2021年高考英语二轮复习学案：任务型阅读考点讲解含解析
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| 名称 | 2021年高考英语二轮复习学案：任务型阅读考点讲解含解析 |  | |
| 格式 | zip | ||
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| 资源类型 | 教案 | ||
| 版本资源 | 通用版 | ||
| 科目 | 英语 | ||
| 更新时间 | 2021-02-23 10:35:30 | ||
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文档简介
任务型阅读
任务型阅读侧重考查语篇分析和文章脉络的剖析，即考查文章的结构和框架。考生要在分析了解文章篇章结构的基础上，认真对照图表上所要完成的任务，逐一对照原文进行信息的筛选。
任务型阅读要求考生不但要掌握具体事实情节，又要理解其深层含义，包括作者的态度、观点、意图等，掌握所读材料的主旨大意、中心思想；既要理解文章的含义及逻辑关系，又要根据其含义及逻辑关系进行判断和推理，运用材料中的信息去理解、分析问题。
一、常用阅读方法
1．扫读
扫读图表，分析表格结构和内容，理清其显示的层次关系，明确任务要求。要特别注意表格前的小标题，它通常就是段落和表格的主题句。一般题目的结构是：
(1)全文的标题：在标题中缺少一个关键词，根据文章填出所缺的关键词。
(2)各段大意：试题中给出各段大意，在给出的信息中缺少一些关键内容，学生把文章的各段对应起来，找准信息。
(3)对各段大意的详细的阐述：从文章各段或分散在全文的对应的信息点出发，这要求学生有高度驾驭语篇的能力，在文章中找到准确的信息完成填空。
2．略读
快速浏览全文，尤其是每段的第一句话，即主题句和首尾段落，理清文章的写作思路和基本框架结构，以便加深对文章内容的了解。同时文章的结构往往也是很重要的设题线索。表格项目可能就是根据文章的结构而设计的。
3．细读
精读与空格中要填的信息有关的文段，寻找确定答案的关键词语，或从文中进行概括，同时仔细斟酌用词，确保填的是最恰当词的最恰当形式。如填写时要注意所填单词的结构和形式，看是否与表格中所给的格式相同，同时注意单词的拼写、短语的搭配、所填词汇的词性、所填单词是否符合题目要求，还要注意字母的大小写。
4．复读
填写表格后要通读所填内容，通观全篇，核对文章和任务，确保准确性。
二、常用突破方法
1．阅读文章前观察图表(表格的结构和填空句的结构)
认真阅读表格及其中的内容，注意其横向、纵向的类别规律和表达方式。
(1)是否有标题/是否需要填标题(利用所给标题了解文章大意)。
(2)浏览表格，大致了解文章结构(利用已给信息了解文章主线)。
(3)是否需要统一的形式(短语类还是句子类)。
2．阅读文章后进行填词
(1)通览全文，利用表格中的信息提示，准确地在文中找到答案的信息来源。
(2)选词要尽可能完整，准确地表达出文中信息(先确定词意，再确定词性，最后确定所选词的适当的词形变化)。
①动词要注意时态、语态和非谓语形式的变化。
②名词要注意数和格的变化。
③形容词、副词要注意各自不同的修饰功能和比较级、最高级。
④连词要注意行文的逻辑关系。
⑤注意字母的大小写。
3．填词后通读表格
(1)再次确保答案与表格内容的一致性。
(2)注意语意是否流畅，确保语意和语法两方面都正确。
[典例]
请认真阅读下面短文，并根据所读内容在文章后表格中的空格里填入一个最恰当的单词。注意：每个空格只填一个单词。
Have
you
ever
wondered
why
there
are
so
many
skin
colors
in
the
world?
Do
you
know
why
people
living
in
particular
areas
usually
have
a
certain
color?
Biology
and
history
are
the
two
reasons
for
this.
Skin
contains
something
called
melanin，which
determines
a
person’s
skin
color.The
more
melanin
a
person
has，the
darker
his
or
her
skin
will
be.The
amount
of
and
the
production
of
melanin
are
controlled
by
genetics，but
can
be
affected
by
other
things，such
as
sunlight.If
a
person
lives
in
a
place
with
less
sunlight，a
person’s
body
will
produce
less
melanin，making
the
skin
lighter.
Skin
color
is
also
affected
by
another
source—vitamin
D．Humans
all
need
vitamin
D
to
build
bones.People
can
get
it
by
eating
foods
such
as
fish
and
milk，or
from
sunlight，so
sunlight
absorbed
by
melanin
cannot
be
used
for
vitamin
D
production.Therefore，a
dark?skinned
person
will
produce
less
vitamin
D
than
a
light?skinned
person
when
they
receive
the
same
amount
of
sunlight.
The
connection
between
vitamin
D
production
and
skin
color
is
clear
when
we
look
at
evolution.The
earliest
humans
lived
in
Africa，and
they
produced
less
vitamin
D
because
of
their
dark
skin.As
a
result，their
skin
made
less
melanin，so
they
could
get
enough
sunlight
to
produce
vitamin
D．Their
skin
gradually
got
lighter.Now，people
living
in
areas
with
strong
sunlight
like
Africa，have
darker
skin，while
people
living
in
other
areas
have
lighter
skin.The
exception
to
this
is
the
Inuit，who
live
in
a
place
with
little
sunlight，but
have
dark
skin
because
they
eat
a
lot
of
fish
and
have
enough
vitamin
D．
Evolution
has
given
us
a
rainbow
of
skin
colors.Humans
have
always
had
melanin
to
determine
our
skin
color.What
has
changed
through
history
is
the
environment
where
we
have
lived.This
has
in
turn
changed
our
melanin
production，and
eventually，skin
color.
A
World
of
Skin
Color
Brief
1．__________________
People
living
in
a
particular
2.____________usually
have
the
same
skin
color
and
there
are
many
different
skin
colors
in
the
world.
Reasons
for
skin
colors
The
reasons
for
different
skin
colors
mainly
3.____________in
biology
and
history.
Biology
reasons
?The
amount
of
melanin，by
which
a
person’s
skin
color
is
4.____________，varies
from
people
to
people.The
more
melanin
a
person
has，the
5.____________
his
or
her
skin
will
be.
?Vitamin
D
is
another
source
6.____________
skin
color.Vitamin
D
is
necessary
for
humans
to
build
bones.Sunlight
contributes
to
vitamin
D
in
the
skin.
Historical
reasons
?The
earliest
people
in
Africa
had
dark
skin.
?When
they
moved
to
places
where
they
could
not
get
enough
sunlight
to
7.____________
vitamin
D，their
skin
color
became
lighter.
?Generally
speaking，people
in
areas
with
strong
sunlight，have
darker
skin
8.____________
people
in
other
areas
have
lighter
skin.
9.__________________
Melanin
10.____________
an
important
role
in
our
skin
color.With
our
living
environment
changing，melanin
production
is
changed，which
leads
to
the
changes
in
our
skin
color.
1．审题
(1)审题目要求
①是否可用文中的词填写。
②弄清字数限制。
此任务阅读限定每个空格只填一个词；对是否用文中的词填写没有限制，即可用文中的词。
(2)审任务设置类型
①表格式。(结构常为对比陈述；通常分左右栏，左栏为文章提纲，右栏为文章细节。)
此短文设置为表格任务型。左栏为文章提纲：brief
introduction，reasons
for
skin
colors，biology
reasons,
historical
reasons，conclusion；右栏为支撑每一topic的细节。
②树状式。(结构常为先总后分；通常分上下框，上框为topic
sentences，下框为supporting
sentences。)
2．阅读
(1)读图表(快速浏览，了解短文的写作提纲。)
浏览图表，了解：topic
sentence
1→details；topic
sentence
2→details...
(2)读短文
①快读：快速浏览全文，抓住文章主题，同时结合图表，洞悉文章结构。
Paragraph
1→Topic
sentence
1...
②细读：仔细阅读，获取充分信息，查出答题的对应信息点。
第一空Paragraph
1归纳结构类词；
第二空对应信息点为why
people
living_in_particular_areas
usually
have...。
第三空对应信息点为Biology
and
history
are
the
two
reasons
for
this.要求学会同义转换。
第四空对应信息点为which_determines_a
person’s
skin
color。
第五空对应信息点为．..the
darker
his
or
her
skin
will
be.。
第六空对应信息点为Skin
color
is
also
affected_by
another
source—vitamin
D．。
第七空对应信息点为．..a
dark?skinned
person
will
produce
less...。
第八空对应信息点为．..have
darker
skin，while
people...。
第九空对应信息点为Paragraph
5归纳结构类词。
第十空对应信息点为．..had
melanin
to
determine
our
skin
color.。
3．答题
(1)结构类的词：
①熟记常见结构类词汇。归纳掌握常见的表达文章结构的概括性词汇：introduction(导入)，cause/reason(原因)，advantage(优点)，disadvantage(不足)，attitude(态度)，result/effect/consequence(结果)，suggestion/advice/tip(建议)，dos和don’ts等。
②确定答案。
a．联系图表左栏的上下栏，确定用词及词的形式。(大小写、单复数、动词＋?ing等)
b．联系图表左栏与之相对应的右栏的细节，归纳结构类用词和词的形式。(大小写、单复数、动词＋?ing等)
(2)细节类的词：
①明确信息点。细读文章，明确答题的相应信息点在文中的具体位置，确定用词后归纳用词。
②联系上下前后。
a．对照短文中的信息点，联系图表右栏的上下栏目，确定用词。(文中原词或归纳的词的形式——大小写、单复数、动词＋?ing等)
b．对照短文中的信息点，联系所填词的前后，确定用词(文中原词或归纳的词)的形式。
③敲定答案。根据短文信息点，联系填空上下前后，敲定答案。
第一空
introduction；第九空conclusion，联系图表上下前后开头字母大写、单数。
第二空信息点为areas，联系前后搭配a...故用area。
第三空同义转换
are→lie
in。
第四空信息点为．..which
determines...，联系前后搭配．..color
is...转换为determined。
第五空信息点为．..the
darker
his
or
her...，故用darker。
第六空信息点为．..is
also
affected
by...，联系前后句子结构故用affecting作后置定语。
第七空信息点为．..will
produce
less
vitamin...联系前后to...，故用原形produce。
第八空信息点为．..skin，while
people
living
in
other...，故用while。
第十空信息点为．..had
melanin
to
determine
our...联系前后搭配故用plays。
4．检查
检查单词的拼写、大小写、单复数、时态、语态等。
[答案] 1.introduction 2.area 3.lie 4.determined
5．darker 6.affecting 7.produce 8.while
9．Conclusion 10.plays
三、常用训练方法
1．信息查找题
解题关键是根据问题查找定位信息。常用方法是带着问题有意识地在细节处和关键处做标记。如：
(1)5W
and
1H：who，what，when，where，why，how
(2)时间先后：first，then，after
that，next，finally
(3)因果：because，thus，lead
to，cause，as
a
result
of
(4)比较：similarly，differently，likeness，unlike，alike，common，just
as，either...or
(5)转折：but，while，however，instead，on
the
contrary
2．信息转换题
解题关键是根据问题查找定位信息，加工分析并转换成另一种表达方式。
常见的转换方式有：
(1)词性转换。即练习将一种词类转换成另一种词类，主要包括动词与名词转换、形容词与副词转换、形容词与名词转换等。解题方法很简单，只要在文中找到关键词即可。以2014年高考安徽卷为例：
①原文：Many
young
people
listen
to
classical
music
without
realising.
转换成表格中：Many
young
people
don’t
78.____________some
music
they
listen
to
is
classical.
分析：抓住关键词realising，将它转换为动词。答案为realise(realize)/know/recognise
(recognize)。
②原文：Also，some
people
point
out
that
young
people
produce
new
music
based
on
classical
ideas：
转换成表格中：Classical
ideas
provide
a
79.____________for
producing
new
music.
分析：抓住关键词based，将它转换为名词。答案为basis。
③原文：...it
is
said
that
rap(说唱)music
was
invented
by
a
classical
musician
in
1912，but
it
is
now
used
by
young
people
in
pop
music.
转换成表格中：Young
people
now
80.____________
rap
in
popular
music.
分析：抓住关键词used，将其被动形式转换为主动形式。答案为use。
④原文：
Nowadays，you
don’t
need
to
get
aching
arms
from
practising.A
teenager
can
write
and
make
music
using
a
computer
program
in
the
comfort
of
their
own
bedroom.
转换成表格中：A
young
man
can
write
and
make
music
on
a
computer
82.____________
in
his
bedroom.
分析：抓住关键词comfort，将其名词形式转换为副词。答案为comfortably。
⑤原文：...but
when
it
comes
to
enjoying
classical
music，it
depends
on
the
piece
of
music.
转换成表格中：Classical
music
may
still
be
85.____________
by
young
people
today.
分析：抓住关键词enjoying，将其转换为enjoyed。答案为enjoyed。
(2)句子结构转换。做此类题首先要理解题意，其次仔细比较原句和题目，明白出题人的意图，只要找出题眼就不难得出答案。以2014年高考安徽卷为例：
①原文：...if
you
look
at
the
audience
at
a
classical
concert，the
majority
is
over
the
age
of
fifty.
转换成表格中：77.____________of
the
audience
at
a
classical
concert
are
over
fifty.
分析：句中the
majority＝most
of
the
audience。答案为Most。
②原文：A
final
point
to
bear
in
mind
is
that
the
term
“classical
music”
is
used
to
refer
to
a
great
variety
of
music，from
jazz
to
pieces
for
large
orchestras(管弦乐队)．
转换成表格中：“Classical
music”can
refer
to
various
83.____________
of
music.
分析：根据原文句意可知：古典音乐可以被用来指各种各样的音乐。句中a
great
variety
of＝various
kinds/types/sorts
of。答案为kinds/types/sorts。
③原文：A
final
point
to
bear
in
mind
is
that
the
term
“classical
music”
is
used
to
refer
to
a
great
variety
of
music，from
jazz
to
pieces
for
large
orchestras(管弦乐队)．
转换成表格中：
Classical
music
84.____________
from
jazz
to
pieces
for
large
orchestras.
分析：根据原文句意可知：古典音乐的范围包含爵士乐到大的管弦乐队。答案为ranges(范围从……到……变化)。
(3)同义词和反义词转换。即练习将一词的反义词找出来。做此类题的技巧如下：
①以前缀和后缀来表示，例如happy—unhappy，like—dislike等。例如：
原句：She
thought
her
husband
was
faithful
to
her.But
the
discovery
shocked
her.
转换为：The
discovery
that
her
husband
was____________to
her
was
a
shocking
to
her.
分析：由原句中的后半句可知Her
husband
was
not
faithful
to
her。因此需要找出一个词和not
faithful意义相同的词。答案：unfaithful。
②有很多词并没有前缀和后缀形式标志，如old—young，long—short，different—same等。例如：
原句：He
seldom
visited
his
friend
Tom
after
the
quarrel
last
time.
转换为：But
for
the
quarrel
last
time，he
would
be
a
____________visitor
to
his
friend
Tom.
分析：仔细分析原句，可知本题关键是找出seldom的反义词，而且能修饰visitor。答案：frequent。
③以词组形式出现，如：be
good
at—be
weak
in，get
into—get
out
of，turn
on—turn
off，turn
down—turn
up，be
awake—be
asleep，catch
up
with—fall
behind，both...and...—neither...nor...等。例如：
原句：Everything
in
the
house
was
neat
and
tidy.But
the
naughty
boy
changed
it
thoroughly.
转换为：The
naughty
boy
left
everything
in
the
house
in
a
____________．
分析：本题关键是找出一个和in搭配的固定短语作为neat
and
tidy的反义短语。答案：mess。
3．信息归纳题
(1)解题关键：根据问题查找定位信息，找出共性的东西。
(2)归纳词的特征：
①概括性(在最大程度上覆盖栏内信息)
②针对性(量体裁衣，大小适度)
③准确性(简洁)
(3)一般来说，左边一栏基本都是概括题型，有定义、标题概括，建议、方法概括，结论概括。
①定义、标题概括，此类题一般在图表的第一空，可以在文章第一段找出信息，都是对本文title
的一个定义解释。如
a.
The
definition
of
advertising
Advertising
is
the
business
of
drawing
public
attention
to
goods
and
services，and
performed
through
various
media.
b.
Topic
Learning
to
understand
c.
Introduction
Destructive
forces
of
nature
refer
to
natural
disasters
like
tsunamis
and
earthquakes.
②建议、方法概括。
_Suggestions/Advice/Tips
?Nod
in
agreement
and
make
some
sounds
of
understanding
while
a
difficult
person
is
speaking.
?Repeat
some
words
that
you
have
heard.
?Collect
information
about
the
person’s
expressions
and
find
his
intention.
?Give
a
summary
of
what
the
person
has
said.
?Confirm
that
the
person
gains
satisfaction
from
speaking
his
thoughts.
③结论概括。
把握文章的中心思想，抓住作者的写作意图，最终得出一个结论。
a.
Conclusion
Sunshine
has
both
positive
and
negative
effect
on
health
and
it
determines
the
mood
of
people.Balance
is
needed
in
enjoying
sunshine.
b.
Conclusion
Children
should
be
taught
what
life
is
and
how
to
deal
with
it.
c.
Comment
You
may
unlock
the
doors
to
difficult
people’s
minds
after
you
listen
and
understand.
d.
Summary
These
terrible
disasters
couldn’t
be
avoided.
e.
Consequences
?When
these
terrible
disasters
occur
in
some
parts
of
the
world，they
destroy
properties
and
lives.
?People
in
these
parts
go
through
the
suffering
that
only
exists
in
our
imagination.
?
Some
people
out
there
have
to
stay
where
they
are.They
can’t
afford
to
move
away，as
jobs
in
other
places
might
not
be
available.
四、常用词汇及词组转换
原因与结果：reason(for)，cause(of)；result，effect，consequence
异同点与优缺点：difference，similarity；advantage/benefit，
disadvantage
功能：function
观点与态度：opinion，view(on/about)，viewpoint，idea；attitude
to/towards
评论、评价：comment(on)，remark(on/upon)，assessment
表方式、方法：way(to
do
sth./of
doing
sth.)，means，method(of)；solution，approach(to
doing
sth.)；take
measures
to
do
sth.
目的：purpose，aim，goal
积极与消极：positive；negative
建议：
advice，suggestion，tip
概括、总结：summary，conclusion
特点：feature，characteristic
种类：kind，type，category，class
精神上与身体上：mentally；physically
影响：influence，impact，effect(on)
情形、状况：situation，condition
建立：build，create，establish，found
出现：appear，occur(?red)
实现、完成：reach，realize，accomplish
必要与必需：necessity；must
方面与项目、条款：aspect；item
材料：materials
知识与消息：knowledge；information
计划与日程：schedule；agenda
百分比：percentage
性别：sex
年龄：age
满意：satisfaction
忧虑、担忧、焦急：concern
(不)熟悉：familiar
/unfamiliar
个人，个人的：individual
细节：description，detail
文化：culture
责任：(take)responsibility
贡献：(make)contributions
to
重要：value，importance，significance
比较：contrast，comparison
时期：period，time
存在：existence，exist
花费：cost，expense
人口：population
天气与气候：weather；climate
位置：location
主题：theme，topic
背景：setting，background
情节：plot
高潮：climax
结尾：ending，consequence
反对者与支持者：opponent，supporter
【转换类常用词汇】
1．100
years＝1
century＝10
decades
2．take
advantage
of＝make
use
of
3．parental
attention＝with
the
help/aid/assistance
of
parents
4．oppose
the
move＝be
against
the
move＝object
to
the
move＝disagree
with
the
move
5．consider...＝take...into
consideration/account
6．at
the
beginning＝at
first
7．be
responsible
for＝take/shoulder/bear
responsibility
for
8．since
the
beginning
of
human
evolution＝throughout
human
history
9．in
search
of
better
job
opportunities＝seeking/searching/looking
for
better
job
opportunities
10．housing?related
reasons＝reasons
related/linked/relevant
to/connected
with
housing
11．take
an
active
part
in＝take
part
in
sth.actively
12．encourage
participation
in
quiet
activities＝encourage
sb.to
participate
in/take
part
in/play
a
role
in
quiet
activities
13．be
hooked
on
headphones＝be
addicted
to
headphones
14．valuable
information＝information
of
great
value
15．understand
clearly＝have
a
clear
understanding
of
sth.
16．affect＝have
an
effect/influence/impact
on
sth.
17．matter＝count＝be
very
important＝be
of
importance＝make
sense＝make
a
difference
18．kill
sb.＝claim
one’s
life
19．make
an
apology＝apologize
to
sb.
20．be
over＝end＝put...to
an
end
21．despite＝in
spite
of
22．share
less
than
2%＝account
for
less
than
2%＝make
up
less
than
2%
23．online＝on
the
Internet
24．learn
good
citizenship＝learn
to
be
good
citizens
25．list
the
things
that
you
are
good
at＝list
what/all
you
are
good
at
26．explain
sth.＝make
an
explanation
27．offer
sth.to
sb.＝provide/supply
sth.for
sb.
28．besides＝on
top
of＝in
addition
to＝apart
from
29．be
better
than＝be
superior
to
30．approve
of＝subscribe
to＝be
in
favor/support
of＝favor
31．have
access
to＝be
acceptable/accessible/available
to
32．stop＝quit＝give
up
33．compensate
for＝make
up
for
34．in
part＝partly
35．every
year＝yearly＝annually
36．use
up＝run
out
of(主动)
37．run
out＝give
out＝be
used
up(被动)
38．be
accused
of＝be
charged
with
39．most
of
the
people＝the
majority
of
the
people
40．cater
to/for
one’s
needs/demands/requirements＝satisfy/meet
one’s...
41．starve
to
death＝die
of
hunger/starvation
42．be
tired
out＝be
worn
out＝be
exhausted
43．socially
responsible＝social
responsibility
44．sth.benefits
sb.＝be
beneficial
to
sb.＝be
of
benefit
to
sb.＝sb.benefits
from
sth.
45．commit
oneself
to
doing
sth.＝promise
to
do
sth.
46．make
full
use
of＝make
the
most/best
of
A
(2019·江苏卷)请认真阅读下面短文，并根据所读内容在文章后表格中的空格里填入一个最恰当的单词。注意：每个空格只填一个单词。
The
Cost
of
Thinking
Despite
their
many
differences,
all
human
beings
share
several
defining
characteristics,
such
as
large
brains
and
the
ability
to
walk
upright
on
two
legs.
The
first
unique
human
characteristic
is
that
humans
have
extraordinarily
large
brains
compared
with
other
animals.
It
seems
obvious
that
evolution
should
select
for
larger
brains.
Mammals(哺乳动物)
weighing
sixty
kilograms
have
an
average
brain
size
of
200
cm3.
Modern
man
has
a
brain
averaging
1200－1400
cm3.
We
are
so
fond
of
our
high
intelligence
that
we
assume
that
when
it
comes
to
brain
power,
more
must
be
better.
Unfortunately,
that
is
not
the
case.
The
fact
is
that
a
huge
brain
is
a
huge
drain—consumption
of
energy—on
the
body.
It’s
not
easy
to
carry
around,
especially
when
boxed
inside
a
massive
skull(颅骨).
It’s
even
harder
to
provide
energy.
In
modern
man,
the
brain
accounts
for
about
2－3%
of
total
body
weight,
but
it
consumes
25%
of
the
body’s
energy
when
the
body
is
at
rest.
By
comparison,
the
brains
of
apes(类人猿)
require
only
8%
of
rest?time
energy.
Early
humans
paid
for
their
large
brains
in
two
ways.
Firstly,
they
spent
more
time
in
search
of
food.Secondly,
their
muscles
grew
smaller
and
weaker.
It’s
hardly
an
obvious
conclusion
that
this
is
a
good
way
to
survive.
A
chimpanzee(黑猩猩)
can’t
win
an
argument
with
a
modern
man,
but
it
can
tear
the
man
apart
like
a
rag
doll.
Another
unique
human
characteristic
is
that
we
walk
upright.
Standing
up,
it’s
easier
to
find
food
or
enemies.
In
addition,
their
arms
that
are
unnecessary
for
moving
around
are
freed
for
other
purposes,
like
throwing
stones
or
signaling.
As
a
result,
humans
can
perform
very
complex
tasks
with
their
hands.
Yet
walking
upright
has
its
disadvantage.
The
bone
structure
of
our
ancestors
developed
for
millions
of
years
to
support
a
creature
that
walked
on
all
fours
and
had
a
relatively
small
head.
Adjusting
to
an
upright
position
was
quite
a
challenge,
especially
when
the
bones
had
to
support
an
extra?large
skull.
Humankind
paid
for
its
broad
vision
and
skillful
hands
with
backaches
and
painful
necks.
We
assume
that
a
large
brain
makes
huge
advantages.
It
seems
obvious
that
these
have
made
humankind
the
most
powerful
animal
on
earth.
But
humans
enjoyed
all
of
these
advantages
for
a
full
2
million
years
during
which
they
remained
weak
and
marginal
creatures.
Thus
humans
who
lived
a
million
years
ago,
despite
their
big
brains
and
sharp
stone
tools,
lived
in
constant
fear
of
meat?eating
animals.
The
Cost
of
Thinking
Introduction
?Large
brains
for
their
bodies
and
the
ability
to
walk
upright
are
two
71.____________
of
human
beings.
The
72.____________
of
large
human
brains
?The
larger
brains
may
not
be
better
because
of
the
cost.
?The
big
brains
make
it
harder
for
the
body
to
move
around
and
consume
more
energy.
?The
animal
brain
requires
less
73.____________
when
the
body
is
at
rest.
?Large
human
brains
consume
more
food,
and
weaken
muscles.
The
74.____________
of
walking
upright
?Walking
upright
makes
it
easy
to
find
food
or
75.____________
against
enemies.
?Freed
hands
can
serve
some
76.____________
purposes
and
perform
complex
tasks.
?Walking
upright
challenges
the
human
bone
structure,
and
77.____________
the
size
of
brains.
?Walking
upright
results
in
78.____________
sufferings.
Conclusion
?With
a
large
brain,
human
beings
79.____________
other
beings
in
terms
of
intelligence.
?Weak
and
marginal,
human
beings
remained
80.____________
of
meat?eating
animals.
【解题导语】 脑子大与直立行走是人区别于其他动物的主要特征，这两个特征都各有利弊。
71．characteristics 解析：根据第一段中的“all
human
beings
share
several
defining
characteristics,
such
as
large
brains
and
the
ability
to
walk
upright
on
two
legs”可知，本题答案为characteristics。
72．disadvantages 解析：根据表格右栏内容可知，该部分主要阐述了脑子大的一些不利之处，故本题答案为disadvantages。
73．energy 解析：根据第三段中的“the
brain
accounts
for...the
brains
of
apes(类人猿)
require
only
8%
of
rest?time
energy”可知，和人类相比，类人猿的大脑需要较少的能量，故本题答案为energy。
74．impact(s) 解析：根据表格右栏中的内容可知，该部分从正反两方面论述了直立行走的影响，故本题答案为impact(s)。
75．guard 解析：根据第四段中的“it’s
easier
to
find
food
or
enemies”可知，直立行走更有利于寻找食物和防范敌人，故本题答案为guard。
76．other 解析：根据第四段中的“are
freed
for
other
purposes,
like
throwing
stones
or
signaling”可知，解放的双手可以有一些其他的用途。
77．limits 解析：根据第五段中的“had
a
relatively
small
head...especially
when
the
bones
had
to
support
an
extra?large
skull”可知，在进化过程中，直立行走对人的大脑的尺寸有限制。
78．physical 解析：根据第五段最后一句可知，直立行走会导致身体上的一些痛苦，故本题答案为physical。
79．beat 解析：根据最后一段内容可知，脑子大使我们在智力方面胜过其他动物，故本题答案为beat。
80．fearful/afraid 解析：根据文章最后一句中的“lived
in
constant
fear
of
meat?eating
animals”可知，本题答案为fearful/afraid。
B
(2018·江苏卷)请认真阅读下面短文，并根据所读内容在文章后表格中的空格里填入一个最恰当的单词。每个空格只填一个单词。
How
Arts
Promote
Our
Economy
When
most
people
think
of
the
arts,
they
imagine
the
end
product,
the
beautiful
painting,
a
wonderful
piece
of
music,
or
an
award?winning
performance
in
the
theater.
But
arts
groups
bring
broader
value
to
our
communities.
The
economic
impact
of
the
arts
is
often
overlooked
and
badly
judged.
The
arts
create
jobs
that
help
develop
the
economy.
Any
given
performance
takes
a
tour
bus
full
of
artists,
technical
experts,
managers,
musicians,
or
writers
to
create
an
appealing
piece
of
art.
These
people
earn
a
living
wage
for
their
professional
knowledge
and
skills.
Another
group
of
folks
is
needed
to
help
market
the
event.
“If
you
build
it
they
will
come”
is
a
misleading
belief.
Painters,
digital
media
experts,
photographers,
booking
agents
and
promoters
are
hired
to
sell
tickets
and
promote
the
event.
According
to
the
Dallas
Area
Cultural
Advocacy
Coalition,
arts
agencies
employ
more
than
10，000
people
as
full?or
part?time
employees
or
independent
contractors.
A
successful
arts
neighborhood
creates
a
ripple
effect
(连锁反应)
throughout
a
community.
In
2005,
when
the
Bishop
Arts
Theatre
was
donated
to
our
town,
the
location
was
considered
a
poor
area
of
town.
After
investing
more
than
$
1
million
in
reconstructing
the
building,
we
began
producing
a
full
season
of
theater
performances,
jazz
concerts,
and
year?round
arts
education
programs
in
2008.
Nearly
40
percent
of
jazz
lovers
live
outside
of
the
Dallas
city
limits
and
drive
or
fly
in
to
enjoy
an
evening
in
the
Bishop
Arts
District.
No
doubt
the
theater
has
contributed
to
the
area’s
development
and
economic
growth.
Today，there
are
galleries,
studios,
restaurants
and
newly
built
work
spaces
where
neighbors
share
experiences,
where
there
is
renewed
life
and
energy.
In
this
way,
arts
and
culture
also
serve
as
a
public
good.
TeCo
Theatrical
Productions
Inc.
made
use
of
Bloomberg’s
investment
of
$35，000
to
get
nearly
$400，000
in
public
and
private
sector
support
during
the
two?year
period.
Further,
Dallas
arts
and
arts?based
businesses
produce
$298
for
every
dollar
the
city
spends
on
arts
programming
and
facilities.
In
Philadelphia,
a
metro
area
smaller
than
Dallas,
the
arts
have
an
economic
impact
of
almost
$3
billion
and
support
44，000
jobs,
80
percent
of
which
actually
lie
outside
the
arts
industry,
including
accountants,
marketers,
construction
workers,
hotel
managers,
printers,
and
other
kinds
of
art
workers.
The
arts
are
efficient
economic
drivers
and
when
they
are
supported,
the
entire
small?business
community
benefits.
It
is
wrong
to
assume
arts
groups
cannot
make
a
profit.
But
in
order
to
stay
in
business,
arts
groups
must
produce
returns.
If
you
are
a
student
studying
the
arts,
chances
are
you
have
been
ill?advised
to
have
a
plan
B．
But
those
who
truly
understand
the
economic
impact
and
can
work
to
change
the
patterns
can
create
a
wide
range
of
career
possibilities.
Arts
as
an
economic
driver
Our
communities
71.____________
from
arts
in
terms
of
economy.
72.______
__________
of
arts’
promoting
our
economy
Arts
activity
demands
a(n)
73.____________effort.
It
involves
creation,
performance,
and
74.____________．
◆Artists
make
a
living
through
their
creative
work.
◆Others
get
paid
by
marketing
the
event.
Arts
have
a
gradually
spreading
75.____________．
They
could
help
promote
other
industries
whether
they
lie
inside
or
outside
arts.
◆Besides
tickets,
some
jazz
lovers
will
pay
their
76.____________
to
and
from
the
events.
◆Arts
contribute
to
cultural
development
when
people
gather
together
to
share
their
experience
and
renew
their
energy.
Investment
in
arts
could
produce
potential
77.____________
economic
results.
◆TeCo
used
a
$35，000
art
investment
to
attract
an
overall
support
of
$400，000.
◆In
Dallas,
one
dollar
invested
in
arts
could
harvest
an
extraordinary
return
of
nearly
$300.
◆In
Philadelphia
the
arts
have
created
about
35，000
job
opportunities
for
workers
78.____________
arts
industry.
Art
students
making
a
good
living
With
these
79.____________
in
mind,
art
students
need
not
worry
about
their
career
and
have
a(n)
80.____________
plan.
【解题导语】 本文是一篇说明文，主要讲述了艺术是如何促进经济发展的。
71．benefit 解析：根据第一段第二句“But
arts
groups
bring
broader
value
to
our
communities.”可知，从经济方面来讲，我们的社区从艺术中得到了很多的好处。短语benefit
from“从……中受益”，故填benefit。
72．Ways 解析：根据表格的提示和文章内容可知，此处讲述了艺术推进经济发展的几种途径，故填Ways。
73．joint/collective 解析：根据文章第二段中的“The
arts
create
jobs
that
help
develop
the
economy.Any
given
performance
takes
a
tour
bus
full
of
artists，technical
experts，managers,
musicians，or
writers
to
create
an
appealing
piece
of
art.”可知，艺术活动需要艺术家、科技专家、经理、音乐家或作家的共同努力，故填joint/collective。
74．promotion/marketing 解析：根据文章第三段中的“Another
group
of
folks
is
needed
to
help
market
the
event.”可知，还需要另一些人帮助推销，故填promotion/marketing。
75．effect 解析：根据第四段中提到的一系列数据可推知艺术有逐渐扩大的影响，故填effect。
76．fares 解析：根据第四段最后一句“Nearly
40
percent
of
jazz...in
to
enjoy
an
evening
in
the
Bishop
Arts
District.”可知，除了票的费用之外，一些爵士乐爱好者还要支付往返活动场所的费用，故填fares。
77．positive 解析：第六段讲述的是艺术方面的投资能够产生潜在的积极的经济效益，故填positive。
78．outside/beyond 解析：根据第六段最后一句“...actually
lie
outside
the
arts
industry...”中的outside的提示可知这里填outside/beyond。
79．statistics/data/analyses 解析：最后一段是总结，上面通过一系列数据来说明艺术能带来经济效益，故填statistics/data/analyses。
80．alternative 解析：根据文章最后一段中的“If
you
are
a
student
studying
the
arts，chances
are
you
have
been
ill?advised
to
have
a
plan
B．”可知，艺术生不需要担心他们的工作，他们有选择的机会，故填alternative。
任务型阅读侧重考查语篇分析和文章脉络的剖析，即考查文章的结构和框架。考生要在分析了解文章篇章结构的基础上，认真对照图表上所要完成的任务，逐一对照原文进行信息的筛选。
任务型阅读要求考生不但要掌握具体事实情节，又要理解其深层含义，包括作者的态度、观点、意图等，掌握所读材料的主旨大意、中心思想；既要理解文章的含义及逻辑关系，又要根据其含义及逻辑关系进行判断和推理，运用材料中的信息去理解、分析问题。
一、常用阅读方法
1．扫读
扫读图表，分析表格结构和内容，理清其显示的层次关系，明确任务要求。要特别注意表格前的小标题，它通常就是段落和表格的主题句。一般题目的结构是：
(1)全文的标题：在标题中缺少一个关键词，根据文章填出所缺的关键词。
(2)各段大意：试题中给出各段大意，在给出的信息中缺少一些关键内容，学生把文章的各段对应起来，找准信息。
(3)对各段大意的详细的阐述：从文章各段或分散在全文的对应的信息点出发，这要求学生有高度驾驭语篇的能力，在文章中找到准确的信息完成填空。
2．略读
快速浏览全文，尤其是每段的第一句话，即主题句和首尾段落，理清文章的写作思路和基本框架结构，以便加深对文章内容的了解。同时文章的结构往往也是很重要的设题线索。表格项目可能就是根据文章的结构而设计的。
3．细读
精读与空格中要填的信息有关的文段，寻找确定答案的关键词语，或从文中进行概括，同时仔细斟酌用词，确保填的是最恰当词的最恰当形式。如填写时要注意所填单词的结构和形式，看是否与表格中所给的格式相同，同时注意单词的拼写、短语的搭配、所填词汇的词性、所填单词是否符合题目要求，还要注意字母的大小写。
4．复读
填写表格后要通读所填内容，通观全篇，核对文章和任务，确保准确性。
二、常用突破方法
1．阅读文章前观察图表(表格的结构和填空句的结构)
认真阅读表格及其中的内容，注意其横向、纵向的类别规律和表达方式。
(1)是否有标题/是否需要填标题(利用所给标题了解文章大意)。
(2)浏览表格，大致了解文章结构(利用已给信息了解文章主线)。
(3)是否需要统一的形式(短语类还是句子类)。
2．阅读文章后进行填词
(1)通览全文，利用表格中的信息提示，准确地在文中找到答案的信息来源。
(2)选词要尽可能完整，准确地表达出文中信息(先确定词意，再确定词性，最后确定所选词的适当的词形变化)。
①动词要注意时态、语态和非谓语形式的变化。
②名词要注意数和格的变化。
③形容词、副词要注意各自不同的修饰功能和比较级、最高级。
④连词要注意行文的逻辑关系。
⑤注意字母的大小写。
3．填词后通读表格
(1)再次确保答案与表格内容的一致性。
(2)注意语意是否流畅，确保语意和语法两方面都正确。
[典例]
请认真阅读下面短文，并根据所读内容在文章后表格中的空格里填入一个最恰当的单词。注意：每个空格只填一个单词。
Have
you
ever
wondered
why
there
are
so
many
skin
colors
in
the
world?
Do
you
know
why
people
living
in
particular
areas
usually
have
a
certain
color?
Biology
and
history
are
the
two
reasons
for
this.
Skin
contains
something
called
melanin，which
determines
a
person’s
skin
color.The
more
melanin
a
person
has，the
darker
his
or
her
skin
will
be.The
amount
of
and
the
production
of
melanin
are
controlled
by
genetics，but
can
be
affected
by
other
things，such
as
sunlight.If
a
person
lives
in
a
place
with
less
sunlight，a
person’s
body
will
produce
less
melanin，making
the
skin
lighter.
Skin
color
is
also
affected
by
another
source—vitamin
D．Humans
all
need
vitamin
D
to
build
bones.People
can
get
it
by
eating
foods
such
as
fish
and
milk，or
from
sunlight，so
sunlight
absorbed
by
melanin
cannot
be
used
for
vitamin
D
production.Therefore，a
dark?skinned
person
will
produce
less
vitamin
D
than
a
light?skinned
person
when
they
receive
the
same
amount
of
sunlight.
The
connection
between
vitamin
D
production
and
skin
color
is
clear
when
we
look
at
evolution.The
earliest
humans
lived
in
Africa，and
they
produced
less
vitamin
D
because
of
their
dark
skin.As
a
result，their
skin
made
less
melanin，so
they
could
get
enough
sunlight
to
produce
vitamin
D．Their
skin
gradually
got
lighter.Now，people
living
in
areas
with
strong
sunlight
like
Africa，have
darker
skin，while
people
living
in
other
areas
have
lighter
skin.The
exception
to
this
is
the
Inuit，who
live
in
a
place
with
little
sunlight，but
have
dark
skin
because
they
eat
a
lot
of
fish
and
have
enough
vitamin
D．
Evolution
has
given
us
a
rainbow
of
skin
colors.Humans
have
always
had
melanin
to
determine
our
skin
color.What
has
changed
through
history
is
the
environment
where
we
have
lived.This
has
in
turn
changed
our
melanin
production，and
eventually，skin
color.
A
World
of
Skin
Color
Brief
1．__________________
People
living
in
a
particular
2.____________usually
have
the
same
skin
color
and
there
are
many
different
skin
colors
in
the
world.
Reasons
for
skin
colors
The
reasons
for
different
skin
colors
mainly
3.____________in
biology
and
history.
Biology
reasons
?The
amount
of
melanin，by
which
a
person’s
skin
color
is
4.____________，varies
from
people
to
people.The
more
melanin
a
person
has，the
5.____________
his
or
her
skin
will
be.
?Vitamin
D
is
another
source
6.____________
skin
color.Vitamin
D
is
necessary
for
humans
to
build
bones.Sunlight
contributes
to
vitamin
D
in
the
skin.
Historical
reasons
?The
earliest
people
in
Africa
had
dark
skin.
?When
they
moved
to
places
where
they
could
not
get
enough
sunlight
to
7.____________
vitamin
D，their
skin
color
became
lighter.
?Generally
speaking，people
in
areas
with
strong
sunlight，have
darker
skin
8.____________
people
in
other
areas
have
lighter
skin.
9.__________________
Melanin
10.____________
an
important
role
in
our
skin
color.With
our
living
environment
changing，melanin
production
is
changed，which
leads
to
the
changes
in
our
skin
color.
1．审题
(1)审题目要求
①是否可用文中的词填写。
②弄清字数限制。
此任务阅读限定每个空格只填一个词；对是否用文中的词填写没有限制，即可用文中的词。
(2)审任务设置类型
①表格式。(结构常为对比陈述；通常分左右栏，左栏为文章提纲，右栏为文章细节。)
此短文设置为表格任务型。左栏为文章提纲：brief
introduction，reasons
for
skin
colors，biology
reasons,
historical
reasons，conclusion；右栏为支撑每一topic的细节。
②树状式。(结构常为先总后分；通常分上下框，上框为topic
sentences，下框为supporting
sentences。)
2．阅读
(1)读图表(快速浏览，了解短文的写作提纲。)
浏览图表，了解：topic
sentence
1→details；topic
sentence
2→details...
(2)读短文
①快读：快速浏览全文，抓住文章主题，同时结合图表，洞悉文章结构。
Paragraph
1→Topic
sentence
1...
②细读：仔细阅读，获取充分信息，查出答题的对应信息点。
第一空Paragraph
1归纳结构类词；
第二空对应信息点为why
people
living_in_particular_areas
usually
have...。
第三空对应信息点为Biology
and
history
are
the
two
reasons
for
this.要求学会同义转换。
第四空对应信息点为which_determines_a
person’s
skin
color。
第五空对应信息点为．..the
darker
his
or
her
skin
will
be.。
第六空对应信息点为Skin
color
is
also
affected_by
another
source—vitamin
D．。
第七空对应信息点为．..a
dark?skinned
person
will
produce
less...。
第八空对应信息点为．..have
darker
skin，while
people...。
第九空对应信息点为Paragraph
5归纳结构类词。
第十空对应信息点为．..had
melanin
to
determine
our
skin
color.。
3．答题
(1)结构类的词：
①熟记常见结构类词汇。归纳掌握常见的表达文章结构的概括性词汇：introduction(导入)，cause/reason(原因)，advantage(优点)，disadvantage(不足)，attitude(态度)，result/effect/consequence(结果)，suggestion/advice/tip(建议)，dos和don’ts等。
②确定答案。
a．联系图表左栏的上下栏，确定用词及词的形式。(大小写、单复数、动词＋?ing等)
b．联系图表左栏与之相对应的右栏的细节，归纳结构类用词和词的形式。(大小写、单复数、动词＋?ing等)
(2)细节类的词：
①明确信息点。细读文章，明确答题的相应信息点在文中的具体位置，确定用词后归纳用词。
②联系上下前后。
a．对照短文中的信息点，联系图表右栏的上下栏目，确定用词。(文中原词或归纳的词的形式——大小写、单复数、动词＋?ing等)
b．对照短文中的信息点，联系所填词的前后，确定用词(文中原词或归纳的词)的形式。
③敲定答案。根据短文信息点，联系填空上下前后，敲定答案。
第一空
introduction；第九空conclusion，联系图表上下前后开头字母大写、单数。
第二空信息点为areas，联系前后搭配a...故用area。
第三空同义转换
are→lie
in。
第四空信息点为．..which
determines...，联系前后搭配．..color
is...转换为determined。
第五空信息点为．..the
darker
his
or
her...，故用darker。
第六空信息点为．..is
also
affected
by...，联系前后句子结构故用affecting作后置定语。
第七空信息点为．..will
produce
less
vitamin...联系前后to...，故用原形produce。
第八空信息点为．..skin，while
people
living
in
other...，故用while。
第十空信息点为．..had
melanin
to
determine
our...联系前后搭配故用plays。
4．检查
检查单词的拼写、大小写、单复数、时态、语态等。
[答案] 1.introduction 2.area 3.lie 4.determined
5．darker 6.affecting 7.produce 8.while
9．Conclusion 10.plays
三、常用训练方法
1．信息查找题
解题关键是根据问题查找定位信息。常用方法是带着问题有意识地在细节处和关键处做标记。如：
(1)5W
and
1H：who，what，when，where，why，how
(2)时间先后：first，then，after
that，next，finally
(3)因果：because，thus，lead
to，cause，as
a
result
of
(4)比较：similarly，differently，likeness，unlike，alike，common，just
as，either...or
(5)转折：but，while，however，instead，on
the
contrary
2．信息转换题
解题关键是根据问题查找定位信息，加工分析并转换成另一种表达方式。
常见的转换方式有：
(1)词性转换。即练习将一种词类转换成另一种词类，主要包括动词与名词转换、形容词与副词转换、形容词与名词转换等。解题方法很简单，只要在文中找到关键词即可。以2014年高考安徽卷为例：
①原文：Many
young
people
listen
to
classical
music
without
realising.
转换成表格中：Many
young
people
don’t
78.____________some
music
they
listen
to
is
classical.
分析：抓住关键词realising，将它转换为动词。答案为realise(realize)/know/recognise
(recognize)。
②原文：Also，some
people
point
out
that
young
people
produce
new
music
based
on
classical
ideas：
转换成表格中：Classical
ideas
provide
a
79.____________for
producing
new
music.
分析：抓住关键词based，将它转换为名词。答案为basis。
③原文：...it
is
said
that
rap(说唱)music
was
invented
by
a
classical
musician
in
1912，but
it
is
now
used
by
young
people
in
pop
music.
转换成表格中：Young
people
now
80.____________
rap
in
popular
music.
分析：抓住关键词used，将其被动形式转换为主动形式。答案为use。
④原文：
Nowadays，you
don’t
need
to
get
aching
arms
from
practising.A
teenager
can
write
and
make
music
using
a
computer
program
in
the
comfort
of
their
own
bedroom.
转换成表格中：A
young
man
can
write
and
make
music
on
a
computer
82.____________
in
his
bedroom.
分析：抓住关键词comfort，将其名词形式转换为副词。答案为comfortably。
⑤原文：...but
when
it
comes
to
enjoying
classical
music，it
depends
on
the
piece
of
music.
转换成表格中：Classical
music
may
still
be
85.____________
by
young
people
today.
分析：抓住关键词enjoying，将其转换为enjoyed。答案为enjoyed。
(2)句子结构转换。做此类题首先要理解题意，其次仔细比较原句和题目，明白出题人的意图，只要找出题眼就不难得出答案。以2014年高考安徽卷为例：
①原文：...if
you
look
at
the
audience
at
a
classical
concert，the
majority
is
over
the
age
of
fifty.
转换成表格中：77.____________of
the
audience
at
a
classical
concert
are
over
fifty.
分析：句中the
majority＝most
of
the
audience。答案为Most。
②原文：A
final
point
to
bear
in
mind
is
that
the
term
“classical
music”
is
used
to
refer
to
a
great
variety
of
music，from
jazz
to
pieces
for
large
orchestras(管弦乐队)．
转换成表格中：“Classical
music”can
refer
to
various
83.____________
of
music.
分析：根据原文句意可知：古典音乐可以被用来指各种各样的音乐。句中a
great
variety
of＝various
kinds/types/sorts
of。答案为kinds/types/sorts。
③原文：A
final
point
to
bear
in
mind
is
that
the
term
“classical
music”
is
used
to
refer
to
a
great
variety
of
music，from
jazz
to
pieces
for
large
orchestras(管弦乐队)．
转换成表格中：
Classical
music
84.____________
from
jazz
to
pieces
for
large
orchestras.
分析：根据原文句意可知：古典音乐的范围包含爵士乐到大的管弦乐队。答案为ranges(范围从……到……变化)。
(3)同义词和反义词转换。即练习将一词的反义词找出来。做此类题的技巧如下：
①以前缀和后缀来表示，例如happy—unhappy，like—dislike等。例如：
原句：She
thought
her
husband
was
faithful
to
her.But
the
discovery
shocked
her.
转换为：The
discovery
that
her
husband
was____________to
her
was
a
shocking
to
her.
分析：由原句中的后半句可知Her
husband
was
not
faithful
to
her。因此需要找出一个词和not
faithful意义相同的词。答案：unfaithful。
②有很多词并没有前缀和后缀形式标志，如old—young，long—short，different—same等。例如：
原句：He
seldom
visited
his
friend
Tom
after
the
quarrel
last
time.
转换为：But
for
the
quarrel
last
time，he
would
be
a
____________visitor
to
his
friend
Tom.
分析：仔细分析原句，可知本题关键是找出seldom的反义词，而且能修饰visitor。答案：frequent。
③以词组形式出现，如：be
good
at—be
weak
in，get
into—get
out
of，turn
on—turn
off，turn
down—turn
up，be
awake—be
asleep，catch
up
with—fall
behind，both...and...—neither...nor...等。例如：
原句：Everything
in
the
house
was
neat
and
tidy.But
the
naughty
boy
changed
it
thoroughly.
转换为：The
naughty
boy
left
everything
in
the
house
in
a
____________．
分析：本题关键是找出一个和in搭配的固定短语作为neat
and
tidy的反义短语。答案：mess。
3．信息归纳题
(1)解题关键：根据问题查找定位信息，找出共性的东西。
(2)归纳词的特征：
①概括性(在最大程度上覆盖栏内信息)
②针对性(量体裁衣，大小适度)
③准确性(简洁)
(3)一般来说，左边一栏基本都是概括题型，有定义、标题概括，建议、方法概括，结论概括。
①定义、标题概括，此类题一般在图表的第一空，可以在文章第一段找出信息，都是对本文title
的一个定义解释。如
a.
The
definition
of
advertising
Advertising
is
the
business
of
drawing
public
attention
to
goods
and
services，and
performed
through
various
media.
b.
Topic
Learning
to
understand
c.
Introduction
Destructive
forces
of
nature
refer
to
natural
disasters
like
tsunamis
and
earthquakes.
②建议、方法概括。
_Suggestions/Advice/Tips
?Nod
in
agreement
and
make
some
sounds
of
understanding
while
a
difficult
person
is
speaking.
?Repeat
some
words
that
you
have
heard.
?Collect
information
about
the
person’s
expressions
and
find
his
intention.
?Give
a
summary
of
what
the
person
has
said.
?Confirm
that
the
person
gains
satisfaction
from
speaking
his
thoughts.
③结论概括。
把握文章的中心思想，抓住作者的写作意图，最终得出一个结论。
a.
Conclusion
Sunshine
has
both
positive
and
negative
effect
on
health
and
it
determines
the
mood
of
people.Balance
is
needed
in
enjoying
sunshine.
b.
Conclusion
Children
should
be
taught
what
life
is
and
how
to
deal
with
it.
c.
Comment
You
may
unlock
the
doors
to
difficult
people’s
minds
after
you
listen
and
understand.
d.
Summary
These
terrible
disasters
couldn’t
be
avoided.
e.
Consequences
?When
these
terrible
disasters
occur
in
some
parts
of
the
world，they
destroy
properties
and
lives.
?People
in
these
parts
go
through
the
suffering
that
only
exists
in
our
imagination.
?
Some
people
out
there
have
to
stay
where
they
are.They
can’t
afford
to
move
away，as
jobs
in
other
places
might
not
be
available.
四、常用词汇及词组转换
原因与结果：reason(for)，cause(of)；result，effect，consequence
异同点与优缺点：difference，similarity；advantage/benefit，
disadvantage
功能：function
观点与态度：opinion，view(on/about)，viewpoint，idea；attitude
to/towards
评论、评价：comment(on)，remark(on/upon)，assessment
表方式、方法：way(to
do
sth./of
doing
sth.)，means，method(of)；solution，approach(to
doing
sth.)；take
measures
to
do
sth.
目的：purpose，aim，goal
积极与消极：positive；negative
建议：
advice，suggestion，tip
概括、总结：summary，conclusion
特点：feature，characteristic
种类：kind，type，category，class
精神上与身体上：mentally；physically
影响：influence，impact，effect(on)
情形、状况：situation，condition
建立：build，create，establish，found
出现：appear，occur(?red)
实现、完成：reach，realize，accomplish
必要与必需：necessity；must
方面与项目、条款：aspect；item
材料：materials
知识与消息：knowledge；information
计划与日程：schedule；agenda
百分比：percentage
性别：sex
年龄：age
满意：satisfaction
忧虑、担忧、焦急：concern
(不)熟悉：familiar
/unfamiliar
个人，个人的：individual
细节：description，detail
文化：culture
责任：(take)responsibility
贡献：(make)contributions
to
重要：value，importance，significance
比较：contrast，comparison
时期：period，time
存在：existence，exist
花费：cost，expense
人口：population
天气与气候：weather；climate
位置：location
主题：theme，topic
背景：setting，background
情节：plot
高潮：climax
结尾：ending，consequence
反对者与支持者：opponent，supporter
【转换类常用词汇】
1．100
years＝1
century＝10
decades
2．take
advantage
of＝make
use
of
3．parental
attention＝with
the
help/aid/assistance
of
parents
4．oppose
the
move＝be
against
the
move＝object
to
the
move＝disagree
with
the
move
5．consider...＝take...into
consideration/account
6．at
the
beginning＝at
first
7．be
responsible
for＝take/shoulder/bear
responsibility
for
8．since
the
beginning
of
human
evolution＝throughout
human
history
9．in
search
of
better
job
opportunities＝seeking/searching/looking
for
better
job
opportunities
10．housing?related
reasons＝reasons
related/linked/relevant
to/connected
with
housing
11．take
an
active
part
in＝take
part
in
sth.actively
12．encourage
participation
in
quiet
activities＝encourage
sb.to
participate
in/take
part
in/play
a
role
in
quiet
activities
13．be
hooked
on
headphones＝be
addicted
to
headphones
14．valuable
information＝information
of
great
value
15．understand
clearly＝have
a
clear
understanding
of
sth.
16．affect＝have
an
effect/influence/impact
on
sth.
17．matter＝count＝be
very
important＝be
of
importance＝make
sense＝make
a
difference
18．kill
sb.＝claim
one’s
life
19．make
an
apology＝apologize
to
sb.
20．be
over＝end＝put...to
an
end
21．despite＝in
spite
of
22．share
less
than
2%＝account
for
less
than
2%＝make
up
less
than
2%
23．online＝on
the
Internet
24．learn
good
citizenship＝learn
to
be
good
citizens
25．list
the
things
that
you
are
good
at＝list
what/all
you
are
good
at
26．explain
sth.＝make
an
explanation
27．offer
sth.to
sb.＝provide/supply
sth.for
sb.
28．besides＝on
top
of＝in
addition
to＝apart
from
29．be
better
than＝be
superior
to
30．approve
of＝subscribe
to＝be
in
favor/support
of＝favor
31．have
access
to＝be
acceptable/accessible/available
to
32．stop＝quit＝give
up
33．compensate
for＝make
up
for
34．in
part＝partly
35．every
year＝yearly＝annually
36．use
up＝run
out
of(主动)
37．run
out＝give
out＝be
used
up(被动)
38．be
accused
of＝be
charged
with
39．most
of
the
people＝the
majority
of
the
people
40．cater
to/for
one’s
needs/demands/requirements＝satisfy/meet
one’s...
41．starve
to
death＝die
of
hunger/starvation
42．be
tired
out＝be
worn
out＝be
exhausted
43．socially
responsible＝social
responsibility
44．sth.benefits
sb.＝be
beneficial
to
sb.＝be
of
benefit
to
sb.＝sb.benefits
from
sth.
45．commit
oneself
to
doing
sth.＝promise
to
do
sth.
46．make
full
use
of＝make
the
most/best
of
A
(2019·江苏卷)请认真阅读下面短文，并根据所读内容在文章后表格中的空格里填入一个最恰当的单词。注意：每个空格只填一个单词。
The
Cost
of
Thinking
Despite
their
many
differences,
all
human
beings
share
several
defining
characteristics,
such
as
large
brains
and
the
ability
to
walk
upright
on
two
legs.
The
first
unique
human
characteristic
is
that
humans
have
extraordinarily
large
brains
compared
with
other
animals.
It
seems
obvious
that
evolution
should
select
for
larger
brains.
Mammals(哺乳动物)
weighing
sixty
kilograms
have
an
average
brain
size
of
200
cm3.
Modern
man
has
a
brain
averaging
1200－1400
cm3.
We
are
so
fond
of
our
high
intelligence
that
we
assume
that
when
it
comes
to
brain
power,
more
must
be
better.
Unfortunately,
that
is
not
the
case.
The
fact
is
that
a
huge
brain
is
a
huge
drain—consumption
of
energy—on
the
body.
It’s
not
easy
to
carry
around,
especially
when
boxed
inside
a
massive
skull(颅骨).
It’s
even
harder
to
provide
energy.
In
modern
man,
the
brain
accounts
for
about
2－3%
of
total
body
weight,
but
it
consumes
25%
of
the
body’s
energy
when
the
body
is
at
rest.
By
comparison,
the
brains
of
apes(类人猿)
require
only
8%
of
rest?time
energy.
Early
humans
paid
for
their
large
brains
in
two
ways.
Firstly,
they
spent
more
time
in
search
of
food.Secondly,
their
muscles
grew
smaller
and
weaker.
It’s
hardly
an
obvious
conclusion
that
this
is
a
good
way
to
survive.
A
chimpanzee(黑猩猩)
can’t
win
an
argument
with
a
modern
man,
but
it
can
tear
the
man
apart
like
a
rag
doll.
Another
unique
human
characteristic
is
that
we
walk
upright.
Standing
up,
it’s
easier
to
find
food
or
enemies.
In
addition,
their
arms
that
are
unnecessary
for
moving
around
are
freed
for
other
purposes,
like
throwing
stones
or
signaling.
As
a
result,
humans
can
perform
very
complex
tasks
with
their
hands.
Yet
walking
upright
has
its
disadvantage.
The
bone
structure
of
our
ancestors
developed
for
millions
of
years
to
support
a
creature
that
walked
on
all
fours
and
had
a
relatively
small
head.
Adjusting
to
an
upright
position
was
quite
a
challenge,
especially
when
the
bones
had
to
support
an
extra?large
skull.
Humankind
paid
for
its
broad
vision
and
skillful
hands
with
backaches
and
painful
necks.
We
assume
that
a
large
brain
makes
huge
advantages.
It
seems
obvious
that
these
have
made
humankind
the
most
powerful
animal
on
earth.
But
humans
enjoyed
all
of
these
advantages
for
a
full
2
million
years
during
which
they
remained
weak
and
marginal
creatures.
Thus
humans
who
lived
a
million
years
ago,
despite
their
big
brains
and
sharp
stone
tools,
lived
in
constant
fear
of
meat?eating
animals.
The
Cost
of
Thinking
Introduction
?Large
brains
for
their
bodies
and
the
ability
to
walk
upright
are
two
71.____________
of
human
beings.
The
72.____________
of
large
human
brains
?The
larger
brains
may
not
be
better
because
of
the
cost.
?The
big
brains
make
it
harder
for
the
body
to
move
around
and
consume
more
energy.
?The
animal
brain
requires
less
73.____________
when
the
body
is
at
rest.
?Large
human
brains
consume
more
food,
and
weaken
muscles.
The
74.____________
of
walking
upright
?Walking
upright
makes
it
easy
to
find
food
or
75.____________
against
enemies.
?Freed
hands
can
serve
some
76.____________
purposes
and
perform
complex
tasks.
?Walking
upright
challenges
the
human
bone
structure,
and
77.____________
the
size
of
brains.
?Walking
upright
results
in
78.____________
sufferings.
Conclusion
?With
a
large
brain,
human
beings
79.____________
other
beings
in
terms
of
intelligence.
?Weak
and
marginal,
human
beings
remained
80.____________
of
meat?eating
animals.
【解题导语】 脑子大与直立行走是人区别于其他动物的主要特征，这两个特征都各有利弊。
71．characteristics 解析：根据第一段中的“all
human
beings
share
several
defining
characteristics,
such
as
large
brains
and
the
ability
to
walk
upright
on
two
legs”可知，本题答案为characteristics。
72．disadvantages 解析：根据表格右栏内容可知，该部分主要阐述了脑子大的一些不利之处，故本题答案为disadvantages。
73．energy 解析：根据第三段中的“the
brain
accounts
for...the
brains
of
apes(类人猿)
require
only
8%
of
rest?time
energy”可知，和人类相比，类人猿的大脑需要较少的能量，故本题答案为energy。
74．impact(s) 解析：根据表格右栏中的内容可知，该部分从正反两方面论述了直立行走的影响，故本题答案为impact(s)。
75．guard 解析：根据第四段中的“it’s
easier
to
find
food
or
enemies”可知，直立行走更有利于寻找食物和防范敌人，故本题答案为guard。
76．other 解析：根据第四段中的“are
freed
for
other
purposes,
like
throwing
stones
or
signaling”可知，解放的双手可以有一些其他的用途。
77．limits 解析：根据第五段中的“had
a
relatively
small
head...especially
when
the
bones
had
to
support
an
extra?large
skull”可知，在进化过程中，直立行走对人的大脑的尺寸有限制。
78．physical 解析：根据第五段最后一句可知，直立行走会导致身体上的一些痛苦，故本题答案为physical。
79．beat 解析：根据最后一段内容可知，脑子大使我们在智力方面胜过其他动物，故本题答案为beat。
80．fearful/afraid 解析：根据文章最后一句中的“lived
in
constant
fear
of
meat?eating
animals”可知，本题答案为fearful/afraid。
B
(2018·江苏卷)请认真阅读下面短文，并根据所读内容在文章后表格中的空格里填入一个最恰当的单词。每个空格只填一个单词。
How
Arts
Promote
Our
Economy
When
most
people
think
of
the
arts,
they
imagine
the
end
product,
the
beautiful
painting,
a
wonderful
piece
of
music,
or
an
award?winning
performance
in
the
theater.
But
arts
groups
bring
broader
value
to
our
communities.
The
economic
impact
of
the
arts
is
often
overlooked
and
badly
judged.
The
arts
create
jobs
that
help
develop
the
economy.
Any
given
performance
takes
a
tour
bus
full
of
artists,
technical
experts,
managers,
musicians,
or
writers
to
create
an
appealing
piece
of
art.
These
people
earn
a
living
wage
for
their
professional
knowledge
and
skills.
Another
group
of
folks
is
needed
to
help
market
the
event.
“If
you
build
it
they
will
come”
is
a
misleading
belief.
Painters,
digital
media
experts,
photographers,
booking
agents
and
promoters
are
hired
to
sell
tickets
and
promote
the
event.
According
to
the
Dallas
Area
Cultural
Advocacy
Coalition,
arts
agencies
employ
more
than
10，000
people
as
full?or
part?time
employees
or
independent
contractors.
A
successful
arts
neighborhood
creates
a
ripple
effect
(连锁反应)
throughout
a
community.
In
2005,
when
the
Bishop
Arts
Theatre
was
donated
to
our
town,
the
location
was
considered
a
poor
area
of
town.
After
investing
more
than
$
1
million
in
reconstructing
the
building,
we
began
producing
a
full
season
of
theater
performances,
jazz
concerts,
and
year?round
arts
education
programs
in
2008.
Nearly
40
percent
of
jazz
lovers
live
outside
of
the
Dallas
city
limits
and
drive
or
fly
in
to
enjoy
an
evening
in
the
Bishop
Arts
District.
No
doubt
the
theater
has
contributed
to
the
area’s
development
and
economic
growth.
Today，there
are
galleries,
studios,
restaurants
and
newly
built
work
spaces
where
neighbors
share
experiences,
where
there
is
renewed
life
and
energy.
In
this
way,
arts
and
culture
also
serve
as
a
public
good.
TeCo
Theatrical
Productions
Inc.
made
use
of
Bloomberg’s
investment
of
$35，000
to
get
nearly
$400，000
in
public
and
private
sector
support
during
the
two?year
period.
Further,
Dallas
arts
and
arts?based
businesses
produce
$298
for
every
dollar
the
city
spends
on
arts
programming
and
facilities.
In
Philadelphia,
a
metro
area
smaller
than
Dallas,
the
arts
have
an
economic
impact
of
almost
$3
billion
and
support
44，000
jobs,
80
percent
of
which
actually
lie
outside
the
arts
industry,
including
accountants,
marketers,
construction
workers,
hotel
managers,
printers,
and
other
kinds
of
art
workers.
The
arts
are
efficient
economic
drivers
and
when
they
are
supported,
the
entire
small?business
community
benefits.
It
is
wrong
to
assume
arts
groups
cannot
make
a
profit.
But
in
order
to
stay
in
business,
arts
groups
must
produce
returns.
If
you
are
a
student
studying
the
arts,
chances
are
you
have
been
ill?advised
to
have
a
plan
B．
But
those
who
truly
understand
the
economic
impact
and
can
work
to
change
the
patterns
can
create
a
wide
range
of
career
possibilities.
Arts
as
an
economic
driver
Our
communities
71.____________
from
arts
in
terms
of
economy.
72.______
__________
of
arts’
promoting
our
economy
Arts
activity
demands
a(n)
73.____________effort.
It
involves
creation,
performance,
and
74.____________．
◆Artists
make
a
living
through
their
creative
work.
◆Others
get
paid
by
marketing
the
event.
Arts
have
a
gradually
spreading
75.____________．
They
could
help
promote
other
industries
whether
they
lie
inside
or
outside
arts.
◆Besides
tickets,
some
jazz
lovers
will
pay
their
76.____________
to
and
from
the
events.
◆Arts
contribute
to
cultural
development
when
people
gather
together
to
share
their
experience
and
renew
their
energy.
Investment
in
arts
could
produce
potential
77.____________
economic
results.
◆TeCo
used
a
$35，000
art
investment
to
attract
an
overall
support
of
$400，000.
◆In
Dallas,
one
dollar
invested
in
arts
could
harvest
an
extraordinary
return
of
nearly
$300.
◆In
Philadelphia
the
arts
have
created
about
35，000
job
opportunities
for
workers
78.____________
arts
industry.
Art
students
making
a
good
living
With
these
79.____________
in
mind,
art
students
need
not
worry
about
their
career
and
have
a(n)
80.____________
plan.
【解题导语】 本文是一篇说明文，主要讲述了艺术是如何促进经济发展的。
71．benefit 解析：根据第一段第二句“But
arts
groups
bring
broader
value
to
our
communities.”可知，从经济方面来讲，我们的社区从艺术中得到了很多的好处。短语benefit
from“从……中受益”，故填benefit。
72．Ways 解析：根据表格的提示和文章内容可知，此处讲述了艺术推进经济发展的几种途径，故填Ways。
73．joint/collective 解析：根据文章第二段中的“The
arts
create
jobs
that
help
develop
the
economy.Any
given
performance
takes
a
tour
bus
full
of
artists，technical
experts，managers,
musicians，or
writers
to
create
an
appealing
piece
of
art.”可知，艺术活动需要艺术家、科技专家、经理、音乐家或作家的共同努力，故填joint/collective。
74．promotion/marketing 解析：根据文章第三段中的“Another
group
of
folks
is
needed
to
help
market
the
event.”可知，还需要另一些人帮助推销，故填promotion/marketing。
75．effect 解析：根据第四段中提到的一系列数据可推知艺术有逐渐扩大的影响，故填effect。
76．fares 解析：根据第四段最后一句“Nearly
40
percent
of
jazz...in
to
enjoy
an
evening
in
the
Bishop
Arts
District.”可知，除了票的费用之外，一些爵士乐爱好者还要支付往返活动场所的费用，故填fares。
77．positive 解析：第六段讲述的是艺术方面的投资能够产生潜在的积极的经济效益，故填positive。
78．outside/beyond 解析：根据第六段最后一句“...actually
lie
outside
the
arts
industry...”中的outside的提示可知这里填outside/beyond。
79．statistics/data/analyses 解析：最后一段是总结，上面通过一系列数据来说明艺术能带来经济效益，故填statistics/data/analyses。
80．alternative 解析：根据文章最后一段中的“If
you
are
a
student
studying
the
arts，chances
are
you
have
been
ill?advised
to
have
a
plan
B．”可知，艺术生不需要担心他们的工作，他们有选择的机会，故填alternative。