1059180012420600专题5 中考三大从句知识点总结
还记得中国古代历史中的分封制么?
338010571120普天之下 莫非王土
率土之滨 莫非王臣
普天之下 莫非王土
率土之滨 莫非王臣
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但是周王朝太大了,周天子实在管不过来,于是便想出了设立诸侯国,每个诸侯国里面的一把手便是诸侯了。
25323801283970152463598171020828013462006394451104902341880956310130556054737029718097345524701512192020802608102601144270440055-1016020955152400826770 周天子
诸侯1 诸侯2 诸侯3
套用在英语句式中也是同一个道理。周天子是谓语动词,是整个句子的中心。整个句子有数个从句,但是从句也是句子,也有自己相应的“大佬”——谓语动词。
因此,从句也称为主从复合句,是一种典型的嵌套结构的句子。
在中考英语中,我们主要理解三种从句:
宾语从句
状语从句
定语从句
宾语从句
1.语序
无论主句是陈述句还是疑问句,宾语从句都必须使用陈述语序,即“主句+连词+宾语从句(主语+谓语+……)”句式。根据连接词在从句中所担任的不同成分,可分为以下四种:
1)连接词+谓语。连接词在从句中作主语。常见的连接词有: who,what,which等。如:
Could you tell me who knows the answer,please?你能告诉我谁知道答案吗?
The small children don't know what is in their stockings.这些小孩子不知道袜子里有什么东西?
2)连接词+名词+谓语。连接词在从句中作主语的定语。常见的连接词有:whose,what,which,how many,how much等。如:
He asked whose handwriting was the best in our class.他问我们班上谁的书法最好。
The teacher asked us how many people there were in the room.老师问我们房间里有多少人。
3)连接词+主语+谓语。连接词在从句中作宾语、状语或表语。常见的连接词有:who(m),what,which,how many,how much, when,why,how,where,if /whether(在句中不充当任何成分)等。如:
He hasn't decided if he'll go on a trip to Wuxi.他还没决定是否去无锡旅行。
Could you tell me what I should do with the money ?你能告诉我我如何处理这笔钱吗?
4)连接词+名词+主语+谓语。连接词在从句中作宾语或表语的定语。常见的连接词有:what,which,how many,how much,how等。如:
Do you know which class he is in ?你知道他在哪个班吗?
She asked me if I knew whose pen it was.她问我是否知道这是谁的钢笔。
2.连接词
1)当由陈述句充当宾语从句时,用that引导,that无词义,在口语或非正式文体中常省略。如:
He said that he could finish his work before supper.他说他会在晚饭前完成工作。
2)当由一般疑问句充当宾语从句时,用if或whether引导,意为“是否”。如:
I don't know if /whether he still lives here after so many years.我不知道这么多年后他是否还住在这儿。
但在下列情况下只能用whether:
①在具有选择意义,又有or或or not时,尤其是直接与or not连用时,往往用whether(if…or not也可以使用)。如:
Let me know whether /if he will come or not.(=Let me know whether or not he will come)让我知道他是否能来。
I don't know whether /if he does any washing or not.(=I don't know whether or not he does any washing.)我不知道他洗不洗衣服。
I wonder whether we stay or whether wego.我不知道我们是去还是留。
②在介词之后用whether。如:
I'm interested in whether he likes English.我关心的是他是否喜欢英语。
We're thinking about whether we can finish the work on time.我们正在考虑是否能按时完成这项工作。
I worry about whether I hurt her feelings.我担心是否伤了她的感情。
③在不定式前用whether。如:
He hasn't decided whether to visit the old man.他尚未决定是否拜访那位老人。
I don't know whether to go.我不知去否。
He hasn't decided whether to go by bus or by train.他还未决定是乘公共汽车去还是坐火车去。
④whether置于句首时,不能换用if。如:
Whether this is true or not,I can't say.这是否真的我说不上来。
⑤引导主语从句和表语从句时宜用whether。如:
Whether she will come or not is still a question.她是否能来还是个问题。
The question is whether we can catch the bus.问题是我们能否赶上公共汽车。
⑥若用if会引起歧义时,则用whether。如:
Please let me know if you like the book.可理解为:
a.Please let me know whether you like the book.请告诉我你是否喜欢这本书。
b.If you like the book,please let me know.你如果喜欢这本书,请告诉我。
3)如果宾语从句原来是特殊疑问句,只需用原来的特殊疑问词引导。如:
Could you tell me why you were late for the meeting this morning?你能告诉我今天早上你为什么开会迟到吗?
3.时态
含宾语从句的复合句,主、从句谓语动词的时态呼应应包括以下三点内容:
1)如果主句的谓语动词是一般现在时,从句的谓语动词可根据需要,选用相应的任何时态。如:
I don't know when he will come back.我不知道他将何时回来。
He tells me that his sister came back yesterday.他告诉我他姐姐昨天回来了。
2)如果主句的谓语动词是过去时,宾语从句的谓语动词只可根据需要,选用过去时态即一般过去时、过去进行时、过去将来时或过去完成时的某一种形式。如:
①The children didn't know who he was.孩子们不知道他是谁。
②He asked his father how it happened.他问他父亲这件事是如何发生的。
3)如果宾语从句所表示的是客观事实、普遍真理、自然现象或习惯性动作等,不管主句用什么时态,从句时态都用一般现在时。如:
The teacher said that the earth goes round the sun.老师说地球绕着太阳转。
4.注意:
if和when既可以引导宾语从句,也可以引导状语从句,应注意它们在两种从句中的意思和用法的不同。if和when引导宾语从句时,分别意为“是否”和“何时”,其时态应和主句时态相呼应;它们引导状语从句时,意思分别为“如果,假如”和“当……时候”,当主句时态是一般将来时时,其时态用一般现在时。它们常常放在含有状语从句和宾语从句的题干中进行综合考查。如:
—Do you know when he will come back tomorrow ?你知道他明天什么时候回来吗?
—Sorry,I don't know.When he comes back,I'll tell you.对不起,不知道。当他回来了,我将告诉你。
—I don't know if he will come.我不知道他是否会来。
—He will come if it doesn't rain.如果不下雨,他会来的。
二 状语从句
1.地点状语从句
地点状语从句多由where或wherever引起:
Winters were very long where he lived.
在他住的地方冬天很长。
I'm standing where the brook and the river meet.
我站在小溪与大河汇合处。
He left the camera where it was.
他把相机留在原来的地方。
Wherever he went,he took her with him.
不管他到哪里,他都带着她。
Sleep wherever yon like.
你高兴在哪里睡就在哪里睡。
You can sit anywhere you like.
你爱坐哪就坐哪儿。
Everywhere I go,I find the same result.
不管我到哪里我都得到同样的结果。
2.原因状语从句:
原因状语从句多由because,as,since,seeing(that),considering that等连词引起:
You only do it because you have to.
你这样做只是因为不得不如此。
As he had been up since 4 a.m.,he was very tired.
由于他清晨四点就起床了,他十分疲倦。
He can't come with us since he's ill.
由于生病他不能和我们一道去。
Stay in bed longer today,seeing that you were late last night.
昨夜你睡得晚,你今天多睡一会儿。
Considering he's only been learning English a year he speaks it very well.
考虑他学英语才一年,他英语是讲得很好的。
Now that you have the chance you had better avail yourself of it.
既然你现在有了机会,你最好加以利用。
下面这类句子中的从句也表示原因:
I'm glad that you are all safe.
我很高兴你们都安然无恙。
I'm proud that you had the thought.
你有这个想法我感到骄傲。
3.表示比较的状语从句
这类从句都由than或as引起:
She likes Danny better than she likes me.
她喜欢丹妮胜过喜欢我。
He can run faster than I do.
他跑得比我快。
It is not so difficult as you think.
它没有你想的那么困难。
She is not so energetic as she used to be.
她不像过去那样充满活力了。
有时许多词省略,只剩下一个词:
She is four years younger than me.
她比我小四岁。
It made him queerer than ever.
这使他变得比过去更古怪。
She was as much interested in music as ever.
她还是和过去一样对音乐有兴趣。
She is as clever as(she is) beautiful.
她聪明又美丽。
4.方式状语从句
这类从句多由as,as if,as though,like等引起:
He was allowed t do as he liked.
他们允许他爱怎么干就怎么干。
It swims on the sea floor just as its ancestors did.
在海底游动,就像它的祖辈那样。
I like the freedom to plan my day exactly as I want.
我喜欢有自由完全按照我自己的意愿安排一天的活动。
She acts as though she owns the place.
她表现得仿佛她是这里的主人。
She treats him as if he was her own son.
她把他像亲儿子一般对待。
He looked like he had seen a ghost.
他看起来就像见到鬼了似的。
You talk just like your father does.
你讲起话来就像你爸爸。
I was never allowed to sing the way I wanted to.
他们从来不容许我按我自己的想法演唱。
I'll help you any way I can.我将以任何可能的方式帮助你。
三 定语从句
定语从句分为限定性定语从句与非限定性定语从句。但是在初中阶段,我们只需要掌握限制性定语从句就可以了。
定语从句是由关系代词和关系副词引导的从句,其作用是作定语修饰主句的某个名词性成分,定语从句分为限制性和非限制性从句两种。定语从句的基本结构为:先行词+关系代词或关系副词+从句本身。
(一)关系代词与关系副词
1、关系代词
在定语从句中,能作关系代词的有which、that、who/whom。
(1)which/that指物
例:The book which/that you borrowed me yesterday is interesting. 你昨天借给我的书很有意思。
(2)who/that指人
例:He is the man?who/that lives next door.他是住在隔壁的那个人。
注意:关系代词在从句中作宾语时,which/that保持不变,who变为whom。
例:We wondered whom the book was about. 我们想知道这本书是关于谁的。
?
2、关系副词
在定语从句中,能作关系副词的有why(表原因)、where(表地点)、when(表时间)。
例:This is the reason?why?I was late this morning. 这就是我今天早上迟到的原因。
? ? ? ?This is the town?where?he was born.这是他出生的小镇。
? ? ? ?Tom got married in 2000?when?he was 24 years old. 2000年汤姆结婚了,当时他24岁。
注意:千万不要看见前面是原因、地点、时间就用why、where、when这些关系副词,关键要看它们在从句中起名词还是副词的作用。
请看下面的例题:
This is the reason ______ I was late this morning.
This is the reason ______ I told you.
第一句中,the reason用来修饰迟到这个动词,表示早上迟到的原因(I was late because…),因此它起到副词的作用,要用why。
而第二句中,the reason 是told的宾语(I told you the reason),起名词的作用,因此要用which/that。
?
二、限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句
1、结构上的区别
限制性定语从句不用逗号与主句隔开
例:I have a sister who is a doctor.(限制性定语从句)我有一个当医生的姐姐。
非限制性定语从句需使用逗号和主句隔开。
例:I have a sister, who is a doctor.(非限制性定语从句)我有一个姐姐,她是当医生的。
2、意义及功能上的区别
限制性定语从句修饰和限制先行词,明确先行词内容,是先行词不可缺少的定语。如果删去,会影响主句意义的完整。
例:I have an elder brother who is a teacher.(限制性定语从句)我有一个当老师的哥哥。
(但我可能还有做其他工作的哥哥。删去该从句后,句子的整体含义发生了变化:I have an elder brother. 这句话的就意味着我只有一个哥哥了。)
非限制性定语从句是对先行词的附加补充说明。如果删去,不会影响主句意义的完整。
例:I have an elder brother, who is a teacher.(非限制性定语从句)我有一个哥哥,他是当老师的。
(删去该从句后不影响句子的整体含义:I have an elder brother.)
从以上两句句子中也可以看出限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句的译法也有所不同。
一般限制性定语从句会翻译成先行词的定语“…的”,而非限制性定语从句通常翻译成主句的并列句。
3、先行词的内容区别
大多数限制性和非限制性定语从句的先行词往往为某一个词或短语,而特殊情况下非限制性定语从句的先行词也可为整个主句或是主句中的某些内容,此时非限制性定语从句常由which?引导。
例:A four-year-old boy can speak two foreign languages, which surprises all the people present.(非限制性定语从句)
一个四岁男孩会讲两门外语,这令所有在场的人感到非常惊讶。(令人惊讶的是“一个四岁男孩会讲两门外语”这件事,先行词为整个主句,所以应由which 引导非限制性定语从句。)
4、关系词使用上的区别
4.1?? 在限制性定语从句中,当关系词做宾语时可以省略。但在非限制性定语从句中,关系词是不可省略的。
? ? ? ? 例:Is this the magazine (that) she wants?(限制性定语从句)这是她想要的杂志吗?
? ? ? ? 例:The man returned home with the magazine, which he had bought in a bookstore.(非限制性定语从句)男人带着杂志回家了,这杂志是他在书店买的。
4.2?? 非限制性定语从句中不能使用关系代词that或why
例:Tennis, which is the best summer game, can be played by two or four players.(非限制性定语从句)网球是最好的夏日运动,可以有两个或四个人一起玩。
这句话不可以写成:Tennis, that is the best summer game, can be played by two or four players. 在语法上是错误的。
4.3?? 在限制性定语从句中有时可用who代替whom,但是在非限制性定语从句中不可以用who代替whom
例:He is the only doctor who/whom I can turn to for help.(限制性定语从句)他是我唯一能求助的医生了。(关系词作宾语时可用who代替whom)
例:He is a warm-hearted doctor, to whom I can turn for help.(非限制性定语从句)他是个好心的医生,我可以向他求助。
5、在非限制性定语从句中,“介词+关系代词”结构前可以使用all、both、most、some等词,与of which/whom搭配。
例:Her daughters, both of whom studied abroad, wrote to her once every two weeks.(她的两个女儿在国外读书,她们每两周给她写封信。)
6、as引导非限制性定语从句
as作关系代词引出非限制性定语从句时,代替整个主句,对其进行说明,有“正如……,就像……”之意。
通常用于as we all know、as is said above、as is often the case等句式中。
as在非限制性定语从句中作主语、表语或宾语,引出的从句位置比较灵活,可位于句首或句末,也可置于主句中间。通常均由逗号将其与主句隔开。
例:As was often the case, he forgot to bring the book. (他忘了带书,这很寻常。)=He forgot to bring the book, as was often the case.