2012届高考英语二轮复习(湖南版)学案:专题2 语法填空(8份)

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名称 2012届高考英语二轮复习(湖南版)学案:专题2 语法填空(8份)
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第11讲 定语从句与状语从句
Julia was good at German, French and Russian, all of ______ she spoke fluently. (2011·湖南卷25)
A. who B. whom
C. which D. that
【解析】选C。前面谈到了3种语言即German,French和Russian,它们为先行词。all of which =of which all=and all of them,作非限定性定语从句。
考点1.限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句的比较:
Ⅰ. 定语从句
限制性定语从句 非限制性定语从句
形式 其前无逗号 其前有逗号
翻译 译在先行词前(即:从句译作先行词的定语) 译成与主句并列的一个分句(即:译作两句)
功能 修饰名词或代词 可修饰名词或代词,也可修饰整个主句
关系词 可用that引导;作宾语的关系代词常可省 不可用that引导;关系词一律不省
意义 起限制作用(若被省去,原句意义不完整) 起补充说明作用(若被省去,原句意义不受影响)
考点2.介词+关系代词连用时,介词的选用
She showed the visitors around the museum, the construction ______ had taken more than three years. (2011·江西卷34)
A. for which B. with which
C. of which D. to which
【解析】选C。博物馆的建设花了3年多时间。我们可以说whose construction,也可以说the construction of which=of which the construction,介词of 表所属关系。
介词提前时,定语从句的形式为:介词+which/whom, 不能用that或who。介词的选用一般根据后边动词与介词的搭配关系选择。
考点3.as和which引导非限制性定语从句的比较
例1:Ted came for the weekend wearing only some shorts and a T shirt, ______ is a stupid thing to do in such weather. (2011·全国大纲卷7)
A. this B. that
C. what D. which
【解析】选D。which引导非限定性定语从句。代指前句整个内容。
例2: ______ is know to everybody, the moon travels round the earth once every month.
A. It B. As
C. That D. What
【解析】选B。A、D不能引导定语从句,C不能引导非限定性定语从句。As is known to everybody=As everybody knows “正如大家所知道的”。该句也可换成It is known to everybody that the moon travels round the earth once every month. =What is known to everybody is that the moon travels round the earth once every month.
as和which的相同点:
(1)先行词都可指代整个主句;
(2)都可在从句中作主语、宾语或表语。
as和which的不同点:
(1)as引导的从句可位于句首,而which则不行;
(2)as有“正如……”之意,而which表示“这一点”。
考点4.关系代词与关系副词的选用
I will never forget the day ______I came to my university and the day ______I spent in a new city.
A. when; which B. which; when
C. what; that D. on which; when
【解析】 选A。第一个时间名词the day 在从句中作状语,因此要用关系副词when;第二个时间名词the day 在从句中作动词spent的宾语,因此要用关系代词which或that来引导定语从句或省略关系代词。
如果先行词是时间、地点或理由,而引导词在从句中作时间、地点、原因等状语时,引导词用when, where, why;有时尽管先行词是时间、地点或理由,但是引导词在从句中不作状语,而是作主语、宾语或表语,引导词则用that或which。
Men are more suited to occupational environments ______ require decisive action while women are better at jobs ______ a considered approach is most important. (江苏南京金陵中学高三第4次模拟卷)
A. which; that B. /; when
C. which; when D. that; where
【解析】选D。第一空用关系代词that或which 作主语,不可以省略。第二空用关系副词where,因为句子意思完整,不缺主语或宾语。根据先行词job 和定语从句意思,确定用关系副词where=at which表地点,作地点状语。
定语从句中如果先行词是地点,而引导词在从句中可作地点状语,引导词用where;如果先行词是时间,而引导词在从句中可作时间状语,引导词用when。
考点5.定语从句与同位语从句与强调句型的区别
Was it in the street ______ our school is located in ______ the car accident happened
A. where; that B. where; which
C. that; which D. which; that
【解析】选D。本题考查定语从句和强调句型。第一空考查定语从句, that或which作第二个in的宾语;第二空考查强调句型。
1. 区别定语从句与同位语从句最简单的方法是:在先行词与从句之间加be动词,若句子成立,则是同位语从句;若句子不成立,则可能为定语从句。
The news that he has passed the exam pleased him and his family.
由于“The news is that he has passed the exam.”句子成立,因此“that he has passed the exam”是The news的同位语。
The news that he told me this morning is not interesting.
由于“The news is that he told me this morning”不成立,于是“that he told me this morning”不是The news的同位语,而是限定The news的定语从句。
2. 区别定语从句与强调句最简单的方法是:若将It is / was和that / who去掉而句中不缺成分,结构完整,说明原句是强调句型;若结构不完整,则说明原句可能为定语从句。
状语从句分为时间、地点、原因、条件、让步、结果、目的、方式及比较状语从句。
状语从句
考点1.when, while, as引导时间状语的特殊点
You can pay now or ______ you come back to pick up the bike.
A. when B. then
C. while D. since
【解析】选A。come是短暂性动词,而while从句的谓语动词必须是延续性的,所以排除C, when引导时间状语从句,与now对称。
1. 表示带有规律性的“每当”或从句和主句的动作存在先后关系时,一般用when。
2. 表达“随着”或“一边……一边……”的含义,一般用as。
3. as作“当……时候”解,从句的谓语一般不可是状态动词。
4. while从句的谓语动词不可是短暂性的。
考点2.时间、条件状语从句的时态一致性
例1:The big fire lasted as long as 24 hours ______ it was brought under control. (山西太原五中2010— 2011学年度第二学期月考)
A. after B. before
C. ahead D. since
【解析】选B。before 引导时间状语从句用于以下句型:
①时间段+before从句表示“隔了多少时间才…”; ②it will be/ won't be long before从句,表示“很久就……/不久就……”。该句表示:大火一直持续了长达24小时才被控制住。
例2:As is reported, it is 100 years ______ Qinghua University was founded. (2011·四川卷6)
A. when B. before
C. after D. since
【解析】选D。该句考查句型it is/has been +时间段+since 从句。句意:清华大学已成立了100年了。since从句后的动词一般为非延续性动词,表动作的开始。
1. 句型“It will be+段时间+before从句”,表示“不久……就……”。从句用一般现在时代替一般将来时。
2. 句型“It is+段时间+since+一般过去时。”主句常用现在完成时,从句常用一般过去时。若从句谓语动词是延续性的,表示动作的终止;若从句谓语动词是短暂性的,则表示动作的开始。
考点3. as引导状语从句的用法
例1:Try ______ she might, Sue couldn't get the door open. (2011·新课标卷22)
A. if B. when
C. since D. as
【解析】选D。as 引导让步状语从句。Try as she might= Though she might try,该句型主要有以下几种形式:
①零冠词名词+as +主语+be ②形容词(+名词)+as +主语+be ③动词原形+as+主语+情态动词
as引导原因状语从句说明原因语气较弱,着重点在主句,常译为“由于,因为”。
例2:______ he was, he often ended up in financial troubles.
A. Though well paid B. As well paid
C. Well paid as D. Well paid
【解析】选C。 此处as引导让步状语从句, well paid可看作形容词放于句首。
as/though引导让步状语从句时,意为“虽然”, 从句中的形容词、副词、名词(其前一般不用冠词)或动词原形放于句首构成倒装(though也可不倒装)。although 引导让步状语从句时不倒装;while 引导让步状语从句时只能位于句首。
考点4.what引导方式状语从句的用法
Reading is to the mind ______ food is to the body.
A. what B. that
C. which D. of which
【解析】选A。该句意为“阅读之于心灵犹如食物之于身体”。
what引导方式状语从句,一般只用于A is to B what C is to D这一句型中,意思是“A对于B的重要性,就如同C对于D的重要性一样”。
考点5. such … as与such … that的区别
People were shocked by such a bloody murder in Virginia ______ no one experienced ever.
A. as B. which
C. where D. that
【解析】选A。as引导的定语从句, as常与such, the same搭配使用。
such…as引导的是定语从句, as须作主语、宾语、表语等;such…that引导的是结果状语从句, that不作成分。
考点6.表示“一……就……”的时间状语从句
— Did you keep it in mind to give Jennifer the money you owed her
— Yes, I gave it to her ______ I saw her.
A. while B. the moment
C. suddenly D. once
【解析】选B。the moment在此作连词,意思是“一……就……”。
1. as soon as常用一般现在时表将来。
2. hardly…when…或no sooner…than…结构中,主句谓语用过去完成时,从句谓语用一般过去时。
3. 表示时间概念的副词充当连词,如: immediately, directly, instantly等。
4. “the+瞬间名词”, 如: the moment, the minute, the second等。
考点7. while引导让步状语从句表示“尽管,虽然”的用法
______ all of them are strong candidates, only one will be chosen for the post. (2011·陕西卷19)
A. Since B. While
C. If D. As
【解析】选B。while表“尽管,虽然”,引导让步状语从句。其意义相当于although或though。句意:尽管他们所有人都是强有力的候选人对象,但仅有一个将被获选担任这个职位。第9讲 简单句与并列句
1. — Someone wants you on the phone.
— ______ nobody knows I am here. (2011·新课标卷25)
A. Although B. And
C. But D. So
【解析】选C。本题要把握前后两个句子的逻辑关系。前半句为,有人给你打电话;后半句为,没人知道我在这儿,根据句意可知前后两句明显为转折关系,故选C。
2. ______ a strange plant! I've never seen it before. (2011·辽宁卷33)
A. Which B. What
C. How D. Whether
【解析】选B。what引导一个感叹句。
简单句所涉及的考点主要包括感叹句和反意疑问句。
一、感叹句
______ she sings! I have never heard a better voice.
A. How beautiful
B. What beautiful song
C. How beautifully
D. So wonderful
【解析】选C。此为“how+副词+主语+谓语”形式的感叹句。
简单句
感叹句的基本结构特点是:
What + a(n) (+ adj.) + 单数可数名词(+ 主语+ 动词)!
What + adj. + 不可数名词或复数可数名词!
How + adj. /adv. (+ 主语 + 动词)!
How + adj. + a(n) + 单数可数名词(+ 主语+ 动词)!
二、反意疑问句
考点1.主从复合句后面的反意问句
I don't suppose our team might have been beaten by theirs last night, ______?
A. do I B. might it
C. hasn't it D. was it
【解析】选D。陈述部分有I don't suppose时,反意问句应与其后的宾语从句的主谓一致,本句的非推测句为: I don't suppose our team was beaten by theirs last night, 反意问句便是: was it。
如果陈述部分是主从复合句,后面的反意问句通常与主句的主谓一致。如果主句的谓语动词是think, believe, suppose, imagine, guess, expect等,后面的反意问句要注意3种情况:
1. 如果主语是第一人称I, 后面的反意问句需与从句的主谓一致。
2. 如果主句的主语是其他人称,则后面的反意问句常需与主句的主谓一致。
3. 如果主句的动词是否定式,后面的反意问句要用肯定式。
考点2.强调结构后面的反意问句
It was at the gate that you met her, ______?
A. wasn't it B. was it
C. didn't you D. did you
【解析】选A。强调结构“It is / was+被强调部分+that …”后的反意问句需与It is / was一致。
强调结构“It is / was+被强调部分+that …”后的反意问句需与that前面的主谓一致。
考点3.并列句后面的反意问句
The man works hard and he is the best worker in his factory, ______?
A. does he B. doesn't he
C. is he D. isn't he
【解析】选D。两个并列句后面的反意问句的主谓一般需与后一个分句保持主谓一致。
两个并列句(常见的连词有: or, and, but, while, for等)后面的反意问句的主谓一般需与距离它近的那个分句的主谓一致。
考点4.否定句后面的反意问句
He had little idea that it was getting so serious, ______?
A. didn't he B. did he
C. wasn't it D. was it
【解析】选B。陈述句是含有否定词little的否定句,反意问句用肯定形式。
1. 前面的陈述部分有半否定词hardly, rarely, scarcely, few, little, seldom等时,反意问句用肯定形式。
2. 陈述部分虽有否定前(后)缀词(如: dis , in , un , less)时,反意问句仍要用否定形式。
考点5.祈使句后面的反意问句
Lily, help me put up the picture on the wall, ______?
A. will you B. don't you
C. are you D. didn't you
【解析】选A。陈述句是肯定祈使句,反问部分用will you。
1. Let's开头(包括听话者), 反意问句用shall we;Let us开头(不包括听话者), 反意问句用will you。
2. 其他形式的肯定祈使句后面,一般用will you。
考点6.情态动词后面的反意问句
— I think it's high time that she made up her mind.
— The police must have known all about this, ______?
A. mustn't they B. haven't they
C. mustn't it D. hasn't it
【解析】选B。陈述部分用“must(may,might)+v. ed”表示推测时,若句中不带有明显的过去时间的状语,问句部分动词应该与must(may, might)后的动词形式保持一致。
情态动词用于推测,后面的反意问句的谓语一般要与情态动词后面的动词相一致。
考点7. have后面的反意问句
It's seven o'clock now. We have to leave for the cinema, ______?
A. haven't we B. don't we
C. isn't it D. wasn't it
【答案】选B。
1. have表“有”时,后面的反意问句的谓语可用have或do的适当形式。
2. have表“让、吃、患”等意思时,后面的反意问句的谓语用do的适当形式。
3. have to表“不得不”时,后面的反意问句的谓语要用do的适当形式。
4. have + done构成完成时时,后面的反意问句的谓语要用have的适当形式。
考点8. 其他几种特殊的反意问句
例1: There will be an English party tomorrow, ______?
A. isn't there B. isn't it
C. won't there D. won't it
【解析】选C。在there be句型中,反意疑问句的主语用there, 反意疑问句谓语部分视具体的助动词、情态动词或系动词而定。
考点8. 其他几种特殊的反意问句
例2: It's the first time that he has been to Australia, ______?(辽宁锦州一中高中2011届高三第五次模拟卷)
A. isn'the B. hasn't he
C. isn't it D. hasn't it
【解析】选C。由句型it's the first time that +从句可知,主语是it, be是is。因此用isn't it。
考点8. 其他几种特殊的反意问句
例3: — Alice, you feed the bird today, ______?
— But I fed it yesterday.
A. do you B. will you
C. didn't you D. don't you
【解析】选B。Alice 为称呼语, 后接一个祈使句,因此用will you。
1. 陈述部分是There be结构时,反意问句的主语用there来充当。
2. I wish表示愿望,后面的反意问句常用may I。
3. I'm 开头,后面的反意问句常用aren't I。
4. 以So, Oh开头的句子,若是肯定句,其后的反意问句也用肯定;若是否定句,其后的反意问句也用否定。
5. 在句型It's the first/second/third…time that从句中,在It's+时间段+since从句中,以及It won't be long before从句中等等,反意部分由前面It+be来决定,与从句的谓语动词无关。
考点1.转折并列句
例1: We thought there were 35 students in the dining hall, ______, in fact, there were 40.
A. while B. whether
C. what D. which
【解析】选A。分析两句的关系可知应该用表示对比的连词while。
并列句
例2: Excuse me for breaking in, ______ I have some news for you.
A. so B. and
C. but D. that
【解析】选C。 but 放在表示歉意的话之后,只起连接作用; but 的语义非常丰富,用法灵活多变。随着高考语境性意义的加强, but 出现的频率也越来越高,因为它在试题中对正确答案的选择起着重要的制约作用。下面是 but 的一些基本用法。
一、but 用作并列连词,意为“但是”,“然而”,表示转折意义。
Rick made some more records, but he wasn't as popular as he had been before.
里克虽然灌制了更多唱片,但不像以前那样受欢迎。
此时要注意 but 与 however 的区别。 however 表示“可是”,“但是”的意义时,常用作副词,可以放在句首、句中、句尾,并常用逗号将它与句子分开。
However,he didn't make his mark in the end.
然而,他终未成功。
二、 but 可置于表示歉意的话(如 Excuse me 或 I'm sorry )之后,提出请求或说出可能触犯对方的话,它没有实际意义,只起连接作用,可以省去。
I am sorry, but I don't think I know you.
很抱歉,我想我不认识你。
Excuse me, but can you tell me how to surf the net
劳驾,你能告诉我怎么上网吗?
主要由but(但是), yet(可是), while(而,却)等连词连接。
考点2.选择并列句
Bring the flowers into a warm room ______ they'll soon open. (2011·辽宁卷31)
A. or B. and
C. but D. for
【解析】选B。and表并列关系。此句考查句型:祈使句+and +陈述句。
主要由or(或者,还是,否则), either…or…(不是……就是……), neither…nor…(既不……也不……), otherwise(要不然)等连词连接。
考点3.联合并列句
______, and I'll get the work finished.
A. Have one more hour B. One more hour
C. Given one more hour D. If I have one more hour
【解析】选B。从句子结构上看, and连接了两个分句, 两句间存在着一种顺承关系。其中前一分句为不完整句子,即一个名词短语,表示一种条件或假设,相当于if条件状语从句,该句相当于If I am given one more hour, I'll get the work finished. 后一分句表示一种结果或推论。
一、祈使句
1. 祈使句主要用于请求,发出邀请,给予指示、忠告或警告,也可用于发出命令等。
2. 祈使句的特点是:一般不出现主语(you), 但有时为了指明向谁发出请求或命令,也可以说出主语;谓语动词一律用原形;否定式一律在动词前面加don't。
二、句型中陈述句的时态或语气决定着祈使句表示的条件性质。
1. 当陈述句是一般将来时或一般现在时的时候, 祈使句是真实条件句。
Work hard, and you can make rapid progress in your study.
努力学习,你将很快取得进步。
2. 当陈述句的谓语动词是would / should / could / might + 动词原形或完成体时,祈使句表示非真实条件句。
Come tomorrow and I would tell you everything.
明天来,我就告诉你所有的事情。
三、“祈使句 + and + 陈述句”句型的3种变化形式
1. “祈使句 + 破折号 + 陈述句”
Try some of this juice — perhaps you'll like it.
尝尝这种果汁,也许你会喜欢的。
2. “名词词组 + and + 陈述句”
名词词组中通常含有more, another, further, earlier等词。
It is really very dangerous. One more step, and the baby will fall into the well.
真危险。再多迈一步, 这个小孩儿就掉进井里了。
Another £500, and I could buy a car.
假如我再有500英镑, 就能买辆小汽车了。
One step further and you'll lost.
再多走一步, 你就会迷失方向了。
A few minutes earlier, and I could have seen the famous scientist.
要是我早来几分钟, 就能见到那位著名的科学家了。
3. “祈使句 + or + 陈述句”
or表示“否则”、“要不然的话”, or可用or else或otherwise替换, 从反面来预测结果。
Take the chance, or you will regret it.
抓住机会吧, 否则你会遗憾的。
Watch your step, or else you might fall into the water.
留神脚下, 不然你会掉进水里的。
Do as you're told, otherwise you'll be in trouble.
叫你怎么做就怎么做, 否则你会有麻烦的。
主要由and, not only…but also…(不但……而且……), when(= and just at this time就在这时)等连词连接。
考点4.因果并列句
It must have rained last night, ______ the ground is wet this morning.
A. because B. since
C. as D. for
【解析】选D。表示对前一分句的内容加以推断性的原因,用for。第8讲 非谓语动词与with复合结构
1. The ability ______ an idea is as important as the idea itself. (2011·湖南卷21)
A. expressing B. expressed
C. to express D. to be expressed
【解析】选C。主语the ability 为“能力”,抽象名词。通常使用动词不定式作定语。句意:表达思想的能力与思想本身同等重要。我们也可以联想到be able to do “能够干”而得出答案。
2. The players ______ from the whole country are expected to bring us honor in this summer game. (2011·湖南卷23)
A. selecting B. to select
C. selected D. having selected
【解析】选C。select 与the players 间有动宾关系。因此select用过去分词形式表被动完成。句意:从整个国家挑选出来的运动员有望在今年的夏季运动会给我们带来荣誉。
考点1.非谓语动词的逻辑主语
______ around the fire, the tourists danced with the local people. (2011·辽宁卷30)
A. Gather B. To gather
C. Gathering D. To be gathering
【解析】选C。 句子主语是the tourists, gather和tourists存有逻辑上的主谓关系,因此用现在分词作状语。
非谓语动词
1. It's + adj. + for / of sb. to do sth.句型中的不定式的逻辑主语为“sb.”。
2. 非谓语动词作状语时,他们的逻辑主语一般就是句子的主语。当非谓语动词的动作由句子主语发出时,非谓语动词用主动形式;当非谓语动词的动作是句子主语所承受时,用过去分词或不定式、动词的 ing形式的被动形式。
3. “代词主格或名词的普通格 + 非谓语动词”构成独立主格结构。非谓语动词逻辑主语为代词或名词。
4.动名词复合结构由“物主代词或名词所有格+动名词”构成独立主格结构。这种结构既可用作主语,也可用作宾语,但作宾语时,还可用代词宾格或名词普通格+动名词结构。
5.不定式的复合结构:for sb. to do sth.。
考点2.独立成分作状语
______you the truth, I feel like ______ to bed now.
A. Telling; going B. To tell; going
C. Telling; to go D. To tell; to go
【解析】选B。to tell you the truth作独立成分;like是介词,其后跟动名词作宾语。
非谓语动词作独立成分的有: judging by/ from, provided/ providing, given, to be true, to tell you the truth等。
考点3.非谓语动词的时态
例1:Claire had her luggage ______ an hour before her plane left. (2011·陕西卷14)
A. check B. checking
C. to check D. checked
【解析】选D。Claire在飞机起飞之前的一小时让人把行李检查了。have sth. done让某人做某事。
考点3.非谓语动词的时态
例2:The next thing he saw was smoke ______ from behind the house. (2011·新课标卷27)
A. rose B. rising
C. to rise D. risen
【解析】选B。句意:他接下来看见的事是从房子后面正冒着烟。现在分词rising表动作正在进行,和修饰词smoke间有主谓关系。rising from behind the house现在分词短语作后置定语。
动词不定式一般表示在谓语动作之后的事情,要表示发生在谓语动词所表示的动作之前的事情,须用不定式的完成式;动词的 ing形式一般表示与谓语动词动作同时进行的动作,若要表示发生在谓语动词所表示的动作之前的事情,须用动词的 ing形式的完成式。
考点4.非谓语动词的句法功能
1. 作主语、表语:
动名词表示一般性、经常性的动作。不定式表示一次性的动作。动名词、不定式作主语常用it作其形式主语,但no use, no good作表语时,真正主语常用动名词。
2. 作宾语:
(1)有些动词只跟动名词作宾语
常用的这类动词有: mind, finish, enjoy, excuse, imagine, keep, practice, suggest, miss, consider, prevent, appreciate, advise, avoid, allow, admit, delay, escape, permit, forbid等。
(2)有些动词只跟不定式作宾语
常用的这类动词有: want, wish, hope, expect, agree, decide, learn, pretend, ask, promise, plan, refuse, beg, demand, manage, offer, prepare, claim, struggle等。
(3)remember, forget, regret后接动名词和不定式的区别:后接动名词表示先于谓语动词的动作;后接不定式表示后于谓语动词的动作。
(4)want, need, require和deserve后接动名词和不定式的用法:当它们后面所接的动词与句子的主语是动宾关系时,用动名词的主动式或不定式的被动式。
(5)在try, stop, mean, go on, can't help后,用动名词和不定式所表达的含义不同,要注意:
try doing sth. 试着做某事
try to do sth. 尽力做某事
stop doing sth. 停止做某事
stop to do sth. 停下来做另一件不同的事
mean doing sth. 意味着做某事
mean to do sth. 打算做某事
go on doing sth. 继续做刚做的事
go on to do sth. 继续做另一件事
can't help doing sth. 情不自禁做某事
can't help (to) do sth. 不能帮助做某事
3. 作宾语补足语:
例1: Michael put up a picture of Yao Ming beside the bed to keep himself ______ of his own dreams. (2011·重庆卷33)
A. reminding B. to remind
C. reminded D. remind
【解析】选C。keep himself reminded of his own dreams(姚明的图片)使他想起自己的梦想。过去分词 reminded作宾补。
例2: Even the best writers sometimes find themselves ______ for words. (2011·浙江卷14)
A. lose B. lost
C. to lose D. having lost
【解析】选B。可以从lost for words. (欲言又止;迷失语言)这一习语来理解。动词lose的基本义是“使……迷路”,引申义是“使……沉溺于”(使动用法容易被考生忽略),与逻辑主语themselves的关系是被动,只有选项B满足。
熟悉并掌握哪些动词或短语如advise, allow, like, wish, want, help等须接不定式作宾语补足语;哪些动词或短语如find, suggest, lead to等可接动词的 ing形式作宾语补足语;哪些动词或短语如feel, see, watch, hear, have 等既可接动词的 ing形式又可接过去分词作宾语补足语;何时用主动形式作宾语补足语,何时用被动形式或过去分词作宾语补足语,一般由非谓语动词与宾语的关系确定。
4. 作定语:
例1:On receiving a phone call from his wife ______ she had a fall, Mr. Gordon immediately rushed home from his office.(2011·江西卷32)
A. says B. said
C. saying D. to say
【解析】选C。saying作后置定语修饰a phone call from his wife来自他妻子的一个电话说。
4. 作定语:
例2:Tsinghua University, ______ in 1911, is home to a great number of outstanding figures. (2011·福建卷23)
A. found B. founding
C. founded D. to be founded
【解析】选C。过去分词founded(成立于)作非限制性定语修饰Tsinghua University(清华大学)。
(1) 注意非谓语动词的形式,不定式作定语一般用主动式,只有当不定式的逻辑主语不是句子的主语或宾语时,才用被动式;现在分词作定语表示主动意义,动作正在进行;过去分词一般表示被动、完成含义。
(2) 非谓语动词的位置:非谓语动词短语作定语时,都要放在所修饰的词之后;单个的动词的 ing形式或过去分词作定语时,一般放在所修饰的词之前。
不及物动词的不定式作定语,与修饰的名词构成动宾关系时,不及物动词后面的介词不能丢。
5. 不定式与现在分词作结果状语的区别:
不定式、现在分词都能表示结果,其区别是:不定式一般表示出乎意料的结果,不定式前常用only修饰;而动词的 ing形式表示自然或必然的结果。
More highways have been built in China, ______ it much easier for people to travel from one place to another. (2011·陕西卷20)
A. making B. made
C. to make D. having made
【解析】选A。句意:在中国更多的公路已被修建,这样使得人们从一个地方到另一个地方更为容易。making分词短语表意料之中的结果。若是only to make则表示意料之外的结果。
考点5.不定式to的省略
1. 动词see, watch, hear, feel, notice, observe, look at, listen to, let, have, make 接不定式作宾补时,不定式的to须省略,但句子变为被动语态时,不定式的to不能省略。
2. why, would rather, had better, may as well, cannot (help / choose) but等后须跟省to的不定式。
3. 介词but, except等前若有行为动词do, 其后常用省to的不定式作宾语;若没有行为动词do, 则用带to的不定式。
4. 不定式作表语时,若主语中有行为动词do 的某一形式时,不定式的to可有可无。
例1: It was a pity that the famous painter died ______ his painting unfinished.
A. of B. from
C. out D. with
【解析】选D。本题考查with复合结构充当状语的用法,不是词组die of…, die from…和die out。
with复合结构
例2:With his mother ______ him, he is getting on well with his work.
A. help B. to help
C. helping D. helped
【解析】选C。这是with的复合结构, his mother与help是逻辑上的主谓关系,所以排除D, 如选B则有将来的意思,显然不合语境,选C表示“他妈一直在帮他”, 正合句意。
with 复合结构在句中一般作状语和定语,常见形式有:
1.“with+名词/代词+介词短语”。
The man was walking on the street, with a book under his arm.
2. “with+名词/代词+形容词”。
He likes to sleep with the door open.
3. “with+名词/代词+副词”。
The square looks more beautiful with all the lights on.
4. “with+名词/代词+名词”。
He left home, with his wife a hopeless soul.
5. “with+名词/代词+done”。在此结构中,过去分词和宾语是被动关系,表示动作已经完成。
With the problem solved, he went out to play.
6. “with+名词/代词+ ing分词”。此结构强调名词是 ing分词的动作的发出者或某动作、状态正在进行。
He felt more uneasy with the whole class staring at him.
7. “with+宾语+to do”。此结构中,不定式和宾语是被动关系,表示尚未发生的动作。
With nothing to do, I'll go out for a walk in the park.第7讲 主谓一致
1. One third of the country ______ covered with trees and the majority of the citizens ______ black people. (2011·湖南卷26)
A. is; are B. is; is
C. are; are D. are; is
【解析】选A。分数及百分比后接名词的谓语动词由名词的单复数来决定。名词为单数谓语动词就用单数;名词为复数,谓语动词则用复数。a/the majority of(大多数)后接复数谓语动词用复数。
2. The factory used 65 percent of the raw materials, the rest of which ______ saved for other purposes. (2011·安徽卷27)
A. is B. are
C. was D. were
【解析】选D。the rest of +n.后的谓语动词单复数由名词单复数而定。此句中which指代raw materials(原材料)。根据前后句的时态一致性可知要用一般过去时。进行含义。
考点1.代词作主语
Nothing but stamps and envelopes ______ for sale.
A. are B. is
C. are left D. remain
【解析】选B。nothing作主语表单数概念,谓语动词用单数。but后的名词不影响谓语动词的单复数。
主谓一致的原则:形式一致;内容一致;就近一致。
1. 由each, either, neither, one, the other, another, anyone, anybody, anything, everyone, everybody, everything, someone, somebody, something, nobody, no one, nothing等指代单数名词的不定代词作主语时,谓语动词用单数。
2.主语是who, what, which, all, more, most, some, any, none, the rest等时,谓语动词的形式须依据具体情况而定。
3. such, the same 起指示代词作用时,应根据其所指定的内容来决定单复数。
考点2.名词作主语
Apples of this kind ______ well.
A. sells B. sell
C. is sold D. are sold
【解析】选B。n. + of this kind后的谓语动词由名词单复数来定。sell well 畅销,用主动表被动。
1. 主语是board, family, class, team, group, crowd, audience, company, crew, committee, enemy, government, party等名词,如果作为整体,谓语动词用单数形式;如果作为其中一个一个的成员,谓语动词用复数形式。
2. 主语是时间、距离、价格、度量衡单位等名词或短语,不论它们是单数还是复数,谓语动词一般用单数形式。
3. 主语是news, politics, physics, plastics, mathematics等名词时,谓语动词常用单数形式。
4. 主语若是书名、剧名、报纸杂志名称或国家、单位名称时,即使名词是复数形式,谓语动词也只能用单数形式。
5. 主语是clothes, compasses, goods, glasses, trousers, scissors, shoes, gloves等名词时,谓语动词常用复数形式。
6. 主语是kind of, type of, pair of, amount of, quantity of+名词时,谓语动词的形式须依照kind, type, amount, pair, quantity的数而确定。
7. 主语是the number of +名词复数时,谓语动词用单数形式。但主语是a number of +名词复数时,谓语动词却用复数形式。
8. population作主语时,谓语一般用单数;但其前有(百)分数时,谓语一般用复数。
9. 主语是 means, works(工厂), sheep, fish, Japanese, Chinese等名词时,谓语动词的形式须依照它们在句中的意义来确定。
考点3.两个或两个以上的名词连在一起作主语
No bird and no beast ______ on the lonely island.
A. are seen B. is seen
C. see D. sees
【解析】选 B。 no A and no B 后谓语动词用单数。
1. 用and连接并列主语,谓语动词通常用复数形式。如: To play football and to go swimming are useful for character training. 但是如果并列主语指的是同一个人,同一事物或同一概念时,如bread and butter; soda and water; coffee and water; aim and end; salt and water等,谓语动词用单数形式。 如When and where to go for the on salary holiday hasn't been decided yet.
2. the+n1+and+n2指同一个人,如the writer and painter, 谓语动词用单数形式。
3. and所连接的两个名词前分别有every, each, no, many a 等修饰时,谓语动词用单数形式。
4. 主语是连接词or, either…or…, neither…nor…, whether…or…, not… but…, not only…but also…等连接的名词或代词时,谓语动词的形式须与最接近的名词或代词保持一致。
5. 主语是“A+ with / as well as / along with / together with / like / rather than / except / but / including / plus / besides / in addition to+B”结构时,谓语须与A保持一致。
6. more than one+名词单数;a+名词单数+or two等作句子的主语时,谓语动词用单数形式。
考点4. “the+形容词或分词”作主语
The wounded ______ been carried to hospital already.
A. is B. are
C. has D. have
【解析】选D。“the+分词”指人作主语时,谓语动词一般用复数形式。
1. “the+形容词或分词”指人作主语时,谓语动词一般用复数形式。
2. “the+形容词或分词”指抽象概念作主语时,谓语动词一般用单数形式。
考点5.句子、短语作主语
Most of what has been said about the Smiths______also true of the Johnsons.
A. are B. is
C. being D. to be
【解析】选B。
1. 主语是不定式或动名词时,谓语动词常用单数形式。
2. 主语是从句时,谓语动词一般用单数形式,但在“主语+系动词+表语”结构中,如果是what从句作主语,其谓语的单复数取决于后面的表语。
3. 在强调句型“It +be +被强调部分+ that/who …”中, be总是用单数形式;that/who 后的谓语动词的形式必须跟被强调的主语保持一致。
4. 定语从句中谓语动词的形式必须跟先行词保持一致。
Barbara is the only one of the athletes who ______ a winner of the 100 metre race in our town since 1998.
A. is B. are
C. have been D. has been
【解析】选D。 当one 之前有the 或the only/very/just时,定语从句则是修饰the (only/very/just) one 的,谓语动词用单数。此题中后有时间状语since 1998,故用现在完成时。
温馨提示:在“one of +名词复数+定语从句”结构中,定语从句的谓语动词一般用复数形式,但当one前面有the (only)修饰时,定语从句的谓语动词一般是用单数形式。
5. 当There / Here be后有几个主语时, be与邻近的主语保持一致。第6讲 情态动词与虚拟语气
1. — No one ______ be compared with Yao Ming in playing basketball.
— Oh, you are really his big fan. (2011·湖南卷28)
A. can B. need
C. must D. might
【解析】选A。can强调能力,是“能,会”的意思。句意:在打篮球方面没有人能与姚明相比。你真是他的铁杆粉丝。
2. — I don't really like James. Why did you invite him
— Don't worry. He ______ come. He said he wasn't certain what his plans were. (2011·北京卷24)
A. must not B. need not
C. would not D. might not
【解析】选D。根据句意,James可能不会来的。因为他自己不确信他的计划是什么。might not 表可能性,“可能不”。
情态动词
考点1. could与was/were able to的区别
Although the fire in the hotel was very big, they ______ escape from it.
A. can B. could
C. was able to D. were able to
【解析】选D。A的时态不对, C选项主谓不一致。could和was / were able to虽都表过去的能力,但后者还表达“付诸了行动”的意思。
could一般只表过去的能力;若表示过去的能力得到了实施,一般用was / were able to, 不用could。
考点2.表示“可能性”的can, may, must
Liza______well not want to go on the trip — she hates traveling.
A. will B. can
C. must D. may
【解析】选D。句意: Liza极有可能不想去旅行——她讨厌旅行。may well not很可能不,表示否定猜测。
例2:It ______ be the postman at the door. It's only six o'clock. (2011·江西卷23)
A. mustn't B. can't
C. won't D. needn't
【解析】选B。 can't 表“不可能”,否定推测。根据前后句意思只能用can't。needn't“不必要”;mustn't表“禁止,不许”,won't表将来。
肯定推测一般用must, should, may/might或could(一般不用can), 其中, must的语气最强,意为“肯定”, should次之,意为“很可能,应该”, may/might语气最弱,意为“也许”。否定推测语气不很肯定时常用may/might not或could not, 意为“可能不,也许不”;否定语气较强时则用can't, 意为“根本不可能,想必不会”;用于疑问句表示惊异、怀疑的感彩时用can。
考点3. “情态动词+have done”的用法
例1:They ______ have arrived at lunchtime but their flight was delayed. (2011·新课标卷32)
A. will B. can
C. must D. should
【解析】选D。 should have done表“过去本应该做而未做的”。句意:他们本应该在午饭时候到达的,但是他们的航班误点了。must have done过去一定干过某事,表肯定推测。can have done表过去可能性,“过去本有可能干”。
例2:— I left my handbag on the train, but luckily someone gave it to a railway official.
— How unbelievable to get it back! I mean, someone ______ it. (2011·江苏卷34)
A. will have stolen B. might have stolen
C. should have stolen D. must have stolen
【解析】选B。might have done表过去很有可能已做某事。而must have done 则表示过去一定有人做过某事。如果被别人偷走了,那么就不可能把东西弄回。will have done 是将来完成时;should have done 过去本该做而未做。
must have done表示对过去事情的肯定推测。
can't / couldn't have done表示对过去所发生的事情所做的否定推测。
may have done表示过去所发生的事情作可能性推测。
might / could have done表示对过去所发生的事情作可能性推测,或者表示本来可以做而事实上未做的事情。
should / ought to have done表示本应该做的事情而事实上未做,含有对对方的责备。
needn't have done表示做了本不应该做的事情。
考点4.特殊情况
John promised his doctor he______not smoke, and he has never smoked ever since.
A. might B. should
C. could D. would
【解析】选D。考查情态动词在语境中的特殊用法。句意:约翰答应医生不再吸烟,从那以后,他再也没有吸过烟。由句意可知空格处表示意愿。
might 用作may的过去式,表示“可以,可能”;should 作情态动词,表示“应当”, 相当于ought to; could可用来代替can说明现在的情况,提出请求、想法、建议等;would 用于过去情况,表示“愿意”, “肯”, “会”等。
John, look at the time. ______ you play the piano at such a late hour
A. Must B. Can
C. May D. Need
【解析】选A。must在此表示特定的语气和态度,意为“偏要,硬要”。
1. can的几个习语
“can but +动词原形”表示“只能,大不了”。
“can't but +动词原形”表示“不得不”。
“can't help +动词 ing形式”表示“不得不,禁不住”。
“can't …too…”表示“无论怎样都不为过,越……越……”。
2. must有时表示 “偏要,偏偏”, 也可作名词,意为“必须做的事情”。
3. should可作“竟然、万一”解。
考点5. shall的3种用法
①表说话人的意图。在陈述句中主语是第二﹑三人称,表说话者给对方的承诺﹑决心﹑警告、威胁等;
②征求对方的意见或向对方提出请求时,主语为第一、三人称的疑问句。
③表示强制。用于法令、条约、规章中,意为“必须,应该”
— Will you read me a story, Mummy
— OK. You ______ have one if you go to bed as soon as possible. (2011·陕西卷24)
A. might B. must
C. could D. shall
【解析】选D。shall在此表“许可”。
虚拟语气
考点1.虚拟条件句的三种基本类型
I ______ through that bitter period without your generous help. (2011·陕西卷22)
A. couldn't have gone B. didn't go
C. wouldn't go D. hadn't gone
【解析】选A。句意:没有你的慷慨帮助,我就不可能熬过那段痛苦时期。此句为与过去事实相反的虚拟语气。without your generous help=if I hadn't had your generous help。从句用过去完成时,主句则用情态动词+完成时。couldn't have gone through表“过去不可能经历”。
1. 若与现在事实相反,条件从句的谓语用一般过去时(be通常用were), 主句谓语用“would (should, could, might)+动词原形”。
2. 若与过去事实相反,条件从句的谓语用过去完成时,主句谓语用“would (should, could, might)+have+过去分词”。
3. 若与将来事实相反,条件从句的谓语用一般过去时(be通常用were)或should+动词原形或were to+动词原形,主句谓语用“would (should, could, might)+动词原形”。
考点2. 使用虚拟语气的几种从句
— Where are the children The dinner's going to be completely ruined.
— I wish they ______ always late. (2011·北京卷28)
A. weren't B. hadn't been
C. wouldn't be D. wouldn't have been
【解析】选A。wish后有3种形式的虚拟语气句子。此句根据前一分句where are the children?可知是在问孩子现在在哪里?因此对方才会说我希望他们不要总是迟到。因此选A。
1. wish后的宾语从句和if only后的句子:表示与现在事实相反的愿望,从句谓语用一般过去时或过去进行时;表示与过去相反的愿望,从句谓语用过去完成时;表示将来没有把握或不太可能实现的愿望,常用“would (could)+动词原形”。
2. as if / as though引导的方式状语从句或表语从句:表示与现在事实相反,从句谓语用一般过去时或过去进行时;表示与过去事实相反,用过去完成时;表示将来的可能性不大,用“would (could)+动词原形”。
温馨提示:若从句所说的内容可能为事实,也可用陈述语气。
3. It's (high / about) time后的定语从句:从句谓语通常用一般过去时或“should+动词原形(should不可省)”。
4. would rather后的宾语从句:通常用一般过去时表示现在或将来的愿望,用过去完成时表示过去的愿望。
5. 一个“坚持”(insist)、两个“命令”(order, command)、三个“建议”(advise, suggest, propose)、四个“要求”(demand, require, request, ask)后的宾语从句:一般用“should+动词原形(should可省)”。
温馨提示:动词insist, suggest后的宾语从句除可用虚拟语气外,也可用陈述语气,注意区别。
6. It's+suggested, ordered, required, demanded等表示“建议、要求、命令”的动词的过去分词+that主语从句:常用“should+动词原形(should可省)”。
7. “要求、建议、命令”等意义的名词后的表语从句或同位语从句:从句中的动词也用“should+动词原形(should可省)”。
8. It's+important / necessary / impossible+that主语从句:常用“should+动词原形(should可省)”。
考点3. 虚拟语气的特殊情况
1. 错综时间虚拟条件句
Maybe if I ______ science, and not literature then, I would be able to give you more help. (2011·北京卷30)
A. studied B. would study
C. had studied D. was studying
【解析】选C。考查虚拟语气的特殊用法——错综时间虚拟条件句。从句中含有then,可推知此句是一个与过去事实相反的虚拟语气,所以用过去完成时。而主句则用了与现在事实相反的would be。句意:也许如果我那时学习了理科而不是文学的话,那么(现在)我就能给你更多的帮助。
所谓错综时间虚拟条件句即条件从句与主句所指时间不一致,如从句指过去,而主句却指现在或将来,此时应根据具体的语境,结合上面提到的三种基本类型对时态作出相应的调整。
2. 含蓄虚拟条件句
I knew my uncle ______ no time. Otherwise he ______ me company to go hiking.
A. did have; would have kept
B. had; had kept
C. has; would have kept
D. had had; had kept
【解析】选A。本题考查强调和虚拟语气。第一句说的是事实,故不用虚拟语气, did 在此处表示强调;第二空表示对过去事实的虚拟,故用would have kept。
例2:We ______ John's name on the race list yesterday but for his recent injury. (2011·江西卷28)
A. will put B. will have put
C. would put D. would have put
【解析】选D。but for“要不是因为”。此句表示“要不是因为John最近受伤了,我们昨天就会把他的名字打入竞赛名单里。”受伤这一动作发生于过去,因此该句表与过去事实相反。主句用would have done的形式。
假设情况不用if从句来表示,而是用without, but for, otherwise, or, but等表示一种含蓄条件。表示与现在或将来相反,用“would (should, could, might)+动词原形”;表示与过去相反用“would (should, could, might)+have+过去分词”。
3. 虚拟语气的省略与倒装
______ in your position, I would go.
A. If I B. Were I
C. If was I D. If I am
【解析】选B。该结构可还原为: If I were in your position。
虚拟条件从句中若有were, should, had时,可将其提到句首,并将if省略。第12讲 特殊句型
Was it on a lonely island ______ he was saved one month after the boat went down?(2011·四川卷15)
A. where B. that
C. which D. what
【解析】选B。该句为含强调句型的一般问句。强调了地点状语on a lonely island,不能选where。它不是定语从句。该句可以还原为一个陈述句:He was saved one month after the boat went down on a lonely island.
考点1.强调句型的基本结构
Is ______ three hours ______ the boy ______ family is poor to come to school on foot
A. it; that; whose
B. it; that it takes; whose
C. it for; that it takes; whose
D. it; when; that
强调句型
特殊句型主要涉及强调句型、倒装句及省略句。
【解析】选B。这是一个强调句,强调作宾语的时间名词three hours, the boy后接一个定语从句, whose作定语修饰family。句意:那位家境贫寒的男孩花了三个小时徒步来到学校吗?
强调句型的基本结构是: It + be +被强调部分+ that(who)…。
强调句的一般疑问句形式为: Is(Was)+被强调部分+that/who…?
强调句的特殊疑问句形式为: Who/When/Where/Why + is (was) it that…?
强调句若以特殊疑问句形式出现,很容易误解。比较:
Why is it that he can't come 他为什么不能来?
What is it that he wants to buy 他想要买什么?
以上两句可视为由以下陈述句转换而来:
It is because he is ill that he can't come.
It is a computer that he wants to buy.
温馨提示:当强调人时,可用who代替其中的that, 当强调时间和地点时,不能用when和where代替that。
考点2. not… until用于强调句
It was not until ______ that I knew the truth. (2011·四川成都外国语学校高三第三次月考卷)
A. you told me B. did you tell me
C. had you told me D. you have told me
【解析】选A。该句强调了not until you told me。在强调not until句型时要将not 与until放在一起,并且语序不变。
其基本形式为It is (was) not until … that …。
It was not until yesterday that we knew about it.
直到昨天我们才知道这件事。
考点1.部分倒装
My father and my mother have been married for 30 years, and never once ______ with each other.(福建省三明二中2011高三二模卷)
A. have they quarreled
B. they have quarreled
C. did they quarrel
D. had they quarreled
【解析】选A。表否定意义的副词放于句首时后引起部分倒装。即:否定意义副词+助动词+主语+动词。
倒装句
部分否定即将主语与助动词倒置,其结构与疑问句大致相同。构成部分倒装的主要情形有:
1. 含否定意义的词(如: never, hardly, seldom, little, few, not until, not, not only, no sooner, not a single …, no longer, nowhere, by no means, at no time, neither, nor等)置于句首时,其后用部分倒装。
2. so表示前面所说的情况也适合于另一个人或物时,意为“……也一样”, 用“so+助动词+主语”这样的倒装句式。若讲述的情况属于同一个人或物时,意为“……的确如此”, 主谓不倒装。要注意如果一个并列句中含有两个性质不同的谓语,另一个省略的倒装结构要用“So it is/was with sb./sth.”或 “It is/was the same with sb./sth.”来表示。
3. only加状语(即: only+副词/介词短语/状语从句等)放在句首时,其后用部分倒装。
4. 当虚拟条件句含有were, should, had时,可省略if, 将were, should, had置句首。
5. so / such … that结构中,将so / such … 置于句首时,主句要用部分倒装。
考点2.完全倒装
Out ______, still discussing the fashion show with great interest. (江苏南京金陵中学高三第4次模拟卷)
A. walked a crowd of young girls
B. did a crowd of young girls walk
C. were walking a crowd of young girls
D. a crowd of young girls were walking
【解析】选A。方位副词out 放于句首,后用全部倒装。即谓语动词全部在主语之前。
完全倒装即将谓语移到主语前。构成完全倒装的情形主要有:
1. 以now, then, here, there, out, in, up, down, off, away等副词开头的句子,且句子主语是名词时,句子常用完全倒装。若主语为代词,则不用倒装。
2. 将表语和地点状语(多为介词短语)置于句首加以强调时,其后通常用倒装语序。
考点3.另类倒装
— That boy enjoys drawing very much.
— ______, I have never seen anyone else who is as enthusiastic about drawing as he is.
A. As long as I have traveled
B. Traveled so much as I have
C. As I have traveled so much
D. Much as I have traveled
【解析】选D。as引导的让步状语从句中,可将副词提前至句首。
1. as引导的让步状语从句中,必须将表语、状语或动词原形提到as前面。若提前的表语是名词,一般不用冠词。
2. 当such用作表语时,通常采用倒装语序。
3. 有时为了强调,可将谓语部分的分词或不定式置于句首,从而构成倒装。
省略句
例1:It sounds like something is wrong with the car's engine. ______, we'd better take it to the garage immediately. (2011·江苏卷33)
A. Otherwise B. If not
C. But for that D. If so
【解析】选D。if so =if it is so。it代指It sounds like something is wrong with the car's engine. 这件事。
例2:— Will he fail in the exam
— ______.
A. Don't hope to
B. Let's hope not
C. Not hope so
D. Let's hope not to
【解析】选B。考查用so, not省略前面提到的事,表肯定与否定。so可代替单词、词组、句子,作believe, do, expect, guess, hope, fear, imagine, suppose, think等词的宾语;not代替否定的句子,用法与so相似。根据句意“(让)我们希望他考试不要失败”和语法规则,为了不重复别人的话,表示否定意义时, hope只用(I) hope not的形式。
1. 在时间、条件、让步等状语从句中,当从句的主语跟主句的主语一致时,从句的主语可以省略,同时将从句的谓语动词变成分词形式。
2. 在时间、地点、条件、让步等状语从句中,当从句的主语跟主句的主语一致或从句的主语是it, 谓语是be动词时,从句的主语、谓语可省略。如when/if necessary。
3. 当句子的谓语部分省略时,若只用代词代替句子,则用代词的宾格形式。
4. 当省略不定式的内容时,则须保留小品词to。第10讲 名词性从句
1. Before a problem can be solved, it must be obvious ______ the problem itself is. (2011·湖南卷31)
A. what B. that
C. which D. why
【解析】选A。空白处后句子缺表语。因此不能选B。B中的that 只起引导作用,无实意。而该句选what既起了引导作用,又作了句子成分表语。
2. It is still under discussion ______ the old bus station should be replaced with a modern hotel or not. (2011·重庆卷22)
A. whether B. when
C. which D. where
【解析】选A。该句中it作形式主语,真正的主语是由whether…or not引导的从句。句意:是否这个旧车站该由现代宾馆取代还在讨论中。
考点1.名词性从句的种类及连接词
I want to be liked and loved for______I am inside.
A. who B. where
C. what D. how
【解析】选C。what 引导的宾语从句作for 的宾语, what在从句中作am的表语。
名词性从句具有名词的功能,分为主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句四种。它由以下三种连接词引导:
1. 连词: that, whether, if。
2. 连接代词: who, whom, whose, which, what等。
3. 连接副词: when, where, why, how等。
考点2.连词that的用法
Keep in mind ______ you want others to respect you, you must respect others first.
A. that when B. that if
C. if when D. when if
【解析】选B。that引导一个宾语从句,宾语从句中又有一个由if引导的条件状语从句。
1. that引导名词性从句时既无词义也不在从句中作任何成分。
2. that引导主语从句、表语从句、同位语从句时一般不可省,引导宾语从句时常可省。但是, and连接两个由that引导的宾语从句时,第一个that可省,第二个that不可省。
3. that从句一般不作介词的宾语。但: in that “因为”, except / but that“除了”例外。
考点3.whether, if的用法
It's reported that Pakistan is considering ______ to continue its information cooperation with the US because the US didn't inform them in advance before they took action to kill Bin Laden. (2011·成都七中高三最后一套模拟卷)
A. what B. how
C. whether D. if
【解析】选C。在 whether后只能用不定式或后接or not,不能接if,即whether to do 或whether or not。
whether, if引导名词性从句时,表示“是否”, 不在从句中作任何成分,二者常可通用,但在下面几种情况下一般只用whether:
(1)引导主语从句。
(2)引导表语从句。
(3)引导同位语从句。
(4)在动词discuss之后。
(5)在介词之后。
(6)后面紧跟or not。
(7)动词不定式前。
考点4.名词性从句的语序
I really wonder ______ will stop Japan from its annual whale hunt in the Antarctic. (山西太原五中2010— 2011学年度第二学期月考4月)
A. that it is what B. what it is that
C. what is it that D. that is it what
【解析】选B。空白处为一宾语从句作动词wonder的宾语。而宾语从句是一个强调句,强调what。宾语从句要采用陈述语序。
名词性从句用陈述语序,为:连词(+被修饰语)+主语+谓语。即主谓不倒装。
考点5. what与that引导名词性从句的区别
例1:It is not always easy for the public to see ______ use a new invention can be of to human life. (2011·重庆卷34)
A. Whose B. what
C. which D. that
【解析】选B。空白处作动词 see 的宾语。宾语从句按顺序为a new invention can be of what use to human life,疑问词what前置。因此选B。
例2:Modern science has given clear evidence ______ smoking can lead to many diseases. (2011·天津卷13)
A. what B. which
C. that D. where
【解析】选C。that引导词作名词evidence的同位语从句引导词。该词只起引导作用,无实义,不可省略。
1. 在名词性从句中,that只起连接主句和从句的作用,在从句中不充当任何成分,本身也没有词义,即从句中不缺少任何成分时用连词that.
2. that在从句中作主语时通常用it作形式主语,而将that从句置于句末作真正的主语。但what不能用it作形式主语。
3. that可引导同位语从句,但what不能。
考点6.由reason作主语时,表语从句的连接词
The reason why he can't go to school is ______ he is ill.
A. because B. why
C. that D. which
【解析】选C。reason作主语时,其后的表语从句一般用连词that。
reason作主语时,表语从句所用连词为that, 一般不用because或why等。
考点7. that引导同位语从句和定语从句的区别
例1:______ was known to all that William had broken his promise ______ he would never play computer games again. (2011·湖南雅礼中学高三第8次月考卷)
A. As; which B. As; that
C. It; that D. What; that
【解析】选C。it作形式主语,第一个that后引导从句作真正主语。名词promise后接that引导的同位语从句。对前一名词内容进一步补充说明。
例2:Helping others is a habit, one ______ you can learn even at an early age. (2011·山东卷改编)
A. it B. that
C. what D. who
【解析】选B。one是a habit的同位语。作为定语从句的先行词,后用which或 that作定语从句动词learn的宾语。关系代词作宾语也可省略。
that引导同位语从句时, that在从句中不作成分(一般不省), 且不可用which来取代;that引导定语从句时, that须作主语、宾语或表语(作宾语时常可省), 且常可用which来取代。第5讲 时态与语态
1. In 1492, Columbus ______ on one of the Bahama Islands, but he mistook it for an island off India. (2011·湖南卷27)
A. lands B. landed
C. has landed D. had landed
【解析】选B。本题考查时态中的一般过去时,强调过去某个时间里发生的动作或状态。句意:1492年,哥伦布曾在巴哈马群岛中的一个岛屿登陆,但是他误以为是印度边缘的一个岛屿。题干给出具体的过去时间in 1492,所以排除A和D。干扰项C现在完成时表示过去发生并且已经完成的动作对现在造成影响或后果,此题表达的重点是哥伦布过去登陆了这个岛,并不强调对现在的影响。
2. In the near future, more advances in the robot technology ______ by scientists. ( 2011·湖南卷34)
A. are making B. are made
C. will make D. will be made
【解析】选D。本题考查动词的时态及语态。句意:在不久的将来,科学家将会使机器人技术更加先进。主语是more advances,时间是in the near future,所以动作一定是发生在将来,又因为主语被提到了前面,“进步”是被取得的,所以句子需要用被动语态。故选D。
英语中,动词有十六种时态,而湖南高考要求考生掌握十种时态,它们是:一般现在时、一般过去时、一般将来时、现在进行时、过去进行时、过去将来时、将来进行时、现在完成时、过去完成时以及现在完成进行时。
动词的时态
考点1.一般现在时与现在进行时
Planning so far ahead ______ no sense — so many things will have changed by next year. (2011·全国新课标卷23)
A. made B. is making
C. makes D. has made
【解析】选C。句意:提前这么早计划没有意义,第二年这么多事情将会发生变化。此项用一般现在时表明这一客观事实。选项A一般过去时,选项B现在进行时,选项D现在完成时都与接下来的一句语境不符。
一般现在时表示经常性、习惯性或不依时间的变化而发生变化的动作。时刻表上安排的将要进行的事情也可用一般现在时表示。
现在进行时表示现在正在进行的动作,或现阶段一直进行的动作。非持续性动词(如: go, come, leave, die 等)的现在进行时表示将要发生的动作。
温馨提示:
(1)在以when, until (till), as soon as, by the time, after, before等引导的时间状语从句或以if, unless, once等引导的条件状语从句以及由no matter when, however, even if等引导的让步状语从句中,如果主句中的动词用一般将来时,从句中的动词通常用一般现在时代替一般将来时。
(2)always, often, constantly, frequently, forever等副词和现在进行时连用,表达说话人的某种感情,即“赞扬”或“厌恶”等,可译为“老是、总是”。
(3)某些动词的现在进行时可表示计划或安排好了的将来动作。常见的这类动词有: go, come, leave, arrive, start, take off等。
考点2. 现在完成时与一般过去时
It is the most instructive lecture that I ______ since I came to this school. (2011·湖南卷30)
A. attended B. had attended
C. am attending D. have attended
【解析】选D。句意:自从我来了这所学校以后,这是我听过的最有教育意义的一场讲座。这里考查了定语从句和时态两个知识点。因为前面的谓语动词是is,并且谈论的是从过去开始持续到现在的一段时间里发生的动作,所以用现在完成时。故选D。
现在完成时强调过去发生的事情一直延续到现在的情况,或者过去发生的事情对现在的影响或结果。属于现在时态的范畴。表示延续性的动作时常用“since+时间点/for+时间段”作状语;而表示非持续性的动作时常用副词already, yet, ever, just, never等作状语。
一般过去时表示在过去时间里已经发生的动作,常与过去时间状语yesterday, last week, in 2003, three days ago等连用。
相同点:都表示动作发生在过去。
不同点:现在完成时表示与现在有关;一般过去时表示与现在无关。
温馨提示:(1)比较、区别have gone to(去了)与have been to(去过)的不同用法。
(2)现在完成时一般不与具体的过去时间状语或when连用。
(3)短暂性动词的完成时一般不与段时间状语连用。
(4)在It / This / That is the first / second time (that) …结构中, that引导的从句常用现在完成时。
考点3.过去进行时与一般过去时
— That must have been a long trip.
— Yeah, it ______ us a whole week to get there. (2011·北京卷27)
A. takes B. has taken
C. took D. was taking
【解析】选C 。 根据上句must have been可知trip发生在过去,因此第二句选用一般过去时took。句意:——那一定是一次长久的旅行。——是啊,我们花了整整一星期才到达那儿。
过去进行时表示在过去某一时刻或过去某一段时间正在进行的动作,常与时间状语this time last year, that time, last night或由when, while, as 引导的时间状语从句等连用。
温馨提示:过去进行时与副词always, constantly, continually, forever等连用时表示赞美或讨厌的感彩。
考点4. 过去完成时与一般过去时
By the time Jack returned home from England, his son ______ from college.(2011·辽宁卷34)
A. graduated B. has graduated
C. had been graduating D. had graduated
【解析】选D。从句动作是过去时,主句动作发生在过去的过去,因此用过去完成时。
过去完成时表示过去某时间或某动作之前已经发生的事情或存在的状态,即:过去的过去。持续性动词的过去式常与since+时间点、for+时间段、when/before+过去时的从句、by/before+过去时间等状语连用。
温馨提示:(1)动词expect, hope, suppose, think, want等的过去完成时表示过去未曾实现的希望、计划或打算等。
(2)过去完成时用于某些特殊结构
① It / This / That was the first / second time (that)+过去完成时
② It was+段时间+since+过去完成时
③ no sooner …than …或hardly …when …的主句谓语要用过去完成时
④ 含“by+过去时间点”或“by the time+一般过去时”的句子常用过去完成时
考点5.现在完成时与现在完成进行时
— You look so tired, what have you been doing
— We have been discussing the problem but we ______ a conclusion yet.
A. haven't drawn B. have been drawing
C. didn't draw D. weren't drawing
【解析】 选A。根据前后语境可知,到目前为止我们还没有达成结论,尽管我们到现在为止一直在讨论问题。yet一般与完成时连用。
现在完成进行时由“have/has + been+现在分词”构成,表示从过去某个时候开始一直延续到现在的动作;现在完成时表示动作已完成。
考点6.一般将来时与将来进行时
— I hear you ______ in a pub. What's it like
— Well, it's very hard work and I'm always tired, but I don't mind. (2011·江苏卷21)
A. are working B. will work
C. were working D. will be working
【解析】选A。 句意:——我听说你在一个酒吧干活。工作怎样?——哦,工作很艰难,我总是累的,但我不介意。此句用进行时表明一段时间在进行的动作。如果选用将来时或将来进行时的话,那么就不会出现下一个对话情景。选C过去进行时,与下句太不符合。
一般将来时表示将来某个时间要发生的动作或存在的状态,或在现在看来即将要发生的动作或存在的状态,常与时间状语tomorrow, next week, in a few days等连用。
将来进行时表示将来某时间正在发生的动作,或将来某时间可能会发生的事情。
一般将来时强调打算、计划、安排,而将来进行时强调客观的可能性或主观的决心、意志。
温馨提示:will / shall与be going to的区别:
① be going to可用于条件状语从句表示将来,而shall / will一般不可。
② 迹象表明要发生某事,只用be going to。
③ 若强调某个意图是经过事先考虑好的,用be going to;说话时的临时决定,则用will / shall。
动词的语态
考点1.两种特殊的被动语态
1. 双宾语动词的被动语态
She was ______ the bike for 25 dollars,but she wouldn't take it.
A. provided B. supplied
C. offered D. gave
【解析】选C。 offer 作“出价,开价”讲,常有offer sb. money for sth.和offer sb. sth. for money两种搭配。此处是将后者用于被动语态中。
英语中有些动词可以有两个宾语,如: give, buy, bring, show, pass, offer, lend, leave, tell, write, sing, teach等,这些动词用于被动结构时,可以将其中任何一个宾语变为主语,而另一个宾语仍保留在谓语后面。如: He bought me many books. → I was bought many books. 或 Many books were bought for me.
2. 短语动词的被动语态
— Why does Lingling look so unhappy
— She ______ by her classmates.
A. has laughed
B. has laughed at
C. has been laughed
D. has been laughed at
【解析】选D。由by短语可知该用被动语态,即可排除A、B。laugh是不及物动词,没有被动语态,而laugh at才是及物动词短语,可用被动语态。
短语动词是由“动词+介词”, “动词+名词+介词”等结构构成的动词短语,在被动语态结构中,不能漏掉其后的介词。在“动词+名词+介词”这类动词短语的被动结构,“名词+be+动词过去分词+介词”也是高考热点。如:take care of→care be taken of; make good use of→good use be made of; take advantage of→advantage be taken of。
考点2.主动表被动的若干情形
— Shall we go fishing tomorrow
— Sounds great, but with so much homework ______, I really can't afford the time.
A. done B. to do
C. being done D. doing
【解析】选B。“with+宾语+不定式”结构中的不定式表示将来,且常用主动表被动。
1. 系动词(如look, sound, smell, feel, taste, prove等)要用主动表被动。
2. 英语中有些动词如: open, close, shut, lock, move, read, wash, clean, cook, cut, wear, carry等,当主语是物,且又表示主语的特征和状态时,要用主动形式表被动含义。
3. 不定式to blame用作表语,通常用主动表被动。
4. “主语+be+形容词+to do”结构中的不定式通常要用主动形式表示被动意义。这类形容词常见的有: convenient, comfortable, dangerous, difficult, hard, easy, impossible, interesting, nice, pleasant, safe, tough, tricky, unpleasant等。
5. 不定式用于某些动词(如: have, get, want, need等)的宾语后作定语时,如果不定式的逻辑主语是句子的主语,通常用主动形式表示被动意义。
温馨提示:若不定式的逻辑主语不是句子的主语,则应用被动式。
6. 在“with+宾语+不定式”结构中,不定式表示将来的动作,且其逻辑主语是句子的主语,该不定式常用主动表被动。
7. be worth后的动名词要用主动表被动。
温馨提示:be worthy却不一样,其后常接不定式的被动式或of+动名词的被动式。
8. 表示“需要”的动词need, want, require或动词deserve(“应受,应得,值得”)后的动名词用主动式表被动意义。但这些动词后的动名词若改为不定式则要用被动式表被动。
考点3.不及物动词和有些及物动词(短语)无被动语态
Great changes ______ in the city and a lot of factories ______.
A. have been taken place; have been set up
B. have taken place; have been set up
C. are taken place; are set up
D. were taken place; were set up
【解析】选B。 take place 为不及物动词短语,一般不用被动语态,即可排除A、C、D。
常见的没有被动语态的动词(短语)有: occur, take place, happen, break out, belong to, appear, disappear, cost, last, agree with等。
考点4. 作状语的动词被动语态
If they win the final tonight, the team are going to tour around the city ______ by their enthusiastic supporters. (2011·浙江卷19)
A. being cheered B. be cheered
C. to be cheered D. were cheered
【解析】选C。 考查非谓语动词,因此首先排除B和D(前面已经有are going to tour,又没有连词,不可能出现两个独立谓语)。A和C都表示被动,区别在于being done表示正在被发生的动作,而动词不定式to be done表示具体、一次性、将要被发生的动作。句意:如果他们今晚赢得了决赛,整队将在热情的粉丝欢呼下周游这个城市。这里用to be done表示伴随。
考点5. 作后置定语的动词被动语态
The Town Hall ______ in the 1800's was the most distinguished building at that time.
A. completing
B. completed
C. having been completed
D. to have been completed
【解析】选B。 completed作后置定语修饰the Town Hall, 表被动完成。相当于定语从句which/ that was completed。选C错误,因为现在分词完成时不能作限定性后置定语。
考点6. “get/become及其他系动词+过去分词”表示被动,构成系表结构
They got ______ after returning from the big party last week.
A. separate B. separating
C. separated D. to separate
【解析】选C。 get +过去分词为固定系表结构。get separated (分离)。类似结构还有get dressed“穿着”, get married“结婚”, get changed “换衣服”等等。
考点7.形式被动意义表主动的短语一般都由“be +v. ed+介词或少量的不定式”组成,如be faced with(面临),be determined to do(下决心干),be caught in(遇上), be devoted to (致力于), be known for(因……出名),be lost in(陷于,埋头于) 等等。在句中作状语时只需去掉be。
______ to achieve high grades in the final examination, he tried to study harder and harder.
A. Being determining B. Determined
C. To determine D. Determine
【解析】选B。 be determined to do作状语时,be去掉。
考点8. 带复合宾语的动词被动语态结构
The missing girl was last seen ______ under the big tree.
A. read B. to read
C. reading D. to be reading
【解析】选C。由句中语境可知空白处表示的是当时的现场情景,动作正在发生。故用reading作主补。带复合宾语的动词变为被动时,一般将主动结构中的宾语变为被动结构中的主语,宾语补足语不变。宾语补足语可以是现在分词结构,表明动作正在发生,也可以是动词不定式结构表明动作已发生,强调动作发生的全过程。
考点9.当句子的谓语为say, believe, report, expect, think, know, consider, suggest等动词时,被动语态有两种形式①谓语动词用被动语态,动词不定式作主补,②用it作形式主语,真正主语在后面用主语从句来表示。类似句型有:It is said/ reported/ believed/ known/ suggested/ considered/ hoped/ thought …that…
The crowd cheered wildly at the sight of Bolt at the Bird's Nest, who was reported ______ the world record in the running races.
A. breaking B. having broken
C. to have broken D. to break
【解析】选C。 表示据报道用“be reported +不定式”。此处用不定式完成时表动作已发生。此句中的后一分句我们也可以这样改写:It was reported that Bolt had broken the world record in the running races.