初高中语法知识串联
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句子成分
英语的句子成分一般包括
主语
谓语
宾语
定语
补语
状语
表语
同位语
主语(Subject)
主语是句子的主体，是句子所要说明的人或事物。
书本是知识的源泉。
Book is the resource of knowledge.
主语通常是一些代表事物性或实体性的名词。
除了名词可担任主语外，还有
代词、数词、
动词不定式、动名词、
从句均可作主语.
What he has said is true.
谓语(Predicate)
谓语说明主语“做什么”、“是什么”或“怎么样”,
由动词来担任.
I like apple .我喜欢苹果．
They are student. 他们是学生。
实义动词（Notional Verb）+
系动词（Link Verb）+
宾语
表语
宾语(Object)
宾语表示动作的对象，是主语的动作的承
受者，有宾语的动词称为及物动词，宾语
一般在及物动词之后，
作宾语的词有名词，代词, 数词、动词不定式、动名词、从句等，如：
I like English very much .
We must find out who signed the contract.
Predicative ( 表语)
表语用以说明主语的身份,特征和状态,它一般位于系动词(如 be, become ,get, look, turn, seem 等)之后.
He is an astronaut(宇航员).
His job is to teach English.
What I want to know is when we will have
the sports meeting.
表语一般由名词,代词,形容词, 数词,不定式,动名词,过去分词, 以及表语从句表示.
定语 (Attribute)
定语是用来修饰名词或代词的,如：
I like red apple .我喜欢红苹果．
一般为形容词。除形容词之外，数词、名词、动词不定式、动名词、从句等，都可作定语。
They made paper flowers. 他们生产纸花。
I have something to tell you. 我有事要告诉你。
状语 (Adverbial)
状语是用来修饰动词、形容词、副词的，时间,地点,原因,结果,目的,方式,伴随,条件,程度,让步,频率等.
I waited to see you.
He often went to school by bus.
Please call me if it is necessary.
This book is very interesting.
He always comes late to school.
作状语的词有副词或相当于副词的短语、从句。
补语 (Complement)
英语中有些及物动词虽然有了宾语，但句子的意思仍不完整，还需要在宾语之后增加一个成分以补足其意义，这种成分叫宾语补语。
I found the book interesting.
He made himself known to them.
能作宾语补语的有名词、形容词、介词短语、副词、动词不定式、分词。
同位语(Appositive)
同位语用来对一个词或词的内容加以补充和说明。它通常位于其说明的词或词组之后。
We Chinese are hard-working.
You two are very lazy.
The truth that he has never been abroad makes me suprised.
I met my best friend Tom at the station yesterday.
↓
主语
↓
谓
语
↓
定语
↓
宾
语
↓
同位语
↓
状
语
主语 ＋ 不及物动词 （ S + Vi ）
主语 ＋ 及物动词 ＋宾语 ( S + Vt + O)
主语 ＋ 系动词 ＋ 表 (S + LV + predicative)
主语＋双宾动词+间宾+直宾(S +Vt +O.indir+O. dir)
主语 ＋ 宾补动词 ＋宾语 ＋宾语补语
(S + Vt. + O + O. compl)
There + be / stand/ lie / live...
简单句的五种基本句型
主语、动词（不及物动词、及物动词、双宾动词、系动词、宾补动词)、宾语及补语可以称为基本句子成分。
完整的句子一般至少包含2个基本成分，至多4个基本成分。
noun
adj. / adv.
infinitive
V-ing
V-ed
etc.
主语
谓语
宾语
宾语
宾补
表语
宾语(间)
宾语(直)
Vt
V-l
Vi
Noun / Pronoun
The + adj
V-ing / Clause
Infinitive
Noun / Pronoun /
The + adj
V-ing / Clause / Infinitive
be / feel / seem / look
appear / stand / lie
become /get / grow / turn
go / come / remain/ keep
taste / smell /stay etc.
noun
pronoun
adj. / adv.
infinitive
V-ing / V-ed
clause
etc.
主语 ＋ 不及物动词
She came．/ My head aches.
主语 ＋ 及物动词 ＋ 宾语
She likes English.
主语 ＋ 系动词 ＋ 主语补语
She is happy．
主语 ＋ 双宾动词 ＋ 间接宾语 ＋ 直接宾语
She gave John a book．
She bought a book for me.
主语 ＋ 宾补动词 ＋ 宾语 ＋ 宾语补语
She makes her mother angry．
The teacher asked me to read the passage.
There +be
There lies a book on the desk.
简单句基本句型实例
三.句型, 语法记忆口诀
1. 基本句型规律 英语句子万万千，五大句型把线牵。 句型种类为动词，后接什么是关键； 系词后面接表语；vi独身无牵连； vt又可分三类，单宾双宾最常见， 还有宾语补足语；各种搭配记心间。
巩固
1. The sun │is shining.
2. The moon │rose.
3. The universe │remains.
4. We all │breathe, eat, and drink.
6. What he said │does not matter.
7. They │talked for half an hour.
8. The pen │writes smoothly
1. This │is │an English-Chinese dictionary.
2. The dinner │smells │good.
3.Everything looks different.
4. Everything │looks │different.
5. He │is growing │tall and strong.
6. The trouble│is │that they are short of money.
7. Our well │has gone │dry.
8. His face │turned │red.
1. Who │knows │the answer
2. She │smiled │her thanks.
3. He │has refused │to help them.
4. He │enjoys │reading.
5. He │said │"Good morning."
6. I │want │to have a cup of tea.
7. He │admits │that he was mistaken.
1. She │ordered │herself │a new dress.
2. She │cooked │her husband │a delicious meal.
3. He │brought │you │a dictionary.
4. I │showed │him │my pictures.
5. I │gave │my car │a wash.
6. I │told │him │that the bus was late.
7. He │showed │me │how to run the machine.
1. They │painted │the door │green.
2. This │set │them │thinking.
3. They │found │the house │empty.
4. What │makes │him │think so
5. We │saw │him │out.
6. He │asked │me │to come back soon.
7. I │saw │them │getting on the bus.
Ｓ │ Ｖ （不及物动词）
1. 太阳在照耀着。(shine)
2. 月亮升起了。(rise)
3. 宇宙长存。(universe,remain)
4. 我们大家都呼吸、吃和喝。(breathe)
5. 他所讲的没有什么关系。(not matter)
6. 他们谈了半个小时。(half an hour)
7. 这支笔书写流利。(write smoothly)
Ｓ │Ｖ（是系动词）│ Ｐ
1. 这是本英汉辞典。 (dictionary)
2. 午餐的气味很好。(smell good)
3. 一切看来都不同了。(look different)
4. 他长得又高又壮。 (grow tall,strong)
5. 麻烦的是他们缺少钱。(trouble,be short of)
6. 我们井干枯了。 (go dry)
7. 他的脸红了。(turn red)
Ｓ │Ｖ（及物动词）│ Ｏ
1. 谁知道答案？ (know)
2. 她微笑表示感谢。(smile ,thanks)
3. 他拒绝帮他们。 (refuse to do )
4. 他喜欢看书。(enjoy doing)
5. 他说："早上好！"
6. 我想喝杯茶。(want to have )
7. 他承认犯了错误。(admit that….be mistaken)
Ｓ │Ｖ（及物）│ ｏ（多指人） │ Ｏ（多指物）
1. 她给自己定了一套新衣裳。(order oneself sth)
2. 她给丈夫煮了一顿美餐。(cook sb a delicious meal)
3. 他给你带来了一本字典。(bring,dictionary)
4. 我给他看我的照片。 (show sb sth)
5. 我洗了我的汽车。(give sth a wash)
6. 我告诉他汽车晚点了。(tell sb that ….)
7. 他教我开机器。(show sb how to run…)
Ｓ │Ｖ（及物）│ Ｏ（宾语） │ Ｃ（宾补）
1. 他们把门漆成绿色。(paint…green)
2. 这使得他们要细想一想。(set …thinking)
3. 他们发现那房子空着。(find…empty)
4. 什么使他这样想？ (make …think)
5. 我们送他出去。(see..out)
6. 他要我早点回来。 (ask sb to do)
7. 我看见他们上了那辆公共汽车。(see sb doing)
复合句是在简单句的基础上，通过从属连词将两个或两个以上简单句连接在一起而构成。从属连词所引导的从句起形容词、名词、副词的作用。复合句主要包含以下类型从句：
1. 主语从句 2. 宾语从句
3. 表语从句 4. 定语从句
5. 状语从句 6. 同位语从句
英文写作中最常使用的从句
宾语从句
状语从句
定语从句
复合句与简单句：复合句 = 简单句 + 从属连词 +简单句
He told me
the news.
that the match had
been put off.
宾语
how much he was prepared
to pay for my car.
that I could have the
money without delay.
how much he was prepared to
pay for my car and that I could
have the money without delay.
when he was
leaving for Paris.
that his father
was working in
that school.
宾语从句
复合句与简单句：复合句 = 简单句 + 从属连词 +简单句
I don’t know
him.
He has finished his work
that he has finished his work.
whether he has finished his work.
宾语从句
He is leaving for Washington.
that he is leaving for Washington.
when he is leaving for Washington.
why he is leaving for Washington.
how he is leaving for Washington.
whether he is leaving for Washington.
复合句与简单句：复合句 = 简单句 + 从属连词 +简单句
the people
surprised
That
What he said
what he did
主语
That he didn’t
know the answer
in the room.
定语
who were sitting in the room.
who were present.
whose sons were at war.
who had signed the contract.
复合句与简单句：复合句 = 简单句 + 从属连词 +简单句
That
is
the fact.
表 语
what he needs.
what he gave me.
why he was late.
because he was ill.
what has happened.
复合句与简单句：复合句 = 简单句 + 从属连词 +简单句
He worked
in that factory
three years ago.
地点状语
时间状语
where his
father worked
in that factory
where I lived
when he
lived there
His father worked there.
I lived there.
He lived there
three years ago.
复合句与简单句：复合句 = 简单句 + 从属连词 +简单句
Put the book
on the desk.
where you took it.
where it was.
地点状语
where you found it.
You can’t camp
here.
where there are
a lot of trees.
wherever you like.
指出下列各从句的类型
I believe that everything is going on well.
She was reading a novel when I came in.
She is the girl who sings best in my class.
宾语从句
状语从句
定语从句
Practice
用所给连词连接句子。
He has found out. She was late. (why)
He has found out why she was late.
I still remember the day. I first went to York on that day. (when)
I still remember the day when I first
went to York.
将各组句子连接为一个含有状语从句的复合句。
Practice
He didn’t come yesterday. He was ill. (原因)
He didn’t come yesterday because he was ill.
I’ll give the letter to him. I see him. （时间）
It is such a big box. Nobody can move it. （结果）
We’ll go to the great wall. It’s fine tomorrow. (条件)
We should not go there all the time. The place is quite pleasant.(让步）
It is such a big box that nobody can move it.
We’ll go to the great wall if it’s fine tomorrow.
Although the place is quite pleasant, we should not go there all the time.
I’ll give the letter to him when I see him.
I’ll give the letter to him as soon as I see him.
I’ll give the letter to him the moment I see him.
Homework 9.2
◆ 活学活用
1．请划分以下句子的成分：
（1）This kind of cloth feels soft.
（2）He fell in love.
（3）Our well has gone dry.
（4）The sun was shining brightly.
（5）The moon rose high in the sky.
1.They are working on the farm now.
2.Seeing is believing .
3.All of us like Kobe Bryant very much .
4.She became a doctor in 1998 .
5.The book lying on the floor are mine .
6.Suddenly it began to rain .
7.To catch the train ,I got up early yesterday .
8.I always find her happy .
9.He wonders if I still study English .
10.The letter which I received the day before yesterday was a friend of mine .
连词成句。
（1)dinner, smells, good, the
（2)rowing,he,strong,is,tall,year by year, and
（3）his, face, turned, at, red, the, news.
（4）talked, they, an, for, hour, half.
答案：
（1）This kind of cloth（主语）feels（系动词）
soft（表语）.
（2）He（主语） fell（系动词）in love（表语）.
（3）Our well（主语 ）has gone（系动词） dry（表语）.
（4）The sun（主语）was shining（谓语）brightly（状语）.
（5）The moon（主语）rose（谓语）high in the sky（状语）.
1.They(主语） are working（系表结构做谓语） on the farm（地点状语） now（时间状语）.
2.Seeing（动词ing做主语）is（谓语） believing （宾语）
3.All of us（主语） like （谓语）Kobe Bryant （宾语）very much （程度副词状语）
4.She（主语） became（谓语） a doctor （宾语）in 1998 （时间状语）
5.The book（主语） lying on the floor（定语） are（谓语） mine （宾语）
6.Suddenly （状语）it（形式主语） began to rain （谓语）
7.To catch the train ,（目的状语）I（主语） got up （谓语）early yesterday （时间状语）
8.I（主语） always find（谓语） her （宾语）happy （补语）
9.He （主语）wonders （谓语）if I （条件句中的主语）still study（条件句中的谓语） English （条件句中的宾语）整个条件句做主干的宾语 10.The letter（主语） which I received the day before yesterday（定语从句） was（谓语） a friend of mine （宾语）
答案：
（1）The dinner smells good.
（2）He is growing tall and strong year by year.
（3）His face turned red at the news.
（4）They talked for half an hour.
词类
英语中的单词可以分为十大词类：
1 名词 n. teacher, book等。
2 代词 pron. we ,me, he 等。
3 数词 num. two,fifth 等。
4 动词 v. work, study, live 等。
5 形容词 adj. good, big, beautiful 等。
6 副词 adv . fast, quickly等。
7 冠词 art. a, an, the等。
8 介词 prep. in, on,by,with等。
9 连词 conj. and, but等。
10 感叹词 interj. Oh,ah等。
名词
名词分为专有名词和普通名词两大类。
专有名词是某些人、事物、机构、组织等特有的名称。
如Beijing，China等。 专有名词第一个字母要大写,且都是不可数名词。
普通名词
1）个体名词：表示某类人或东西中的个体，如：gun。
2）集体名词：表示若干个个体组成的集合体，如：family。
3）物质名词：表示无法分为个体的实物，如：air。
4）抽象名词：表示动作、状态、品质、感情等抽象概念，如：work。
个体名词和集体名词一般是可数名词
物质名词和抽象名词一般是不可数名词
名词复数的规则变化
以s, sh, ch, x等结尾 加 -es bus-buses/ watch-watches
以ce, se, ze,等结尾 加 -s license-licenses
以辅音字母+y结尾 变y 为i再加es baby---babies
以o 结尾的名词，变复数时：加es，如
potato--potatoes tomato--tomatoes
但是，以元音+o 或oo结尾的词 只加 s
radio---radios zoo---zoos；
以f或fe 结尾的名词变复数时：
a. 加s，如： belief---beliefs roof---roofs
b. 去f,fe 加ves，如：half---halves
knife---knives leaf---leaves
wolf---wolves wife---wives life- thief-
名词复数的不规则变化
1）child---children foot---feet man---men
tooth--teeth mouse--mice woman—women
2） 单复同形，如deer，sheep，fish，Chinese，Japanese ，
3）集体名词，以单数形式出现，但实为复数。例如：people,police,cattle 等本身就是复数
4） 以s结尾，仍为单数的名词，如：maths，politics，physics学科名词, news等
3. 记住f(e)结尾的名词把f改成ves 的
妻子持刀去宰狼， 小偷吓得扔面包；躲在架后保己命， 半片树叶遮目光。
wife ，knife ，wolf ，thief ， loaf, shelf ，self，life，half，leaf.
4. 记住-f 结尾的名词直接-s的
海湾边,屋顶上,首领奴仆两相望;
谁说他们无信仰,证据写在手拍上.
gulf , roof, chief , serf , belief, proof, handkerchief
5. 以O结尾的单词 Negro, hero ,tomato ,potato 等
A.“两人两菜”（hero, negro, potato, tomato） B.一句话 Negroes and heroes like to eat potatoes and tomatoes黑人英雄爱吃蕃茄和土豆.
C。有生命的加es，无生命的加-s.
6. 表示”某国人”的部分名词复数形式变化:
中日不变英法变, 其余后面加-s。
名词的格
英语中有些名词可以加"'s"来表示所有关系，带这种词尾的名词形式称为该名词的所有格，如：a teacher's book。名词所有格的规则如下：
1） 单数名词词尾加"'s"，如the boy's bag 男孩的书包，复数名词词尾没有s，也要加"'s"，如men's room 男厕所。
2） 若名词已有复数词尾-s ，只加" ' "，如：the workers' struggle 工人的斗争。
3） 如果两个名词并列，并且分别有's，则表示"分别有"；只有一个's，则表示'共有'。例如：
John‘s and Mary’s rooms（两间）
John and Mary's room（一间）
冠词
不使用冠词
定冠词
不定冠词
a
an
the
零冠词
冠词的
分类
在下列字母前加a/an
a b c d e
f g h i j
k l m n o
p q r s t
u v w x y
z
an
a
a
a
an
an
a
an
an
a
a
an
an
an
an
a
a
an
an
a
a
a
a
an
a
a
不定冠词的用法
a用在以辅音音素开头的单词前．
an用在以元音音素开头的单词前．
1.
2.
3.
4.
e.g. __book ___ egg
__ useful book ___ underground room
a
an
a
an
基本用法： 指人或事物的某一种类
e.g. She is a girl. 她是女孩．
This is a desk. 这是一张书桌．
泛指某人或者某物，但又不具体说明何人何物．
e.g. I can see a kite. 我能看见一只风筝．
A boy is in Grade 1. 一个男孩在一年级
表示“数量”， “有一”“每一”的意思．
e.g. We have six classes a day. 我们一天上六节课．
定冠词的用法
基本用法： “特指”． 特指某（些）人或者某（些）事物，以便与其他的人或物有所区别．
1.
2.
3.
4.
e.g. The book on the desk is Jim’s. 书桌上的那本书是吉姆的．
The chairs are there. 椅子在那里．
指谈话双方都知道的人或事物．
e.g. Where is the kite 风筝在哪儿？（双方都知道指的是哪只风筝．）
Open the door, please.请把门打开．（双方都知道要打开哪扇门．）
在叙述中，上文提到过的人或者事物，再次出现时．
e.g. Ａ：I can see a kite. 我看见一只风筝．
Ｂ：where is the kite 这个风筝在那里？
用在姓氏的复数名词前，表示“一家人”
e.g. the Blacks 布来克一家
定冠词的用法
用在宇宙间独一无二的天体名词之前．
5.
6.
7.
8.
e.g. the sun the sky the moon the earth
用在序数词和形容词最高级，及形容词only, very, same 前．
e.g. I live on the second floor. 我住在二楼
Skating is the best sport in winter. 滑冰是冬天最好的运动．
与单数名词连用表示一类事物，如the dollar 美元; the fox 狐狸
或与形容词或分词连用，表示一类人：the living 生者。
用在表示乐器的名词之前．
e.g. the violin the piano
定冠词的用法
用在一些习惯用语中
9.
e.g. in the day
in the morning / afternoon/ evening
the day before tomorrow/ yesterday
the next morning / week/ month/ year
in the sky/ water/ field/ country
in the dark
in the rain
in the distance
in the middle (of)
in the end
on the whole
by the way
go to the theatre (cinema)
零冠词的用法
名词前有了物主代词、指示代词、不定代词和“Ｓ”所有格时。
1.
2.
3.
4.
e.g. Our books those apples Jim’s pen
附复数名词在表示一类人或者事物时。
e.g. They are teachers. 他们是老师。
在专有名词前
e.g. China England
在星期、月份、节日前
e.g. on Sunday in August on Children’s Day
不使用冠词的情况
零冠词的用法
在球类运动前及三餐名词前。
5.
6.
e.g. play football/ basketball have supper
在一些固定搭配中
e.g.
at night
go to school
at table
by bike
at work
go to bed
at school
at home
watch TV
不使用冠词的情况
下列词组中，有无冠词意义不同。
go to school _______
go to the school _______
上学
去学校
take place ______
take the place of ______
发生
代替
in front of ____________
in the front of ____________
在……的前面
在……的前部
定冠词用法小结口诀 1) 有水无湖：海、洋、海湾、河等，都用the;
单个湖不用the,(但多个湖用the); the Red Sea,the Pacific Ocean,the Persian Gulf,
the Yangtze RiverThe Great Lakes(五大湖)；
Lake Erie(伊利湖) 2) 有球无星：地球，月亮用the;行星不用the:
Mars,Venus;
3) 有山无峰：The Huangshan Mountains(黄山)；
Mount Everest(珠穆朗玛峰)；Mount(or Mt.) Tai(泰山). 4) 有独无欧（偶）：独一无二的，the earth,the moon,the sun用the; 欧洲等七大洲不用the. Europe,Africa,Asia,North America,
South America,Antarctica,Oceania
5) 有（足）族无球（运动）：种族用the:the Indians(印第安人)；球类运动 baseball,basketball 6) 有文无章：历史性的文件用the;小说等的章节不用the The Constitution(宪法); chapter one 7) 学而不专：学校放在词组的前面时用the;专有名词放在词组的前面时不用the; The University of Fudan; Fudan University
数 词
（1）基数词—表示数量的多少one,two,ten
（2）序数词—表示数的顺序 first,second, twelfth 其前要加上冠词the或代词。序数词的缩写形式如first---1st second---2nd thirty-first---31st等。
(1)年、月、日、时刻表达法
2005年4月10日-April 10,2005，6时-6:00，
5月1日-May 1，12时-12 o’clock，
5:30-half past five， 8:45-a quarter to nine，
(2)分数\小数和百分数的表达方法
o.15-zero point one five 40% forty percent
56% fifty-six percen
（3）分数表示法的构成：基数词代表分子，序数词代表分母。分子大于1时，分子的序数词用单数，分母序数词用复数。例如：
1/3 one-third；3/37 three thirty-sevenths.
3. 基数词变序数词歌 基变序，有规律 词尾加上-ed (fourth, sixth) 一、二、三，特殊例， 结尾字母t, d, d (first, second, third) 八去t,九去e,(eighth, ninth) ve 要用 f替;(fifth, twelfth) ty将y改成i, th前面有个e。 若是碰到几十几， 前用基来后用序。
英语分数巧记
英语分数不费事，
“母叙子饥”四个字。 分子若是大于一，
分母还须加-s。
代词
一.概念:
代词是代替名词的词, 按其意义、特征及其在句中的作用分为：人称代词、物主代词、指示代词、反身代词、相互代词、疑问代词、不定代词和关系代词等。
二.相关知识点精讲
1.人称代词 1)人称代词的人称、数和格，如下表所示。
2)人称代词有主格和宾格之分。通常主格作主语，宾格作宾语。如： I like table tennis. （作主语）
Do you know him （作宾语）
3)人称代词还可作表语。作表语时用宾格。如：---Who is knocking at the door
---It’s me.
4)人称代词在than之后与其他人或事物进行比较时，用主格和宾格都可以。如：
He is older than me.
He is older than I am.
2. 物主代词 1)表示所有关系的代词叫物主代词。物主代词分形容词性物主代词和名词性
物主代词，如下表所示。
2)形容词性物主代词的作用相当于形容词，可在句中作定语。例如： Our teacher is coming to see us. This is her pencil-box.
3)名词性物主代词的作用相当于名词，在句中可用作主语、宾语和表语。 Our school is here, and theirs is there.（作主语） --- Is this English-book yours （作表语）
--- No. Mine is in my bag. I've already finished my homework. Have you finished yours （作宾语）
3. 指示代词 指示代词包括：this，that，these，those。
1) this和these一般用来指在时间或空间上较近的事物或人，that和those
则指时间和空间上较远的事物或人，例如： This is a pen and that is a pencil． We are busy these days． In those days the workers had a hard time
2)有时that和those指前面讲到过的事物，this 和these则是指下面将要讲
到的事物，例如： I had a cold. That‘s why I didn’t come. What I want to say is this ; pronunciation is very important in learning English．
3)有时为了避免重复提到的名词，常可用that或those代替，例如： Television sets made in Beijing are just as good as those made in Shanghai．
4)this 在电话用语中代表自己，that 则代表对方。例如：
Hello! This is Mary. Is that Jack speaking
4. 反身代词 英语中用来表示"我自己"，"你自己"，"他自己"，"我们自己"，"你们自己"
等意义的代词称为反身代词，也有人称之为自身代名词，其形式如表所示。
反身代词可以在句中作宾语，表语，同位语。
1)作宾语，表示动作的承受者就是动作的发出者，主语和宾语指同一个人或一些人。 He called himself a writer．
2)作表语。 It doesn‘t matter. I’ll be myself soon．
3)作主语或宾语的同位语，表示亲自或本人。 I myself washed the clothes．
enjoy oneself,
make oneself at home,
make oneself understood\heard for oneself为自己，
of oneself自然地，自动地 by oneself独自地，
反身代词
中文 主格 宾格 所有格 名词性物代 反身代词
我
我们
你
你们
他
她
它
他们
I me my mine myself
we us our ours ourselves
you you your yours yourself
you you your yours yourselves
he him his his himself
she her her hers herself
it it its its itself
they them their theirs themselves
5．不定代词：
(1)some与any：some一般用于肯定句中，但在表示请求并希望对方能给予肯定回答时，可用于疑问句中；any一般用于否定和疑问句中，但当any强调“任何”时，也可用于肯定句中。
同理，something，somebody，someone的用法同some；anything，anybody，anyone的用法同any。
用法：① some用于肯定句中,用于单数可数名词前表示“某一”。
I have some friends. Smith went to some place in England.（定语）
②在期待对方回答yes 时，some用在表示请求或邀请的问句中。 Would you like some bananas （邀请） Mum,could you give me some money (请求)
③any用于疑问句和否定句 。 Is there any student in the classroom
No ,there isn’t any student.
④ any用于肯定句表示“任何”的意思。
Any day is okay for me.
one,both,all
one指人或物，“一个”，其复数为ones,
This is not the one I want.(表语)
both指人或指物，“两者都” This maths problem can be worked out in both ways.(定语) 注意：both用于否定句，表示部分否定；表示完全否定时，用neither。
Both of us are not teachers.我们俩并不都是教师。 Neither of us is a teacher. 我们俩都不是教师。 both不能放在the、these、those、my等之后，而应放在它们的前面。
如：Both my parents like this film.
All “全部的”、“整个的”，可与可数或不可数名词连用，表示“所有的”、“全部的”，指三个或三个以上的人或物。 He gave me all the money.他把全部的钱给了我。
All the schools are flooded.所有的学校都被淹了。 注意：all 用于否定句，表示部分否定，完全否定用none。如： Not all the ants go out for food.
All the ants don’t go out for food.
并不是所有的蚂蚁都出去寻找食物。 None of the money is mine.
这钱一分也不是我的。
many和much
few, little; a few, a little
few和little表示没有多少，含否定意义；而a few 和a little表示有一些，有几个，含肯定意义。另外，few、a few 修饰可数名词；little、a little修饰不可数名词。它们在句中常用作定语、主语和宾语。
each和every
each（各个），指两个或两个以上的人或物，侧重个体，在句中作主语、宾语、定语和同位语。every（每个），指三个或三个以上的人或物，侧重整体，在句中只能作定语。 Every student it our class has a dictionary.(定语，强调班上“所有的人”) Each student in our class has a dictionary.（定语，强调各个个体） Each of them has been there.（主语） The teacher gave each of the students a new textbook.（宾语） We each got a ticket.（同位语）
either和neither
either是“两者中任何一个”的意思，可修饰或代替单数可数名词，neither是“两者中没有一个”的意思，可以修饰或代替单数可数名词，它们可在句在作主语、宾语或定语。如： Here are two pens. You may take either of them.(宾语) Neither boy knows French.(定语)
Other, others ,the other, the others 和 another
the other表示“两者中的另一个”；
other意思是“其他的”，不能单独使用，后面必须接名词，表泛指；others可指其他的人或东西，相当于other+名词复数；
the others特指其他某些人或物，相当于the other+名词复数。
another修饰或代替单数可数名词，意为“（三个或三个以上的）另一个”，不能指两者中的另一个，在句中可作宾语和定语。
He got two books; one is textbook, the other is a novel. Five of the pencils are red, the others(the other pens)are yellow. Some students are singing, others (other students)are dancing. Please give me another book.
6．相互代词：each other用于两者或两者以上；one another用于三者或三者以上，在现代英语中它们可通用。
7．疑问代词：what指事或物，不强调范围；who(whom，whose)指人；which既可指人也可指物，但强调范围。
8．关系代词：what，who，whom，whose，which，that，as，
The Use of “it”
代词
it
引导词
it
It句型的归纳
Sentences With “it”
1 用作人称代词，代替前文提到过的事物
My pen is missing. I can’t find it anywhere.
---Who is knocking at the door
--- It’s me.
Jack is ill. Have you heard about it
代词 --- it
2 用以代替指示代词this, that
--- What’s this
--- Whose exercise-book is that
--- It’s hers.
代词 --- it
--- It’s a flag.
3 表示时间、天气、距离
季节、 环境、情况等
It’s time for lunch.
When spring comes, it gets warmer
and warmer.
It’s about two hours from here to the zoo.
It’s winter now.
It was very quiet (noisy) at the moment.
代词 --- it
1 作形式主语，代替由不定式（或不定式复合结构）、动名词或从句表示的真正主语。
It is exciting to find an ancient tomb. (代替不定式)
It was wrong for you not to help her. (代替不定式复合结构)
It is believed that this man found in the grave was from a rich family.（代替主语从句）
引导词
2．作形式宾语，代替由不定式、动名词或从句表示的真正宾语。
He feels it his duty to help others.
We thought it no use doing that.
I find it difficult to solve the problem.
引导词
3．用在强调结构中。为了强调句子的某一成分（通常是主语、宾语、或地点状语或时间状语），常用强调结构 “It is (was) + 被强调成分+ that (或who) …”
I saw Li Ping in the street yesterday.
引导词
It was I that / who saw Li Ping
in the street this morning.
It was Li Ping that I saw in the street
this morning.
It was in the street that I saw Li Ping
this morning.
It was yesterday that I saw Li Ping
in the street.
it --- 强调结构
引导词 --- it
强调not until结构时将此结构置于It is (was) … that…句型中， that后接肯定式。
I didn’t go to bed until I had finished
my homework last night.
It was …
that …
not until I had finished my homework last night
I went to bed.
1. It + be + adj. + of sb. + 不定式
sb. + be + adj. + 不定式
It is very kind of you to help us.
( = You are kind to help us. )
It’s cruel of him to kill that animal.
Sentences With “It” (It句型的归纳)
clever, bright, foolish, stupid, silly, wise, careful, careless, rude, impolite, nice, right, wrong, silly, good, brave, honest ,etc.
2. It + be + adj. + for sb. +to do
It is difficult for us to learn English.
It is important for her to come to the party.
常见的形容词有： important， necessary， natural easy ， common ， normal ， hard ， difficult ， dangerous ， unusual， rare ， impossible ， pleasant ,etc.
3. It + takes + sb. + some time +to do
表示“做某事花费某人多长时间”
It took him some time to find the elephant.
sb. + spend + some time + (in) doing
He spent some time (in) finding the elephant.
4. It costs + sb. + some money +to do
sth. cost + sb. + some money sb. spend + some money + on + sth. sb. pay + some money + for sth. sb. buy + sth. + for + some money
5. It is + no use + 动名词
It is no use regretting your past mistakes.
It is no use crying over split milk.
It is no good learning English without speaking English.
能以动名词作主语的这类句子并不多，主要在以no good, no use, useless, worthwhile, 等词作表语的句子中用。
6. It + be + adj. /n. + that-clause
It is very clear that he’s tall like a tree.
It is a pity that she has made such a mistake.
Adj:obvious, necessary，right，strange， natural, true
N:a fact, a shame, an honor, no wonder
7. It + be + 过去分词 + that-clause
It is said that he has been ill for years.
适用于这种句型的动词有
report, announce, decide, learn, expect, arrange, suggest, etc.
He is said to have been ill for years.
8. It + looks as if / seems + that-clause
It seems that they are talking.
用于这种句型的动词
happen, turn out, appears等
It happened that she was not at home.
It turned out that he was Bush’s father.
It looks as if he is ill.
9. It is the first ( second ... ) time that ...
该句型中的 that 从句用完成时态。至于用什么完成时态，由主句的谓语动词的时态决定。如果是一般现在时，后面从句用现在完成时态；如果是一般过去时，后面从句则用过去完成时态，
It is the first time I have been here. = This is the first time I have been here.
It was the first time I had been here.
10. It + be + time + for
It + be + time + (for sb.) + to do
It + be + time + that
表示“该做某事了”
It is time for supper.
It is time (for us ) to have supper.
It is time that we had supper.
that从句中要用虚拟语气
It’s time that this problem was / should be solved
高中英语语法复习专题之
介词
早、午、晚要用in
例：in the morning 在早上
in the afternoon 在下午
in the evening 在晚上
in the day 在白天
at黎明、午、夜、点与分
例: at dawn, at daybreak 在黎明时候
at noon 在中午 at dusk 在黄昏
at night 在夜间 at midnight 在午夜
at nine fifteen 在9点15分
at ten thirty a.m. 在上午10点30分
年、月、年月、季节、周,
阳光、灯、影、衣、冒雨 in，
在“某年”，在“某月”，在“某年某月” (但在某年某月某 日则用on)，在四季，在第几周等都要用in。
即在阳光下，在灯下，在树阴下，穿衣、着装、冒雨等都要用in。
将来时态in...以后
They will come back in 10 days.
他们将10天以后回来。
Come and see me in two days' time.
两天后来看我。(从现在开始)
after... (从过去开始)
小处at大处in
有形with无形by，语言 、单位、材料in
The teacher is correcting the paper with a new pen. 这位教师正用一支新笔批改论文。(有形)
"Taking Tiger Mountain by Strategy" is a good opera. <<智取威虎山>>是—出好戏。(无形)
表示某种语言用in :In Chinese
表示度、量、衡单位的用in : in meter
表示材料用in :in bronze
特征、方面与方式、心情、成语惯用in
The Democratic Party was in power then.
那时民主党执政。特征
He has not been in good health for some years. 他几年来身体一直不好。特征
A good teacher must be an example in study. 一个好的教师必须是学习的模范。方面
in a good humour 心情(情绪)好 心情
介词at、to表方向，
攻击、位置、善、恶、分
介词at和to都可以表示方向; 用at表示方向时，侧重于攻击的目标，往往表示恶意；
用to表示方向时，突出运动的位置或动作的对象，侧重表示善意。
A．She came at me. 她向我扑过来。
B．She came to me. 她向我走过来。
日子、日期、年月日，
星期，年月日加上早午晚; 以下皆用on。
on October the first 1949 1949年10月1日
on Saturday afternoon 星期六下午
on the morning of 18th 18日早晨
收音、农场，值日on
on the radio 从收音机里
on TV 从电视里
on a farm 在农场
on duty 值日
关于、基础、靠、著论
Professor Shen will give us a talk on travelling in America.
申教授将给我们做关于美国之行的报告。
Theory must be based on practice. 理论必须以实践为基础。
The people in the south live on rice. 南方人主食大米。(靠)
On Reading 论读书
着、罢、出售、偷、公、假，
故意、支付，相反、准
注：“着”是指着火，罢指罢工，偷指偷偷地，公指出差、办公事；假指休假，准指准时。
步行、驴、马、玩笑on， cab，carriage用in
at山脚、门口在当前，
速、温、日落价核心
即在山脚下、在门口、在目前，速度、以……速率、温度、在日落时、在……核心要用at。
工具、同、和、随with，
具有，独立、就、原因
With the development of science and technology,more and more people can use computer to communicate with others.
China is a very large country with a long history. 中国是一个历史悠久的大国。(具有)
What is the matter with you
怎么回事 (就，关于)
With the help of my classmate
就......来说宾译主，对、有、方状
这里的with后边的宾语常译成主语。
What's wrong with your eyes 你的眼睛怎么啦
The doctor was very patient with his patients. 那位医生对患者非常耐心。(对)
He was sitting in a chair with his hands folded. 他两手交叉在胸前坐在椅子上。(状语)独立结构
海、陆、空、车、偶、被by，
单数人类known to man
例: by land (air, sea, water, bus) 陆路(航空，水陆，水路，乘公共汽车)
by chance 偶然 by accident 偶然，
It is known to man ... 众所周知...
这里用to man而不用by。即当单数又无冠词的man和known搭配时，表示人类不用by。
this，that，tomorrow，yesterday，next, last, one 接年、月、季、星期、周，介词省略已习惯
over, under正上下
above, below则不然
低高below与above
The plane flew above the city. 飞机飞过城市上空。（高于城市并非正上方)
A lamp was hanging over the table. 一盏灯是在方桌上方。(正上方)
The temperature in the room is below (or under) 30℃. 室温是摄氏30度以下。(数量词两者皆可)
beyond超出、无、不能 ,
against 靠着，对与反
It's quite beyond me (It is more than I can understand). 这我完全不懂。
beyond my control
She leaned wearily against the railings. 她疲惫地靠着栏杆站着。(靠着)
besides, except分内外，
among之内along沿
同类比较except，加for异类记心间。
He‘s composition is good, except for some spelling mistakes. 他的这篇作文写得很好，只是有几处拼写错误。
(非同类比较用except for)
原状because of, owing to,
due to表语形容词
AII our achievements are due to the correct leadership of our Party. 我们的一切成绩都归功于党。 (due to做表语形容词)
under后接修、建中，of，from物化分
before, after 表一点，
ago, later表示一段
即before, after常表示一个点的时间状语，晚饭前 before supper
而ago，later常表示一段的时间状语。
一分钟前 a minute ago
before可接完成时，ago过去级有限
这时的before是连词(也可做介词)
I had studied French for four months before I came here. 我来这儿以前就已学了四个月法语了。 (before接完成时)
He fell ill three days ago. 他病了三天了。(ago则只能接动词过去式，同时注意瞬间动词的问题。)
since以来during间
与之相比beside, 除了last but one。
即beside的一般用法是“在......旁边”, 但还有“和......相比”等特殊用法。
除了last but one，即but多指“除了”的意思，也有“倒数第几”的意思。last but one即不是最后一个。
I haven't told anybody but one.
Look at the last page but one. 请看倒数第2页。
复不定for、找，价，原，对，给，段，去，为，作，赞
复不定for，即用for引出的不定式复合结构，也就是for加名(代)加不定式；找，意为找到，提供; 价，意为价格、工资；原，意为原因；段，意为时间或距离; 去，意为去某地或开往某地；作，意为作为; 赞，意为赞成(用于系表结构。)
快到、对、向towards，
It's getting on towards the end of term now. 现在已快到学期未了。(快到)
but for 否定用虚拟，复合介词待后言。
but for是“若不是”的意思。
But for our great Communist Party, we could never have today's happiness. 若没有伟大的共产党，我们决不会有今天的幸福生活。
but for将在虚拟语气中详讲。
ing型由于、鉴，除了，除外与包含。
之后，关于，在……方面，有关介词须记全。
considering 由于；
respecting鉴于:
excepting 除了：
including包含：
regarding 关于：相当于about
concerning 有关：
2. 时间名词前所用介词的速记歌
年月周前要用in，日子前面却不行。 遇到几号要用on，上午下午又是in。 要说某日上下午，用on换in才能行。 午夜黄昏须用at，黎明用它也不错。 at也用在明分前，说“差”可要用上to， 说“过”只可使用past，多说多练牢牢记， 莫让岁月空蹉跎。
Conjunction
连词概说
作用：用来连接连接词、词组、句子或从句的词。
并列连词
从属连词
一、并列连词
1.表示平行或对等关系的并列连词：
and, as well as, “和” ；
both…and… “…和…两个都”；
not only…but also… “不但…而且…”
neither…nor… “既不…也不…” 等。
They work and live in Shenzhen.
He is a scientist as well as a poet.
A man should have both courage and perseverance.
He can neither read nor write.
He is not only clever but also diligent.
She plays not only the piano, but （also） the guitar.
not only… but also 关联两个分句时，如果是not only在句首，第一个句子必须倒装。
他不但喜欢读小说，还会写一些。
Not only does he like reading novels, but also he can write some.
2. 表示转折关系的并列连词：
but “但是”； however “然而”； while “而”；
yet “然而”； nevertheless “然而” 等。
He worked hard, but he failed at last.
I’d like to go with you. However, my hands are full.
She failed many times.Nevertheless, she went on with experiment.
This is a glorious yet difficult task.
Some people like coffee, while other like tea.
3. 表示选择关系的并列连词：
or “或者”； either…or… “要么…要么…” whether...or等。
We will die without air or water.
不是你对，就是我对。
Either you or I am right.
Whether he will come or not is still unknown.
Summary: (主谓一致)
1.and, both…and, 连接两个并列主语时，谓语一般用复数。
2.not only…but also, 连接两个并列主语时，谓语一般以靠近谓语的主语为准——就近一致原则。用到就近一直原则的连词还有：or, nor, either…or, neither…nor等
3.as well as, 连接两个并列主语时，谓语一般和第一个主语一致——就远一致原则。用到这个原则的连词还有：with, together with, along with等。
二.从属连词是用来引导连接主句和从句的连词。
分为引导名词性从句的连词和引导状语
从句的连词。
1. 引导名词性的从句
(1). that
(2). 连接代词 who, whom, which, what
(3). 连接副词 when, where,how,why,whether
2. 引导状语从句的连词
(1). 时间: when, while, as 当…时
when+瞬间,延续性动词
while+延续性动词
as+瞬间,延续性动词 “随着”
till/until, once, as soon as(一…就),
(2). 原因:
because, for, as, since, therefore, so, etc.
because 语气最重，引导的原因一般回答why提出的问题，它是句子重心所在。
For是并列连词，所说明的原因只是一种补充说明，它引导的分句一般不能放在句首。
as引导的从句表示明显为人所知的理由或不如句子其余部分重要，它一般放于句首，也可放在主句之后，常用语口语中，语气较because, since弱。
since与as意思相近，语气较as强，也较正式些，一般放在句末，也可放在句首。
Mary was absent, because she was ill.
It must have been rained last night, for the ground is wet.
Since you’re ill, you don’t have to go to school today.
As all the seats were full, she had to stand there for 2 hours.
Mother is busy so I often help her.
It rained.Therefore, the football match was postponed.
(3). 让步: though/ although不与but连用.
as(尽管), even if/ though (即使)
尽管天气冷,可他仍继续工作.
Though it was cold, he went on working.
= Cold as it is , he went on working.
形容词
定义 :adjective 简称adj.形容词用来修饰名词或代词, 表示人或事物的性质, 状态,和特征。
用法 :形容词在句中作定语, 表语, 补语。
（1）放在名词前做定语。
She is a good student
Mary is an honest, hardworking girl.
（2）放在系动词之后作表语。
This film is very interesting.
She looks younger than her age.
（3）放在宾语后作宾语补足语。
We painted the wall white.
His coming made us happy.
形容词的位置
1修饰some, any, every, no和body, thing,one等构成的复合不定代词时形容词放在名词后面。
nobody absent, everything possible
2有最高级或only修饰的名词以-able, -ible结尾的形容词可置于之后
the best book available,
3 alive, alike, awake, aware, asleep等可以后置
the person awake
4 用 and 或 or 连接起来的两个形容词作定语时一般把它们放在被修饰的名词后面。 Everybody,old and young, should attend the meeting.
多个形容词修饰同一个名词的顺序：
形容词的比较级和最高级
1)单音节词和部分双音节词的比较级和最高级形式是在词尾加 -er 和 -est 构成。 great (原级) greater(比较级) greatest(最高级)
2) 以 -e 结尾的单音节形容词的比较级和最高级是在词尾加 -r 和 -st 构成。 wide (原级) wider (比较级) widest (最高级)
fine,late
3) 辅音字母-y 结尾的形容词的比较级和最高级是把 -y 去掉,加上 -ier 和-est 构成. happy (原形) happier (比较级) happiest (最高级) early
4) 以一个辅音字母结尾其前面的元音字母发短元音的形容词的比较级和最高级是双写该辅音字母然后再加 -er和-est。 big (原级) bigger (比较级) biggest (最高级)
5 ) 以 -er, -ow, -ble, -ple 结尾的双音节词，加-er 或-est
clever cleverer cleverest
多音节词和部分双音节词的形容词的比较级和最高级需用more 和 most 加在形容词前面来构成。
不
规
则
变
化
beautiful
big
easy
wide
clean
clever
pretty
hot
more beautiful most beautiful
bigger biggest
easier easiest
wider widest
cleaner cleanest
cleverer cleverest
prettier prettiest
hotter hottest
bad/ill
many/much
little
far
difficult
cheap
important
exciting
interesting
worse worst
more most
less least
farther\further farthest\furthest
more difficult most difficult
cheaper cheapest
more important most important
more exciting most exciting
more interesting most interesting
形容词比较级的用法:
主语+谓语(系动词)+ 形容词比较级+than+ 对比成分。
我们的老师比我们的高。
Our teacher is taller than we are.
今天比昨天暖和。
It is warmer today than it was yesterday.
形容词最高级的用法:
她是班上最好的学生。
She is the best student in her class.
上海是中国最大城市之一。
Shanghai is one of the biggest cities in China.
这是我见到的最大的苹果。
This is the biggest apple I have ever met.
几个特殊用法:
“The+形容词比较级..., the+形容词比较级...”表示 “ 越... 就越...”。 越多越好。
The more, the better.
你学的越多, 就知道的越多。
The more you learn, the more you know.
我越有就越想要有。
The more I have, the more I want.
" 形容词比较级 + and + 形容词比较级 ", 表示 " 越来越... "。
天气越来越热了.
It‘s getting hotter and hotter.
他越来越穷了。
He is getting poorer and poorer.
主语+谓语(系动词)+as+形容词原形+as+从句。表示两者对比相同。
这个盒子和我的一样大。
This box is as big as mine.
这件衣服同那件衣服一样便宜。
This coat is as cheap as that one.
用形容词表示类别和整体
他经常帮助穷人。
He always helps the poor.
我喜欢同年轻人谈话。
I like to have a talk with the young.
以-ly结尾的形容词
大部分形容词词加-ly可构成副词。但 friendly，deadly，lovely，lonely，likely，lively，ugly，brotherly，仍为形容词。
有些以-ly 结尾的词既为形容词，也为副词。daily，weekly，monthly，yearly，early
more…than…有时表示“与其说…, 倒不如说…”
与其说他聪明,不如说他勤奋
He is more diligent than wise.
与其说他是一位老师,不如说更像一位朋友
He is more a friend than a teacher.
“no+比较级+than…”和“not +比较级+than…”所表示的意思不相同, 前者表示“和…一样不…”(即两者都不…), 后者表示“不比…更… ”(仅否定前者, 即表示前者不如后者)
His English is no better than mine.
(两人的英语都不好)
His English is not better than mine.
他的英语不如我的英语好(仅否定 “他的英语”)
He is no taller than me.
He is not taller than me.
有时用比较级表示最高级的意思, 如:
She can’t be more beautiful.
He works harder than the other students in his class.
He works harder than any other student in his class.
副词
副词adverbs缩写 adv.，是用来修饰或说明动词、形容词或其他副词的词类。说明时间、地点、程度、方式等概念。
如：often经常，there那里，very很，slowly慢慢地
（一）定义
（二）副词的分类
副词分类
例词
时间副词
地点副词
方式副词
程度副词
now, then, often,
early, never
still,rather,much,
hardly
well,slowly,hard,badly
there,here,below,above
关系副词
疑问副词
连接副词
其他副词
also,not,only,too
when,where,why,
whether
how,when,where,why
when,where,why
1、本身即为副词，如
now, rather, very, there ,
how, when , too等
2、与形容词形式相同的副词，
如:
early, high, wide, deep等
（三）副词的构成
3、由“形容词+ly”构成副词，如：
slow---slowly
quick---quickly
brave---bravely
clear---clearly
形容詞轉變為副詞的方式
第一種: 形容詞和副詞相同, 例如:
early late fast
第二種: 在形容詞尾加上 ly
active
bad
beautiful
careful
actively
badly
beautifully
carefully
cold
coldly
quick
quickly
sad
sadly
safe
safely
形容詞轉變為副詞的方式
第三種: 形容詞是辅音+y结尾,把y改 i+ly,例如:
easy
easily
happy
happily
heavy
heavily
hungry
hungrily
lucky
luckily
第四種: 形容詞辅音e结尾, 去掉e, +y. 例如: comfortable comfortably
4、一些形容词本身即可做副词，
而加ly之后也为副词，但意义
不同,如：
late晚，迟------lately最近
close亲密地------closely
亲密地，严密地
（四）副词在句中的作用
1、做状语
1）修饰动词，如：
It’s raining heavily.
雨下得很大
2）修饰形容词，如：
It’s rather a difficult job.
这是一项相当难的工作。
3）修饰其他副词，如：
Don’t ride too fast.
不要骑得太快。
4）修饰介词短语
Where is the broom
扫帚在哪里
5) 修饰从句
This exactly what he said.
这正是他所说的.
6) 修饰名词,代词及数词,如:
Life here is full of joy.
2.做表语(一般位于系动词之后)
The class is over.
下课了。
3.做介词宾语
Who is calling me from downstairs
谁在楼下喊我？
4.做定语
(1)做定语放于被修饰动词之后,
如:
Are you content with the life here
(2)quite,such修饰名词时,放在修
饰词之前,如:
He spent quite a long
time there.
5.做补语
We were shown around
by the young man.
副词的比较级和最高级用法同形容词的比较级用法基本一样。但是，开放类副词即以后缀ly结尾的副词不能像形容词那样加er或?est，如
quickly →more quickly →most quickly quietly →more quietly →most quietly 〔注〕： early中的?ly不是后缀，故可以把?y变?i再加?er和?est
最高级形式句中 the 可以省略。
also 一般置于系动词之后，行为动词之前或句末，too通常置于句末。either只能用于否定句，而且必须置于句末
He is a technician. I am also a technician.
He is a technician. I am a technician, too.他是（个）技术员。我也是（个）技术员。
I don't know. You don't know, either 我不知道。你也不知道吗？
动词
根据其在句中的功能，动词可分为四类，
实义动词（Notional Verb） make,
系动词（Link Verb）
助动词（Auxiliary Verb）
情态动词（Modal Verb）
系动词亦称联系动词它本身有词义，但不能单独用作谓语，后边必须跟表语构成系表结构说明主语的状况、性质、特征等情况。
1）状态系动词 用来表示主语状态，只有be一词，
2）持续系动词 用来表示主语继续或保持一种状况或态度，主要有keep, remain, stay,
3）表像系动词 用来表示"看起来像"这一概念，主要有seem, appear, look,
4）感官系动词 感官系动词主要有feel, smell, sound, taste
5）变化系动词 这些系动词表示主语变成什么样，主要有become, get
助动词
协助主要动词构成谓语动词词组的词叫助动词（Auxiliary Verb）。最常用的助动词有：be, have, do, shall, will, should, would等
助动词
1. 助动词be的用法 1） be +现在分词，构成进行时态。例如： They are having a meeting. 他们正在开会。 English is becoming more and more important. 英语现在越来越重要。 2） be + 过去分词，构成被动语态。例如： The window was broken by Tom.. 窗户是汤姆打碎的。 English is taught throughout the world. 世界各地都教英语。
3） be + 动词不定式，可表示下列内容： a. 表示最近、未来的计划或安排。例如： He is to go to New York next week.. 他下周要去纽约。 We are to teach the freshmen. 我们要教新生。 说明： 这种用法也可以说成是一种将来时态表达法。 b. 表示命令。例如： You are to explain this. 对此你要做出解释。 He is to come to the office this afternoon. 要他今天下午来办公室。
c. 征求意见。例如： How am I to answer him 我该怎样答复他？ Who is to go there 谁该去那儿呢？ d. 表示相约、商定。例如： We are to meet at the school gate at seven tomorrow morning. 我们明天早晨7点在校门口集合。
2. 助动词have/has的用法 1）have +过去分词，构成完成时态。例如： He has left for London. 他已去了伦敦。 By the end of last month, they had finished half of their work. 上月未为止，他们已经完成工作的一半。 2）have + been +现在分词，构成完成进行时。例如： I have been studying English for ten years. 我一直在学英语，已达十年之久。 3）have +been +过去分词，构成完成式被动语态。例如： English has been taught in China for many years. 中国教英语已经多年。
3.助动词do 的用法 1）构成一般疑问句。例如： Do you want to pass the CET 你想通过大学英语测试吗？ Did you study German 你们学过德语吗？ 2）do + not 构成否定句。例如： I do not want to be criticized. 我不想挨批评。 He doesn't like to study. 他不想学习。 In the past, many students did not know the importance of English. 过去，好多学生不知道英语的重要性。 3） 构成否定祈使句。例如： Don't go there. 不要去那里。 Don't be so absent-minded. 不要这么心不在焉。 说明： 构成否定祈使句只用do，不用did和does。
4）放在动词原形前，加强该动词的语气。例如： Do come to my birthday party. 一定来参加我的生日宴会。 I did go there. 我确实去那儿了。 I do miss you. 我确实想你。 5）用于倒装句。例如： Never did I hear of such a thing. 我从未听说过这样的事情。 Only when we begin our college life do we realize the importance of English. 进了大学以后，我们才认识到英语的重要性。 说明： 引导此类倒装句的副词有never, seldom, rarely, little, only, so, well等。 6）用作代动词。例如： ---- Do you like Beijing --你喜欢北京吗？ ---- Yes, I do. --是的，喜欢。（do用作代动词，代替like Beijing.） He knows how to drive a car, doesn't he 他知道如何开车，对吧？
4. 助动词shall和will的用法 shall和will作为助动词可以与动词原形一起构成一般将来时。例如： I shall study harder at English. 我将更加努力地学习英语。 He will go to Shanghai. 他要去上海。 说明：在过去的语法中，语法学家说shall用于第一人称，will 只用于第二、第三人称。现在，尤其是在口语中，will常用于第一人称，但shall只用于第一人称，如用于第二、第三人称，就失去助动词的意义，已变为情态动词，试比较: He shall come. 他必须来。（shall有命令的意味。） He will come. 他要来。（will只与动词原形构成一般将来时。）
5.助动词should, would的用法 1）should无词义，只是shall的过去形式，与动词原形构成过去将来时，只用于第一人称。例如： I telephoned him yesterday to ask what I should do next week. 我昨天给他打电话，问他我下周干什么。 比较："What shall I do next week " I asked. "我下周干什么？"我问道。 可以说，shall变成间接引语时，变成了should。 2） would也无词义，是will的过去形式，与动词原形构成过去将来时，用于第二、第三人称。例如： He said he would come. 他说他要来。 比较："I will go," he said. 他说："我要去那儿。"变成间接引语，就成了He said he would come。原来的will变成would，go变成了come.。
从高考看英语情态动词用法
一 表示能力,陈述事实
Can，could, be able to
1、 can (could)，用在现在时和过去式中，其他时态要用be able to的形式 Black holes ______ not be seen directly, so determining the number of them is a tough task.(2006上海)
A can B should C must D need
You know he is not going to let us leave early if we ______ get the work done. (2006上海)
A can’t B may not C shouldn’t D mustn’t
Peter ______ be really difficult sometimes even though he is a nice person in general.(2008辽宁)
A shall B should C can D need
【答案】A A C
2、 Was/were able to 可以表示成功做成某事的含义 【例】With our help, he was able to build the house. 在我们的帮助下，他得以建成这座房子。
Jimmy could talk for hours without getting tired. But last night he was not able to utter a word for he got a boil in his tongue.
Jimmy可以滔滔不绝地说上好几个小时。但是昨天他一个字也说不出来，因为舌头上长了个泡。
二 表示请求或许可
Can，could
这两个词可以用于所有人称，只是Could 比 Can 更加客气。
【例】Could I have a word with you, please
我能跟你说点事吗？
will and would
这两个词专属第二人称，只是would 比will 更客气委婉。
【例】Close the door when you leave, will you
离开时记得关门，好么？
Would you mind closing the window It’s cold here.
麻烦关一下窗好么？这里冷得很。
--Write to me when you get there.
--________.(2001全国春)
A I must B I should C I will D I can
【答案】C
Shall
Shall表建议时用于第一第三人称
--The room is dirty. ______ we clean it
--Of course. (2003北京春)
A Will B Shall C Would D Do
【答案】B
三 表示推测或可能性:
这种情况下，情态动词后面接的动词，分以下两种情况：
对现在的推测：情态动词+动词原形
对过去的推测：情态动词+动词的完成式（即have done）
Can, could
常用于否定句和疑问句 My English-Chines dictionary has disappeared. Who _____ have taken it (2003上海春)
A should B must C could D would
You ______ be hungry already—you had lunch only two hours ago! (2008浙江)
A wouldn’t B can’t C mustn’t D needn’t
【答案】C B
may and might
这一组词表示轻微的推测，说话人不是很肯定，might比may不肯定的语气更加强烈。 You might just as well tell the manufacturer that male customers ____ not like the design of the furniture. (2004上海春)
A must B shall C may D need
Although this ______ sound like a simple task, great care is needed.（2008四川）
A must B may C shall D should
Liza ____ well not want to go on the trip—she hates travelling.(2008全国Ⅱ)
A will B can C must D may
【答案】C B D
must
表示推测，意思非常肯定 --Guess what! I have got A for my term paper.
--Great! You _____ read widely and put a lot of work in it.(2007上海)
A must B should C must have D should have
【答案】C
Should， ought to(表示如果不这样，有点不合常理之意) There _____ be any difficulty about passing the road test since you have practiced a lot in the driving school. (2005上海)
A mustn’t B shan’t C shouldn’t D needn’t
【答案】C
四 表示必须
Must， have to
可以互换，只不过have to有多种时态。同时，两个词的否定式意义有区别，Mustn’t 表示禁止，Don’t have to表示不必要，等于needn’t。
According to the local regulation, anyone who intends to take a driver’s license ____ take an eye test. (2005上海春)
A can B must C would D may
When I was young, I was told that I ______ play with matches. (2008上海春)
A wouldn’t B needn’t C mustn’t D daren’t
The boss has given everyone a special holiday, so we _______ go to work tomorrow. (2007上海春)
A can’t B mustn’t C needn’t D shouldn’t
--What do you think we can do for our aged parents
--You ________ do anything except to be with them and be yourself.(2007重庆)
A don’t have to B oughtn’t to C mustn’t D can’t
【答案】B C C A
Must 提问的肯定回答用must,否定回答不能用Mustn’t，而要用Don’t have to或needn’t --Must he come to sign this paper himself
--Yes, he ____.
A need B must C may D will
【答案】B
五 表示祝愿
Wish you all the best! 祝万事如意。 May you succeed! 祝你马到功成！
May you two live happily ever after! 希望你们两人幸福美满！
六 情态动词分组对比
shall, should ，ought to 1、情态动词中有三个词表示强烈的语气，一个是前面说的must,一个就是这里说的shall（第三个是should,在后文中会提到）。
It has been announced that candidates _______ remain in their seats until all the papers has been collected. (2002上海)
A can B will C may D shall
【答案】D
2、should 表示劝告，建议 = ought to 应该
According to the air traffic rules, you ________ switch off your mobile phone before boarding. (2008上海)
A may B can C would D should
Oh, I’m not feeling well in the stomach. I _____ so much fried chicken just now. (2002上海春)
A shouldn’t eat B mustn’t have eaten
C shouldn’t have eaten D mustn’t eat
【答案】D C
3、should还可以表示说话人的感情，如惊奇、愤怒、失望等，表示“竟然”。 You can’t imagine that well-behaved gentleman____ be so rude to a lady.(2001上海)
A migh B need C should D would
【答案】D
Would, used to
表示过去的习惯性动作 Would 只能用来表示重复的动作而不能表示状态,常跟过去的具体时间连用； Used to 既可表示动作也可表示状态, 而且强调现在已经不这么做了 When he was working in the suburban area, he would go into town for shopping every weekend.
当他在郊区工作的时候，他常常周末到城里购物。
He used to be a nice man. But now he is addicted to alcohol and beats his wife.
他以前是个不错的人。但是现在，他成了个酒鬼，还打老婆。
need ， dare 这两个词，既可以作情态动词，又可以作实意动词。作为情态动词，两者都只能用于疑问句，否定句和条件句。
作实义动词，不能直接加动词原形，要加不定式符号to She needs to do it.
I dare to do it.
作情态动词，直接加动词原形。 I dare not do it. I need not do it.
need作情态动词，表示“有必要”，多用于疑问句和否定句 --What sort of house do you want to have Something big
--Well, it _____ be big—that’s not important.(2008陕西)
A mustn’t B needn’t C can’t D won’t
As you worked late yesterday, you ______ have come this morning. (2006陕西)
A mayn’t B can’t C mustn’t D needn’t
【答案】B D
need作实义动词，表示“必须，需要”
You need to tell us the truth.你必须讲实话。 The car needs repairing. 车子要修了。
The door needs to be repaired immediately. A thief might break in. 这扇门必须马上修好，否则小偷会进来的。
相关练习：
1 John promised his doctor he ______ not smoke, and he has never smoked ever since. (2008北京)
A might B should C could D would
2 --What’s the name
--Kuhulaifi. _______ I spell that for you (2006北京)
A Shall B Would C Can D Might
3 –The woman biologist stayed in Africa studying wild animals for 13 years before she returned.
--Oh, dear! She _______ a lot of difficulties!(2005江苏)
A may go through B might go through
C ought to have gone through D must have gone through
4 The World Wide Web is sometimes jokingly called the World Wide Wait because it _______ be very slow. (2005浙江)
A should B must C will D can
5 –Do you know where David is I couldn’t find him anywhere.
--Well. He _______ have gone far—his coat’s still here. (2005湖北)
A shouldn’t B mustn’t C can’t D wouldn’t
6 –Could I have a word with you, Mum
--Oh, dear, if you _____ .(2006浙江)
A can B must C may D should
7 Although this _____ sound like a simple task, great care is needed.(2008四川)
A must B may C shall D should
8 –Excuse me, but I want to use your computer to type a report.
--You ______ have my computer if you don’t take care of it. (2004湖南)
A shan’t B might not C needn’t D shouldn’t
【答案】D A D D
A B B A
非谓语动词 在英语中，动词不定式、动名词和分词（包括现在分词和过去分词）可以出现在句子中除谓语以外的任何一个位置上，充当句子的主语、宾语、表语、定语、状语、补语等成分，这些动词形式称为非谓语动词。 非谓语动词主要的句法功能一览表： 非谓语动词 功能 主语 宾语 表语 定语 状语 补语 不定式 √ √ √ √ √ √ 动名词 √ √ √ √ 分词 √ √ √ √ Ⅰ).
作主语----doing/ to do： ⒈ 没有多大区别。动词原形不能在句中作主语 To see is to believe 百闻不如一见。=Seeing is believing. ⒉ doing抽象笼统的一般行为 to do具体的特别是将来的动作 Smoking is bad for health. 吸烟对人身体有害。 （笼统地谈吸烟问题） To finish the job in two days is impossible. 要在两天之内完成这项工作是不可能的。（具体地谈这项工作） ⒊ it用形式主语于句首常用不定式置于句尾 * It is /was + adj./ n. /-ed +to do * It is no use/good/a waste of time + doing sth. It is impossible to finish the job in two days. It is no good/ use having a car if you can’t drive.如果你不会开车，有车也没用。 It is a waste of time watching TV. 看电视是浪费时间。 ⒋ There is no…句型中，常用doing作主语。 There is no saying what will happen. 无法估计将会发生什么事。 There is no use making an excuse for this.为这事编造借口没用。
Ⅱ). 作宾语-------doing/ to do： ⒈ 有些及物动词后面只能接doing作宾语，不能接不定式，常见的有： void 避免/ miss错过/ postpone 推迟/ suggest 建议/ finish 完成/ practise练习/ enjoy 喜欢/ imagine 想象/ can’t help禁不住/ admit 承认/ deny 否认/ envy 嫉妒/escape 逃脱/ risk 冒险/ forgive 原谅/ stand 忍受/ keep保持/ mind 介意/ appreciate 感激,赞赏/ consider 认为/ delay 耽误/ detest 讨厌/ miss 想念/ resist 抵抗/ understand 理解/ feel like想要 I’m sorry I missed seeing you while in Shanghai.很遗憾，我在上海时没看到你。 He suggested discussing the problem at the class meeting. 他建议在班会上讨论这个问题。 Would you mind closing the window 你介意把窗户关上吗？ Will you admit having broken the window 你承不承认打破了窗户了？ He avoided giving us a definite answer.他避免给我们一个肯定的回答。 I was afraid to let the boy risk climbing the tree.我不敢让这个男孩冒险爬那棵树。 I couldn’t help crying when I heard the news.听到这个消息我不禁哭起来。 ⒉有些动词后面只能跟to do作宾语，不能接动名词，如：wish, hope, expect, offer, manage, decide, refuse, agree, pretend, promise, seem, fail I don’t wish to be disturbed in my work.我不愿在工作中被打搅。 We managed to get there in time.我们设法及时到了那里。 He pretended to be reading a book.他假装在读书。 They promised to get up early.他们答应早起床。 He refused to do that job.他拒绝做那工作。
⒊ 有些动词后面既可以接动名词，也可以接不定式作宾语，其意义基本一样，如： begin, start, continue, like, love, dislike, hate, prefer, can’t stand, 但like, love 和would 或should 连用时，接不定式作宾语。 例 句 解 析 1. It began to rain. It began raining. 2. It was beginning to snow. 3. I love lying (to lie)on my back. 4. I like listening to music, but today I don’t like to. 5. I don’ t prefer to swim in the river now. 1. 意思无差别，但谓语动词用进行时，后面只跟不定式。 2. 表示一种倾向多接动名词作宾语，如果表示某一特定的或具体的行动，多接不定式。 ⒋有些动词后面既可接动名词又可接不定式作宾语，但意义不同。如： ⑴mean to do sth. 打算干某事mean doing 意味着… I didn’t mean to hurt you.我没打算伤害你。 Missing the bus means waiting for an hour.误了车就意味着等一个小时。 ⑵stop to do sth.停下来去做某事stop doing sth. 停止做某事 I was lost and had to stop to ask the way.我迷路了只好停下来问路。 They stopped talking.他们停止了谈话。 ⑶go on to do sth. （做完一件事之后）接着做（另一件事）go on doing sth.继续做某事 After learning history, we went on to learn geography.学完历史之后，我们接着学地理。 You shouldn’t go on living this way.你不应当继续过这样的生活了。 ⑷try to do sth. 试图做某事try doing sth.试试做某事（往往表示某种方法或方式） Let’s try knocking at the back door.咱们敲敲后边的门试试。 We tried to solve the problem.我们努力想解决这个问题。 ⑸forget, regret, remember后接to do表示尚未发生的动作，接doing表示已经发生动作。 I forgot to write him a letter.我忘了给他写信。（ 以前没写信） I forgot writing him a letter.我忘了以前曾写信给他。
（曾写过信） I remember seeing you before. 我记得以前见过你。（ 曾见过） Please remember to write to me.请记住要给我写信。 （目前还没写） I regretted speaking to them about it.我后悔跟他们讲过那件事。 （以前讲过） I regret to tell you that you didn’t pass the exam.我遗憾地告诉你，你考试没及格。 （以前没告诉过你） ⑹be used to do sth. 被用来做…be used to doing sth. 习惯于做… We are used to going to bed early.我们习惯于早睡。 Wood can be used to make paper.木材可以用来造纸。 ⑺can’t help（to）do sth. 不能帮助做某事can’t help doing sth. 不禁… We can’t help to solve the problem.我们不能帮助解决这个问题。 On hearing the news, we couldn’t help laughing. 一听到这个消息，我们忍不住大笑起来。 ⑻allow, permit, advise, forbid, consider + doing /+ sb to do We don’t allow smoking here.我们这里不允许吸烟。 We don’t allow them to smoke.我们不允许他们吸烟。 He advised having a rest.他建议休息。 He advised me to have a rest.他建议我休息。 I considered going to Canada.我考虑去加拿大。 I consider him to be honest.我认为他诚实。 ⑼need, require, want + to be done/ doing “需要（被作某种处置）” The bridge needs/ requires/ wants repairing. =The bridge needs/ requires/ wants to be repaired. 这个桥梁需要修一修了。
⒌介词（除but以外）后面的动词宾语一律用doing形式。 They are interested in singing. 他们爱好唱歌。（ 动名词singing作介词in的宾语） * but 与no, not any, all 等词连用时为介词，但其后面的动词用to do， 如果but前面有实义动词do 的任何形式，则but 后面用动词原形do He did nothing but cry. 他什么也没做，只是哭。（but 前面有实义动词did, 所以but后面要接动词原形） I had no choice but to cry. 我别无办法，只好哭。（but前面没有实义动词do,所以but后面要跟不定式形式） ⒍ “wh- + to do，这一结构可转换成该疑问词引导的从句。 It hasn’t been decided where to go. 还没决定到哪里去。（主语） I found out where to buy fruit cheaper.我找到了廉价买水果的地方。（宾语） The question is what to write about.问题是应写什么。（表语） Ⅲ. 作表语---doing/ to do/ done： ⒈ doing比较抽象笼统的一般行为 to do具体某次动作，特别是将来动作 有时两者都可以用，在意思上没多大区别。 My job is typing letters and papers. 我的工作就是打信件和文件。（打信件和文件是我日常的工作） The next step is to discuss the suggestion raised by him. 下一步将是讨论他提出的问题。 ⒉ 主表一致 当主语是doing形式时，表语一般也用doing，如主语是to do，表语一般也用to do Saving is having. =To save is to have. 节约即是收入。 （不能说Saving is to have.或To save is having.） Teaching is learning.=To teach is to learn. 教书是学习。 (不能说Teaching is to learn.或To teach is learning.)
⒊ doing作表语多表示主语所具有的特征，有时可译为“令人…的”； done作表语多表示主语所处的状态，有时可译为“感到…的”。 interesting 令人有兴趣的，有趣的 interested 感兴趣的 tiring 令人疲劳的 tired 感到疲倦的 moving 令人感动的 moved 受到感动的 exciting 令人激动的 excited 感到激动的 puzzling 令人迷惑的 puzzled 感到迷惑的 disappointing 令人失望的 disappointed 感到失望的 She felt a bit disappointed. 她感到有点失望。 The result is disappointing. 结果令人失望。 The news is exciting. 消息令人兴奋。 I was excited at the news. 听到这个消息我很兴奋。 **⒋ 过去分词作表语与被动语态的区别：(be + p.p) 被动语态表示一个动作，过去分词作表语表示主语的特点或所处的状态。如： The window is broken. 窗户打破了。（分词作表语，表示现在窗户处于破碎的状态） The window was broken by the boy. 窗户是被那个小男孩打破的。（被动语态，表窗户是被谁打破的，表动作） The book is well written. 这本书写得不错。（分词作表语，表状态） The book was written by her. 这本书是她写的。（被动语态，表动作） The tree is fallen. 树倒了。（分词作表语，表状态）
Ⅳ. 作定语----to do/ doing/ done： ⒈ to do 做后置定语，与中心词构成逻辑上的动宾关系，表示将要发生的动作或状态 I have something important to tell you. (something important 是tell you的逻辑宾语) 我有重要的事情要告诉你。 I want to get something to read during the winter vacation. （something 是read的逻辑宾语） 我想找点书在寒假读。 ** 若to do是不及物动词介词不可省略 We are looking for a paper to write on. 我们正在找写字用的纸。 I’m not sure which restaurant to eat at. 我对在哪家餐馆吃饭没有把握。 It would be a comfortable room to live in. 这房间住起来会很舒适。 ** 常用to do作定语的情况 1)名词前有序数词、最高级所修饰This is the first building to be designed by him. 这是由他设计的第一栋楼房。 They are the first to come, and the last to leave. 他们是最先来而最后离开。 He is the oldest athlete ever to win an Olympic gold medal. 他赢得奥运金牌的年龄最大的运动员。 2) 只能接to do 做宾语的动词转化的名词 ⒉ 动名词作定语表示该名词的用途， 现在分词作定语表示该名词正在进行的动作或存在的状态。 a reading room (=a room for reading ) 阅览室（动名词） a swimming pool (=a pool for swimming)游泳池（动名词） a swimming girl (=a girl who is sw
句子成分
英语的句子成分一般包括
主语
谓语
宾语
定语
补语
状语
表语
同位语
主语(Subject)
主语是句子的主体，是句子所要说明的人或事物。
书本是知识的源泉。
Book is the resource of knowledge.
主语通常是一些代表事物性或实体性的名词。
除了名词可担任主语外，还有
代词、数词、
动词不定式、动名词、
从句均可作主语.
What he has said is true.
谓语(Predicate)
谓语说明主语“做什么”、“是什么”或“怎么样”,
由动词来担任.
I like apple .我喜欢苹果．
They are student. 他们是学生。
实义动词（Notional Verb）+
系动词（Link Verb）+
宾语
表语
宾语(Object)
宾语表示动作的对象，是主语的动作的承
受者，有宾语的动词称为及物动词，宾语
一般在及物动词之后，
作宾语的词有名词，代词, 数词、动词不定式、动名词、从句等，如：
I like English very much .
We must find out who signed the contract.
Predicative ( 表语)
表语用以说明主语的身份,特征和状态,它一般位于系动词(如 be, become ,get, look, turn, seem 等)之后.
He is an astronaut(宇航员).
His job is to teach English.
What I want to know is when we will have
the sports meeting.
表语一般由名词,代词,形容词, 数词,不定式,动名词,过去分词, 以及表语从句表示.
定语 (Attribute)
定语是用来修饰名词或代词的,如：
I like red apple .我喜欢红苹果．
一般为形容词。除形容词之外，数词、名词、动词不定式、动名词、从句等，都可作定语。
They made paper flowers. 他们生产纸花。
I have something to tell you. 我有事要告诉你。
状语 (Adverbial)
状语是用来修饰动词、形容词、副词的，时间,地点,原因,结果,目的,方式,伴随,条件,程度,让步,频率等.
I waited to see you.
He often went to school by bus.
Please call me if it is necessary.
This book is very interesting.
He always comes late to school.
作状语的词有副词或相当于副词的短语、从句。
补语 (Complement)
英语中有些及物动词虽然有了宾语，但句子的意思仍不完整，还需要在宾语之后增加一个成分以补足其意义，这种成分叫宾语补语。
I found the book interesting.
He made himself known to them.
能作宾语补语的有名词、形容词、介词短语、副词、动词不定式、分词。
同位语(Appositive)
同位语用来对一个词或词的内容加以补充和说明。它通常位于其说明的词或词组之后。
We Chinese are hard-working.
You two are very lazy.
The truth that he has never been abroad makes me suprised.
I met my best friend Tom at the station yesterday.
↓
主语
↓
谓
语
↓
定语
↓
宾
语
↓
同位语
↓
状
语
主语 ＋ 不及物动词 （ S + Vi ）
主语 ＋ 及物动词 ＋宾语 ( S + Vt + O)
主语 ＋ 系动词 ＋ 表 (S + LV + predicative)
主语＋双宾动词+间宾+直宾(S +Vt +O.indir+O. dir)
主语 ＋ 宾补动词 ＋宾语 ＋宾语补语
(S + Vt. + O + O. compl)
There + be / stand/ lie / live...
简单句的五种基本句型
主语、动词（不及物动词、及物动词、双宾动词、系动词、宾补动词)、宾语及补语可以称为基本句子成分。
完整的句子一般至少包含2个基本成分，至多4个基本成分。
noun
adj. / adv.
infinitive
V-ing
V-ed
etc.
主语
谓语
宾语
宾语
宾补
表语
宾语(间)
宾语(直)
Vt
V-l
Vi
Noun / Pronoun
The + adj
V-ing / Clause
Infinitive
Noun / Pronoun /
The + adj
V-ing / Clause / Infinitive
be / feel / seem / look
appear / stand / lie
become /get / grow / turn
go / come / remain/ keep
taste / smell /stay etc.
noun
pronoun
adj. / adv.
infinitive
V-ing / V-ed
clause
etc.
主语 ＋ 不及物动词
She came．/ My head aches.
主语 ＋ 及物动词 ＋ 宾语
She likes English.
主语 ＋ 系动词 ＋ 主语补语
She is happy．
主语 ＋ 双宾动词 ＋ 间接宾语 ＋ 直接宾语
She gave John a book．
She bought a book for me.
主语 ＋ 宾补动词 ＋ 宾语 ＋ 宾语补语
She makes her mother angry．
The teacher asked me to read the passage.
There +be
There lies a book on the desk.
简单句基本句型实例
三.句型, 语法记忆口诀
1. 基本句型规律 英语句子万万千，五大句型把线牵。 句型种类为动词，后接什么是关键； 系词后面接表语；vi独身无牵连； vt又可分三类，单宾双宾最常见， 还有宾语补足语；各种搭配记心间。
巩固
1. The sun │is shining.
2. The moon │rose.
3. The universe │remains.
4. We all │breathe, eat, and drink.
6. What he said │does not matter.
7. They │talked for half an hour.
8. The pen │writes smoothly
1. This │is │an English-Chinese dictionary.
2. The dinner │smells │good.
3.Everything looks different.
4. Everything │looks │different.
5. He │is growing │tall and strong.
6. The trouble│is │that they are short of money.
7. Our well │has gone │dry.
8. His face │turned │red.
1. Who │knows │the answer
2. She │smiled │her thanks.
3. He │has refused │to help them.
4. He │enjoys │reading.
5. He │said │"Good morning."
6. I │want │to have a cup of tea.
7. He │admits │that he was mistaken.
1. She │ordered │herself │a new dress.
2. She │cooked │her husband │a delicious meal.
3. He │brought │you │a dictionary.
4. I │showed │him │my pictures.
5. I │gave │my car │a wash.
6. I │told │him │that the bus was late.
7. He │showed │me │how to run the machine.
1. They │painted │the door │green.
2. This │set │them │thinking.
3. They │found │the house │empty.
4. What │makes │him │think so
5. We │saw │him │out.
6. He │asked │me │to come back soon.
7. I │saw │them │getting on the bus.
Ｓ │ Ｖ （不及物动词）
1. 太阳在照耀着。(shine)
2. 月亮升起了。(rise)
3. 宇宙长存。(universe,remain)
4. 我们大家都呼吸、吃和喝。(breathe)
5. 他所讲的没有什么关系。(not matter)
6. 他们谈了半个小时。(half an hour)
7. 这支笔书写流利。(write smoothly)
Ｓ │Ｖ（是系动词）│ Ｐ
1. 这是本英汉辞典。 (dictionary)
2. 午餐的气味很好。(smell good)
3. 一切看来都不同了。(look different)
4. 他长得又高又壮。 (grow tall,strong)
5. 麻烦的是他们缺少钱。(trouble,be short of)
6. 我们井干枯了。 (go dry)
7. 他的脸红了。(turn red)
Ｓ │Ｖ（及物动词）│ Ｏ
1. 谁知道答案？ (know)
2. 她微笑表示感谢。(smile ,thanks)
3. 他拒绝帮他们。 (refuse to do )
4. 他喜欢看书。(enjoy doing)
5. 他说："早上好！"
6. 我想喝杯茶。(want to have )
7. 他承认犯了错误。(admit that….be mistaken)
Ｓ │Ｖ（及物）│ ｏ（多指人） │ Ｏ（多指物）
1. 她给自己定了一套新衣裳。(order oneself sth)
2. 她给丈夫煮了一顿美餐。(cook sb a delicious meal)
3. 他给你带来了一本字典。(bring,dictionary)
4. 我给他看我的照片。 (show sb sth)
5. 我洗了我的汽车。(give sth a wash)
6. 我告诉他汽车晚点了。(tell sb that ….)
7. 他教我开机器。(show sb how to run…)
Ｓ │Ｖ（及物）│ Ｏ（宾语） │ Ｃ（宾补）
1. 他们把门漆成绿色。(paint…green)
2. 这使得他们要细想一想。(set …thinking)
3. 他们发现那房子空着。(find…empty)
4. 什么使他这样想？ (make …think)
5. 我们送他出去。(see..out)
6. 他要我早点回来。 (ask sb to do)
7. 我看见他们上了那辆公共汽车。(see sb doing)
复合句是在简单句的基础上，通过从属连词将两个或两个以上简单句连接在一起而构成。从属连词所引导的从句起形容词、名词、副词的作用。复合句主要包含以下类型从句：
1. 主语从句 2. 宾语从句
3. 表语从句 4. 定语从句
5. 状语从句 6. 同位语从句
英文写作中最常使用的从句
宾语从句
状语从句
定语从句
复合句与简单句：复合句 = 简单句 + 从属连词 +简单句
He told me
the news.
that the match had
been put off.
宾语
how much he was prepared
to pay for my car.
that I could have the
money without delay.
how much he was prepared to
pay for my car and that I could
have the money without delay.
when he was
leaving for Paris.
that his father
was working in
that school.
宾语从句
复合句与简单句：复合句 = 简单句 + 从属连词 +简单句
I don’t know
him.
He has finished his work
that he has finished his work.
whether he has finished his work.
宾语从句
He is leaving for Washington.
that he is leaving for Washington.
when he is leaving for Washington.
why he is leaving for Washington.
how he is leaving for Washington.
whether he is leaving for Washington.
复合句与简单句：复合句 = 简单句 + 从属连词 +简单句
the people
surprised
That
What he said
what he did
主语
That he didn’t
know the answer
in the room.
定语
who were sitting in the room.
who were present.
whose sons were at war.
who had signed the contract.
复合句与简单句：复合句 = 简单句 + 从属连词 +简单句
That
is
the fact.
表 语
what he needs.
what he gave me.
why he was late.
because he was ill.
what has happened.
复合句与简单句：复合句 = 简单句 + 从属连词 +简单句
He worked
in that factory
three years ago.
地点状语
时间状语
where his
father worked
in that factory
where I lived
when he
lived there
His father worked there.
I lived there.
He lived there
three years ago.
复合句与简单句：复合句 = 简单句 + 从属连词 +简单句
Put the book
on the desk.
where you took it.
where it was.
地点状语
where you found it.
You can’t camp
here.
where there are
a lot of trees.
wherever you like.
指出下列各从句的类型
I believe that everything is going on well.
She was reading a novel when I came in.
She is the girl who sings best in my class.
宾语从句
状语从句
定语从句
Practice
用所给连词连接句子。
He has found out. She was late. (why)
He has found out why she was late.
I still remember the day. I first went to York on that day. (when)
I still remember the day when I first
went to York.
将各组句子连接为一个含有状语从句的复合句。
Practice
He didn’t come yesterday. He was ill. (原因)
He didn’t come yesterday because he was ill.
I’ll give the letter to him. I see him. （时间）
It is such a big box. Nobody can move it. （结果）
We’ll go to the great wall. It’s fine tomorrow. (条件)
We should not go there all the time. The place is quite pleasant.(让步）
It is such a big box that nobody can move it.
We’ll go to the great wall if it’s fine tomorrow.
Although the place is quite pleasant, we should not go there all the time.
I’ll give the letter to him when I see him.
I’ll give the letter to him as soon as I see him.
I’ll give the letter to him the moment I see him.
Homework 9.2
◆ 活学活用
1．请划分以下句子的成分：
（1）This kind of cloth feels soft.
（2）He fell in love.
（3）Our well has gone dry.
（4）The sun was shining brightly.
（5）The moon rose high in the sky.
1.They are working on the farm now.
2.Seeing is believing .
3.All of us like Kobe Bryant very much .
4.She became a doctor in 1998 .
5.The book lying on the floor are mine .
6.Suddenly it began to rain .
7.To catch the train ,I got up early yesterday .
8.I always find her happy .
9.He wonders if I still study English .
10.The letter which I received the day before yesterday was a friend of mine .
连词成句。
（1)dinner, smells, good, the
（2)rowing,he,strong,is,tall,year by year, and
（3）his, face, turned, at, red, the, news.
（4）talked, they, an, for, hour, half.
答案：
（1）This kind of cloth（主语）feels（系动词）
soft（表语）.
（2）He（主语） fell（系动词）in love（表语）.
（3）Our well（主语 ）has gone（系动词） dry（表语）.
（4）The sun（主语）was shining（谓语）brightly（状语）.
（5）The moon（主语）rose（谓语）high in the sky（状语）.
1.They(主语） are working（系表结构做谓语） on the farm（地点状语） now（时间状语）.
2.Seeing（动词ing做主语）is（谓语） believing （宾语）
3.All of us（主语） like （谓语）Kobe Bryant （宾语）very much （程度副词状语）
4.She（主语） became（谓语） a doctor （宾语）in 1998 （时间状语）
5.The book（主语） lying on the floor（定语） are（谓语） mine （宾语）
6.Suddenly （状语）it（形式主语） began to rain （谓语）
7.To catch the train ,（目的状语）I（主语） got up （谓语）early yesterday （时间状语）
8.I（主语） always find（谓语） her （宾语）happy （补语）
9.He （主语）wonders （谓语）if I （条件句中的主语）still study（条件句中的谓语） English （条件句中的宾语）整个条件句做主干的宾语 10.The letter（主语） which I received the day before yesterday（定语从句） was（谓语） a friend of mine （宾语）
答案：
（1）The dinner smells good.
（2）He is growing tall and strong year by year.
（3）His face turned red at the news.
（4）They talked for half an hour.
词类
英语中的单词可以分为十大词类：
1 名词 n. teacher, book等。
2 代词 pron. we ,me, he 等。
3 数词 num. two,fifth 等。
4 动词 v. work, study, live 等。
5 形容词 adj. good, big, beautiful 等。
6 副词 adv . fast, quickly等。
7 冠词 art. a, an, the等。
8 介词 prep. in, on,by,with等。
9 连词 conj. and, but等。
10 感叹词 interj. Oh,ah等。
名词
名词分为专有名词和普通名词两大类。
专有名词是某些人、事物、机构、组织等特有的名称。
如Beijing，China等。 专有名词第一个字母要大写,且都是不可数名词。
普通名词
1）个体名词：表示某类人或东西中的个体，如：gun。
2）集体名词：表示若干个个体组成的集合体，如：family。
3）物质名词：表示无法分为个体的实物，如：air。
4）抽象名词：表示动作、状态、品质、感情等抽象概念，如：work。
个体名词和集体名词一般是可数名词
物质名词和抽象名词一般是不可数名词
名词复数的规则变化
以s, sh, ch, x等结尾 加 -es bus-buses/ watch-watches
以ce, se, ze,等结尾 加 -s license-licenses
以辅音字母+y结尾 变y 为i再加es baby---babies
以o 结尾的名词，变复数时：加es，如
potato--potatoes tomato--tomatoes
但是，以元音+o 或oo结尾的词 只加 s
radio---radios zoo---zoos；
以f或fe 结尾的名词变复数时：
a. 加s，如： belief---beliefs roof---roofs
b. 去f,fe 加ves，如：half---halves
knife---knives leaf---leaves
wolf---wolves wife---wives life- thief-
名词复数的不规则变化
1）child---children foot---feet man---men
tooth--teeth mouse--mice woman—women
2） 单复同形，如deer，sheep，fish，Chinese，Japanese ，
3）集体名词，以单数形式出现，但实为复数。例如：people,police,cattle 等本身就是复数
4） 以s结尾，仍为单数的名词，如：maths，politics，physics学科名词, news等
3. 记住f(e)结尾的名词把f改成ves 的
妻子持刀去宰狼， 小偷吓得扔面包；躲在架后保己命， 半片树叶遮目光。
wife ，knife ，wolf ，thief ， loaf, shelf ，self，life，half，leaf.
4. 记住-f 结尾的名词直接-s的
海湾边,屋顶上,首领奴仆两相望;
谁说他们无信仰,证据写在手拍上.
gulf , roof, chief , serf , belief, proof, handkerchief
5. 以O结尾的单词 Negro, hero ,tomato ,potato 等
A.“两人两菜”（hero, negro, potato, tomato） B.一句话 Negroes and heroes like to eat potatoes and tomatoes黑人英雄爱吃蕃茄和土豆.
C。有生命的加es，无生命的加-s.
6. 表示”某国人”的部分名词复数形式变化:
中日不变英法变, 其余后面加-s。
名词的格
英语中有些名词可以加"'s"来表示所有关系，带这种词尾的名词形式称为该名词的所有格，如：a teacher's book。名词所有格的规则如下：
1） 单数名词词尾加"'s"，如the boy's bag 男孩的书包，复数名词词尾没有s，也要加"'s"，如men's room 男厕所。
2） 若名词已有复数词尾-s ，只加" ' "，如：the workers' struggle 工人的斗争。
3） 如果两个名词并列，并且分别有's，则表示"分别有"；只有一个's，则表示'共有'。例如：
John‘s and Mary’s rooms（两间）
John and Mary's room（一间）
冠词
不使用冠词
定冠词
不定冠词
a
an
the
零冠词
冠词的
分类
在下列字母前加a/an
a b c d e
f g h i j
k l m n o
p q r s t
u v w x y
z
an
a
a
a
an
an
a
an
an
a
a
an
an
an
an
a
a
an
an
a
a
a
a
an
a
a
不定冠词的用法
a用在以辅音音素开头的单词前．
an用在以元音音素开头的单词前．
1.
2.
3.
4.
e.g. __book ___ egg
__ useful book ___ underground room
a
an
a
an
基本用法： 指人或事物的某一种类
e.g. She is a girl. 她是女孩．
This is a desk. 这是一张书桌．
泛指某人或者某物，但又不具体说明何人何物．
e.g. I can see a kite. 我能看见一只风筝．
A boy is in Grade 1. 一个男孩在一年级
表示“数量”， “有一”“每一”的意思．
e.g. We have six classes a day. 我们一天上六节课．
定冠词的用法
基本用法： “特指”． 特指某（些）人或者某（些）事物，以便与其他的人或物有所区别．
1.
2.
3.
4.
e.g. The book on the desk is Jim’s. 书桌上的那本书是吉姆的．
The chairs are there. 椅子在那里．
指谈话双方都知道的人或事物．
e.g. Where is the kite 风筝在哪儿？（双方都知道指的是哪只风筝．）
Open the door, please.请把门打开．（双方都知道要打开哪扇门．）
在叙述中，上文提到过的人或者事物，再次出现时．
e.g. Ａ：I can see a kite. 我看见一只风筝．
Ｂ：where is the kite 这个风筝在那里？
用在姓氏的复数名词前，表示“一家人”
e.g. the Blacks 布来克一家
定冠词的用法
用在宇宙间独一无二的天体名词之前．
5.
6.
7.
8.
e.g. the sun the sky the moon the earth
用在序数词和形容词最高级，及形容词only, very, same 前．
e.g. I live on the second floor. 我住在二楼
Skating is the best sport in winter. 滑冰是冬天最好的运动．
与单数名词连用表示一类事物，如the dollar 美元; the fox 狐狸
或与形容词或分词连用，表示一类人：the living 生者。
用在表示乐器的名词之前．
e.g. the violin the piano
定冠词的用法
用在一些习惯用语中
9.
e.g. in the day
in the morning / afternoon/ evening
the day before tomorrow/ yesterday
the next morning / week/ month/ year
in the sky/ water/ field/ country
in the dark
in the rain
in the distance
in the middle (of)
in the end
on the whole
by the way
go to the theatre (cinema)
零冠词的用法
名词前有了物主代词、指示代词、不定代词和“Ｓ”所有格时。
1.
2.
3.
4.
e.g. Our books those apples Jim’s pen
附复数名词在表示一类人或者事物时。
e.g. They are teachers. 他们是老师。
在专有名词前
e.g. China England
在星期、月份、节日前
e.g. on Sunday in August on Children’s Day
不使用冠词的情况
零冠词的用法
在球类运动前及三餐名词前。
5.
6.
e.g. play football/ basketball have supper
在一些固定搭配中
e.g.
at night
go to school
at table
by bike
at work
go to bed
at school
at home
watch TV
不使用冠词的情况
下列词组中，有无冠词意义不同。
go to school _______
go to the school _______
上学
去学校
take place ______
take the place of ______
发生
代替
in front of ____________
in the front of ____________
在……的前面
在……的前部
定冠词用法小结口诀 1) 有水无湖：海、洋、海湾、河等，都用the;
单个湖不用the,(但多个湖用the); the Red Sea,the Pacific Ocean,the Persian Gulf,
the Yangtze RiverThe Great Lakes(五大湖)；
Lake Erie(伊利湖) 2) 有球无星：地球，月亮用the;行星不用the:
Mars,Venus;
3) 有山无峰：The Huangshan Mountains(黄山)；
Mount Everest(珠穆朗玛峰)；Mount(or Mt.) Tai(泰山). 4) 有独无欧（偶）：独一无二的，the earth,the moon,the sun用the; 欧洲等七大洲不用the. Europe,Africa,Asia,North America,
South America,Antarctica,Oceania
5) 有（足）族无球（运动）：种族用the:the Indians(印第安人)；球类运动 baseball,basketball 6) 有文无章：历史性的文件用the;小说等的章节不用the The Constitution(宪法); chapter one 7) 学而不专：学校放在词组的前面时用the;专有名词放在词组的前面时不用the; The University of Fudan; Fudan University
数 词
（1）基数词—表示数量的多少one,two,ten
（2）序数词—表示数的顺序 first,second, twelfth 其前要加上冠词the或代词。序数词的缩写形式如first---1st second---2nd thirty-first---31st等。
(1)年、月、日、时刻表达法
2005年4月10日-April 10,2005，6时-6:00，
5月1日-May 1，12时-12 o’clock，
5:30-half past five， 8:45-a quarter to nine，
(2)分数\小数和百分数的表达方法
o.15-zero point one five 40% forty percent
56% fifty-six percen
（3）分数表示法的构成：基数词代表分子，序数词代表分母。分子大于1时，分子的序数词用单数，分母序数词用复数。例如：
1/3 one-third；3/37 three thirty-sevenths.
3. 基数词变序数词歌 基变序，有规律 词尾加上-ed (fourth, sixth) 一、二、三，特殊例， 结尾字母t, d, d (first, second, third) 八去t,九去e,(eighth, ninth) ve 要用 f替;(fifth, twelfth) ty将y改成i, th前面有个e。 若是碰到几十几， 前用基来后用序。
英语分数巧记
英语分数不费事，
“母叙子饥”四个字。 分子若是大于一，
分母还须加-s。
代词
一.概念:
代词是代替名词的词, 按其意义、特征及其在句中的作用分为：人称代词、物主代词、指示代词、反身代词、相互代词、疑问代词、不定代词和关系代词等。
二.相关知识点精讲
1.人称代词 1)人称代词的人称、数和格，如下表所示。
2)人称代词有主格和宾格之分。通常主格作主语，宾格作宾语。如： I like table tennis. （作主语）
Do you know him （作宾语）
3)人称代词还可作表语。作表语时用宾格。如：---Who is knocking at the door
---It’s me.
4)人称代词在than之后与其他人或事物进行比较时，用主格和宾格都可以。如：
He is older than me.
He is older than I am.
2. 物主代词 1)表示所有关系的代词叫物主代词。物主代词分形容词性物主代词和名词性
物主代词，如下表所示。
2)形容词性物主代词的作用相当于形容词，可在句中作定语。例如： Our teacher is coming to see us. This is her pencil-box.
3)名词性物主代词的作用相当于名词，在句中可用作主语、宾语和表语。 Our school is here, and theirs is there.（作主语） --- Is this English-book yours （作表语）
--- No. Mine is in my bag. I've already finished my homework. Have you finished yours （作宾语）
3. 指示代词 指示代词包括：this，that，these，those。
1) this和these一般用来指在时间或空间上较近的事物或人，that和those
则指时间和空间上较远的事物或人，例如： This is a pen and that is a pencil． We are busy these days． In those days the workers had a hard time
2)有时that和those指前面讲到过的事物，this 和these则是指下面将要讲
到的事物，例如： I had a cold. That‘s why I didn’t come. What I want to say is this ; pronunciation is very important in learning English．
3)有时为了避免重复提到的名词，常可用that或those代替，例如： Television sets made in Beijing are just as good as those made in Shanghai．
4)this 在电话用语中代表自己，that 则代表对方。例如：
Hello! This is Mary. Is that Jack speaking
4. 反身代词 英语中用来表示"我自己"，"你自己"，"他自己"，"我们自己"，"你们自己"
等意义的代词称为反身代词，也有人称之为自身代名词，其形式如表所示。
反身代词可以在句中作宾语，表语，同位语。
1)作宾语，表示动作的承受者就是动作的发出者，主语和宾语指同一个人或一些人。 He called himself a writer．
2)作表语。 It doesn‘t matter. I’ll be myself soon．
3)作主语或宾语的同位语，表示亲自或本人。 I myself washed the clothes．
enjoy oneself,
make oneself at home,
make oneself understood\heard for oneself为自己，
of oneself自然地，自动地 by oneself独自地，
反身代词
中文 主格 宾格 所有格 名词性物代 反身代词
我
我们
你
你们
他
她
它
他们
I me my mine myself
we us our ours ourselves
you you your yours yourself
you you your yours yourselves
he him his his himself
she her her hers herself
it it its its itself
they them their theirs themselves
5．不定代词：
(1)some与any：some一般用于肯定句中，但在表示请求并希望对方能给予肯定回答时，可用于疑问句中；any一般用于否定和疑问句中，但当any强调“任何”时，也可用于肯定句中。
同理，something，somebody，someone的用法同some；anything，anybody，anyone的用法同any。
用法：① some用于肯定句中,用于单数可数名词前表示“某一”。
I have some friends. Smith went to some place in England.（定语）
②在期待对方回答yes 时，some用在表示请求或邀请的问句中。 Would you like some bananas （邀请） Mum,could you give me some money (请求)
③any用于疑问句和否定句 。 Is there any student in the classroom
No ,there isn’t any student.
④ any用于肯定句表示“任何”的意思。
Any day is okay for me.
one,both,all
one指人或物，“一个”，其复数为ones,
This is not the one I want.(表语)
both指人或指物，“两者都” This maths problem can be worked out in both ways.(定语) 注意：both用于否定句，表示部分否定；表示完全否定时，用neither。
Both of us are not teachers.我们俩并不都是教师。 Neither of us is a teacher. 我们俩都不是教师。 both不能放在the、these、those、my等之后，而应放在它们的前面。
如：Both my parents like this film.
All “全部的”、“整个的”，可与可数或不可数名词连用，表示“所有的”、“全部的”，指三个或三个以上的人或物。 He gave me all the money.他把全部的钱给了我。
All the schools are flooded.所有的学校都被淹了。 注意：all 用于否定句，表示部分否定，完全否定用none。如： Not all the ants go out for food.
All the ants don’t go out for food.
并不是所有的蚂蚁都出去寻找食物。 None of the money is mine.
这钱一分也不是我的。
many和much
few, little; a few, a little
few和little表示没有多少，含否定意义；而a few 和a little表示有一些，有几个，含肯定意义。另外，few、a few 修饰可数名词；little、a little修饰不可数名词。它们在句中常用作定语、主语和宾语。
each和every
each（各个），指两个或两个以上的人或物，侧重个体，在句中作主语、宾语、定语和同位语。every（每个），指三个或三个以上的人或物，侧重整体，在句中只能作定语。 Every student it our class has a dictionary.(定语，强调班上“所有的人”) Each student in our class has a dictionary.（定语，强调各个个体） Each of them has been there.（主语） The teacher gave each of the students a new textbook.（宾语） We each got a ticket.（同位语）
either和neither
either是“两者中任何一个”的意思，可修饰或代替单数可数名词，neither是“两者中没有一个”的意思，可以修饰或代替单数可数名词，它们可在句在作主语、宾语或定语。如： Here are two pens. You may take either of them.(宾语) Neither boy knows French.(定语)
Other, others ,the other, the others 和 another
the other表示“两者中的另一个”；
other意思是“其他的”，不能单独使用，后面必须接名词，表泛指；others可指其他的人或东西，相当于other+名词复数；
the others特指其他某些人或物，相当于the other+名词复数。
another修饰或代替单数可数名词，意为“（三个或三个以上的）另一个”，不能指两者中的另一个，在句中可作宾语和定语。
He got two books; one is textbook, the other is a novel. Five of the pencils are red, the others(the other pens)are yellow. Some students are singing, others (other students)are dancing. Please give me another book.
6．相互代词：each other用于两者或两者以上；one another用于三者或三者以上，在现代英语中它们可通用。
7．疑问代词：what指事或物，不强调范围；who(whom，whose)指人；which既可指人也可指物，但强调范围。
8．关系代词：what，who，whom，whose，which，that，as，
The Use of “it”
代词
it
引导词
it
It句型的归纳
Sentences With “it”
1 用作人称代词，代替前文提到过的事物
My pen is missing. I can’t find it anywhere.
---Who is knocking at the door
--- It’s me.
Jack is ill. Have you heard about it
代词 --- it
2 用以代替指示代词this, that
--- What’s this
--- Whose exercise-book is that
--- It’s hers.
代词 --- it
--- It’s a flag.
3 表示时间、天气、距离
季节、 环境、情况等
It’s time for lunch.
When spring comes, it gets warmer
and warmer.
It’s about two hours from here to the zoo.
It’s winter now.
It was very quiet (noisy) at the moment.
代词 --- it
1 作形式主语，代替由不定式（或不定式复合结构）、动名词或从句表示的真正主语。
It is exciting to find an ancient tomb. (代替不定式)
It was wrong for you not to help her. (代替不定式复合结构)
It is believed that this man found in the grave was from a rich family.（代替主语从句）
引导词
2．作形式宾语，代替由不定式、动名词或从句表示的真正宾语。
He feels it his duty to help others.
We thought it no use doing that.
I find it difficult to solve the problem.
引导词
3．用在强调结构中。为了强调句子的某一成分（通常是主语、宾语、或地点状语或时间状语），常用强调结构 “It is (was) + 被强调成分+ that (或who) …”
I saw Li Ping in the street yesterday.
引导词
It was I that / who saw Li Ping
in the street this morning.
It was Li Ping that I saw in the street
this morning.
It was in the street that I saw Li Ping
this morning.
It was yesterday that I saw Li Ping
in the street.
it --- 强调结构
引导词 --- it
强调not until结构时将此结构置于It is (was) … that…句型中， that后接肯定式。
I didn’t go to bed until I had finished
my homework last night.
It was …
that …
not until I had finished my homework last night
I went to bed.
1. It + be + adj. + of sb. + 不定式
sb. + be + adj. + 不定式
It is very kind of you to help us.
( = You are kind to help us. )
It’s cruel of him to kill that animal.
Sentences With “It” (It句型的归纳)
clever, bright, foolish, stupid, silly, wise, careful, careless, rude, impolite, nice, right, wrong, silly, good, brave, honest ,etc.
2. It + be + adj. + for sb. +to do
It is difficult for us to learn English.
It is important for her to come to the party.
常见的形容词有： important， necessary， natural easy ， common ， normal ， hard ， difficult ， dangerous ， unusual， rare ， impossible ， pleasant ,etc.
3. It + takes + sb. + some time +to do
表示“做某事花费某人多长时间”
It took him some time to find the elephant.
sb. + spend + some time + (in) doing
He spent some time (in) finding the elephant.
4. It costs + sb. + some money +to do
sth. cost + sb. + some money sb. spend + some money + on + sth. sb. pay + some money + for sth. sb. buy + sth. + for + some money
5. It is + no use + 动名词
It is no use regretting your past mistakes.
It is no use crying over split milk.
It is no good learning English without speaking English.
能以动名词作主语的这类句子并不多，主要在以no good, no use, useless, worthwhile, 等词作表语的句子中用。
6. It + be + adj. /n. + that-clause
It is very clear that he’s tall like a tree.
It is a pity that she has made such a mistake.
Adj:obvious, necessary，right，strange， natural, true
N:a fact, a shame, an honor, no wonder
7. It + be + 过去分词 + that-clause
It is said that he has been ill for years.
适用于这种句型的动词有
report, announce, decide, learn, expect, arrange, suggest, etc.
He is said to have been ill for years.
8. It + looks as if / seems + that-clause
It seems that they are talking.
用于这种句型的动词
happen, turn out, appears等
It happened that she was not at home.
It turned out that he was Bush’s father.
It looks as if he is ill.
9. It is the first ( second ... ) time that ...
该句型中的 that 从句用完成时态。至于用什么完成时态，由主句的谓语动词的时态决定。如果是一般现在时，后面从句用现在完成时态；如果是一般过去时，后面从句则用过去完成时态，
It is the first time I have been here. = This is the first time I have been here.
It was the first time I had been here.
10. It + be + time + for
It + be + time + (for sb.) + to do
It + be + time + that
表示“该做某事了”
It is time for supper.
It is time (for us ) to have supper.
It is time that we had supper.
that从句中要用虚拟语气
It’s time that this problem was / should be solved
高中英语语法复习专题之
介词
早、午、晚要用in
例：in the morning 在早上
in the afternoon 在下午
in the evening 在晚上
in the day 在白天
at黎明、午、夜、点与分
例: at dawn, at daybreak 在黎明时候
at noon 在中午 at dusk 在黄昏
at night 在夜间 at midnight 在午夜
at nine fifteen 在9点15分
at ten thirty a.m. 在上午10点30分
年、月、年月、季节、周,
阳光、灯、影、衣、冒雨 in，
在“某年”，在“某月”，在“某年某月” (但在某年某月某 日则用on)，在四季，在第几周等都要用in。
即在阳光下，在灯下，在树阴下，穿衣、着装、冒雨等都要用in。
将来时态in...以后
They will come back in 10 days.
他们将10天以后回来。
Come and see me in two days' time.
两天后来看我。(从现在开始)
after... (从过去开始)
小处at大处in
有形with无形by，语言 、单位、材料in
The teacher is correcting the paper with a new pen. 这位教师正用一支新笔批改论文。(有形)
"Taking Tiger Mountain by Strategy" is a good opera. <<智取威虎山>>是—出好戏。(无形)
表示某种语言用in :In Chinese
表示度、量、衡单位的用in : in meter
表示材料用in :in bronze
特征、方面与方式、心情、成语惯用in
The Democratic Party was in power then.
那时民主党执政。特征
He has not been in good health for some years. 他几年来身体一直不好。特征
A good teacher must be an example in study. 一个好的教师必须是学习的模范。方面
in a good humour 心情(情绪)好 心情
介词at、to表方向，
攻击、位置、善、恶、分
介词at和to都可以表示方向; 用at表示方向时，侧重于攻击的目标，往往表示恶意；
用to表示方向时，突出运动的位置或动作的对象，侧重表示善意。
A．She came at me. 她向我扑过来。
B．She came to me. 她向我走过来。
日子、日期、年月日，
星期，年月日加上早午晚; 以下皆用on。
on October the first 1949 1949年10月1日
on Saturday afternoon 星期六下午
on the morning of 18th 18日早晨
收音、农场，值日on
on the radio 从收音机里
on TV 从电视里
on a farm 在农场
on duty 值日
关于、基础、靠、著论
Professor Shen will give us a talk on travelling in America.
申教授将给我们做关于美国之行的报告。
Theory must be based on practice. 理论必须以实践为基础。
The people in the south live on rice. 南方人主食大米。(靠)
On Reading 论读书
着、罢、出售、偷、公、假，
故意、支付，相反、准
注：“着”是指着火，罢指罢工，偷指偷偷地，公指出差、办公事；假指休假，准指准时。
步行、驴、马、玩笑on， cab，carriage用in
at山脚、门口在当前，
速、温、日落价核心
即在山脚下、在门口、在目前，速度、以……速率、温度、在日落时、在……核心要用at。
工具、同、和、随with，
具有，独立、就、原因
With the development of science and technology,more and more people can use computer to communicate with others.
China is a very large country with a long history. 中国是一个历史悠久的大国。(具有)
What is the matter with you
怎么回事 (就，关于)
With the help of my classmate
就......来说宾译主，对、有、方状
这里的with后边的宾语常译成主语。
What's wrong with your eyes 你的眼睛怎么啦
The doctor was very patient with his patients. 那位医生对患者非常耐心。(对)
He was sitting in a chair with his hands folded. 他两手交叉在胸前坐在椅子上。(状语)独立结构
海、陆、空、车、偶、被by，
单数人类known to man
例: by land (air, sea, water, bus) 陆路(航空，水陆，水路，乘公共汽车)
by chance 偶然 by accident 偶然，
It is known to man ... 众所周知...
这里用to man而不用by。即当单数又无冠词的man和known搭配时，表示人类不用by。
this，that，tomorrow，yesterday，next, last, one 接年、月、季、星期、周，介词省略已习惯
over, under正上下
above, below则不然
低高below与above
The plane flew above the city. 飞机飞过城市上空。（高于城市并非正上方)
A lamp was hanging over the table. 一盏灯是在方桌上方。(正上方)
The temperature in the room is below (or under) 30℃. 室温是摄氏30度以下。(数量词两者皆可)
beyond超出、无、不能 ,
against 靠着，对与反
It's quite beyond me (It is more than I can understand). 这我完全不懂。
beyond my control
She leaned wearily against the railings. 她疲惫地靠着栏杆站着。(靠着)
besides, except分内外，
among之内along沿
同类比较except，加for异类记心间。
He‘s composition is good, except for some spelling mistakes. 他的这篇作文写得很好，只是有几处拼写错误。
(非同类比较用except for)
原状because of, owing to,
due to表语形容词
AII our achievements are due to the correct leadership of our Party. 我们的一切成绩都归功于党。 (due to做表语形容词)
under后接修、建中，of，from物化分
before, after 表一点，
ago, later表示一段
即before, after常表示一个点的时间状语，晚饭前 before supper
而ago，later常表示一段的时间状语。
一分钟前 a minute ago
before可接完成时，ago过去级有限
这时的before是连词(也可做介词)
I had studied French for four months before I came here. 我来这儿以前就已学了四个月法语了。 (before接完成时)
He fell ill three days ago. 他病了三天了。(ago则只能接动词过去式，同时注意瞬间动词的问题。)
since以来during间
与之相比beside, 除了last but one。
即beside的一般用法是“在......旁边”, 但还有“和......相比”等特殊用法。
除了last but one，即but多指“除了”的意思，也有“倒数第几”的意思。last but one即不是最后一个。
I haven't told anybody but one.
Look at the last page but one. 请看倒数第2页。
复不定for、找，价，原，对，给，段，去，为，作，赞
复不定for，即用for引出的不定式复合结构，也就是for加名(代)加不定式；找，意为找到，提供; 价，意为价格、工资；原，意为原因；段，意为时间或距离; 去，意为去某地或开往某地；作，意为作为; 赞，意为赞成(用于系表结构。)
快到、对、向towards，
It's getting on towards the end of term now. 现在已快到学期未了。(快到)
but for 否定用虚拟，复合介词待后言。
but for是“若不是”的意思。
But for our great Communist Party, we could never have today's happiness. 若没有伟大的共产党，我们决不会有今天的幸福生活。
but for将在虚拟语气中详讲。
ing型由于、鉴，除了，除外与包含。
之后，关于，在……方面，有关介词须记全。
considering 由于；
respecting鉴于:
excepting 除了：
including包含：
regarding 关于：相当于about
concerning 有关：
2. 时间名词前所用介词的速记歌
年月周前要用in，日子前面却不行。 遇到几号要用on，上午下午又是in。 要说某日上下午，用on换in才能行。 午夜黄昏须用at，黎明用它也不错。 at也用在明分前，说“差”可要用上to， 说“过”只可使用past，多说多练牢牢记， 莫让岁月空蹉跎。
Conjunction
连词概说
作用：用来连接连接词、词组、句子或从句的词。
并列连词
从属连词
一、并列连词
1.表示平行或对等关系的并列连词：
and, as well as, “和” ；
both…and… “…和…两个都”；
not only…but also… “不但…而且…”
neither…nor… “既不…也不…” 等。
They work and live in Shenzhen.
He is a scientist as well as a poet.
A man should have both courage and perseverance.
He can neither read nor write.
He is not only clever but also diligent.
She plays not only the piano, but （also） the guitar.
not only… but also 关联两个分句时，如果是not only在句首，第一个句子必须倒装。
他不但喜欢读小说，还会写一些。
Not only does he like reading novels, but also he can write some.
2. 表示转折关系的并列连词：
but “但是”； however “然而”； while “而”；
yet “然而”； nevertheless “然而” 等。
He worked hard, but he failed at last.
I’d like to go with you. However, my hands are full.
She failed many times.Nevertheless, she went on with experiment.
This is a glorious yet difficult task.
Some people like coffee, while other like tea.
3. 表示选择关系的并列连词：
or “或者”； either…or… “要么…要么…” whether...or等。
We will die without air or water.
不是你对，就是我对。
Either you or I am right.
Whether he will come or not is still unknown.
Summary: (主谓一致)
1.and, both…and, 连接两个并列主语时，谓语一般用复数。
2.not only…but also, 连接两个并列主语时，谓语一般以靠近谓语的主语为准——就近一致原则。用到就近一直原则的连词还有：or, nor, either…or, neither…nor等
3.as well as, 连接两个并列主语时，谓语一般和第一个主语一致——就远一致原则。用到这个原则的连词还有：with, together with, along with等。
二.从属连词是用来引导连接主句和从句的连词。
分为引导名词性从句的连词和引导状语
从句的连词。
1. 引导名词性的从句
(1). that
(2). 连接代词 who, whom, which, what
(3). 连接副词 when, where,how,why,whether
2. 引导状语从句的连词
(1). 时间: when, while, as 当…时
when+瞬间,延续性动词
while+延续性动词
as+瞬间,延续性动词 “随着”
till/until, once, as soon as(一…就),
(2). 原因:
because, for, as, since, therefore, so, etc.
because 语气最重，引导的原因一般回答why提出的问题，它是句子重心所在。
For是并列连词，所说明的原因只是一种补充说明，它引导的分句一般不能放在句首。
as引导的从句表示明显为人所知的理由或不如句子其余部分重要，它一般放于句首，也可放在主句之后，常用语口语中，语气较because, since弱。
since与as意思相近，语气较as强，也较正式些，一般放在句末，也可放在句首。
Mary was absent, because she was ill.
It must have been rained last night, for the ground is wet.
Since you’re ill, you don’t have to go to school today.
As all the seats were full, she had to stand there for 2 hours.
Mother is busy so I often help her.
It rained.Therefore, the football match was postponed.
(3). 让步: though/ although不与but连用.
as(尽管), even if/ though (即使)
尽管天气冷,可他仍继续工作.
Though it was cold, he went on working.
= Cold as it is , he went on working.
形容词
定义 :adjective 简称adj.形容词用来修饰名词或代词, 表示人或事物的性质, 状态,和特征。
用法 :形容词在句中作定语, 表语, 补语。
（1）放在名词前做定语。
She is a good student
Mary is an honest, hardworking girl.
（2）放在系动词之后作表语。
This film is very interesting.
She looks younger than her age.
（3）放在宾语后作宾语补足语。
We painted the wall white.
His coming made us happy.
形容词的位置
1修饰some, any, every, no和body, thing,one等构成的复合不定代词时形容词放在名词后面。
nobody absent, everything possible
2有最高级或only修饰的名词以-able, -ible结尾的形容词可置于之后
the best book available,
3 alive, alike, awake, aware, asleep等可以后置
the person awake
4 用 and 或 or 连接起来的两个形容词作定语时一般把它们放在被修饰的名词后面。 Everybody,old and young, should attend the meeting.
多个形容词修饰同一个名词的顺序：
形容词的比较级和最高级
1)单音节词和部分双音节词的比较级和最高级形式是在词尾加 -er 和 -est 构成。 great (原级) greater(比较级) greatest(最高级)
2) 以 -e 结尾的单音节形容词的比较级和最高级是在词尾加 -r 和 -st 构成。 wide (原级) wider (比较级) widest (最高级)
fine,late
3) 辅音字母-y 结尾的形容词的比较级和最高级是把 -y 去掉,加上 -ier 和-est 构成. happy (原形) happier (比较级) happiest (最高级) early
4) 以一个辅音字母结尾其前面的元音字母发短元音的形容词的比较级和最高级是双写该辅音字母然后再加 -er和-est。 big (原级) bigger (比较级) biggest (最高级)
5 ) 以 -er, -ow, -ble, -ple 结尾的双音节词，加-er 或-est
clever cleverer cleverest
多音节词和部分双音节词的形容词的比较级和最高级需用more 和 most 加在形容词前面来构成。
不
规
则
变
化
beautiful
big
easy
wide
clean
clever
pretty
hot
more beautiful most beautiful
bigger biggest
easier easiest
wider widest
cleaner cleanest
cleverer cleverest
prettier prettiest
hotter hottest
bad/ill
many/much
little
far
difficult
cheap
important
exciting
interesting
worse worst
more most
less least
farther\further farthest\furthest
more difficult most difficult
cheaper cheapest
more important most important
more exciting most exciting
more interesting most interesting
形容词比较级的用法:
主语+谓语(系动词)+ 形容词比较级+than+ 对比成分。
我们的老师比我们的高。
Our teacher is taller than we are.
今天比昨天暖和。
It is warmer today than it was yesterday.
形容词最高级的用法:
她是班上最好的学生。
She is the best student in her class.
上海是中国最大城市之一。
Shanghai is one of the biggest cities in China.
这是我见到的最大的苹果。
This is the biggest apple I have ever met.
几个特殊用法:
“The+形容词比较级..., the+形容词比较级...”表示 “ 越... 就越...”。 越多越好。
The more, the better.
你学的越多, 就知道的越多。
The more you learn, the more you know.
我越有就越想要有。
The more I have, the more I want.
" 形容词比较级 + and + 形容词比较级 ", 表示 " 越来越... "。
天气越来越热了.
It‘s getting hotter and hotter.
他越来越穷了。
He is getting poorer and poorer.
主语+谓语(系动词)+as+形容词原形+as+从句。表示两者对比相同。
这个盒子和我的一样大。
This box is as big as mine.
这件衣服同那件衣服一样便宜。
This coat is as cheap as that one.
用形容词表示类别和整体
他经常帮助穷人。
He always helps the poor.
我喜欢同年轻人谈话。
I like to have a talk with the young.
以-ly结尾的形容词
大部分形容词词加-ly可构成副词。但 friendly，deadly，lovely，lonely，likely，lively，ugly，brotherly，仍为形容词。
有些以-ly 结尾的词既为形容词，也为副词。daily，weekly，monthly，yearly，early
more…than…有时表示“与其说…, 倒不如说…”
与其说他聪明,不如说他勤奋
He is more diligent than wise.
与其说他是一位老师,不如说更像一位朋友
He is more a friend than a teacher.
“no+比较级+than…”和“not +比较级+than…”所表示的意思不相同, 前者表示“和…一样不…”(即两者都不…), 后者表示“不比…更… ”(仅否定前者, 即表示前者不如后者)
His English is no better than mine.
(两人的英语都不好)
His English is not better than mine.
他的英语不如我的英语好(仅否定 “他的英语”)
He is no taller than me.
He is not taller than me.
有时用比较级表示最高级的意思, 如:
She can’t be more beautiful.
He works harder than the other students in his class.
He works harder than any other student in his class.
副词
副词adverbs缩写 adv.，是用来修饰或说明动词、形容词或其他副词的词类。说明时间、地点、程度、方式等概念。
如：often经常，there那里，very很，slowly慢慢地
（一）定义
（二）副词的分类
副词分类
例词
时间副词
地点副词
方式副词
程度副词
now, then, often,
early, never
still,rather,much,
hardly
well,slowly,hard,badly
there,here,below,above
关系副词
疑问副词
连接副词
其他副词
also,not,only,too
when,where,why,
whether
how,when,where,why
when,where,why
1、本身即为副词，如
now, rather, very, there ,
how, when , too等
2、与形容词形式相同的副词，
如:
early, high, wide, deep等
（三）副词的构成
3、由“形容词+ly”构成副词，如：
slow---slowly
quick---quickly
brave---bravely
clear---clearly
形容詞轉變為副詞的方式
第一種: 形容詞和副詞相同, 例如:
early late fast
第二種: 在形容詞尾加上 ly
active
bad
beautiful
careful
actively
badly
beautifully
carefully
cold
coldly
quick
quickly
sad
sadly
safe
safely
形容詞轉變為副詞的方式
第三種: 形容詞是辅音+y结尾,把y改 i+ly,例如:
easy
easily
happy
happily
heavy
heavily
hungry
hungrily
lucky
luckily
第四種: 形容詞辅音e结尾, 去掉e, +y. 例如: comfortable comfortably
4、一些形容词本身即可做副词，
而加ly之后也为副词，但意义
不同,如：
late晚，迟------lately最近
close亲密地------closely
亲密地，严密地
（四）副词在句中的作用
1、做状语
1）修饰动词，如：
It’s raining heavily.
雨下得很大
2）修饰形容词，如：
It’s rather a difficult job.
这是一项相当难的工作。
3）修饰其他副词，如：
Don’t ride too fast.
不要骑得太快。
4）修饰介词短语
Where is the broom
扫帚在哪里
5) 修饰从句
This exactly what he said.
这正是他所说的.
6) 修饰名词,代词及数词,如:
Life here is full of joy.
2.做表语(一般位于系动词之后)
The class is over.
下课了。
3.做介词宾语
Who is calling me from downstairs
谁在楼下喊我？
4.做定语
(1)做定语放于被修饰动词之后,
如:
Are you content with the life here
(2)quite,such修饰名词时,放在修
饰词之前,如:
He spent quite a long
time there.
5.做补语
We were shown around
by the young man.
副词的比较级和最高级用法同形容词的比较级用法基本一样。但是，开放类副词即以后缀ly结尾的副词不能像形容词那样加er或?est，如
quickly →more quickly →most quickly quietly →more quietly →most quietly 〔注〕： early中的?ly不是后缀，故可以把?y变?i再加?er和?est
最高级形式句中 the 可以省略。
also 一般置于系动词之后，行为动词之前或句末，too通常置于句末。either只能用于否定句，而且必须置于句末
He is a technician. I am also a technician.
He is a technician. I am a technician, too.他是（个）技术员。我也是（个）技术员。
I don't know. You don't know, either 我不知道。你也不知道吗？
动词
根据其在句中的功能，动词可分为四类，
实义动词（Notional Verb） make,
系动词（Link Verb）
助动词（Auxiliary Verb）
情态动词（Modal Verb）
系动词亦称联系动词它本身有词义，但不能单独用作谓语，后边必须跟表语构成系表结构说明主语的状况、性质、特征等情况。
1）状态系动词 用来表示主语状态，只有be一词，
2）持续系动词 用来表示主语继续或保持一种状况或态度，主要有keep, remain, stay,
3）表像系动词 用来表示"看起来像"这一概念，主要有seem, appear, look,
4）感官系动词 感官系动词主要有feel, smell, sound, taste
5）变化系动词 这些系动词表示主语变成什么样，主要有become, get
助动词
协助主要动词构成谓语动词词组的词叫助动词（Auxiliary Verb）。最常用的助动词有：be, have, do, shall, will, should, would等
助动词
1. 助动词be的用法 1） be +现在分词，构成进行时态。例如： They are having a meeting. 他们正在开会。 English is becoming more and more important. 英语现在越来越重要。 2） be + 过去分词，构成被动语态。例如： The window was broken by Tom.. 窗户是汤姆打碎的。 English is taught throughout the world. 世界各地都教英语。
3） be + 动词不定式，可表示下列内容： a. 表示最近、未来的计划或安排。例如： He is to go to New York next week.. 他下周要去纽约。 We are to teach the freshmen. 我们要教新生。 说明： 这种用法也可以说成是一种将来时态表达法。 b. 表示命令。例如： You are to explain this. 对此你要做出解释。 He is to come to the office this afternoon. 要他今天下午来办公室。
c. 征求意见。例如： How am I to answer him 我该怎样答复他？ Who is to go there 谁该去那儿呢？ d. 表示相约、商定。例如： We are to meet at the school gate at seven tomorrow morning. 我们明天早晨7点在校门口集合。
2. 助动词have/has的用法 1）have +过去分词，构成完成时态。例如： He has left for London. 他已去了伦敦。 By the end of last month, they had finished half of their work. 上月未为止，他们已经完成工作的一半。 2）have + been +现在分词，构成完成进行时。例如： I have been studying English for ten years. 我一直在学英语，已达十年之久。 3）have +been +过去分词，构成完成式被动语态。例如： English has been taught in China for many years. 中国教英语已经多年。
3.助动词do 的用法 1）构成一般疑问句。例如： Do you want to pass the CET 你想通过大学英语测试吗？ Did you study German 你们学过德语吗？ 2）do + not 构成否定句。例如： I do not want to be criticized. 我不想挨批评。 He doesn't like to study. 他不想学习。 In the past, many students did not know the importance of English. 过去，好多学生不知道英语的重要性。 3） 构成否定祈使句。例如： Don't go there. 不要去那里。 Don't be so absent-minded. 不要这么心不在焉。 说明： 构成否定祈使句只用do，不用did和does。
4）放在动词原形前，加强该动词的语气。例如： Do come to my birthday party. 一定来参加我的生日宴会。 I did go there. 我确实去那儿了。 I do miss you. 我确实想你。 5）用于倒装句。例如： Never did I hear of such a thing. 我从未听说过这样的事情。 Only when we begin our college life do we realize the importance of English. 进了大学以后，我们才认识到英语的重要性。 说明： 引导此类倒装句的副词有never, seldom, rarely, little, only, so, well等。 6）用作代动词。例如： ---- Do you like Beijing --你喜欢北京吗？ ---- Yes, I do. --是的，喜欢。（do用作代动词，代替like Beijing.） He knows how to drive a car, doesn't he 他知道如何开车，对吧？
4. 助动词shall和will的用法 shall和will作为助动词可以与动词原形一起构成一般将来时。例如： I shall study harder at English. 我将更加努力地学习英语。 He will go to Shanghai. 他要去上海。 说明：在过去的语法中，语法学家说shall用于第一人称，will 只用于第二、第三人称。现在，尤其是在口语中，will常用于第一人称，但shall只用于第一人称，如用于第二、第三人称，就失去助动词的意义，已变为情态动词，试比较: He shall come. 他必须来。（shall有命令的意味。） He will come. 他要来。（will只与动词原形构成一般将来时。）
5.助动词should, would的用法 1）should无词义，只是shall的过去形式，与动词原形构成过去将来时，只用于第一人称。例如： I telephoned him yesterday to ask what I should do next week. 我昨天给他打电话，问他我下周干什么。 比较："What shall I do next week " I asked. "我下周干什么？"我问道。 可以说，shall变成间接引语时，变成了should。 2） would也无词义，是will的过去形式，与动词原形构成过去将来时，用于第二、第三人称。例如： He said he would come. 他说他要来。 比较："I will go," he said. 他说："我要去那儿。"变成间接引语，就成了He said he would come。原来的will变成would，go变成了come.。
从高考看英语情态动词用法
一 表示能力,陈述事实
Can，could, be able to
1、 can (could)，用在现在时和过去式中，其他时态要用be able to的形式 Black holes ______ not be seen directly, so determining the number of them is a tough task.(2006上海)
A can B should C must D need
You know he is not going to let us leave early if we ______ get the work done. (2006上海)
A can’t B may not C shouldn’t D mustn’t
Peter ______ be really difficult sometimes even though he is a nice person in general.(2008辽宁)
A shall B should C can D need
【答案】A A C
2、 Was/were able to 可以表示成功做成某事的含义 【例】With our help, he was able to build the house. 在我们的帮助下，他得以建成这座房子。
Jimmy could talk for hours without getting tired. But last night he was not able to utter a word for he got a boil in his tongue.
Jimmy可以滔滔不绝地说上好几个小时。但是昨天他一个字也说不出来，因为舌头上长了个泡。
二 表示请求或许可
Can，could
这两个词可以用于所有人称，只是Could 比 Can 更加客气。
【例】Could I have a word with you, please
我能跟你说点事吗？
will and would
这两个词专属第二人称，只是would 比will 更客气委婉。
【例】Close the door when you leave, will you
离开时记得关门，好么？
Would you mind closing the window It’s cold here.
麻烦关一下窗好么？这里冷得很。
--Write to me when you get there.
--________.(2001全国春)
A I must B I should C I will D I can
【答案】C
Shall
Shall表建议时用于第一第三人称
--The room is dirty. ______ we clean it
--Of course. (2003北京春)
A Will B Shall C Would D Do
【答案】B
三 表示推测或可能性:
这种情况下，情态动词后面接的动词，分以下两种情况：
对现在的推测：情态动词+动词原形
对过去的推测：情态动词+动词的完成式（即have done）
Can, could
常用于否定句和疑问句 My English-Chines dictionary has disappeared. Who _____ have taken it (2003上海春)
A should B must C could D would
You ______ be hungry already—you had lunch only two hours ago! (2008浙江)
A wouldn’t B can’t C mustn’t D needn’t
【答案】C B
may and might
这一组词表示轻微的推测，说话人不是很肯定，might比may不肯定的语气更加强烈。 You might just as well tell the manufacturer that male customers ____ not like the design of the furniture. (2004上海春)
A must B shall C may D need
Although this ______ sound like a simple task, great care is needed.（2008四川）
A must B may C shall D should
Liza ____ well not want to go on the trip—she hates travelling.(2008全国Ⅱ)
A will B can C must D may
【答案】C B D
must
表示推测，意思非常肯定 --Guess what! I have got A for my term paper.
--Great! You _____ read widely and put a lot of work in it.(2007上海)
A must B should C must have D should have
【答案】C
Should， ought to(表示如果不这样，有点不合常理之意) There _____ be any difficulty about passing the road test since you have practiced a lot in the driving school. (2005上海)
A mustn’t B shan’t C shouldn’t D needn’t
【答案】C
四 表示必须
Must， have to
可以互换，只不过have to有多种时态。同时，两个词的否定式意义有区别，Mustn’t 表示禁止，Don’t have to表示不必要，等于needn’t。
According to the local regulation, anyone who intends to take a driver’s license ____ take an eye test. (2005上海春)
A can B must C would D may
When I was young, I was told that I ______ play with matches. (2008上海春)
A wouldn’t B needn’t C mustn’t D daren’t
The boss has given everyone a special holiday, so we _______ go to work tomorrow. (2007上海春)
A can’t B mustn’t C needn’t D shouldn’t
--What do you think we can do for our aged parents
--You ________ do anything except to be with them and be yourself.(2007重庆)
A don’t have to B oughtn’t to C mustn’t D can’t
【答案】B C C A
Must 提问的肯定回答用must,否定回答不能用Mustn’t，而要用Don’t have to或needn’t --Must he come to sign this paper himself
--Yes, he ____.
A need B must C may D will
【答案】B
五 表示祝愿
Wish you all the best! 祝万事如意。 May you succeed! 祝你马到功成！
May you two live happily ever after! 希望你们两人幸福美满！
六 情态动词分组对比
shall, should ，ought to 1、情态动词中有三个词表示强烈的语气，一个是前面说的must,一个就是这里说的shall（第三个是should,在后文中会提到）。
It has been announced that candidates _______ remain in their seats until all the papers has been collected. (2002上海)
A can B will C may D shall
【答案】D
2、should 表示劝告，建议 = ought to 应该
According to the air traffic rules, you ________ switch off your mobile phone before boarding. (2008上海)
A may B can C would D should
Oh, I’m not feeling well in the stomach. I _____ so much fried chicken just now. (2002上海春)
A shouldn’t eat B mustn’t have eaten
C shouldn’t have eaten D mustn’t eat
【答案】D C
3、should还可以表示说话人的感情，如惊奇、愤怒、失望等，表示“竟然”。 You can’t imagine that well-behaved gentleman____ be so rude to a lady.(2001上海)
A migh B need C should D would
【答案】D
Would, used to
表示过去的习惯性动作 Would 只能用来表示重复的动作而不能表示状态,常跟过去的具体时间连用； Used to 既可表示动作也可表示状态, 而且强调现在已经不这么做了 When he was working in the suburban area, he would go into town for shopping every weekend.
当他在郊区工作的时候，他常常周末到城里购物。
He used to be a nice man. But now he is addicted to alcohol and beats his wife.
他以前是个不错的人。但是现在，他成了个酒鬼，还打老婆。
need ， dare 这两个词，既可以作情态动词，又可以作实意动词。作为情态动词，两者都只能用于疑问句，否定句和条件句。
作实义动词，不能直接加动词原形，要加不定式符号to She needs to do it.
I dare to do it.
作情态动词，直接加动词原形。 I dare not do it. I need not do it.
need作情态动词，表示“有必要”，多用于疑问句和否定句 --What sort of house do you want to have Something big
--Well, it _____ be big—that’s not important.(2008陕西)
A mustn’t B needn’t C can’t D won’t
As you worked late yesterday, you ______ have come this morning. (2006陕西)
A mayn’t B can’t C mustn’t D needn’t
【答案】B D
need作实义动词，表示“必须，需要”
You need to tell us the truth.你必须讲实话。 The car needs repairing. 车子要修了。
The door needs to be repaired immediately. A thief might break in. 这扇门必须马上修好，否则小偷会进来的。
相关练习：
1 John promised his doctor he ______ not smoke, and he has never smoked ever since. (2008北京)
A might B should C could D would
2 --What’s the name
--Kuhulaifi. _______ I spell that for you (2006北京)
A Shall B Would C Can D Might
3 –The woman biologist stayed in Africa studying wild animals for 13 years before she returned.
--Oh, dear! She _______ a lot of difficulties!(2005江苏)
A may go through B might go through
C ought to have gone through D must have gone through
4 The World Wide Web is sometimes jokingly called the World Wide Wait because it _______ be very slow. (2005浙江)
A should B must C will D can
5 –Do you know where David is I couldn’t find him anywhere.
--Well. He _______ have gone far—his coat’s still here. (2005湖北)
A shouldn’t B mustn’t C can’t D wouldn’t
6 –Could I have a word with you, Mum
--Oh, dear, if you _____ .(2006浙江)
A can B must C may D should
7 Although this _____ sound like a simple task, great care is needed.(2008四川)
A must B may C shall D should
8 –Excuse me, but I want to use your computer to type a report.
--You ______ have my computer if you don’t take care of it. (2004湖南)
A shan’t B might not C needn’t D shouldn’t
【答案】D A D D
A B B A
非谓语动词 在英语中，动词不定式、动名词和分词（包括现在分词和过去分词）可以出现在句子中除谓语以外的任何一个位置上，充当句子的主语、宾语、表语、定语、状语、补语等成分，这些动词形式称为非谓语动词。 非谓语动词主要的句法功能一览表： 非谓语动词 功能 主语 宾语 表语 定语 状语 补语 不定式 √ √ √ √ √ √ 动名词 √ √ √ √ 分词 √ √ √ √ Ⅰ).
作主语----doing/ to do： ⒈ 没有多大区别。动词原形不能在句中作主语 To see is to believe 百闻不如一见。=Seeing is believing. ⒉ doing抽象笼统的一般行为 to do具体的特别是将来的动作 Smoking is bad for health. 吸烟对人身体有害。 （笼统地谈吸烟问题） To finish the job in two days is impossible. 要在两天之内完成这项工作是不可能的。（具体地谈这项工作） ⒊ it用形式主语于句首常用不定式置于句尾 * It is /was + adj./ n. /-ed +to do * It is no use/good/a waste of time + doing sth. It is impossible to finish the job in two days. It is no good/ use having a car if you can’t drive.如果你不会开车，有车也没用。 It is a waste of time watching TV. 看电视是浪费时间。 ⒋ There is no…句型中，常用doing作主语。 There is no saying what will happen. 无法估计将会发生什么事。 There is no use making an excuse for this.为这事编造借口没用。
Ⅱ). 作宾语-------doing/ to do： ⒈ 有些及物动词后面只能接doing作宾语，不能接不定式，常见的有： void 避免/ miss错过/ postpone 推迟/ suggest 建议/ finish 完成/ practise练习/ enjoy 喜欢/ imagine 想象/ can’t help禁不住/ admit 承认/ deny 否认/ envy 嫉妒/escape 逃脱/ risk 冒险/ forgive 原谅/ stand 忍受/ keep保持/ mind 介意/ appreciate 感激,赞赏/ consider 认为/ delay 耽误/ detest 讨厌/ miss 想念/ resist 抵抗/ understand 理解/ feel like想要 I’m sorry I missed seeing you while in Shanghai.很遗憾，我在上海时没看到你。 He suggested discussing the problem at the class meeting. 他建议在班会上讨论这个问题。 Would you mind closing the window 你介意把窗户关上吗？ Will you admit having broken the window 你承不承认打破了窗户了？ He avoided giving us a definite answer.他避免给我们一个肯定的回答。 I was afraid to let the boy risk climbing the tree.我不敢让这个男孩冒险爬那棵树。 I couldn’t help crying when I heard the news.听到这个消息我不禁哭起来。 ⒉有些动词后面只能跟to do作宾语，不能接动名词，如：wish, hope, expect, offer, manage, decide, refuse, agree, pretend, promise, seem, fail I don’t wish to be disturbed in my work.我不愿在工作中被打搅。 We managed to get there in time.我们设法及时到了那里。 He pretended to be reading a book.他假装在读书。 They promised to get up early.他们答应早起床。 He refused to do that job.他拒绝做那工作。
⒊ 有些动词后面既可以接动名词，也可以接不定式作宾语，其意义基本一样，如： begin, start, continue, like, love, dislike, hate, prefer, can’t stand, 但like, love 和would 或should 连用时，接不定式作宾语。 例 句 解 析 1. It began to rain. It began raining. 2. It was beginning to snow. 3. I love lying (to lie)on my back. 4. I like listening to music, but today I don’t like to. 5. I don’ t prefer to swim in the river now. 1. 意思无差别，但谓语动词用进行时，后面只跟不定式。 2. 表示一种倾向多接动名词作宾语，如果表示某一特定的或具体的行动，多接不定式。 ⒋有些动词后面既可接动名词又可接不定式作宾语，但意义不同。如： ⑴mean to do sth. 打算干某事mean doing 意味着… I didn’t mean to hurt you.我没打算伤害你。 Missing the bus means waiting for an hour.误了车就意味着等一个小时。 ⑵stop to do sth.停下来去做某事stop doing sth. 停止做某事 I was lost and had to stop to ask the way.我迷路了只好停下来问路。 They stopped talking.他们停止了谈话。 ⑶go on to do sth. （做完一件事之后）接着做（另一件事）go on doing sth.继续做某事 After learning history, we went on to learn geography.学完历史之后，我们接着学地理。 You shouldn’t go on living this way.你不应当继续过这样的生活了。 ⑷try to do sth. 试图做某事try doing sth.试试做某事（往往表示某种方法或方式） Let’s try knocking at the back door.咱们敲敲后边的门试试。 We tried to solve the problem.我们努力想解决这个问题。 ⑸forget, regret, remember后接to do表示尚未发生的动作，接doing表示已经发生动作。 I forgot to write him a letter.我忘了给他写信。（ 以前没写信） I forgot writing him a letter.我忘了以前曾写信给他。
（曾写过信） I remember seeing you before. 我记得以前见过你。（ 曾见过） Please remember to write to me.请记住要给我写信。 （目前还没写） I regretted speaking to them about it.我后悔跟他们讲过那件事。 （以前讲过） I regret to tell you that you didn’t pass the exam.我遗憾地告诉你，你考试没及格。 （以前没告诉过你） ⑹be used to do sth. 被用来做…be used to doing sth. 习惯于做… We are used to going to bed early.我们习惯于早睡。 Wood can be used to make paper.木材可以用来造纸。 ⑺can’t help（to）do sth. 不能帮助做某事can’t help doing sth. 不禁… We can’t help to solve the problem.我们不能帮助解决这个问题。 On hearing the news, we couldn’t help laughing. 一听到这个消息，我们忍不住大笑起来。 ⑻allow, permit, advise, forbid, consider + doing /+ sb to do We don’t allow smoking here.我们这里不允许吸烟。 We don’t allow them to smoke.我们不允许他们吸烟。 He advised having a rest.他建议休息。 He advised me to have a rest.他建议我休息。 I considered going to Canada.我考虑去加拿大。 I consider him to be honest.我认为他诚实。 ⑼need, require, want + to be done/ doing “需要（被作某种处置）” The bridge needs/ requires/ wants repairing. =The bridge needs/ requires/ wants to be repaired. 这个桥梁需要修一修了。
⒌介词（除but以外）后面的动词宾语一律用doing形式。 They are interested in singing. 他们爱好唱歌。（ 动名词singing作介词in的宾语） * but 与no, not any, all 等词连用时为介词，但其后面的动词用to do， 如果but前面有实义动词do 的任何形式，则but 后面用动词原形do He did nothing but cry. 他什么也没做，只是哭。（but 前面有实义动词did, 所以but后面要接动词原形） I had no choice but to cry. 我别无办法，只好哭。（but前面没有实义动词do,所以but后面要跟不定式形式） ⒍ “wh- + to do，这一结构可转换成该疑问词引导的从句。 It hasn’t been decided where to go. 还没决定到哪里去。（主语） I found out where to buy fruit cheaper.我找到了廉价买水果的地方。（宾语） The question is what to write about.问题是应写什么。（表语） Ⅲ. 作表语---doing/ to do/ done： ⒈ doing比较抽象笼统的一般行为 to do具体某次动作，特别是将来动作 有时两者都可以用，在意思上没多大区别。 My job is typing letters and papers. 我的工作就是打信件和文件。（打信件和文件是我日常的工作） The next step is to discuss the suggestion raised by him. 下一步将是讨论他提出的问题。 ⒉ 主表一致 当主语是doing形式时，表语一般也用doing，如主语是to do，表语一般也用to do Saving is having. =To save is to have. 节约即是收入。 （不能说Saving is to have.或To save is having.） Teaching is learning.=To teach is to learn. 教书是学习。 (不能说Teaching is to learn.或To teach is learning.)
⒊ doing作表语多表示主语所具有的特征，有时可译为“令人…的”； done作表语多表示主语所处的状态，有时可译为“感到…的”。 interesting 令人有兴趣的，有趣的 interested 感兴趣的 tiring 令人疲劳的 tired 感到疲倦的 moving 令人感动的 moved 受到感动的 exciting 令人激动的 excited 感到激动的 puzzling 令人迷惑的 puzzled 感到迷惑的 disappointing 令人失望的 disappointed 感到失望的 She felt a bit disappointed. 她感到有点失望。 The result is disappointing. 结果令人失望。 The news is exciting. 消息令人兴奋。 I was excited at the news. 听到这个消息我很兴奋。 **⒋ 过去分词作表语与被动语态的区别：(be + p.p) 被动语态表示一个动作，过去分词作表语表示主语的特点或所处的状态。如： The window is broken. 窗户打破了。（分词作表语，表示现在窗户处于破碎的状态） The window was broken by the boy. 窗户是被那个小男孩打破的。（被动语态，表窗户是被谁打破的，表动作） The book is well written. 这本书写得不错。（分词作表语，表状态） The book was written by her. 这本书是她写的。（被动语态，表动作） The tree is fallen. 树倒了。（分词作表语，表状态）
Ⅳ. 作定语----to do/ doing/ done： ⒈ to do 做后置定语，与中心词构成逻辑上的动宾关系，表示将要发生的动作或状态 I have something important to tell you. (something important 是tell you的逻辑宾语) 我有重要的事情要告诉你。 I want to get something to read during the winter vacation. （something 是read的逻辑宾语） 我想找点书在寒假读。 ** 若to do是不及物动词介词不可省略 We are looking for a paper to write on. 我们正在找写字用的纸。 I’m not sure which restaurant to eat at. 我对在哪家餐馆吃饭没有把握。 It would be a comfortable room to live in. 这房间住起来会很舒适。 ** 常用to do作定语的情况 1)名词前有序数词、最高级所修饰This is the first building to be designed by him. 这是由他设计的第一栋楼房。 They are the first to come, and the last to leave. 他们是最先来而最后离开。 He is the oldest athlete ever to win an Olympic gold medal. 他赢得奥运金牌的年龄最大的运动员。 2) 只能接to do 做宾语的动词转化的名词 ⒉ 动名词作定语表示该名词的用途， 现在分词作定语表示该名词正在进行的动作或存在的状态。 a reading room (=a room for reading ) 阅览室（动名词） a swimming pool (=a pool for swimming)游泳池（动名词） a swimming girl (=a girl who is sw