湖南省2021年中考英语二轮语法专题复习 第一讲 名词（含答案）

中小学教育资源及组卷应用平台
名词
【知识梳理】
一、名词的种类
类别
意义
例词
专有名词
表示具体的人名、事物、国家、地名、机构、团体等的专有名称
China,
Qingdao,
the
Great
Wall
,the
UK,
Jim
普通名词
可数名词
个体名词
表示单个的人或事物
girl,
student,
factory,
desk,
pen
,
country
集合名词
表示一群人或一些事物的总称
people,
police,
team,
clothes,
group
不可数名词
物质名词
表示无法分成个体的事物
water,
ice,
pork,
cheese,
cotton,
broccoli
抽象名词
表示状态、品质、行为和感情等抽象概念的词
healthy,
happiness,
courage,
love,
fun,
care
二、名词的复数
情况
构成方法
例词
一般情况
加-s
cap→caps;
dog→dogs;
bike→bikes;
driver→drivers
以字母s,
x,
sh,
ch结尾
加-es
bus→buses;
wish→wishes;watch→watches;
box→boxes
以辅音字母+y结尾
变y为i再加-es
lady→ladies;
century→centuries;
family→families;
story→stories
以f或fe结尾
一般变f,
fe为ves
leaf→leaves;
knife→knives;life→lives;
half→halves;
以o结尾
有生命加-es；无生命加-s
tomato→tomatoes;
potato→potatoes；hero→heroes;
（英雄爱吃西红柿和土豆）
photo→photos;
piano→pianos；zoo→zoos;
bamboo→bamboos
复合名词
将后一个词变为复数
tooth-brush→tooth-brushes;
film-goer
→
film-goers
两部分都变复数
man
doctor→men
doctors;
woman
doctor→women
doctors
不规则变化单复数同形
foot→feet;
tooth→teeth;
man→men;
mouse→micechild→children
男女孩子的脚踩住老鼠的牙。Chinese→Chinese;Japanese-Japanese
sheep→sheep;deer→deer;
中国人和日本人爱吃羊和鹿
各国人变复数
Chinese—Chinese,
Japanese—Japanese,
Englishman—Englishmen,
Frenchman—Frenchmen,
German—Germans,
American—Americans,中日不变英法变，其余s加后面
【闪记】
名词复数变f/fe为ve加?s的单词
树叶(leaf)半数(half)自己(self)黄，
妻子(wife)拿刀(knife)去杀狼(wolf)，
架(shelf)后小偷(thief)逃命忙。
1.不规则名词的复数
规则
例词
1
元音变化
man-men,
woman-women,
foot-feet,
goose-geese,mouse-mice
2
单复数同形
sheep,
deer,
fish
3
只有复数形式
trousers,
clothes,
glasses
4
一些集体名词总是用作复数
people,
police,
5
部分集体名词既可以作单数（整体）也可以作复数（成员）
class,
family,
crowd,
couple,
group,
team,
public
6
复数形式表示特别含义
times(时代),
drinks(饮料),
papers(文件报纸),looks(外表),
brains
(头脑智力)
7
表示“某国人”
加-s
Americans,
Australians,
Germans,
Europeans
单复数同形
Chinese,
Japanese,
Swiss
以-man
或-woman
结尾的改为-men,-women
Englishmen,
Frenchmen
8
合成名词
将两部分变为复数
women
teachers,
men
workers
将主体名词变为复数
boyfriends,
sons-in-law
特殊情况
(1)有些名词既是可数名词，又是不可数名词，但意义有所不同。
work(工作)—a
work(著作)
experience(经验)
-
an
experience
(一段经历)
influence影响力--an
influence
(影响)
room(空间)—a
room(房间)
exercise(锻炼，运动)—exercises(习题)
life(生活)—lives(生命)
time(时间)—times(倍，次数)
paper(纸)—a
paper(报纸；文件；试卷)
glass(玻璃)—a
glass(玻璃杯)
chicken(鸡肉)—a
chicken(小鸡)
(2)中考高频词
可数名词
不可数名词
Hamburger(汉堡包)
effort(努力)
mistake(错误）newspaper（新闻报纸）choice（选择）
suggestion（建议）message（口信）
difference（不同点）decision（决定）
bread(面包）
news（新闻）
advice（建议）progress（进步）
fun（乐趣）
weather（天气）information（信息）
三．不可数名词
water,
juice,
milk,
ink,
tea,
coffee等
meat,
beef,
bread,
rice,
flour,oil等
news，paper，advice，information，hair等
计量：a
piece
of
......
“一条、张”
news/paper/advice/bread
a
piece
of
news
→two
______________________.
a
piece
of
bread
→two
____________________.
→many
____________________.
a
bottle/cup/glass/drop
of
......
“一瓶、杯”
water/juice/milk/tea/coffee
a
bottle
of
water
→two
______________________.
→many
____________________.
a
drop
of
ink
→two
______________________.
→many
____________________.
a
pound/kilo
of
.......
“一磅、公斤”
meat/oil
a
pound
of
meat
→two
______________________.
→many
____________________.
a
kilo
of
oil
→two
______________________.
→many
____________________.
◎a
bag
of
......
“一袋”
rice/flour
a
bag
of
flour
→two
______________________.
→many
____________________.
4、
many
much
例题：I
don’t
have
_______
money
left.
He
owns
_________
house
in
Shanghai.
There
is
so_________
rice
in
the
bag.
It
can
support
us
for
quite
a
long
time.
三、名词的所有格
名词在句中表示所有关系的语法形式叫做名词所有格。
所有格分两种：一是名词词尾加’s
构成，二是由介词
of
加名词构成，前者多表示有生命的东西，
后者多表示无生命的东西。
’s
所有格的构成：
注意：someone,
everybody,
no
one
和
else
连用时，在
else
后加’s,
如
somebody
else’
s
pencil.
单数名词在末尾加’s
the
boy’s
father,
Jack’s
book
复数名词
一般在末尾加’
the
teachers’
room,
the
twins’
mother,
Teachers’
Day
不规则复数名词后加’s
the
children’s
toys,
Children’s
Day
以
s
结尾的人名所有格加’s
或者’
Dickens’
novels,
Charles’s
job,
the
Smiths’
house
表示各自所有时,各名词末尾均须加’s
Judy’
s
and
Mary’s
bikes
表示共同所有时在最后一词尾加’s
Judy
and
Mary’s
father
表示"某人家",所有格后名词省略
the
doctor’s,
the
tailor’s,
my
uncle’s
’s
所有格的用法：
1
表示有生命的名词，表所属关系
Lei
Feng’
s
dairy.
2
表示时间，距离
ten
minutes’
walk,
five
weeks’
holiday
3
表示国家城市等地方的名词
the
country’s
plan,
China’s
capital,
Changsha’
s
industry
4
表示度量衡及价值
three
hundred
meters’
distance,
a
five
dollars’
note
of
所有格的用法：
凡不能用“
’s
”的名词，都可以用“名词+of+名词”的结构来表示所属关系。
用于无生命的东西：the
legs
of
the
chair,
the
cover
of
the
book
用于有生命的东西，尤其是有较长定语时：the
classrooms
of
the
first-year
students
双重所有格
“of+名词所有格，of+名词性物主代词”
常用于表示部分概念或
带有一定的感彩如：a
friend
of
my
brother’s
a
picture
of
mine
节日的所有格表示：
Women’s
Day
妇女节
Children’s
Day
儿童节
Teachers’
Day
教师节
Father’s
Day
父亲节
Mother’s
Day
母亲节
课堂练习
一．单选
-How’s
Joy’s
skirt?
-Her
skirt
is
more
beautiful
than
________.
A.her
sister’s
and
Kate??
?
B.her
sister
and
Kate’s???
C.her
sister’s
and
Kate’s
2．This
is
_______
room.
The
twin
sisters
like
it
very
much.
A.Lucy’s
and
Lily’s??
B.Lucy’s
and
Lily???
C
.Lucy
and
Lily’s?????????????
3．It’s
about
__________walk
from
my
home.????????????????????????
A.
ten
minute??
B.
ten
minutes’???
C.
ten
minute’s???
4.
Today?is?September?10th.?It's?________?Day.?
A.?Teacher????
B.?Teacher's????
C.?Teachers'?????
?It's?June?1st,?it's?________?Day.??
A.?Childrens??
B.?Children's??
C.?Childrens'???
6.
This?year,?________?is?on?May?9th.??
A.My?mother's?
birthday?????
?
B.?My?mothers'
?birthday??
C.?My?mothers
?birthday????
7.
This?year,?the?most?popular?________?hat?is?that?kind.??
A.?woman's???
B.?womens'???
C.?women's????
8.
He?is?________?.??
A.?one?student?of?my?father???
B.?one?of?my?father's?student??
C.?one?student?of?my?father's??
9.
?Ken?is?also?________?.??
A.?one?cousin?of?mine?
?B.?one?cousin?of?my??
C.?one?cousin?of?me??
??
10.
Billy?and?I?are?good?friends,?I?have?________?.
?A.?some?pictures?of?Billy'????
B.?some?pictures?of?Billy's?
C.?some?Billy's?pictures???
11．This
is
my
dress.
That
one
is
______________.
A.
Mary???
B.
Mary’s?????
C.
sister????
12．The
room
on
the
right
is
________.
A.
her??
B.
she????
C.
Lucy’s???
13．We’ll
have
a
______
holiday.
What
about
going
to
the
West
Lake?
A.
two
days??
B.
two-day??
C.
two-days??
14．The
market
isn’t
far
from
here.
It’s
only
_________
bicycle
ride.
A.
half
an
hours’??
B.
half
an
hour’s??
C.
half
an
hour????
15．My
father
will
have
a
___
holiday
next
month.
He’ll
take
me
to
Qingdao.
A.
ten
days’??
B.
ten-days??????
C.
ten
day’s
阅读表达（2020教科所中考模拟英语卷三）
Every
year,
runners
all
over
the
world
challenge
themselves
in
marathons
(马拉松)
—long
running
events
that
go
on
for
tens
of
kilometers.
On
Oct.
12,
Eliud
Kipchoge
ran
a
record－breaking
marathon.
He
finished
a
42.2-kilometer-long
marathon
in
just
1
hour
59
minutes
and
40
seconds.
The
34-year-old
Olympic
champion
from
Kenya
became
the
first
person
to
run
a
marathon
of
this
length
in
less
than
two
hours.
“I
can
tell
people
that
no
human
is
limited.
I
expect
more
people
all
over
the
world
to
run
under
two
hours
after
today,”
Kipchoge
told
NBC
Sports.
Besides
Kipchoge’
s
hard
work,
a
few
science
and
technology
tricks
also
helped
him
make
history.
Hills
and
turns
slow
runners
down.
Kipchoge’
s
team
picked
a
course
in
Vienna
for
its
gentle
carves
(弯曲度).
The
city’s
cool
and
dry
weather
also
helped
keep
Kipchoge’
s
body
running
better,
according
to
Hired
Magazine.
A
special
pair
of
shoes
also
played
a
big
part.
The
shoes’
soles
(鞋底)
have
a
special
kind
of
foam
(泡沫).
It
can
lake
in
a
runner’s
energy
when
their
feet
meet
the
ground.
Then
it
returns
part
of
the
energy
to
the
runner,
which
helped
Kipchoge
run
faster.
Kipchoge
had
a
dream
team
of
pacers
(配速员)
as
well.
Five
runners
formed
a
v-shape
ahead
of
Kipchoge.
which
reduced
drag
(阻力).
Two
runners
followed
directly
behind
to
push
him
forward.
The
41-member
team
took
turns
running
every
5
kilometers.
Kipchoge
stayed
under
a
two-hour
pace
for
almost
the
whole
race.
A
pace
car
drove
in
front
of
everyone
and
cast
(投射)
a
laser
beam
(激光束)
on
the
road,
keeping
the
team
at
the
right
pace.
“Few
world
records
today
are
technology-free,”
the
Telegraph
said.
1.
How
long
did
it
take
Eliud
Kipchoge
to
finish
the
record-breaking
marathon?
______________________________________________________________________________2.
How
old
was
Eliud
Kipchoge
when
he
broke
the
record?
______________________________________________________________________________3.
Besides
scientific
technology
tricks,
what
else
helped
Kipchoge
win
the
marathon?
______________________________________________________________________________4.
Did
Kipchoge’s
shoes
help
him
in
the
race?
______________________________________________________________________________5.
Why
does
the
pace
car
cast
a
laser
beam
on
the
road?
______________________________________________________________________________
第一讲
名词
参考答案
单选：1-5
CCBCB
6-10
ACCAB
11-15
BBBBA
阅读表达
1.1hour
59
minutes
and
40
seconds.
2.34(years
old)
.
3.His
hard
work.
4.Yes./Yes，they
did.
5.To
keep
the
team
at
the
right
pace.
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