2021届高考二轮英语总复习语法精练学案：名词 Word版含解析

2021届高中英语总复习小题专练（新高考）：名词
考点透视
考点1?可数名词的复数
【典例】（2020·浙江卷）Later，they
learned
to
work
with
the?????(season)，planting
at
the
right
time
and，in
dry
areas,
making
use
of
annual
floods
to
irrigate(灌溉)their
fields.
【答案】seasons
【解析】考查名词复数。句意：后来，他们学会了因地制宜，在适当的时间播种，在干旱地区，利用每年的洪水来灌溉农田。分析句子，提示词的词性为可数名词，应用复数形式。故填seasons。
【技法点拨】
（1）规则变化
情况
方法
例词
一般情况
加－s
students，teachers，doc
tors，tables
以s，x，ch，sh结尾
加－es（如果词尾-ch发音为/k/，要+s,?如stomachs）
glasses，dishes，boxes，watches
以辅音字母＋y结尾
变y为i再加－es
families，babies，armies，bodies
以元音字母＋y结尾
加－s
boys，toys，pianos，photos
以f或fe结尾
大都变f或fe为v，再加－es
thieves，wives，knives，shelves，lives
少数加－s
beliefs，proofs，roofs，chiefs
以o结尾
通常加－s
radios，videos，zoos，tobaccos
有的加－es
heroes，potatoes，tomatoes
注意：
?
?
以－o结尾的名词
加－es的情况
Negroes，heroes，echoes，potatoes，tomatoes
口诀：黑人英雄在回声中吃土豆、西红柿
既可以加－es，也可以加－s的情况
zeros(es)
mosquitos(es)
?volcanos(es)
?
?
?
以－f或－fe结尾的名词
把f或fe去掉，加－ves
树叶?leaf-leaves
半数half-halves,
自己self-selves
妻子wife-wives
刀knife-knives
长条面包loaf-loves
架?shelf-shelves
狼wolf-wolves
小偷thief-thieves
生命life-lives
口诀：树叶半数自己黄，妻子拿刀去割粮；架后窜出一只狼，就像小偷逃命忙
直接在词尾加-s
相信belief
-beliefs；
悬崖cliff
–
cliffs
证据proof
–
proofs
上顶房（即房顶、屋顶）roof
-
roofs
口诀：相信证据在悬崖的顶房
以上两种情况均可
码头（wharf）侏儒（dwarf）围围巾（scarf），手绢（handkerchief）
码头侏儒围围巾，手绢复数变二心
名词前有man或woman修饰，变复数时，作定语的man?或woman和后面的名词都要变成复数。如：woman
doctor→women
doctors
?
(2)不规则变化
①常见单复数同形的名词
Chinese?中国人；sheep?绵羊；deer鹿；series?系列；means?方式；works?工厂；fish?鱼；fruit?水果等。其中fish，fruit表示种类时，可加复数词尾，即fishes，fruits。
②自身有特殊变化的名词
child孩子→childrenman男人→mentooth牙→teethfoot脚，英尺→feetmouse老鼠→micephenomenon现象→phenomenamedium传播媒介→media
?
考点2?名词的语法功能
（2020·山东卷）Historical?????????(accurate)
is
important
but
so
isentertainment.
【答案】accuracy
【解析】句意:历史的准确性很重要，但娱乐也很重要。此处作主语，位于形容词historical之后，应使用名词，意为“历史的准确性”。故填accuracy。
【技法点拨】
1.作主语
The
young
woman
played
an
important
part
inthe
matter.?那年轻女人在这件事上举足轻重。
His
grandpa
joined
the
Red
Army
at
the
age
offifteen.?他爷爷十五岁时参加红军。
2.作宾语
（1）作及物动词的直接宾语
I
met
your
elder
brother
in
the
street。我在街上碰见你哥哥了。
Have
you
finished
the
letter
to
Jane??你写完给珍的信了吗？
（2）作及物动词的间接宾语。
I
told
my
students
a
funny
story.?我给学生们讲一个有趣的故事。
She
asked
the
doctor
another
question.?她问了医生另一个问题。
（3）作介词的宾语。
After
20
years’
traveling,
he
settled
down
inLiangxiang.?二十年的流浪后,他在良乡定居。
Do
you
still
ask
your
parents
for
money??你还向爸妈要钱吗？
3.作表语
It’s
a
good
idea
to
plant
trees
here.?在这里栽些树是个好主意。
She
is
now
a
professor
while
her
husbandremains
a
worker.?她现在是教授而丈夫仍是个工人。
4.作宾语的补足语
They
elected
Tom
head
of
the
workshop.?他们推选汤姆当车间的头。（职务名词作宾补前面不加冠词）
The
old
man
called
my
uncle
Xiao
Li.?老人喊我叔叔小李。
5.作定语
（1）直接作定语,?通常用单数形式。
college
students大学生?girl
friend女友?vegetable
garden菜园?basketballmatch篮球赛
Let’s
stop
by
the
book
store
on
the
way
home.回家的路上，我们的书店停一下吧！
He
bought
the
shoes
in
that
shoe
shop.?这双鞋他是在那个鞋店买的。
（2）名词所有格作定语。
students’
books学生用书???
China’s
capital中国的首都
the
world’s
population世界人口
（3）man，woman，gentleman作定语
man，woman，gentleman作定语时可以用单数和复数两种形式，但必须随所修饰名词的数而定。
He
said
that
two
women
doctors
would
come
toour
village
the
next
day.?他说明天有两个女医生到我们村子来。
There
are
many
men
teachers
in
our
school.?我们学校有很多男教师。
（4）某些常用复数的名词用作定语
某些常用复数的名词，当它们用作定语时，也须用复数形式。
arms
production?武器生产?clothes
shop服装商店?sales
department营业部?a
goods
train货车
savings
bank?储蓄所?foreign
languages
department外语系
（5）单位名称、报纸、广播、电视等的标题中经常出现复数名词作定语。
Learning
Skills
center学习技巧交流中心?The
Boys
Club?男孩俱乐部
（6）表示类别时名词直接作定语还是用所有格作定语一定要严格遵守习惯。
a
peasant
family/boy(peasant习惯直接作定语)
a
worker’sfamily(worker习惯用所有格作定语)
（7）两种定语有时并存但意义不一样。
women
drivers女司机?the
woman’s
driver这位妇女的司机
girl
friend女朋友?the
girl’s
friend?这女孩的朋友
mother
tongue母语?mother’s
tongue母亲的舌头
（8）名词作定语强调被修饰成分的内容或职能，与其同根的形容词作定语则强调特点或属性
gold
watch?金表?(指手表是含金的)
golden
watch?金色的表?(指表是金色的，但不一定含金)
6.作状语
时间名词、数量名词、距离名词等有时可以作状语。
The
soldiers
walked
50
kilometers
at
a
night.?战士们一夜行军五十公里
Your
suitcase
weighs
10
kilograms.?你的手提箱重10千克。
?
考点3?
名词辨析
（2020·山东卷·完形填空）Molai
grew
up
in
a
tiny
village
in
India.
The
village
lay
nearsome
wetlands
which
became
his
second_____1_____.
He
learned
the
valueand
beauty
of?____2____?there
from
a
very
young
age.
When
he
was16,Molai
began
to
notice
something
disturbing
happening
around
his
home.
Aflood
had
hit
the
area
earlier
that
year
and
the?____3____?it
caused
haddriven
away
a
number
of
birds.
Besides,
the
number
of
snakes
had
declined
aswell.
He
realized
that
it
was
because
there
weren’t
enough
trees
to
protectthem
from
the?____4____.
The
solution,of
course,was
to
plant
trees
sothe
animals
could
seek?____5____?during
the
daytime.
He
turned
to
the____6____department
for
help
but
was
told
that
nothing
would
grow
there.
However,Molaiwent
looking
on
his
own
and
discovered
a
nearby
island
where
he
began
to
planttrees.
?
1.
A.
dream
B.job
C.home
D.choice
2.
A.
nature
B.youth
C.culture
D.knowledge
3.
A.
waste
B.tension
C.pain
D.damage
4.
A.
noise
B.heat
C.disease
D.dust
5.
A.
directions
B.partners
C.help
D.shelter
6.
A.
labor
B.police
C.forest
D.finance
【答案】1.C?
?2.A?3.D??
4.B??
5.D?6.C
【解析】
1.考查名词词义辨析。句意:这个村庄位于一些湿地附近，那里成了他的第二个家。A.dream梦想；B.
job工作；C.
home家；D.
choice选择。根据空前的second可知，他出生的村庄是他的家，村庄附近的一些“湿地”成为了他的第二个“家”。故选C。
2.考查名词词义辨析。句意:他从小就在那里了解到了大自然的价值和美丽。A.nature自然；B.
youth青春，年轻；C.
culture文化；D.
knowledge知识。湿地展现了“大自然”的价值和美。故选A。
3.考查名词词义辨析。句意:那年早些时候，一场洪水袭击了这个地区，洪水造成的损害赶走了很多鸟类。A.waste废物；B.
tension紧张；C.
pain疼痛，痛苦；D.
damage损害，伤害。洪水侵袭这个地区，它会“损害”庄稼、树木，这些都会导致鸟儿们离开。故选D。
4.考查名词词义辨析。句意:他意识到这是因为没有足够的树来保护它们免受炎热的影响。A.noise噪音；B.
heat热；C.
disease疾病；D.
dust尘土。根据常识可知，树木可以提供阴凉，从而保护鸟类和蛇类免受炎热的影响。故选B。
5.考查名词词义辨析。句意:当然，解决的办法是种树，这样动物们就可以在白天寻找栖身之处。A.directions方向；B.
partners伙伴，合作伙伴；C.
help帮助；D.
shelter遮蔽，庇护，遮蔽物。树木可以给动物们提供“遮蔽”。故选D。
6.考查名词词义辨析。句意:他向森林部门求助，但被告知那里什么也不长。A.labor劳动；B.
police警察；C.
forest森林；D.
finance财政，金融。根据前一句中的“The
solution，?of
course，?was
to
plant
trees”可知，Molai想要种树，所以他应该向“森林”部门求助。故选C。
?
考点突破
1.?Filled
with??????(curious),
the
artist
packed
his
bagsand
left.
2.
The
far
side
of
the
moon
is
of
particular?????????(interesting)
to
scientistsbecause
it
has
a
lot
of
deep
craters
(环形山),
more
so
than
the
familiarnear
side.
3.
Chinese
New
Year
is
a??
??????(celebrate)marking
the
end
of
the
winter
season
and
the
beginning
of
spring.
4.
When
they
were
free
fromwork，they
invited
us
to
local
events
and
let
usknow
of
an
interesting
_______________(compete)to
watch，together
with
the
story
behind
it.
5.
A
mere
5
to
10
minutes
a
day
of
running
reduced
the
risk
of
heartdisease
and
early
deaths
from
all??????????(cause).
6.
Making
Chinese??????????????(dish)is
seen
as
especially
troublesome.
7.
I’m
a??????????????(science)who
studies
animals
such
as
apes
and
monkeys.
8.
We
would
much
appreciate
________
(guide)
froman
expert
in
this
field.
9.
They
often
give
______
(perform)
in
pubs
atweekends.
10.
Tom
was
doing
his
homeworkand
the
boys
who
were
playing
outside
his
house
added_______
(anxious)
to
him.
11.
We
all
have
an
_______
(expect)
that
he
canpass
the
driving
test
next
week.
12.
We
had
no
______(hesitate)
in
helping
the
sufferers
when
the
terrible
earthquake
hit
thecountry.
13.
The
________
(arrive)
of
the
plane
has
beendelayed
due
to
the
fog.
14.
In
many
ways
my___________
(disable)
hashelped
me
grow
stronger
psychologically
and
become
more
independent.
pared
to
the
advantages
of
the
Internet,those
of
the
television
alone
will
not
be
enough
to
ensure
its
____________
(survive),and
many
people
think
the
latter
will
be
replaced.
16.
You'd
better
takeinto
account
your
own
________
(strong)
and
weaknesses
before
choosing
a
major.
17.
The
little
boy
was
curious
about
everythingaround
him,
and
his
parents
always
satisfied
his
________
(curious).
18.
I
like
discovering
the_______
(different)between
different
cultures.
19.
The
headmaster
didn’t
seem
to
be
aware
thatthere
should
have
been
so
much
_____
(disagree)
about
the
decision.
20.
Sorry,
I
can't
read
the
______
(express)
onher
face.
21.
Reaching
this
agreement
so
quickly
was
agreat
________
(achieve).
22.
The
villagers
here
all
respect
him
for
his____________
(devote)to
the
health
care.
23.
They
were
not
in
the
least
worried
about
the______
(possible)
that
sweets
could
rot
the
teeth.
24.
The
girl
kept
working
hard
and
gained________
(admit)
to
the
world-famous
university.
25.
Anyhow
they
didn’t
trust
me,
so
they
didn’tdeserve
a(an)
______________
(explain).
26.
I
explained
that
each
person
has
differentideas
of
what
___________(free)
is.
27.The
village
where
he
was
born
has
changedbeyond(介词/超出)__________(recognize).
28.
There
has
been
no
__________
(respond)
to
hisremarks
from
the
government.
29.
Different
persons
have
different
_________(believe).
30.
My
parents
are
in
a
huge
________
(argue),and
I
am
really
upset
about
it.
31.
We
have
our
furniture
moved
to
the
new
housewhen
the
________
(decorate)
of
the
house
is
finished.
32.
Not
only
food
and
clothing
but
also
medical____________(treat)
has
been
provided
for
the
people
who
need
it
in
the
floodedareas.
33.
I
regard
________
(creative)
both
as
a
giftand
as
a
skill.
34.
He
lost
the
________
(elect)
by
one
vote.
35.
Nowadays,
concertsheld
in
sports
stadium
are
common,
and
it
seems
that
every
few
________
(year)there
is
a
new
boy
band
trying
to
bring
back
the
magic
of
the
Beatles.
36.
Visitors
were
struckby
the
natural
scenery
here,
which
was
beautiful
beyond______.
(describe)
37.His
vivid
descriptions
of
country
life
quickly
became
popular,
whichestablished
his
_____________as
one
of
America's
greatest
writers.
A.
trust???????????????????????????
B.contact??????????????????????
C.reputation??????????????????????
D.
theory
38.Nowadays
the
___________
for
travelling
is
shifted
from
shopping
to
food
andscenery.
A.
priority?????????????????????????????
B.
potential?????????????????????????????????????????????
C.
proportion?????????????????????????????????????????????
D.pension
39.We
can
observe
that
artificial
intelligence
has
already
made
a(n)
___________onour
lives
in
many
ways.
A.
statement????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????
B.impact
C.
impression????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????
D.judgment
40.The__________
that
there
is
life
on
other
planets
in
the
universe
has
alwaysinspired
scientists
to
explore
the
outer
space.
A.advice???
????????????????????????????????????????
B.
order
C.possibility???
??????????????????????????????????
D.
invitation
?
?
答案和解析
1.【答案】curiosity
【解析】介词?with?的宾语应该由名词充当，故用名词形式curiosity。
2.【答案】interest
【解析】此处考查(be)
of
interest，该短语相当于(be)
interesting,
ofparticular
interest?相当于particularly
interesting,?形容词particular应修饰名词?interest。
3.【答案】celebration
【解析】根据空白处之前的?a?和后面的非谓语动词marking，可知此处应填名词celebration。
4.【答案】competition
【解析】句意：当他们下班后，他们邀请我们参加当地的活动，他们告诉我们一个有趣的比赛可以观看，以及背后的故事。由空格前的interesting形容词，修饰名词。故填competition。
5.【答案】causes
【解析】句意：每天跑步只需5到10分钟，就能降低患心脏病的风险和因各种原因导致的早期死亡。cause是一个可数名词，表示“原因”，由空格前的all可知，此处应该用复数形式，故填causes。
6.【答案】dishes
【解析】根据修饰词Chinese可知用可数名词的复数dishes，表示"中国菜"。
7.【答案】scientist
【解析】句意:我是研究猿和猴子等动物的科学家。设空处作表语,说明主语的身份;根据提示词science可知填scientist。
8.【答案】guidance
【解析】句意：我们非常感谢该领域专家的指导。根据句意可知，空处需用名词作appreciate的宾语；guide的名词形式是guidance。故填guidance。
9.【答案】performances
【解析】performance，名词，表演。give是及物动词，后面加名词或者代词。根据They?often可知，用复数，故填performances。
10.【答案】anxiety
【解析】anxiety焦虑，令人焦虑的事；anxiety作“令人着急、焦虑的事”解，是可数名词，引申可表示为某事焦虑，常译成“渴望，热望，焦虑”，是不可数名词。故填anxiety。
11.【答案】expectation
【解析】本空要使用名词做宾语，名词expectation“期盼”是可数名词，根据an可知，使用单数形式，故填expectation。
12.【答案】hesitation
【解析】have
no
hesitation
in
doing
sth.毫不犹豫地做某事，固定搭配。故填hesitation。
13.【答案】arrival
【解析】此处用名词作主语，arrival名词，到达。故填arrival。
14.【答案】disability
【解析】形容词性物主代词后跟名词形式，disable的名词形式是disability，根据has可知，此处使用其单数形式，故填disability。
15.【答案】survival
【解析】its是形容词性物主代词，修饰名词，survive是动词，其名词是survival，意为：幸存，生存。故填survival。
16.【答案】strengths
【解析】your是形容词性物主代词，后面要接名词；strength力量，优势，可数名词，根据后面的and
weaknesses可知，此处应用相应的名词复数形式。故填strengths。
17.【答案】curiosity
【解析】his为形容词性物主代词，后面需接名词，curiosity好奇心，不可数名词。故填curiosity。
18.【答案】difference
【解析】根据the可知，此处用名词做宾语，difference差异，故填difference。
19.【答案】disagreement
【解析】much修饰不可数名词，disagree不同意，反对，动词原形。disagreement不同意，反对，不可数名词。故填disagreement。
20.【答案】?expression
【解析】结合句意”对不起，我无法理解她脸上的表情。分析句子结构可知，空处需用名词作宾语；express的名词是expression“表情”，此处表示特指她脸上的表情需用单数。故填expression。
21.【答案】achievement
【解析】great了不起的，形容词，后需接名词；achieve的名词是achievement，成就，可数名词，由空前不定冠词a可知，空处名词用单数形式。故填achievement。
22.【答案】devotion
【解析】句意：这里的村民都尊敬他对医疗保健的献身精神。devotion译为奉献，忠诚，是不可数名词；his后应接名词形式，故填devotion。
23.【答案】possibility
【解析】句意：他们一点也不担心糖果有可能会腐蚀牙齿。由空前的the可知，设空处应用提示词的名词形式，作were
worried
about的宾语。possibility“可能性，可能发生的事物”，故填possibility.
24.【答案】admission
【解析】由后文the
world-famous
university可知，此处应是“上大学”，admission
to允许进入，固定短语。结合句意，故填admission。
25.【答案】explanation
【解析】句意：不管怎样他们都不信任我，所以他们不值得解释。?a(an)后加名词单数形式，故填explanation。
26.【答案】freedom
【解析】句意：我解释说，每个人对自由有不同的理解。free形容词，自由的，其名词形式是freedom（自由）。结合句意可知，本空应该是名词形式。故填freedom。
27.【答案】recognition
【解析】考查不可数名词。beyond是介词，后接名词作宾语，recognize认出，是动词，其名词形式是recognition，beyond
recognition无法辨认，故填recognition。
28.【答案】response
【解析】句意：政府没有对他的言论作出回应。have
no
response
to...对……没有回应，固定短语，故填response。
29.【答案】beliefs
【解析】different后跟名词，believe的名词是belief，意为“信仰，信念”，由different可知，belief应该用复数，即beliefs。故填beliefs。
30.【答案】argument
【解析】考查名词单数。形容词修饰名词，根据前面的不定冠词a可知，此处用名词单数，argument争论。故填argument。
31.【答案】decoration
【解析】句意：房子装修完毕后，我们把家具搬到新房子里去了。定冠词the后要使用其名词形式，decoration装饰，装修，不可数名词。结合句意，故填decoration。
32.【答案】treatment
【解析】句意：不仅为受灾地区的人们提供了食物和衣服，而且还为他们提供了医疗服务。结合句意和空格前的形容词medical可知，此处应是treat的名词形式treatment，故填treatment。
33.【答案】creativity
【解析】句意：我认为创造力既是一种天赋，也是一种技能。regard
sth.
as...把某事物看作……，regard后接名词，creativity创造性，为不可数名词，故填creativity。
34.【答案】election
【解析】句意：他因一票之差落选了。分析句子可知，空格处做lost的宾语，且前面有定冠词，所以，要用名词。elect的名词election“选举”。故填election。
35.【答案】years
【解析】句意：如今，在体育场举行音乐会是很常见的，似乎每隔几年就会有一个新的男孩乐队试图重现披头士的魔力。year年，名词；every
few修饰可数名词复数，故填years。
36.【答案】description
【解析】句意：游客们被这里的自然风光所吸引，那是无法形容的美丽。beyond?description是固定短语，意为”无法形容“，故填description。
37.【答案】C
【解析】句意：他对乡村生活的生动描述迅速流行起来，这树立了他作为美国伟大作家之一的声誉。A.
trust信任；B.
contact联系；C.
reputation声誉；D.
theory理论。根据句意，尤其是greatest
writers可知此处用reputation“声誉”符合语境，故选C项。
38.【答案】A
【解析】句意：当今，旅行的重点从购物转变成了品尝美食和欣赏风景。A.
priority优先；
优先权；B.
potential潜在的，可能的；C.
proportion比例，占比；D.
pension退休金，抚恤金。故选A。
39.【答案】B
【解析】考查名词词义辨析。句意：我们能够看到人工智能在许多方面已经对我们的生活产生了强烈的影响。?statement“陈述说明”；impact“强烈的影响，冲击力”；impression“印象，感想”；judgement“判断力判断”。故选B。
40.【答案】C
【解析】句意：宇宙中其它星球上存在生命这种可能性总是激励科学家们去探索外部空间。A.
advice建议；B.
order命令；C.
possibility可能性；D.
invitation邀请。故选C。