
the
world
is
between
people
who
like
to
explore
new
possibilities
and
those
who
stick
to
the
tried
and
true.
In
fact,
the
tension
between
betting
on
a
sure
thing
and
taking
a
chance
that
something
unexpected
and
wonderful
might
happen
troubles
human
and
nonhuman
animals
alike.
Take
songbirds,
for
example.
The
half-dozen
finches
(雀)
resting
at
my
desk
feeder
all
summer
know
exactly
what
they'll
find
there:
black
sunflower
seed,
and
lots
of
it.
Meanwhile,
the
warblers
(莺)
exploring
the
woods
nearby
don't
depend
on
this
predictable
food
source
in
fine
weather.
As
food
hunters,
they
enjoy
less
exposure
to
predators
and,
as
a
bonus,
the
chance
to
meet
the
perfect
mate
flying
from
tree
to
tree.
This
"explore-exploit"
trade-off
(权衡)
has
prompted
scores
of
lab
studies,
computer
simulations
and
algorithms
(算法)
trying
to
determine
which
strategy
brings
in
the
greatest
reward.
Now
a
new
study
of
human
behavior
in
the
real
world,
published
last
month
in
the
journal
Nature
Communications,
shows
that
in
good
times,
there
isn't
much
of
a
difference
between
pursuing
novelty
and
sticking
to
the
status
quo
(原状)
When
the
going
gets
tough,
however,
explorers
are
the
winners.
The
new
study,
led
by
Shay
O'Farrell
and
James
Sanchirico,
both
of
the
University
of
California,
Davis,
along
with
Orr
Spiegel
of
Tel
Aviv
University,
examined
the
routes
and
results
of
nearly
2,500
commercial
fishing
trips
in
the
Gulf
of
Mexico
over
a
period
of
2.5
years.
The
study
focused
on
"bottom
longline"
fishing,
a
system
where
hundreds
of
lines
are
attached
to
a
horizontal
bar
that
is
then
lowered
to
reach
the
sea
bed.
Dr.
O'Farrell
explained
the
procedure
this
way:
Go
to
a
location
and
put
the
line
down.
Stay
for
a
few
hours.
The
lines
are
a
mile
long
and
have
a
buoy
(浮标)
at
either
end.
When
they
pull
that
up,
they
assess
the
catch,
and
then
decide
if
they
will
stay
or
move
on
to
a
different
spot.
Over
two
years
of
collecting
data
under
various
climate
conditions,
the
researchers
discovered
that
the
fishermen
were
fairly
consistent.
"The
exploiters
would
go
to
a
smaller
set
of
locations
over
and
over,
and
go
with
what
they
know,"
Dr.
O'Farrell
said.
The
explorers
would
constantly
try
a
wider
range;
they'd
sample
new
places.
In
the
long
run,
there
wasn't
a
huge
difference
in
payoffs
between
the
two
groups,
perhaps
due
to
the
sharing
information
between
fishing
crews,
said
Dr.
O'Farrell.
But
in
challenging
times,
the
study's
message
was
clear:
"You
can
try
new
things
in
the
face
of
uncertainty."
1.The
author
takes
the
songbird
as
an
example
to
indicate
that
_____.
A.like
birds,
humans
tend
to
be
satisfied
with
the
predictable
B.some
birds
are
used
to
looking
for
food
instead
of
being
fed
C.there
exist
the
conservative
and
the
adventurous
like
humans
D.birds
choose
different
ways
to
look
for
food
in
different
weather
2.According
to
the
third
paragraph,
people
who
mastered
"explore-exploit"
trade-off
_____.
A.will
choose
either
to
pursue
novelty
or
keep
the
status
quo
B.are
ready
to
risk
in
time
of
difficulty
C.will
be
tough
in
good
times
and
bad
times
D.will
grow
to
be
experts
in
lab
studies
3.Which
can
be
inferred
from
the
new
study
led
by
Shay
O'Farrell
and
James
Sanchirico?
A.The
two
groups
react
to
the
unexpected
differently.
B.The
"explore-exploit"
trade-off
helps
scientific
research
a
lot.
C.The
exploiters
are
used
to
fishing
based
solely
on
their
experience.
D.The
explorers
tend
to
achieve
more
than
the
exploiters
in
the
long
run.
4.Which
of
the
following
can
be
the
best
title
for
passage?
A.How
the
Exploiter
differs
from
the
Explorer
B.How
to
Become
a
Productive
Fisherman
C.What
is
"Explore-Exploit"
Trade-off
D.When
to
take
risks
matters
2
Faster,
cheaper,
better-technology
is
one
field
many
people
rely
upon
to
offer
a
vision
of
a
brighter
future.
But
as
the
2020s
dawn,
optimism
is
in
short
supply.
The
new
technologies
that
dominated
the
past
decade
seem
to
be
making
things
worse.
Social
media
were
supposed
to
bring
people
together,
but
they
are
better
known
for
leaking
privacy.
E-commerce,
ride-hailing
(网约车)
and
the
gig
economy
(零工经济)
may
be
convenient,
but
they
are
charged
with
underpaying
workers,
worsening
inequality
and
blocking
the
streets
with
vehicles.
Today's
pessimistic
mood
is
centered
on
smart
phones
and
social
media,
which
took
off
a
decade
ago.
Yet
concerns
that
particular
technologies
might
be
doing
more
harm
than
good
have
arisen
before.
The
1920s
witnessed
a
criticism
against
cars,
which
had
earlier
been
seen
as
an
answer
to
the
problems
caused
by
horse-drawn
vehicles
which
filled
the
streets
with
noise
and
animal
waste
and
caused
accidents.
And
industrialization
was
criticized
in
the
19th
century
by
Romantics
who
worried
about
the
replacement
of
skilled
workers,
the
robbing
of
the
countryside
and
the
suffering
of
factory
hands.
However,
that
pessimism
can
be
overdone.
Too
often
people
focus
on
the
drawbacks
of
a
new
technology
while
taking
its
benefits
for
granted.
Worries
about
screen
time
should
be
weighed
against
the
much
more
substantial
benefits
of
convenient
communication
and
the
instant
access
to
information
and
entertainment
that
smartphones
make
possible.
A
further
danger
is
that
Luddite
(反对技术进步者)
efforts
to
avoid
the
short-term
costs
associated
with
a
new
technology
will
end
up
denying
access
to
its
long-term
benefits-something
Carl
Benedikt
Frey,
an
Oxford
academic,
calls
a
"technology
trap".
Fears
that
robots
will
steal
people's
jobs
may
discourage
their
use.
Yet
in
the
long
run
countries
that
wish
to
maintain
their
standard
of
living
as
their
workforce
ages
and
shrinks
will
need
more
robots,
not
fewer.
Any
powerful
technology
can
be
used
for
good
or
ill.
It
is
the
choices
people
make
about
it
that
shape
the
world.
Perhaps
the
real
source
of
anxiety
is
not
technology
itself,
but
growing
doubts
about
the
ability
of
societies
to
hold
this
debate,
and
come
up
with
good
answers.
So
as
the
decade
turns,
put
aside
the
pessimism
for
a
moment.
To
be
alive
in
the
tech-obsessed
2020s
is
to
be
among
the
luckiest
people
who
have
ever
lived.
5.What
phenomenon
is
described
in
Paragraph
1?
A.The
seriousness
of
social
inequality.
B.The
rapid
development
of
technology.
C.Problems
brought
by
personal
privacy
leaks.
D.Worries
about
the
influence
of
new
technologies.
6.Which
word
can
best
describe
Romantics'
concern
over
industrialization?
A.Negative.
B.Uncertain.
C.Sympathetic.
D.Enthusiastic.
7.What
might
be
a
result
of
a
"technology
trap"?
A.A
lack
of
good
jobs
in
the
job
market.
B.An
increase
in
the
number
of
Luddites.
C.A
decrease
in
the
number
of
skilled
workers.
D.An
interruption
to
the
advancement
of
a
new
technology.
8.What
is
the
best
title
for
the
text?
A.Pessimism
vs
Progress
B.Technology
vs
Civilization
C.2020s:
The
Age
of
Technology
D.Robots:
Our
Future
Caretakers
3
Be
black
or
white,
the
exact
color
of
a
person’s
skin
is
determined
by
a
combination
of
his
parentage
and
random
chance
and
it
affects
how
every
single
person
treats
you.
You
can’t
take
your
skin
off,
even
if
you’re
terrified
or
ashamed
to
wear
it,
even
if
you’re
sick
and
tired
of
wearing
it.
Freddie
Gray,
who
was
arrested
in
2016
for
possessing
a
legal
knife
and
died
in
police
custody(拘留),
was
born
Black.
Tamir
Rice
,
who
barely
lived
more
than
one
being
Black,
was
shot
at
the
age
of
12
for
playing
with
a
toy
gun
in
2014.
Breonna
Taylor,
who
was
shot
and
killed
in
March
when
two
plainclothes
police
officers
entered
her
apartment
unannounced,
didn’t
choose
to
be
Black.
But
the
police
officers
who
shot
her
chose
their
careers.
They
chose
to
shoot
her,
too.
Police
across
America
also
chose
to
shoot
336
other
unarmed
Black
people
from
2013-2019.
Each
of
these
victims
did
not
possess
a
weapon
at
the
time
of
their
murder,
and
in
all
but
few
of
the
cases
they
lost
their
lives
because
someone
"thought"
they
were
reaching
for
a
gun
that
turned
out
to
be
a
wallet,
cell
phone
or
nothing
at
all.
This
is
absolutely
unacceptable.
We're
not
saying
they
shouldn't
have
been
captured
with
all
necessary
force
and
imprisoned
accordingly.
A
criminal
is
a
criminal
and
should
be
handled
as
such.
But
even
a
criminal,
as
long
as
he
lives
in
this
great
country,
is
an
American
worthy
of
justified
handling
and
a
fair
trial.
Black
people
don’t
get
to
sign
up
for
lives
of
discrimination
and
terror.
They
often
found
themselves
moving
through
wave
upon
wave
of
white
faces
that
usually
mirrored
the
same
emotions—shock,
disbelief
and
anger.
It
is
the
fear
of
black
skin
that
plays
a
part
in
each
of
these
murders.
African
Americans
can
no
longer
tolerate
the
unjustified
killings
of
their
loved
ones.
As
a
country,
it’s
time
to
start
effective
dialogues
to
end
this
pitiless
trend.
It
has
to
be
a
long
struggle
and
pain
before
Black
people
overcome
prejudice
to
win
the
chance
of
being
understood
by
white
ones.
9.What
is
the
author’s
purpose
of
mentioning
the
murders
in
Paragraph
2?
A.To
provide
examples
of
unjustified
killings
of
Black
people.
B.To
give
an
explanation
why
police
officers
choose
to
shoot
black
people.
C.To
offer
a
description
of
Police
officers’
hatred
towards
black
people.
D.To
make
an
analysis
of
how
hard
lives
black
people
were
living.
10.What
is
the
author’s
attitude
towards
the
killings
mentioned
in
the
text？
A.Forgiving.
B.Cautious.
C.Disapproving.
D.Indifferent.
11.What
can
we
infer
from
the
text?
A.The
process
of
overcoming
prejudice
towards
the
black
is
on
its
way.
B.Black
people
are
ashamed
to
wear
their
skin
color
which
leads
to
injustice.
C.Black
people
will
turn
to
violence
to
stop
the
unjustified
killings
among
them.
D.The
police
should
have
chosen
a
proper
way
to
treat
black
“criminals”.
12.What
is
the
best
title
of
the
text?
A.Prejudice
from
Whites
B.Blacks
Call
for
Justice
C.Policemen’s
Fair
Trial
D.Fight
for
Mutual
Trust
4
If
you
learned
about
Thanksgiving
in
an
American
elementary
school,
chances
are
that
the
holiday
is
in
honor
of
how
the
Pilgrim（清教徒）of
Plymouth,
Mass,
celebrated
the
harvest
by
enjoying
a
dinner
with
their
friendly
Indian
neighbors.
This
story
is
inspired
by
a
real
1621
meal,
which
reflects
neither
the
17th
century
nor
the
21st
century
understanding
of
it.
An
1889
novel
that
described
Thanksgiving
as
an
outdoor
feast
became
a
best-seller.
The
growing
ad
industry
helped
spread
popular
images
of
the
tale.
By
the
1920s,
Thanksgiving
was
the
most
talked-about
holiday
in
U.S.
classrooms.
The
parts
that
made
the
colonists（殖民者）look
bad
were
left
out.
However,
many
classrooms
are
beginning
to
change.
And
on
a
recent
Saturday
morning
in
Washington
D.C.,
about
two
dozens
teachers
went
to
the
National
Museum
of
the
American
Indian
to
learn
a
better
way
to
teach
the
Thanksgiving
story.
When
Gokey,
the
museum’s
teacher-services
worker,
explained
that
early
Thanksgivings
celebrated
the
burning
of
a
Pequot
village
in
1637
and
the
killing
of
Wampanoag
leader
Massasoit’s
son,
listeners
felt
shocked.
“I
look
back
now
and
realize
I
was
teaching
a
lot
of
wrong
facts
and
ideas,”
Tonia
Parker,
a
second-grade
teacher
told
TIME.
Teachers
like
the
ones
at
the
workshop
know
that
change
is
coming,
and
state
social-studies
standards
increasingly
encourage
students
to
look
at
history
from
multiple
angles.
Moreover,
teaching
a
better
lesson
about
thankfulness
is
something
anyone
can
support.
At
the
workshop
in
Washington,
after
learning
something
new,
participants
learned
to
say
Wado.
That
Cherokee
word
means
“Thank
you”.
13.What
did
Americans
learn
about
Thanksgiving
from
the
elementary
school?
A.It
was
first
celebrated
in
1889.
B.It
was
a
family
feast
for
the
Pilgrims.
C.It
reflected
the
real
history
of
the
17th
century.
D.It
showed
the
friendship
between
the
Pilgrims
and
Indians.
14.Why
did
some
teachers
go
to
the
National
Museum
of
the
American
Indian?
A.To
confirm
the
importance
of
the
holiday.
B.To
prepare
for
the
changing
of
the
classroom.
C.To
find
a
more
appropriate
way
to
teach
Thanksgiving.
D.To
correct
their
misunderstanding
about
Thanksgiving.
15.What
can
we
infer
from
the
last
two
paragraphs?
A.Wado
means
“Thank
you
”in
Cherokee.
B.Lessons
about
thankfulness
are
increasingly
popular.
C.Participants
at
the
workshop
learned
to
support
each
other.
D.Students
are
encouraged
to
see
history
from
different
aspects.
16.What
would
be
the
best
title
of
the
text?
A.The
Importance
of
Thanksgiving
Education
B.Thanksgiving:
a
Holiday
with
a
Hidden
Truth
C.Thanksgiving:
a
Holiday
Popularized
by
a
Novel
D.The
Reform
of
Education
in
American
Classrooms
