第22讲 词义猜测题
(2011·湖南卷C篇)
…
The scientists used detailed genetic analysis to prove that the African savanna elephant and the African forest elephant have been distinct species for several million years. The divergence of the two species took place around the time of the divergence of Asian elephants and woolly mammoths. This result amazed all the scientists.
…
67. The underlined word “divergence” in paragraph 4 means “______”.
A. evolution B. exhibition
C. separation D. examination
思路点拨：C 文中divergence of the two species指代前文the African Savanna elephant and the African forest elephant have been distinct species, divergence与distinct同义替换，对应选项C。
猜词是英语阅读的重要技巧，也是高考中常考的题型。考生要学会“顺藤摸瓜”，通过构词、定义、对比、因果、联想、上下文等线索(各种已知信息)确定词义。要求猜测词义的词一般为实词(动词、名词、形容词等)。就方法来说，主要根据上下文线索和构词法。高考阅读文章中更侧重前者。
通过定义、定语从句/词组或同位语从句/词组等来确定词义。
1. 直接定义：如果生词是句子或段落所解释的定义，理解句子或段落本身就是推断词义。 如： In slang the term jam constitutes a state of being in which a person finds himself or herself in a difficult situation.
根据上下文的定义可知jam一词在俚语中的意思是 “困境”。 定义句的谓语动词多为：be, mean, deal with, be considered, to be, refer to, be called, be known as, define, represent等。
根据定义猜测词义
2. 同位语：构成同位关系的两部分之间多用逗号连接，有时也使用破折号、冒号、分号、引号和括号等。需要注意的是：同位语前还常有or, similarly, that is to say, in other words, namely, or other, say, i．e. 等副词或短语出现。
3. 定语从句：定语从句有时起着解释和说明的作用，据此我们可以推断出所修饰词的含义。如： The herdsman,_who looks after sheep, earns about 650 yuan a year.
定语从句中 looks after sheep 就表明了 herdsman 的词义为“牧羊人”。
(2010年四川师大附中高三模拟题)
You should never put a cotton swab or other object into the ear canal. But you can use a swab or cloth to clean the outer part of the ear. The experts agree with the old saying that you should never put anything smaller than your elbow in your ear.
( )What does a “swab” mostly probably mean
A. something soft, small and used in clinics
B. something hard, long and used at home
C. something thin, wet and like an elbow
D. something safe, big and like a toy
【答案及解析】A 根据But you can use a swab or cloth to clean the outer part of the ear. 可判断or后面的名词cloth与swab是同位关系，据此可以判断swab是一种用来清洗耳朵等部位的棉制或布制的医药用品，即“棉签”。
1. 根据对比关系猜测词义
在一个句子或段落中，有时对两个事物或现象进行对比性的描述，我们可以根据生词的反义词来猜测其词义。英语中表示对比关系的词汇和短语主要是unlike, not, but, however, despite, in spite of, in contrast 和while 引导的并列句等。 如： Andrew is one of the most supercilious men I know. His brother, in contrast, is quite humble and modest.
该例中supercilious对许多人来说可能是个生词，但是句中短语in contrast(相对照的，相对比的)提示我们supercilious和后面词组humble and modest(谦卑又谦虚)是对比关系。分析出这种关系后，我们便能猜出supercilious意为“目空一切的，傲慢的”。
根据逻辑关系猜测词义
2. 根据类比关系猜测词义
表示类比关系的词和短语主要有similarly, like, just as, also, as well等。如： Green loves to talk, and his brothers are similarly loquacious.
该句中副词similarly表明短语loves to talk与生词loquacious之间为类比关系。以此可以推断出loquacious词义为“健谈的”。
3. 根据因果关系猜测词义
在句子或段落中，若两个事物、现象之间构成因果关系，我们可以根据这种逻辑关系推知生词词义。如： Tom is considered an autocratic administrator because he makes decisions without seeking the opinions of others.
根据原因状语从句的内容，我们可以推断出生词autocratic指“独断专行的”。
4. 根据同义词的替代关系猜测词义
在句子或段落中，我们可以利用熟悉的词语，根据语言环境推断生词词义。如： Although he often had the opportunity, Mr. Tritt was never able to steal money from a customer. This would have endangered his position at the bank, and he did not want to jeopardize his future.
作者为避免重复使用endanger一词用其同义词jeopardize来替代它，由此推知jeopardize词义为“使……陷入危险，危及、危害”。
1. 我们可以根据上下文与生词密切相关的句子，对生词进行合情合理同时合乎上下文语境的推测。我们也可以根据生词后举出的有关例子进行适当归纳，猜测生词的词义。例如： You can take any of the periodicals:_The World of English, Foreign Language Teaching in Schools, or English Learning.
根据下文举出的英语杂志名称可知，periodicals是“期刊”之意。
根据上下文及生活常识猜测词义
2. 有时仅靠分析篇章内在逻辑关系无法猜出词义。这时，就需要运用生活经验和普通常识确定词义。例如： The snake slithered through the grass.
根据有关蛇的生活习性的知识，我们可以推断出slither的词义为“爬行”。
(2010年湖南省六校联考)
…But sometimes I just feel loath to talk to these people. Sometimes, I just want to be alone, quietly, without being forced to listen to their gossip or other useless words.
( )The underlined word “loath” in this paragraph has the closest meaning to ______.
A. unwilling B. eager
C. pleased D. hurt
【答案及解析】A 根据后面的语境“我宁愿安静地独处，不愿意去听这些闲言碎语”，可见作者“不愿意”与这些人说话。故loath是“不愿意”之意。
英语单词的构成方法主要有三种，即复合法、派生法和转化法。英语单词大多是由词根、词头(前缀)、词尾(后缀)所组成。词根是单词最基本的部分，表达单词的基本含义。在词根前头或后头加上前缀或后缀，可以用来引申或转变原词的意义。只要我们掌握了各种词根、词头、词尾的基本含义，那么就可以很容易地猜测所构成的新词的含义了。中学英语中常见的前缀和后缀有：
根据构词法来猜测词义
super (超), inter (在……之间), able(能……的), mini (极少的，微型的)，micro (极微小的), re (再，反复), sub (分支的，底下), co (共同), post (后), pre (前), trans (超越；转换), under (在……之下；低于……；不足), hood(状态；性质；时期), ish(如……的；有点儿……的); proof(防……的；……不能穿透的), scope(景), ship(身份；资格；权力；性质), some(易于……的), wards(向), mis (误；恶), un (不；非), in (不；非), im (不； 非), dis (不), non (不；非)， less(不；无), anti (反；防), sino (中国)。如： He fell into a ditch and lay there, semiconscious,_for a few minutes.
根据词根conscious(清醒的，有意识的)，结合前缀semi(半，部分的，不完全的), 我们便可猜出semiconscious词义“半清醒的，半昏迷的”。
(2010年广东华南师大附中高三综合测试)
Sharks are among the few animals in the world that almost never get cancer and eye cataracts. Understanding why can help us improve human health. Chemicals extracted from shark cartilage have killed cancerous tumors in laboratory animals, a research that someday could help prolong your life.
( )The underlined word “prolong” in the paragraph means ______.
A. save B. protect
C. lengthen D. improve
【答案及解析】C 可根据构词法来判断词义。prolong 是个派生词，前缀pro 是“支持，亲”之意，long是“长”之意，故可判断prolong是“延长(寿命)”的意思。
代词that/it/they/them所指代的内容多在这一句的前、后句中(特别是前句)，或者前几个句子中，找到指代的内容后把它放在那个代词的位置上，看看这句话是否合理，与前面的内容是否一致，然后再判断它是否为正确答案。
判断代词的确指对象第20讲 事实细节题
(2011·湖南卷A篇)When first entered, Vanak Restaurant does not look like much of a restaurant, but once the pleasant smells of kabob(烤肉串)hit the senses, you are incapable of calling it anything less.
Owned by a local couple, this Persian restaurant has an inviting, homelike atmosphere that many restaurants lack.
The space is small with only a few dining tables and nearly no decoration，but the environment is truly charming.
Lying in a hardly noticeable street corner，the restaurant still attracts all customers, especially those experienced in the delights of Middle Eastern cooking.
A common sight is that of old Persian men sitting in the corner talking loudly about world topics，watching news events on TV，drinking a black tea known as Persian chai, and reading local Persian newspapers all the while trying to finish off their plates piled with food.
The variety of food at the restaurant is limited，but the amount of each dish is fairly large.Most of the meals can serve two people and are under $10, so not only is it affordable but practical as well.
The food especially appeals to health conscious eaters because each dish is very healthy，made with limited fat and oil and served straight off the grill (烤肉架)．
The main dish that the restaurant is popular for is its kabobs，which are different styles of grilled meat.
One delicious and extremely healthy dish is the Joojeh Kabob，which is made of grilled chicken pieces served with either rice or bread.Another great kabob is the Chelo Kabob, a kabob consisting of grilled beef.
Although the restaurant is small，the atmosphere and the food is delicious.It is a place that should not be overlooked.
57. What activity is also mentioned apart from dining in the restaurant
A. Watching news events on TV.
B. Drinking a kind of black coffee.
C. Reading local English newspapers.
D. Discussing world topics in low voices.
58. The food of the restaurant ______.
A. is served in small amounts
B. is rather expensive
C. is rich in variety
D. is very healthy
59. What is the dish Joojeh Kabob mainly made of
A. Rice. B．Chicken.
C. Bread. D．Beef.
一篇文章在确定主题之后，通常要通过大量的事实和细节对主题进行解释和说明。因此有很多的题干是根据短文的细节而设计的。文章的细节题有可能是直接理解题，如事物的起因、过程、结果及发生的时间、地点等。也有些是间接理解题，要求你在理解的基础上，通过自己的思维将理解的内容系统化，条理化。选项的表述通常不是用文章的原话，而是使用同义的词语来表达。考生一定要回到短文中找出与答题内容相关的词语和句子，在理解原文的基础上选择答案。
一、所谓细节题的表现形式多种多样，大致可总结如下：
1. 是非题
出题形式：
三正一误(三项正确，只有一项不符合原文内容)：
Which of the following is true except…？
Which of the following is mentioned except…？
三误一正(三项错误，只有一项符合原文内容)：
Which of the following is true
2. 例证题
例子为高考阅读理解的常见考点之一，这类题的基本结构为The author provides in Line…(或Paragraph…)an example in order to…意思是问文中举出某现象或例子的目的。如果文章是说明文和议论文，文章中举出一些例子无非是为了说明一定的道理。关键在于这个例子在原文出现的位置，但不管如何，这个例子之前或之后不远处通常都有一句总结说明性的话，这句话就是答案，即举例的目的。如果例子与全文主题有关，则例证主题，答案为主题句。如果例子与段落主题有关，就例证段落主题，则答案为段落主题句；否则，答案为例子前后总结说明性的话。
3. 其他形式的细节题
(1)定义
①与主题有关的篇章定义，理解它有助于做主旨题。
②具体对某个现象或术语加以定义，有时成为词义题的考试内容。
(2)年代与数字
这个考点有几种出题方式，但不管以何种形式出现，只要题干问年代与数字，答案就对应于文章中的年代与数字。
(3)比较
比较考点的表现形式主要有：①比较级与含有比较意义的词汇手段和句型结构；②表示绝对意义的字眼：first(第一)，least(最不)，uttermost(最)等；③表示唯一性的词汇：only，unique等。
阅读最好能圈出表示最高级、唯一性和绝对意义的词汇，便于做题时对回原文定位。
(4)原因
这种题的答案在原文中通常有一些表示因果关系的词汇手段提示：
①表示因果关系的名词：result，reason；
②表示因果关系的动词：result in(结果)，result from(由于)，base…on…(以……为基础)，be due to(由于)；
③表示因果关系的连词或介词：because，for，why；
④表示因果关系的副词：as a result，consequently等，阅读时对这些提示词应该予以注意。
除了上述原文有因果关系提示词的显性原因考点之外，隐性原因(两个句子之间为因果关系，但无有关提示词)也是常见考点。不管是显性原因考点，还是隐性原因考点，原文相关句出现的格式都是先说原因，后说结果，而在题干中通常给出结果，就其原因提问。
二、解题方法：
1. 直接理解题
多数细节理解题是直接考查考生对具体信息的近义或反义理解能力。寻找相关的近义或反义表述，是一种有效的解题方式。
代词复指题也属于一种直接理解题。一般是在人物或事物关系比较复杂的情况下使用这种题型，所以理清人物及事物之间的逻辑关系是关键所在。可采用“逻辑关系梳理法”，使人物或事件关系条理化、简明化、明朗化。
二、解题方法：
2. 转换理解题
转换理解题要求考生在理解具体事实的基础上，通过自己的思维将理解的内容系统化，条理化，形象化，具体化。
一是“首尾定位法”。比如计算、排序、选图等题。排序题要求考生根据事件发生的先后顺序和句子之间的逻辑关系，找出事件发生的正确顺序，即先找出第 一个动作和最后一个动作，迅速缩小选择范围，从而快速选出正确答案。
二是利用同义词、近义词和反义词：即命题者常常会利用近义词或反义词来考查学生对细节的捕捉与理解能力。第25讲 信息的表述
(湖南省长沙市一中2011 届高三月考七)According to the surprising findings of a new study by U. S. investigators, chewing sugarless gum during class and while doing homework can have a positive effect on academic performance in teenagers.
Study leader Craig A. Johnston of the Children's Nutrition Research Center at Baylor College of Medicine in Houston, Texas, and his colleagues studied more than 100 eighth grade students, 52 girls and 56 boys, aged between 13 and 16 years, in four math classes. The experts randomly(任意地) assigned teenagers into two groups: one group was asked to chew Wrigley's sugar free gum during class, while doing homework, and also while performing a standardized test. They chewed at least one stick of gum 86 per cent of the time they were in math class and 36 per cent of the time they were doing homework. The participants of the other group did not.
Johnston and his team found that 14 weeks later, the gum chewers had a 3 percent increase in their math scores on the Texas Assessment of Knowledge and Skills achievement test, a small but statistically significant change, according to experts. There was no difference found in math scores between the participants in the two groups in another test called the Woodcock Johnston Ⅲ Tests of Achievement. However, the experiment revealed(展现) that gum chewers had better final grades in the class compared to their non chewing peers(同龄人). According to Johnston, chewing gum reduces stress and anxiety as well as it increases arousal(兴奋).
Researchers say that the studies and research are focused on investigating the effect of chewing gum on focus, alertness, concentration, situational stress, weight control and oral health. According to them, the study is really meaningful and should raise interest in parents “when related to small steps that can lead to better academic performance.”
The new study is being built on previous research that was conducted in a laboratory setting and showed that gum chewing can help reduce stress, improve alertness and relieve anxiety. The current findings, for the first time, provide a possible role for chewing gum in helping to improve academic performance in a “real life” classroom setting.
A surprising finding — chewing gum results in 1. ________
Ⅰ. Purpose of the study:
To investigate the effect of chewing gum on focus, alertness, concentration, situational stress, weight control and 2. ________.
Ⅱ. The research:
◆ Researchers: Craig A. Johnston and 3. ________
◆ Participants: 4. ________ eighth grade students aged between 13 and 16 years
◆ Contents:
◆ Results:
● Gum chewers' math scores increasing by
8. ________ on the Texas Assessment of Knowledge and Skills achievement test
●9. ________ in the Woodcock Johnston III Tests of Achievement between the two groups
● Gum chewers having better final grades
Ⅲ. Researchers' Analysis:
◆ Chewing gum reduces 10. ________.
◆ Chewing gum increases arousal.
【答案及解析】
1. better academic performance / higher marks 概括改写题。根据全文内容， 尤其是第一段内容可推知。
2. oral health 直接题。根据倒数第二段Researchers say that the studies and research are focused on investigating the effect of chewing gum on focus, alertness, concentration, situational stress, weight control and oral health. 可得知。
11
【答案及解析】
3. his colleagues/team 直接题。根据第二段Study leader Craig A. Johnston of the Children's Nutrition Research Center at Baylor College of Medicine in Houston, Texas, and his colleagues studied…可得知。
4. over 100 / more than 100 直接题。根据第二段…more than 100 eighth grade students, 52 girls and 56 boys, aged between 13 and 16 years, in four math classes.可得知。
12
【答案及解析】
5. 14 weeks 直接题。根据第三段Johnston and his team found that 14 weeks later可得知。
6. math class(es) 直接题。根据第二段They chewed at least one stick of gum 86 per cent of the time they were in math class and 36 per cent of the time they were doing homework.可得知。
13
【答案及解析】
7. Chewing no gum / Not chewing gum 改写题。根据第三段the experiment revealed(展现) that gum chewers had better final grades in the class compared to their non chewing peers(同龄人)可得知。
8. 3 percent 直接题。根据第三段第一句Johnston and his team found that 14 weeks later, the gum chewers had a 3 percent increase in their math scores…可得知。
14
【答案及解析】
9. No difference /(Almost)the same 直接题。根据第三段There was no difference found in math scores between the participants in the two groups in another test called the Woodcock Johnston Ⅲ Tests of Achievement.可得知。
10. stress and anxiety 直接题。根据第三段chewing gum reduces stress and anxiety…
理解是前提，而表述是目的和归宿。要正确有效地表述信息要注意以下几点：
一、注意文字的简洁性
有以下几个规律可循：
(1)用名词所有格形式“'s”代替介词of。如Citizens' longer living就巧妙地运用了名词所有格形式“'s”， 如用of, 则变成了the longer living of citizens, 在字数上不符合要求。
(2)词性转换。如“The‘graying’of the United States”， 在表达时运用词性转换技巧，将原来的名词gray转换成现在分词时，含有动态意义，表示“逐渐变老”， 言简意赅。
(3)句子结构转换。主要通过加工压缩信息抓住要点。言简意赅， 击中要害。因此怎样加工压缩信息就成了广大考生必备的一种技能。一般的， 阅读填空题要掌握以下几种技能：
①词形变形能力。主要是看其前后的动词形式再作确认。如果前后都是动词原形那就不变；如果前后是v. ing形式， 那就要随其变形。
②删减多余词汇能力。一般主要是删去不影响主要意思表达的修饰词汇。如形容词、副词、冠词等等。如今年湖南高考的第76题删去了creating；第79题去掉了修饰形容词various。
③以群体代替个体。如有的将a/an ＋n.变为其对应的复数形式。
④原意改换能力。或用同义或近义词代替；或用反义词或派生词改换；或用从句改写， 或用意思接近的名词短语代替原句较长的句子。如今年高考题第73题。原句是Some can help find the right schools based on one's interests.在例举式表格中Find the right schools that one __73__. 根据原句based on one's interests可得知答案用同意句改写替换。即： is /becomes interested in或shows/takes/has interest in；再如短文中的原信息是两个完整的句子： One likely development will be a gradual change in the family unit.The other likely development will be a change in the proportion of the nation's workforce.将句子的核心词进行转换，变成“Family unit change”和“Workforce proportion change”， 从而达到“每空不超过3个单词”的要求。
二、注意表述的概括性
概括性是英语阅读填空所考查的重点，要求对阅读信息具有较强的综合归纳能力。在解答这类题时，要找出共性，根据标题词的特点表达，平时注意积累典型的概括性词汇。有时不仅需要记清楚一些概括性词汇，还要熟练掌握该词汇的常用搭配，以便迅速锁定最佳词语。
三、注意表述的对称性
对称性是英语阅读填空的又一要求。考生必须对试题所在表格中的上下、左右进行研究，挖掘出其表达形式的共性，如名词短语、介词短语、非谓语动词短语及特殊符号等都应该保持一致。
四、注意表达的正确性
正确表达是英语阅读填空的基本要求。考生在找出相关信息后，必须仔细研究，作出正确的表达。务必要避免时态、人称、单复数形式的错误，更不能出拼写、标点符号等低级错误。第26讲 阅读简答（1）
(2011·湖南卷)Two weeks ago, I had a quarrel with my husband.After he had driven off in anger, I realized that I wasn't going to feel any better just sitting there. Feeling abandoned and guilty, I put on my gym shoes to get some fresh air.
Our driveway has a slope(斜坡) that is easier just to jog down if you are lazy, taking advantage of gravity. Instead of stopping at the end of the slope, I decided to see if I could just jog to the end of the street. I had tried a few months ago and failed miserably. Since that first attempt I had been jogging regularly and was significantly fitter, but still very lazy. However this time around I managed to reach the stop sign with ease and I figured I would go a little further.
After about one kilometer, however, I noticed that my upper body was tense. To make the movement easier I had to relax my body, and tried to take deep breaths of fresh air.
I kept giving myself the excuse to stop. No one would be disappointed. No one would even know. But I didn't stop. I wanted to keep going harder, better, faster, stronger. To my great surprise, I ran 4.9 km in 31 minutes. When I got back, I had tears in my eyes. I did something I thought I could never do.
It was the first long run of my life. Since then, I have improved my stride(步幅) and time.After every run I feel fitter, happier and motivated to keep progressing. I love the runner's high. I normally jog because I want to look good. I want to run because it makes me feel good.
81．Why did the author feel guilty？(No more than 9 words)(2 marks)
______________________________________________
82．What did the author fail to do miserably a few months ago (No more than 11 words)(2 marks)
______________________________________________
83．What excuses did the author keep giving herself to stop？(No more than 9 words) (3 marks)
______________________________________________
84．How is running different from jogging to the author？(No more than 14 words) (3 marks)
______________________________________________
本文为记叙文。记叙了作者第一次长跑的经历。
81. She had a quarrel with her husband. (2分)细节理解题。根据第一段第一句可知答案。
82. She failed to jog to the end of the street. (2分)细节理解题。根据第二段第二、三句可知答案。
83. No one would be disappointed or even know. (3分) 细节理解题。根据第四段第二、三句可知答案。
84. Running makes her feel good while jogging makes her look good. (3分)细节理解题。根据最后一段最后一句可知答案。
阅读简答题评分标准：
(1)语意相同或相近且语法正确，酌情给分。
(2)实词拼写错误，每个扣0. 5分，但所扣分数不超过该题总分。
(3)语法错误，每处扣0. 5分，但所扣分数不超过该题总分。
(4)各小题均不得超过规定词数，否则酌情扣分。
示例：
81. (1) She did something wrong. (扣1分)
(2) A quarrel或Had a quarrel. (扣1分)
82. (1)She didn't manage to go to the end of the street. (扣1分)
(2)(To) the end of the street. (扣1分)
示例：
83. (1) I would never disappoint anybody if I stopped. (扣1分)
(2) No one would be disappointed. (扣1.5分)
(3) No one would even know. (扣1.5分)
示例：
84. (1) I jog to look good and run to feel good. (扣 0.5分)
(2) At every run she feels fitter, happier and motivated to keep progressing. (扣1.5分)
(3) She jogs because she wants to look good. (扣1.5分)
(4) She wants to run because it makes her feel good. (扣1.5分)
(5) At every run I feel fitter, happier and motivated to keep progressing. (扣2分)
一、明确设题类型
通过对2007、2008、2009、2010年湖南省4套阅读简答题的分析，我们可以总结出该题型的命题设计类型一般有以下四种：同义词和近义词猜测型；具体细节理解型；概括主旨大意和确定文章标题型；判断推理写作态度和意图型。
二、解题步骤
1．正确审题：一是对问题的内容正确理解；二是对问题的要求准确把握。
2．查找相关信息，使答案有据可查、有本可依，保证答案内容正确。
3．正确表达答案要有针对性，避免答非所问。
三、解题技巧
1．合理安排答题时间：该题参考的合适时间是10分钟，即6分钟阅读文章和题目要求，4分钟书写答案和检查核对。
2．书写答案时，要注意大小写和标点符号。即使答案只有一个单词或短语，第一个字母也要大写，而且别忘了用英文句点。
3．注意表达的简洁性，不要增加与原文无关的内容，同时应用压缩和组织信息的方法。
4．答案表述时不能出现时态、句式、词形等语法错误，同时还要尽量注意表达对称和前后左右的语言形式。
5．答问的协调性。一定要注意提问方式和答案的协调性。不同类型的问题要求有不同形式的回答，不能仅仅为了答案的简洁而忽略了问题与回答在形式上的对应。例如，就目的提问，答案就应当用表示目的用语，如for短语，不定式短语；就原因提问，答案应当用because of 短语或because 从句；就事件的可能性提问，答案通常用简短而完整的简单句；提问词是what，多用名词或名词性短语、名词性从句来回答；提问词是how，则多用“by doing sth./ by means of sth.” 的形式回答。
四、词义猜测型、细节理解型的具体解题方法
这类题的目的在于考查考生转述(paraphrase)或解释(explain)某个词或语句在特定场合下的特定含义的能力。该类题要求考生不仅要读懂原文，而且要表达出来。要注意该题型与阅读理解题中的词义猜测题略有不同，它通常要求从本篇文章中找到与画线部分生词或短语意思相同的熟悉的词或短语。考查考生通过上下文，结合已知的信息，猜测尚不熟悉的词或短语，进一步考查对文章词句的理解深度。
词义猜测型
该类题常见的设题方式有：
① Find in the passage a word closest in meaning to the underlined word.
② The word “…” in line …/ paragraph…refers to…
③ The expression “…” in line …/ paragraph…is closest in meaning to…
解答这类题时，要注意找出原词在文章中的同义替换词。如果没有，还要注意破折号、同位语从句、定语从句、插入语等具有解释、说明作用的语言成分。
该类题与传统的词义猜测题不同的一点在于，它要求考生在通读全文或文章一部分的基础上找出一个与文章中特定的词同义或近义的词，而不是从所提供的备选选项中直接选出答案。要做好此类题，首先要具备一定的词汇量和必要的语法知识，同时，还要有一定的阅读技巧。文章中的每一个词都与文章本身有着众多的联系，通过分析这些因素，我们就会得出阅读材料中某个词的明确意义。
我们可以采用以下方法做题：
①直接定义猜词法；②利用标志词或标点符号猜词；③利用定语从句、同位语从句等句法现象猜词；④依据文章中的逻辑关系猜词；⑤利用构词法猜词；⑥利用上下文信息或暗示猜词。
细节理解题所占比重最大，以how, what, why提问的问题为主。做题时首先要审清题目要求，然后用直接定位的方法找到所需要的细节在文章中的出处。一般来说，考生在文章中找到答案出处并不太难。但关键是如何从答案出处中归纳出问题的答案，因为简答题要求考生要用最简短的语言回答，而不能原封不动地照搬原文的整句话。所以，需要转换表达方式，通常可采用词语替代、词类转换、分句合并和句型转换等方式来达到这个目的。
细节理解型
压缩信息常见的解决方法有：
1．短语单词化
例：We are not_in_favor_of smoking in public places.
→We're against smoking in public places.
练：It is time to put_an_end_to racial discrimination.
→It is time to end racial discrimination.
2．句子短语化
例：The girl who_had_been_caught_stealing was set free at last.
→The girl caught_stealing was set free at last.
练：While_he_was_reading_the_book,_he heard a loud noise.
→Reading_the_book，he heard a loud noise.
3．符号替代法
例：One_dollar_and_eighty seven_cents was all Della had saved.
→$1.87 was all Della had saved.
练：Jack's apartment is one_hundred_and_
two_square_meters.
→Jack has an apartment of 102m2.
4．间接替代法
例：China as well as some other countries won't_threaten_any_other_country,_for_it_never_has_the_intention_to_invade_other_countries.
→A_peace loving_country like China won't be threatening.
练：The judge punished those_who_had_driven_too_fast by fining 200 yuan each.
→Those_over speeding_drivers/The_traffic law_breakers were punished by the judge.
5．转换法
(1)词语替代法。此法是指用词性相同的同义词，近义词或同义词组，反义词组对原句的某些成分进行简单的替代，而句子的结构保持不变。
例：Is Meimei at_home
→Is Meimei in
练：An idea suddenly came_to_my_mind.
→ An idea suddenly occurred_to_me.
(2)词类转换法。此法是指利用某些派生词或词性相异的词组来替代原句中的某些成分，这时句子结构会发生变化。
例：The_rain_was_very_heavy last night.
→ It rained_heavily last night.
(3)合并分句法。把两个意义相关的简单句合并为一个简单句。
例：He is a new teacher. He_is_called Sun Jun.
→He is a new teacher called Sun Jun.
练：The woman is our new director. She_is_wearing_red_clothes.
→The woman in_red_/_wearing_red_clothes is our new director.
(4)句型转换法。句型转换是句子类别的转换，它要求学生对所学的句子结构和词形的变化做到概念清楚，运用准确。
①比较状语从句句型转换：最高级＝比较级＋than any other/the other…＝no other ＋原级as…
例：Li Lei is taller_than_any_other_student in his class.
→ Li Lei is the_tallest_student in his class.
练：This flower is more_beautiful_than_any_other flower at the exhibition.
→No_other_flowers_are_as_beautiful_as_this_one at the exhibition.
→This_flower_is_the_most_beautiful_one at the exhibition.
②状语从句与不定式转换
例：The little girl was so_tired_that_she_couldn't_go farther.
→The little girl was too_tired_to_go farther.
练：The bear wants to climb the tree in_order_that_it_can get the apple on it.
→The bear wants to climb the tree in_order_to get the apple on it.
③宾语从句与不定式转换
例：We all hope that_we_will_be_able_to_play games on the sports field.
→We all hope to_play games on the sports field.
练：He_ordered_that_we_should do our homework in the classroom after school.
→He ordered_us_to do our homework in the classroom after school.
④从句转换
例：He will miss the train if_he_does_not_take_a_taxi.
→He will miss the train unless_he_takes_a_taxi.
⑤从句与分词、动名词转换
例：When_I_was_going_shopping_yesterday,_I came_
across an old friend of mine.
→ Going_shopping_yesterday,_I met an old friend of mine.
练：I suggest that_you_should_phone your aunt before turning_up at her house.
→I suggest you_calling your aunt before visiting her house.第24讲 短文和表格信息的理解
(2011·湖南卷)A person searches various websites for different reasons, such as school, work, or entertainment. For teenagers, many informative resources on the Internet can be used. As a matter of fact, there are educational, music and art websites that are truly helpful to teenagers, because they can help make one's life easier.
Educational websites are helpful to a teenager in doing school work and searching for a college. Some can help studying for testes, explaining a lesson, and doing homework. Some can help find the right schools based on one's interests. And still others have pages devoted to the social life at each of the colleges or the specific activities that occur at a certain school.
Some free music sites enable a teenager to diversify their musical tastes. On these sites, all types of music are available such as pop, rock, jazz and country. One can type in a song, category or artist and his or her entire catalog appears. Then, the listener can make multiple playlists without creating an account(账户) with the site.
There are various art websites that can help students to appreciate and create art pieces. On these sites, a student can view numerous photos and art pieces from different mediums or create an account with the website to upload their art pieces for people to see. In addition, one can enjoy various art projects that people have created on display for the rest of the world.
Truly informative resources are offered on the Internet. The best suggestion one can receive is to try to look for new websites that can help in the educational, music, or art area, so one can become well rounded and informed.
Truly Helpful Websites for Teenagers
Many 71.__________ are available on various websites.
I. Educational sites: helping one 72. __________ and search for a college
·Study for tests, explain a lesson, and do homework
·Find the right school that one 73. __________
·Learn information about college social life and 74. __________
Ⅱ. Free music sites: 75. __________ to diversify musical tastes
·Listen to all types of music
·Type in a song, category, or artist to get an entire catalog
·make multiple playlists 76. __________
Ⅲ. 77. __________： helping one appreciate and create works
·View photos and works from mediums
·78. __________ for others to see
·79. __________ on display
Helpful websites can make teenagers 80. __________
【答案及解析】
71. informative resources 直接题。从文章第一段For teenagers, many informative resources on the Internet can be used. 可以找到。
72. do school work 直接题。从文章第二段Educational websites are helpful to a teenager in doing school work可以得出答案。
【答案及解析】
73. is interested in 改写题。根据文章第二段Some can help find the right schools based on one's interests. 意义改写。属于同义改写。
74. specific school activities 直接题。从文章第二段最后一句话…at each of the colleges or the specific activities that occur at a certain school. 可以得出答案。
【答案及解析】
75. enabling one 直接题。从文章第三段Some free music sites enable a teenager to diversify their musical tastes. 可以得出答案。
76. without an account 直接题。从文章第三段最后一句话the listener can make multiple playlists without creating an account with the site. 可以得出答案。
【答案及解析】
77. Art sites 直接题。从第四段第一句话There are various art websites that can help students to appreciate and create art pieces可得出答案。
78. Upload art pieces 直接题。从第四段…create an account with the website to upload their art pieces for people to see. 可得答案
【答案及解析】
79. Enjoy art projects 直接题。在第四段one can enjoy various art projects可得答案。
80. well rounded and informed 直接题。从文章最后一段最后一句可得答案。
理解的正确与否，直接关系到答题的正确性，而首当其冲的是对短文和表格信息的理解。
一、对短文的理解技巧
对短文的正确理解是做好英语阅读填空的必要前提。它主要包括以下四个方面的理解：
(1) 快速阅读，抓住中心：快速阅读、抓住文章中心是正确理解短文的关键。一方面，抓住了文章中心就能确保理解的正确性，使对文章的理解不会迷失方向；另一方面，表格的标题就是文章中心的高度浓缩，抓住了文章中心是正确解答标题的前提。那么如何快速抓住文章中心呢？
①综合分析文章的首尾句。一般说来，文章的首句为文章的主题，而尾句是文章的总结、结论或建议、希望，通过分析首尾句并结合全文内容，快速归纳出文章的中心。
②注意文章中的信息词。文章的主题句有时不在第一句，而是用连接词but / yet所连接的后面一句或含有副词however / though的句子。利用这些信息词快速找出主题句，归纳出中心。
③综合分析段首句。有些短文没有主题句，考生必须根据每段的第一句进行归纳总结，结合全文内容得出文章的中心。
(2) 弄清体裁，理清脉络：作者对不同体裁的文章，用不同的写作方法。但是，不管是用何种方法，写作思路或短文结构基本上是一致的，即“总——分——总”。
阅读填空的短文一般是说明文、议论文或记叙文。对于说明文，作者首先会提出一个说明的对象，然后从不同的角度对其介绍过程、解释原因或说明理由，最后得出结果并提出建议、想法或希望；对于议论文，作者首先可能提出一个观点，接着从不同方面对其进行论证，最后得出结论；对于记叙文，作者首先可能交代整个事件及其人物、事件、地点和结果，然后记述事件所发生的过程，最后记述事件的影响或人们对它的评价。
(3) 顺藤摸瓜，抓住信息： 如果说文章中心是藤的根，那么文章的结构就是藤，信息则是藤的果实。如何在枝繁叶茂的藤上找到藤的果实呢？我们就得顺着藤去摸。读文章也是如此，考生只有根据文章的中心和作者的思路、文章的结构，才能将所需的信息一个一个地找出来。
(4) 根据语境，理解信息： 在文章中，作者决不会随便滥用信息、细节，他所引用的每一个信息、细节都有其目的或作用。因此，考生在读短文时，应该用批判的眼光去考查信息间的相互关系，从而推断出细节的作用、意图，达到对短文的深层理解。
二、对表格的理解技巧
对试题的正确理解是正确解答英语阅读填空的另一个重要方面。它包括对表格结构的理解及试题设计的理解两个方面。
(1) 根据表格结构，揣测命题意图： 表格结构既是试题的载体，又是命题人对文章理解方式的体现。它是根据一定的线索设计的，一般包括行和列。而行、列又根据文章的对应信息给予小标题。因此考生应该根据试题表格结构的特征，逆推命题人对文章的理解思路，从而揣测命题的目的意图，准确把握信息范围及对文章的理解方向。
(2) 根据试题设计，弄清问题的要求： 表格填空实际上是作者对文章理解思路的再现。表格中给出了部分信息，为考生的作答提供了具体暗示和线索，考生应该利用这一暗示和线索来推断所填写内容的要求。通过对表格中上下左右信息与短文相关信息的比较、推断，然后确定问题的正确答案。第21讲 主旨大意题
(2011·湖南卷B篇)My father was Chief Engineer of a merchant ship, which was sunk in World War Ⅱ. The book Night of the U boats told the story.
Memories
In September, 1940, my mother, sister and I went to Swansea, where my father's ship was getting ready to sail. We brought him a family photograph to be kept with him at all times and keep him safe.
Then I remember my mother lying face down, sobbing. She had heard from a friend that the ship had been sunk by a torpedo(鱼雷)．
I can remember the arrival of the telegram(电报), which in those days always brought bad news. My grandmother opened it. It read, “Safe. Love Ted.”
My most vivid memory is being woken and brought down to sit on my father's knee, his arm in a bandage.
He was judged unfit to return to sea and took a shore job in Glasgow for the rest of the war. For as long as I can remember, he had a weak heart. Mother said it was caused by the torpedoes. He said it was because of the cigarettes. Whichever, he died suddenly in his early 50s.
Ten years later I read Night of the U boats and was able to complete the story.
Torpedo
One torpedo struck the ship. Father was in the engine room, where the third engineer was killed. He shut down the engines to slow the ship making it easier for it to be abandoned.
By the time he got on deck(甲板) he was alone. Every lifeboat was gone except one which had stuck fast. When he tried to cut it free, it swung against the ship, injuring his hand and arm.He had no choice but to jump — still with the photograph in his pocket.
Three days later，he and other survivors were safe in Glasgow.All 23 with him signed the back of the photograph.
Torpedo
One torpedo struck the ship. Father was in the engine room, where the third engineer was killed. He shut down the engines to slow the ship making it easier for it to be abandoned.
By the time he got on deck(甲板) he was alone. Every lifeboat was gone except one which had stuck fast. When he tried to cut it free, it swung against the ship, injuring his hand and arm.He had no choice but to jump — still with the photograph in his pocket.
Three days later，he and other survivors were safe in Glasgow.All 23 with him signed the back of the photograph.
A Toast
In my room is the book and the photograph. Often, glass in hand, I have wondered how I would have dealt with an explosion, a sinking ship, a jump into a vast ocean and a wait for rescue Lest(以免)we forget, I have some more whisky and toast the heroes of the war.
65. What is the passage mainly about
A. A group of forgotten heroes.
B. A book describing a terrifying battle.
C. A ship engineer's wartime experience.
D. A merchant's memories of a sea rescue.
主旨题是阅读理解中最常见的题型之一，测试阅读理解的基本能力。这种题型考查学生在语言水平上对文章的把握：能否分辨主题和细节、是否具备提纲挈领的能力。
一、 主旨大意题的出题方式虽说比较固定，但也有大致如下3种情形：
1. 标题与大意题
What's the best title for this passage
What is the passage mainly about
What does the passage mainly tell us
What is the main idea of the passage
2. 写作目的
写作目的与文章主题不同，但与它关系密切，所以也可以算作主旨题的一种变体。二者的异同可以从下面的对比中看出：文章主旨是中心思想、文章大意，而写作目的则阐述文章为何表达这个中心思想，等于文章大意＋论述方法(或作者口吻)。文章大意可以根据前面所述的方法找到。至于论述方法，可以根据高考阅读理解的主体文章确定。
advice…(建议，劝告)
argue for(论证)，argue against(驳斥)(这两种答案仅适用于议论文体裁)
illustrate…(说明)
present…(阐述)
propose…(提出)
warn…(警告)
既然全文的写作目的与文章的主旨密切相关，那么段落的写作目的也与段落的大意密切相关，只有反映了段落大意的答案才是段落的写作目的。
3. 作者态度
解答作者态度(attitude)或语气(tone)题，关键在于把握作者对全文主体事物(与主题有关)或某一具体事物的态度。表达作者态度——褒义、中性和贬义的手段主要有：1)加入形容词定语；2)加入副词状语；3)特殊动词。英语中有些动词也表明说话者的正负态度，如：fail(未能)，ignore(忽视)，overestimate (估计过高)等动词表示一种负态度。
由上可知，确定作者态度，可以有两种思路：问全文主体事物的(包括主题)，可以根据阐述主题或有关主体事物的相关句中的形容词、副词或动词确定作者的态度；如果问的是对某一具体事物的态度，则可以定位到具体相关句，然后确定答案。
二、解题方法：
1. 把握文章逻辑结构，抓主题句，概括段落大意，根据论述详略确定。
主题句表达中心思想，其他句子均围绕它进行说明或议论。它在文章中的位置通常为第一段首句、第一段末句和全文末句等地方。所以阅读时对这些地方要特别关注。
高考阅读理解文章的主要逻辑结构有：
1)时间顺序。按时间先后说明某一理论的发展，或某一研究成果由过去至现在的情况。属于这种结构的主题通常在首段或末段。
2)总分顺序。首段做总的说明，其他段落分别说明或具体论述首段的观点。属于这种结构的文章主题在首段。
3)分总顺序。前面几段分别说明，末段总结。主题在末段。
4)对比。进行对比的各事物之间的基本共同点或差异为主题。
5)分类。分类说明的各大项相加为主题。
2. 文章标题的选择或拟定
标题用来帮助读者迅速推测出整篇文章的主要内容，抓住文章讨论的中心，把握作者的观点和意图，点明文章主题。标题可以是单词，短语，也可以是句子。它的特点是：短小精悍，涵盖性强，简洁新颖。
要恰当地选好标题，需要了解标题的基本拟定方式。一般来说，标题的拟定方式是：以话题为核心，将控制性概念的词按一定的语法浓缩为概括主题句句意或中心思想的词组。要选好标题，还要注意三个原则，一是概括性原则，要求标题应在最大程度上覆盖全文，囊括文章的主要内容，体现文章的主题要旨。
二是针对性原则，针对性原则是对标题外延的一种界定。概括性原则要求文章标题包括文章的主要内容。但如果标题过大，就违背了针对性原则。针对性原则要求标题不能太过于概括，而是要直接指向文章的主要特点。即标题的外延既不能太大也不能太小。要量体裁衣，大小适度。三是醒目性原则。标题是文章的点睛之笔，是文章的灵魂和门面。相应的要避免下列三种错误： ①概括不够(多表现为部分代整体，以点代面，以偏概全，从而导致范围太小)；②过度概括(多表现为人为扩大范围)；③以事实、细节替代抽象具体的大意。第23讲 推理判断题
(2011·湖南卷B篇)
…
In September, 1940, my mother, sister and I went to Swansea, where my father's ship was getting ready to sail, we brought him a family photograph to be kept with him at all times and keep him safe.
…
61. We can infer that the mother and children went to Swansea ______.
A. to meet a friend
B. to see the father off
C. to take a family photo
D. to enjoy the sailing of the ship
思路点拨：B 推理判断题。Swansea定位，讲到父亲会从Swansea起航，我们带给他family photograph的目的是be kept with him和keep him safe，推断出我们是去给父亲送行。
英语阅读中，有时作者并未把意图说出来，读者要根据字面意思，通过语篇逻辑关系，研究细节的暗示，推敲作者的态度，理解文章的寓意，这就是判断推理题。
推理题在提问中常用的词有： infer, imply, suggest, indicate等。
通过定义、定语从句/词组或同位语从句/词组等来确定词义。
1. 直接定义：如果生词是句子或段落所解释的定义，理解句子或段落本身就是推断词义。 如： In slang the term jam constitutes a state of being in which a person finds himself or herself in a difficult situation.
根据上下文的定义可知jam一词在俚语中的意思是 “困境”。 定义句的谓语动词多为：be, mean, deal with, be considered, to be, refer to, be called, be known as, define, represent等。
细节推断题
要求学生根据语篇关系，推断具体细节，如时间、地点、人物关系、人物身份、事件、具体信息等。判断推理是一种创造性的思维活动。但它并非无章可循。
推理判断题要在阅读理解整体语篇的基础上，掌握文章的真正内涵。①要吃透文章的字面意思，从字里行间捕捉有用的提示和线索，这是推理的前提和基础；②要对文字的表面信息进行挖掘加工，由表入里，由浅入深，从具体到抽象，从特殊到一般，通过分析、综合、判断等，进行深层处理，符合逻辑地推理。③要忠实于原文，以文章提供的事实和线索为依据。立足已知，推断未知。
例: (2011·江苏卷B篇)
Your National Park watchdog
Attractions
Do you：
◆Love the National Park，value it and hope to safeguard its future
◆Wish to see the beautiful landscape of the Park protected
◆Like to enjoy peaceful，informal recreation within the Park
Aims
The Friends organization aims are to help protect and improve the Pembrokeshire Coast National Park for all to enjoy.We are a voluntary organization and registered charity without financial links to the National Park Authority.
Activities
We encourage everyone to enjoy the National Park through regular talks and visits to interesting places in the Park with expert guides.
We keep an eye on planning applications，Park Authority policies and threats to the National Park such as massive leisure complexes.We work with like minded organizations such as the Campaign for National Parks to make our voice more effective.
We help children to understand the National Park by sponsoring publications such as an adventure booklet and projects in local schools.
Benefits
◆Guided visits to places of interest which may not always be available to the general public.
◆All members receive our regular News and Views.
◆Talks by experts in their fields on current issues.
◆A discount is available on Friends items for sale.
◆Satisfaction of participation in work parties, for those willing and able to be involved.
If interested，please complete the Application Form at www.fpnp.org.uk.
60. Which of the following is discouraged by the Friends organization
A. To build massive complexes for public amusement.
B. To prevent possible damages to the National Park.
C. To help protect and improve the Park for all to enjoy.
D. To sponsor publications and projects in local schools.
思路点拨：应用文，以海报形式呈现，内容：关于国家公园的介绍以及征募会员介绍。
60. A 推理题。要注意问题是discouraged by…， 通过文章第三大标题Activities第二段第一句We keep an eye on planning applications…such as massive leisure complexes.可以推断出选A是Friends organization所不支持的，为正确选项。
高考阅读测试中有些是考查学生对文章作者的主导思想、被描写人物语气、言谈话语中流露的情绪、性格倾向和作者或文中人物态度、观点等方面的理解题。做这一类题时一定注意：
(1)由表及里地准确把握字里行间的意思，不能主观臆断，凭空想象，随意揣测，更不能以自己的观点代替作者的观点。
(2)特别注意那些描写环境气氛的语言，以及表达感情、态度观点的词语。要体会文章的基调，揣摩作者的态度，悟出作者的弦外之音。
(3)能结合自己平时积累的有关英语国家的文化传统、风俗习惯等背景知识来识别评价。
人物性格、态度及观点判断题
例：(2011·江苏卷A篇)We know the famous ones — the Thomas Edisons and the Alexander Graham Bells — but what about the less famous inventors What about the people who invented the traffic light and the windshield wiper(雨刮器) Shouldn't we know who they are
Joan McLean thinks so. In fact, McLean, a professor of physics at Mountain University in Range, feels so strongly about this matter that she's developed a course on the topic. In addition to learning “who” invented “what”， however, McLean also likes her students to learn the answers to the “why” and “how” questions. According to McLean, “When students learn the answers to these questions, they are better prepared to recognize opportunities for inventing and more motivated to give inventing a try.”
Her students agree. One young man with a patent for an unbreakable umbrella is walking proof of McLean's statement. “If I had not heard the story of the windshield wiper's invention，” said Tommy Lee, a senior physics major, “I never would have dreamed of turning my bad experience during a rainstorm into something so constructive.” Lee is currently negotiating to sell his patent to an umbrella producer.
So, just what is the story behind the windshield wiper Well, Mary Anderson came up with the idea in 1902 after a visit to New York City. The day was cold and stormy, but Anderson still wanted to see the sights, so she jumped aboard a streetcar. Noticing that the driver was struggling to see through the snow covering the windshield, she found herself wondering why there couldn't be a built in device for cleaning the window. Still wondering about this when she returned home to Birmingham, Alabama, Anderson started drafting out solutions. One of her ideas, a lever(操作杆)on the inside of a vehicle that would control an arm on the outside, became the first windshield wiper.
Today we benefit from countless inventions and innovations. It's hard to imagine driving without Garrett A. Morgan's traffic light. It's equally impossible to picture a world without Katherine J. Blodgett's innovation that makes glass invisible. Can you picture life without clear windows and eyeglasses
56. By mentioning “traffic light”and “windshield wiper”， the author indicates that countless inventions are ______.
A. beneficial, because their inventors are famous
B. beneficial, though their inventors are less famous
C. not useful, because their inventors are less famous
D. not useful, though their inventors are famous
【思路点拨】生活中离不开小发明，鼓励年轻人要善于把握发明的契机，推动社会的进步。
56. B 观点态度题。根据第一段but 处：but what about the less famous inventors What about… windshield wiper？可以得出结论。这些人的发明不是很有名，确实是非常有用的。答案为B。
有些内容文章中没有明确说明，要求考生根据语篇，对事件可能的结局或下段可能涉及的内容等进行预测推理。做这类题时应把握作者的写作思路(如文章可能按事件发展的经过描写，也可能按因果关系、对比关系来叙述)，要把握句、段之间的逻辑关系，了解语篇的结构。摸准逻辑发展的方向，从而作出比较科学的、合情合理的预测。
文章思路、结构、写作意图及
写作方法等推测提
有时题目要求考生根据文章的论述，推测作者的写作意图、短文组织结构及运用某种写作手法的目的。作者一般不直接陈述自己的意图，而是通过文章所提供的事实和形象，客观地使读者信服某种想法或意见。这种题型要求同学们不但能理解文章的内容，同时还要具备对作者阐述问题的写作方法及文章结构进行归纳总结和分析的能力。
例：(2011·四川卷D篇)“Experience may possibly be the best teacher, but it is not a particularly good teacher. ” You might think that Winston Churchill or perhaps Mark Twain spoke those words, but they actually come from James March, a professor at Stanford University and a pioneer in the field of organizational decision making. For years March (possibly the wisest philosopher of management) has studied how humans think and act, and he continues to do so in his new book The Ambiguities of Experience.
He begins by reminding us of just how firmly we have been sticking to the idea of experiential learning: “Experience is respected; experience is sought; experience is explained.” The problem is that learning from experience involves(涉及) serious complications(复杂化)，ones that are part of the nature of experience itself and which March discusses in the body of this book.
In one interesting part of the book，for example，he turns a doubtful eye toward the use of stories as the most effective way of experiential learning. In our efforts to make stories interesting, he argues, we lose part of the complicated truth of things. He says “The more accurately(精确的)reality is presented，the less understandable the story，and the more understandable the story, the less realistic it is. ”
Besides being a broadly knowledgeable researcher, March is also a poet, and his gift shines through in the depth of views he offers and the simple language he uses. Though the book is short, it is demanding: Don't pick it up looking for quick, easy lessons. Rather, be ready to think deeply about learning from experience in work and life.
55．What can we learn from Paragraph 3
A. Experience makes stories more accurate.
B．Stories made interesting fail to fully present the truth.
C．The use of stories is the best way of experiential learning.
D．Stories are easier to understand when reality is more accurately described.
56．What's the purpose of this text
A．To introduce a book.
B．To describe a researcher.
C．To explain experiential learning.
D．To discuss organizational decision making.
【思路点拨】本文主要介绍了组织决策理论大师詹姆斯·马奇的一部新书。
55. B 推理判断题。根据第三段中的In our efforts to make stories interesting, he argues, we lost part of the complicated truth of things. 可知有趣的故事无法完全地展现事实，故B项正确。
56. A 作者意图题。文章主要介绍了詹姆斯·马奇的一部新书，故选A。
有时，阅读理解题还要求考生推断所读材料的来源或所读材料的读者对象。判断材料的来源主要根据文章的体裁和题材。一般来说，广告类，时事新闻类，娱乐新闻类，影评，应用文类通常出现在报纸、杂志、海报上。说明文通常出现在教科书或实用技术手册里面。判断读者对象主要通过寻找关键的信息词。
来源、读者对象推测题
例：(2011·四川卷B篇)
Exploit your parking space
An unused parking space or garage can make money. If you live near a city center or an airport, you could make anything up to ￡200 or ￡300 a week. Put an advertisement(广告)for free on Letpark or Atmyhousepark.
Rent(出租)a room
Spare room Not only will a lodger(房客)earn you an income, but also, thanks to the government backed “rent a room” program, you won't have to pay any tax on the first ￡4500 you make per year. Try advertising your room on Roomspare of Roommateeasy.
Make money during special events
Don't want a full time lodger Then rent on a short term basis. If you live in the capital, renting a room out during the Olympics or other big events could bring in money. Grashpadder can advertise your space.
Live on set
Renting your home out as a “film set” could earn you hundreds of pounds a day, depending on the film production company and how long your home is needed.A quick search on the Internet will bring up dozens of online companies that allow you to register your home for free—but you will be charged if your home gets picked.
Use your roof
You need the right kind of roof, but some energy companies pay the cost of fixing solar equipment(around￡14,000), and let you use the energy produced for nothing. In return, they get paid for unused energy fed back into the National Grid. However, you have to sign a 25 year agreement with the supplier, which could prevent you from changing the roof.
48. For whom the text most probably written
A. Lodgers.
B. Advertisers.
C. House owners.
D. Online companies.
【思路点拨】本文是一篇应用文，包含了5则小广告，主要是告诉房屋拥有者如何利用房产赚钱——你可以利用停车场赚钱，可以将房屋租给房客，还可以租做剧作场景，如果你不想长期出租还可以在盛大事件期间短期出租房屋，最令你意想不到的是，你还可以利用房顶获得免费的能源。
48. C 推理判断题。文章中5则小广告都是告诉房屋拥有者如何利用房产赚钱的，所以这篇文章主要是写给房屋拥有者的，故C项正确。第27讲 阅读简答（2）
(2010·湖南卷)
Secret Santas
On Christmas morning, Linda wakes up, and tries to imagine the wide eyed surprise of children in another household as they unwrap the presents she carefully chose for them. Linda has never met the children, but that's all part of the joy of giving as secret Santas, she says.
“It's an amazing feeling to buy gifts on an anonymous (匿名的) basis，” says Linda.
“It brings a whole new meaning to the holidays.”
Linda and Tony are an American couple living in Toronto, Canada, and Linda did charitable work as a member of the American Women's Club of Toronto. As the name suggests, members are U. S. citizens living in Toronto, who join together for fellowship and community service.
To find her “adopted” family, Linda goes to the local schools and requests a wish list for a family that's struggling to survive. Last year she helped a single mother with three children. The mother works as a cleaning lady in a nursing home.
“The list is always heartbreaking. They have an opportunity to ask for anything and do just the opposite, asking for basic clothes or simple toys，” she says. “We always buy the kids a new winter coat, hats, and gloves.” She also buys gifts for the parents.
Last year Linda asked the mother for a second wish list — one that didn't include the basics. “Every child should have a Christmas that sticks with them for a lifetime.” She purchased iPods for the two older children and a video game system for the youngest. “I have learned a very valuable lesson in all of this，” says Linda. “Pay attention to what's going on in your own backyard — no matter where you live.”
The joy of giving as secret Santas is much sweeter when the gift is anonymous.
81. What reaction does Linda imagine the children will have？(No more than 5 words) (2 marks)
______________________________________________
82. Why did Linda join the American Women's Club of Toronto？(No more than 10 words) (2 marks)
______________________________________________
83. Why did Linda ask for a second wish list？(No more than 15 words) (3 marks)
______________________________________________
84. What kind of people does “secret Santas” in the passage refer to？(No more than 12 words) (3 marks)
______________________________________________
本文为记叙文。讲述了居住在多伦多的美国人Linda充当秘密圣诞老人，给那些需要帮助的孩子以匿名的方式给他们送去圣诞礼物的故事。
81. They will feel greatly surprised. 细节理解题。根据…Linda wakes up, and tries to imagine the wide eyed surprise of children in another household as they unwrap the presents she carefully chose for them.可知孩子们打开她精心选择的礼物时会感到非常吃惊。
82. She joined in for fellowship and community service. 细节理解题。根据…who join together for fellowship and community service.可知Linda加入这个多伦多美国妇女俱乐部的目的是为了获得友谊和便于社区服务。
83. She wanted to give children some other gifts rather than the basics. 细节理解题。根据Last year Linda asked the mother for a second wish list — one that didn't include the basics.可知Linda想给孩子们送一些其他的礼物而不是一些基本的生活用品。
84. It refers to people who give away anonymous gifts on Christmas. 推断题。根据最后一句The joy of giving as secret Santas is much sweeter when the gift is anonymous.可知“秘密圣诞老人”指的是那些在圣诞节时以匿名的方式给孩子们送去礼物的爱心人士。
五、概括主旨大意型、确定文章标题型和判断推理型的解题技巧
主旨大意型考查考生对语篇的整体理解能力以及分析、推理、归纳等能力。不同的文体，主旨大意的归纳方法也不尽相同。一般来说，说明文、议论文在文章第一段的段首或段尾，文章最后一段的段首或段尾往往会以主题句的形式呈现文章的主旨大意。
对于这类题目可以通过了解文章中段落和主题句的形式来总结文章的主旨大意。而对于其他类型的文章，如记叙文文体，则要在把握全篇的基础上对文章进行概括和总结，最后给出文章的主旨大意。这类题要求考生用最简洁而又内容丰富的词或短语高度概括文章的中心思想。做题的步骤是先找到主题句，通过对主题句进行加工、整合或重组，才能得出最佳答案。
确定文章的标题，其实质是要求对文章作深层次理解，是文章主旨大意的一种升华，这类题往往具有以下特点：
①概括性。标题在最大程度上概括全文，体现文章的主旨大意，它是文章主旨大意的一种确认方式。因此，在给文章起标题时，要仔细体会文章字里行间所蕴含的作者的思想态度，从全局出发进行归纳总结，防止本末倒置，主次不分，以点带面，以偏概全。
确定文章标题型
②针对性。文章标题要有一定的内涵和外延界限，不能太大也不宜太小，要量体裁衣，大小适度。
③醒目性。文章标题是文章的点睛之笔，其恰当与否会影响文章的可读性，读者会根据标题来选读文章，故标题应比较醒目，甚至比较离奇，以达到吸引读者的目的。
判断推理型考查考生根据文中全部信息或事实，在通篇理解文章的基础上领会作者的言外之意，并作出正确的推理和判断。推理判断题包括理解和推测作者或人物的观点、态度、意图、身份、情感，对作者或文段所涉及的人物、事件作出评价等，该题型属于深层理解试题。与阅读理解题中的推断题一样，简答题的答案在原文中是不能找到的，它要求考生以文章中的某些词、整篇文章的行文结构、作者的写作手法等为依据，进行合理的推断。
判断推理型
要准确理解文段的隐含信息，除了要熟练地掌握基本的语言知识，准确理解句子的字面意思外，还要求我们运用自己已有的知识、经验，结合文段的相关信息进行推理、判断。在题目设计中出现的形式有：数据推断题、知识推断题、逻辑结论推断题、作者情感态度意图推断题等。此类问题常涉及infer, conclude, imply, learn, intend, purpose, attitude等词。
该题常见的设问方式有：
①What can we infer/conclude from the passage
②What can we learn from the passage
③What does the passage imply but doesn't tell us directly
④What's the purpose of the passage
⑤What's the writer's attitude
⑥What does the writer suggest in the passage 第19讲 长难句理解
(2011·湖南卷A篇)
When first entered, Vanak Restaurant does not look like much of a restaurant, but once the pleasant smells of kabob(烤肉串)hit the senses, you are incapable of calling it anything less.
…
56. When first entering the restaurant, one can find that it ______.
A. is splendidly decorated
B. has pleasant smells of kabobs
C. is crowded with dining tables
D. looks like a common restaurant
在阅读理解中，考生会经常碰到许多结构复杂的句子，也就是所谓的长难句。命题者在句子理解难度上大做文章，无非是想通过增加句子长度和使用复杂结构来干扰考生正常的阅读习惯和思维方式，从而达到考查考生综合阅读能力的目的。长难句在阅读理解中容易给考生造成阅读障碍，形成一种心理压力，使考生失分。
一、长难句的基本特征
(一) 含多重从句和修饰语的复合句。
这些句子往往较长，一个从句套着另一个从句，环环相扣，使得考生不明白整个句子结构。考生应通过仔细分析找出主干和修饰成分，这样整个句子结构就清晰了。
(二) 分隔结构和成分省略的干扰。
为了调整语气和增加补充信息，更主要的是为了平衡句子结构，避免头重脚轻，使语义严密，结构紧凑，英语中将语法关系密切的两个句子成分用其他语法成分分隔开来，这就是所谓的分隔结构。考试中出现较多的是插入语、用破折号插入的新话题或补充信息。此外，还有一些句子成分(一般是定语)过长而出现后置，只不过它只是句子原有成分位置的调整，没有新增信息。
省略主要是为了避免重复，突出关键词并使上下文紧密连接。成分省略一般和从句相结合，一正一反，使句子富于变化，增强表现力。
(三)正常语序的改变。改变语序主要指倒装句式。 这些句子往往和一些副词、连词相关，有明显的标志。
当然，被动句、双重否定句等句式在阅读考试中也屡屡出现。希望考生能结合阅读实践来体会上述句法特征。
二、长难句的理解技巧
一般说来，长难句理解主要采用“主干成分分析法”，按“先干后枝”的原则处理，即按“主句→从句→修饰语”的顺序进行。具体步骤如下：
第一步：整句结构分析。通过语法分析，迅速弄清整个句子的结构，把握住句子的基本框架，确定整个句子是简单句、并列句还是复合句。
“I felt there was a need for a book like this.” she says. “I didn't want to lecture, but I wanted other diabetics to know that things get better when we're self controlled and do our part in managing the disease.”
整个句子是个简单句，即：she says“…”。只不过，前后两个引号为两个并列的宾语从句。第一处引号“I felt there was a need for a book like this.”的主语为I，felt后跟了一个宾语从句“there was a need for a book like this”。第二处引号“I didn't want to lecture, but I wanted other diabetics to know that things get better when we're self controlled and do our part in managing the disease.”由but连接两个分句，第二个分句有主句I wanted other diabetics to know…， 宾语从句that things get better 及时间状语从句when we're self controlled and do our part in managing the disease。
第二步：主干成分确定。找出句子的核心成分，确定主句的主语和谓语。
Miss Germaine's mother looked anxious through the wedding and Mr. Cordell's parents are reported to be less than delighted.
本句由两个分句组成，and连接两个并列单句。句意： Germaine小姐的母亲在整个婚礼过程中看上去很焦虑，Cordell先生的父母亲据报道也不开心。
第三步：从句功能分析。找出句中从句的引导词，分析从句类型(是否为定语从句、名词性从句或状语从句等)和从句之间及从句和主句之间的关系。
Whereas a woman's closest female friend might be the first to tell her to leave a failing marriage，it wasn't unusual to hear a man say he didn't know his friend's marriage was in serious trouble until he appeared one night asking if he could sleep on the sofa.
whereas引导了一个从句，即 a woman's closest female friend might be the first to tell her to leave a failing marriage, 而it wasn't unusual to hear a man say he didn't know his friend's marriage was in serious trouble until he appeared one night asking if he could sleep on the sofa.为主句，其中it为形式主语，真正的主语为不定式 to hear a man…。省略to的不定式say作宾语补足语，say后面接了一个宾语从句he didn't know，know后面又接了一个宾语从句his friend's marriage was in serious trouble和时间状语从句until he appeared one night，现在分词短语asking 作伴随状语，asking 后面又接了一个宾语从句if he could sleep on the sofa。
句意：一个女人最亲密的女友，很可能第一个奉劝她结束不幸的婚姻。然而，我们常听到男人说，他是在朋友突然来到自己家里并要求睡在沙发上时，才明白朋友的婚姻有了麻烦。
第四步：短语功能分析。找出非谓语动词短语、介词短语、形容词短语、名词短语等短语，分析其功能以及它们与谓语动词/非谓语动词/从句/主句之间的关系等。
If you ask people to name one person who had the greatest effect on the English language, you will get answers like “Shakespeare”， “Samuel Johnson”， and “Webster”， but none of these men had any effect at all compared to a man who didn't even speak English — William the Conqueror.
首先找出并列复合句，即but连接的两个句子，再看but前的并列句中有一个if引导的条件状语从句，but后的并列句中有一个who引导的定语从句，修饰a man。句意：如果你要求别人说出对英语的影响最大的人，你可能会得到像“Shakespeare”， “Samuel Johnson”和 “Webster”之类的答案。但是与一个甚至不会说英语的人——“征服者”William相比，这些人就毫无影响力了。
