中小学教育资源及组卷应用平台
一、命题趋势
议论文是英语中的重要文体，在每年的高考阅读理解中占有一定的比例。该部分要求考生能读懂书、报、杂志中关于一般性话题的简短文段以及公告、说明、广告等，并能从中获取相关信息。
二、题型概述
议论文的内容涵盖文化、历史、文学、科学和教育等各个方面。在这类体裁的文章中把握好论点、论据和论证很重要。此类体裁的文章中有关主旨大意和推理判断的题目会较多，这也是得分比较难的题型。在阅读这类文章的时候，我们要认真把握作者的态度，领悟弦外之音，从而更好地依据文章的事实做出合理的推断。
三、选项特点
1．正确选项的特点
(1)一般按提出问题、分析问题、解决问题的方法写作。作者一般从日常生活中的热点问题、社会上的重大问题、与读者息息相关的问题入手，即提出问题。然后，分析利弊，举例说明，推理判断，即分析问题。最后，阐述观点，提出办法，即解决问题。
(2)以作者的观点或情感为核心，对细节推理等方面进行考查。
(3)文章的主题一般是生活中的热点问题、重大问题或与生活息息相关的问题等。
2．干扰选项的特点
(1)可能是文中某个具体事实或细节。
(2)可能是从文中某些(不完全的)事实或细节片面推出的错误结论。
(3)可能是非文章事实的主观臆断。
四、解题技巧
历年全国高考英语阅读理解的题型无非基本都是考查主旨大意、词义猜测、推理判断和细节理解四大题型。其中，命题以细节理解题为主，推理判断题为辅，又兼顾词义猜测题和主旨大意题。细节理解题和推理判断题主要考查的是对原文具体细节的理解和把控能力，难度相对较小，广大考生除了平时必要的阅读量和词汇量的积累以外，掌握一定的解题技巧对解答阅读理解题来说也是至关重要的。具体说来：
1.
主旨大意型
干扰项可能是文中某个具体事实或细节。
干扰项可能是从文中某些(不完全的)事实或细节片面推出的错误结论。
干扰项可能是非文章事实的主观臆断。
正确答案根据文章全面理解而归纳概括出来；不能太笼统、言过其实或以偏概全。
主旨大意题主要考查学生把握全文主题和理解中心思想的能力。根据多年的备考及高考实践，这类题目考查的范围是：基本论点、文章标题、主题或段落大意等。它要求考生在理解全文的基础上能较好地运用概括、判断、归纳、推理等逻辑思维方法，对文章进行高度概括或总结，属于高层次题。
选择＂主题＂旨在考查考生是否掌握了所读文章的主要内容或主旨，通常用词、短语或句子来概括。
标题选择题则是让考生给所读的文章选择一个合适的标题。通常标题由一个名词或名词短语充当，用词简短、精练。不管是选择＂主题＂还是选择＂标题＂，实质上都是要求考生从整体上理解语篇内容，找出贯穿语篇的主线；不管是何种体裁的文章，都是围绕一个主题来展开的。在试题设计上，3个干扰项的内容一般在文章里或多或少都有涉及，但并非主要内容，需要注意甄别。
2.
事实细节型
细节理解题主要考查考生对文章中某些细节或重要事实的理解能力。它一般包括直接理解题和语意理解题两种。直接理解题的答案与原文直接挂钩，从阅读材料中可以找到。这种题难度低，只要考生读懂文章，就能得分，属于低层次题。
做此类题时可以使用定位法与跳读法。定位法即根据题干和选项所提供的信息直接从原文中找到相应的句子(即定位)，然后进行比较和分析(尤其要注意一些同义转换)，从而选出正确答案。跳读法即根据题干和选项所提供的信息跳读原文，并找到相关的句子(有时可能是几个句子)或段落，然后进行简单分析、推理等，从而找出正确答案。
(1)解题原则：忠实于原文上下文及全篇的逻辑关系，决不能主观臆断。
文章中心是论点，事实细节是论据或主要理由；有关细节问题常对文中某个词语、某句子、某段落等细节及事实进行提问，所提问题一般可直接或间接在文章中找到答案。
提问的特殊疑问词常有：what,
who,
which,
where,
how,
why
等。
(2)干扰项：范围过大、过小；偷换概念；正误并存，某个分句是正确的。
阅读理解中细节理解题的干扰项的设置有以下几个原则：
①包含项原则
在答案选项分析中，假如对A选项的理解概括了对其他三项
(或其中某一项)的理解，那么我们就说选项A与其他三项是包含或概括关系，包含项A往往就是正确答案。如在＂花＂与＂玫瑰＂两选项中，正确答案肯定是＂花＂，花包含了玫瑰。
②正反项原则
所谓正反项，是指两选项陈述的命题完全相矛盾。两个相互矛盾的陈述不能都是假的，其中必有一真。所以，假如四选项中A、B互为正反项，那我们通常先排除C、D项，正确答案一般在A、B项当中。
③委婉项原则
所谓委婉，这里是指说话不能说死，要留有余地。阅读理解选项中语气平和、委婉的往往是正确答案。这些选项一般含有不十分肯定或试探性语气的表达，如：probably,
possibly,?may,
usually,
might,
most
of,
more
or
less,
relatively,
be
likely
to,
not
necessary,
although,
yet,
in
addition,
tend
to等等，而含有绝对语气的表达往往不是正确答案，如：must,
always,
never,
all,
every,
any,
merely,
only,
completely,
none,
hardly,
already等等。
④同形项原则
命题者往往先将正确答案设置在一个大命题范围，然后通过语言形式的细微变化来考查考生的理解能力与分析能力。同形项原则告诉我们：词汇与句法结构相似的选项中有正确答案的存在。
⑤常识项原则
议论文中，那些符合一般常识、意义深刻富有哲理、符合一般规律、属于普遍现象的往往是正确答案。
⑥因果项原则
阅读理解的逻辑推理基本都是通过因果链进行的，前因后果，一步步循序渐进。然而，在推理题的选项中，有的选项会推理不到位(止于前因)，或者推理过头(止于后果)，这就是所谓的干扰项。因果项原则启示我们：假如四个选项中有两项互为同一事物推理过程中的因果关系，那么正确答案就是两个因果项中的其中之一。如果因项可产生几个结果，那么答案就是因；如果果项可以对应几个原因，那么答案就是果。
解题方法：原文定位法。
查读法：
(1)带着问题找答案，把注意力集中在与who,
what,
when,
where问题有关的细节上。
(2)细心!
3.
词义猜测型
阅读理解的测试中经常有猜测词、短语、习语、句子意义的题目，近几年高考阅读中词义猜测题的考查方法呈多样化，其中根据上下文语境推测词义将会越来越多。有时短文中出现一个需猜测其意义的词或短语，后文接着会出现其定义、解释或例子，这就是判断该词或短语意义的主要依据。
除此之外，我们还可以根据转折或对比关系进行判断：根据上下句的连接词，如but，however，otherwise等就可以看到前后句在意义上的差别，从而依据某一句的含义来确定另一句的含义。另外，分号(；)也可以表示转折、对比或不相干的意义。还可以根据因果关系进行判断。俗话说，＂有因必有果，有果必有因＂。根据原因可以预测结果，根据结果也可以找出原因。当然了，这些词、短语、习语要么是生词，要么是熟词新义，单靠平时积累是不够的，还要掌握以下做题技巧。
(1)根据构词法(转化、合成、派生)进行判断。
(2)根据文中的定义、事例、解释猜生词。用事例或解释猜生词；用重复解释的信息猜生词。
(3)根据上下文的指代关系进行选择。文章中的代词it，that，he，him或them可以指上文提到的人或物，其中it和that还可以指一件事。
(4)根据转折或对比关系进行判断。根据上下句的连接词如but，however，otherwise等可以看到前后句在意义上的差别，从而依据某一句的含义，来确定另一句的含义。
(5)根据因果关系进行判断。俗话说，＂有因必有果，有果必有因＂。根据原因可以预测结果，根据结果也可以找出原因。
(6)根据同位关系进行判断。阅读中有时出现新词、难词，后面跟着一个同位语，对前面的词进行解释。
(7)利用标点符号和提示词猜测词义。分号还可以表示转折、对比或不相干的意义；破折号表示解释说明。
常用应对方法：
同义法：常在词或短语之间有并列连词and或or，它们连接的两项内容在含义上是接近的或递进的，由此可以推测词义。
反义法：如hot
and
cold,
give
and
receive等，或前句为肯定，后句为否定。总之，互为反义的词与词间都起着互为线索的作用。
释义法：对文章中的生词用定语(从句)、表语，甚至用逗号、破折号等标点符号引出并加以解释说明。
此外，还有情景推断法、代词替代法等。
做题要领
(1)从文中找线索或信息词；
(2)根据熟悉的词及词义判断新词的意思；
(3)根据上下文判断新词在特定句中的确切意思。
(4)要特别注意熟词新意！
4.
推理判断型
做题要领：既要求学生透过文章表面文字信息推测文章的隐含意思，又要求学生对作者的态度、意图及文章细节的发展作出正确的推理判断，力求从作者的角度考虑而不是固守自己的看法。
审题口诀：
议论把握三要素，论点论据与论述。
论点常现首尾句，阐明观点与态度。
事实数据名人言，只为论点来服务。
归纳演绎或比对，明达此理何须怵！
[方法1] 把握文章的论点、论据和论证。
议论文一般有论点、论据和论证三个要素。论点是议论文的核心，是文章要表达的主要思想内容；论据是作者所引用的用来证明和支持论点的材料，这些材料可以是名人名言、事实例证、或是统计数据等，只要是对证明论点有利的材料都可作为论据使用；确定论点和论据材料后，作者还需要将这些论据合理地组织在一起，就是我们所说的论证。
【典例1】
Life
can
be
so
wonderful，full
of
adventure
and
joy.It
can
also
be
full
of
challenges，setbacks(挫折)
and
heartbreaks.Whatever
our
circumstances，we
generally
still
have
dreams，hopes
and
desires
that
little
something
more
we
want
for
ourselves
and
our
loved
ones.Yet
knowing
we
can
have
more
can
also
create
a
problem，because
when
we
go
to
change
the
way
we
do
things，up
come
the
old
patterns
and
pitfalls(陷阱)
that
stopped
us
from
seeking
what
we
wanted
in
the
first
place.
This
tension
between
what
we
feel
we
can
have
and
what
we're
seemingly
able
to
have
is
the
niggling(烦人的)suffering，the
anxiety
we
feel.This
is
where
we
usually
think
it's
easier
to
just
give
up.But
we're
never
meant
to
let
go
of
part
of
us
that
knows
we
can
have
more.The
intelligence
behind
that
knowing
is
us—the
real
us.It's
the
part
that
believes
in
the
life
and
its
possibilities.If
you
drop
that，you
begin
to
feel
a
little
“dead”
inside
because
you're
dropping
“you”．
So，if
we
have
this
capability
but
somehow
life
seems
to
keep
us
stuck，how
do
we
break
these
patterns?
Decide
on
a
new
course
and
make
one
decision
at
a
time.This
is
good
advice
for
a
new
adventure
or
just
getting
through
today's
challenges.
While，deep
down，we
know
we
can
do
it，our
mind—or
the
minds
of
those
close
to
us—usually
says
we
can't.That
isn't
a
reason
to
stop，it's
just
the
mind，that
little
man
or
woman
on
your
shoulder，trying
to
talk
you
out
of
something
again.It
has
done
it
many
times
before.It's
all
about
starting
simple
and
doing
it
now.
Decide
and
act
before
overthinking.When
you
do
this
you
may
feel
a
little，or
large，release
from
the
jail
of
your
mind
and
you'll
be
on
your
way.
What
does
the
author
intend
to
tell
us?
A．It's
easier
than
we
think
to
get
what
we
want.
B．It's
important
to
learn
to
accept
sufferings
in
life.
C．It's
impractical
to
change
our
way
of
thinking.
D．It's
harder
than
we
expect
to
follow
a
new
course.
[解析] 主旨大意题。通读全文可知作者针对追求梦想提供了一些建议，告诉我们不要杞人忧天，放下包袱，实现梦想很容易。由此可知A正确。
[答案] A
[方法2] 互推法：
在议论之后，总会再列举一些具体的例子来支持观点或在一些例子之后，总要抒发一些议论。考生在理解议论时，可以借助文中所给的实例，从而在形象的例子中推理出抽象的议论；或从议论中推理理解具体例子的深刻含义，相互推断。
【典例2】
Why
You
Should
Celebrate
Your
Mistakes
When
you
make
a
mistake，big
or
small，cherish(珍视)
it
like
it's
the
most
precious
thing
in
the
world，because
in
some
ways，it
is.
Most
of
us
feel
bad
when
we
make
mistakes，beat
ourselves
up
about
it，feel
like
failures，get
mad
at
ourselves.
And
that's
only
natural:
most
of
us
have
been
taught
from
a
young
age
that
mistakes
are
bad，and
that
we
should
try
to
avoid
mistakes.We've
been
scolded
when
we
make
mistakes
at
home，school
and
work.Maybe
not
always，but
probably
enough
times
to
make
feeling
bad
about
mistakes
an
unconscious
reaction.
Yet
without
mistakes，we
could
not
learn
or
grow.If
you
think
about
it
that
way，mistakes
should
be
cherished
and
celebrated
for
being
one
of
the
most
amazing
things
in
the
world:
they
make
learning
possible;
they
make
growth
and
improvement
possible.
By
trial
and
error—trying
things，making
mistakes，and
learning
from
those
mistakes—we
have
figured
out
how
to
make
electric
light，to
paint
the
ceiling
of
the
Sistine
Chapel，to
fly.
Mistakes
make
walking
possible
for
the
smallest
toddler，make
speech
possible，make
works
of
genius
possible.
Think
about
how
we
learn:
we
don't
just
consume
information
about
something
and
instantly
know
it
or
know
how
to
do
it.You
don't
just
read
about
painting，or
writing，or
computer
programming，or
baking，or
playing
the
piano，and
know
how
to
do
them
right
away.Instead，you
get
information
about
something，from
reading
or
from
another
person
or
from
observing
usually...then
you
construct
a
model
in
your
mind...then
you
test
it
out
by
trying
it
in
the
real
world...then
you
make
mistakes...then
you
revise
the
model
based
on
the
results
of
your
real－world
experimentation
and
repeat，making
mistakes，learning
from
those
mistakes，until
you've
pretty
much
learned
how
to
do
something.That's
how
we
learn
as
babies
and
toddlers，and
how
we
learn
as
adults.Mistakes
are
how
we
learn
to
do
something
new，because
if
you
succeed
in
something，it's
probably
something
you
already
knew
how
to
do.You
haven't
really
grown
much
from
that
success—at
most
it's
the
last
step
on
your
journey，not
the
whole
journey.Most
of
the
journey
was
made
up
of
mistakes，if
it's
a
good
journey.
So
if
you
value
learning，if
you
value
growing
and
improving，then
you
should
value
mistakes.They
are
amazing
things
that
make
a
world
of
brilliance
possible.
The
underlined
word
“toddler”
in
Paragraph
5
probably
means
________.
A．a
small
child
learning
to
walk
B．a
kindergarten
child
learning
to
draw
C．a
primary
school
pupil
learning
to
read
D．a
school
teenager
learning
to
write
[解析] 推理判断题。根据“Mistakes
make
walking
possible
for
the
smallest
toddler，make
speech
possible，make
works
of
genius
possible.”可知犯错可以让最小的toddler步行成为可能，什么样的人需要学习步行？只有孩子，所以该词指学习走路的孩子，故A正确。
[答案] A
[方法3] 推理法：
推理的结论一定是原文有这层意思，但没有明确表达的。推理要根据文章的字面意思，通过语篇、段落和句子之间的逻辑关系，各个信息所暗示和隐含的意义，作者的隐含意等对文章进行推理判断。考生要由文字的表层信息挖掘出文章的深层含义，要能透过现象看本质。
【典例3】
“People
are
ruder
today
because
they
are
rushed
and
more
'time
poor'
than
ever
before，”
says
Patsy
Rowe，“Manners
have
fallen
off
the
radar(雷达)．”
Due
to
our
strong
attraction
to
electronic
equipment
it
is
a
wonder
that
more
people
don't
wake
up
each
morning
and
greet
the
singing
birds
with
complaining
about
the
noise.Here
are
some
examples
of
rudeness.
Some
people
prefer
to
do
almost
everything
over
the
Internet.To
them，dealing
with
an
actual
human
is
like
an
evolutionary
step
backward.It
feels
very
slow
because
humans
don't
work
at
4G
speeds.When
you
have
dinner
with
friends，you
will
often
notice
someone
paying
more
attention
to
his
mobile
phone.We
have
programmed
ourselves
to
think
that
every
new
message
brings
life－changing
news，so
taking
calls
and
checking
our
texts
are
more
important
than
talking
to
the
people
we
are
with.What
is
worse，some
people
even
tend
to
send
anonymous(匿名的)rude
messages
by
e?mail.
However，rudeness
is
never
acceptable.Don't
assume
it
is
OK
to
be
rude
if
the
person
you're
in
touch
with
won't
recognize
you.If
you
have
something
awful
to
say，have
the
courage
to
face
the
person
and
say
it，write
a
letter
or
e?mail
and
sign
it，or
forget
it.Upsetting
people
with
unsigned
messages
is
cruel
and
disgusting.
We
shouldn't
blame
technology
for
our
shortcomings.Technology
is
here
to
help
us，but
we
should
not
allow
it
to
take
over
our
lives.An
important
step
is
acknowledging
our
shortcomings.People
spend
a
lot
of
time
pointing
out
bad
manners
but
it
would
be
even
more
helpful
if
we'd
publicly
acknowledge
good
manners
when
we
see
them.
Some
people
are
less
willing
to
deal
with
humans
because
________.
A．they
are
becoming
less
patient
B．they
are
growing
too
independent
C．they
have
to
handle
many
important
messages
D．they
have
to
follow
an
evolutionary
step
backward
[解析] 推理判断题。根据第二段第三句“It
feels
very
slow
because
humans
don't
work
at
4G
speeds.”可知现在的人不愿意与他人交流，主要是因为嫌回应的速度不够快，也就是没有耐心。故A正确。
[答案] A
[感悟经典]
This
month，Germany's
transport
minister，Alexander
Dobrindt，proposed
the
first
set
of
rules
for
autonomous
vehicles
(自主驾驶车辆)．They
would
define
the
driver's
role
in
such
cars
and
govern
how
such
cars
perform
in
crashes
where
lives
might
be
lost.
The
proposal
attempts
to
deal
with
what
some
call
the
“death
valley”
of
autonomous
vehicles:
the
grey
area
between
semi－autonomous
and
fully
driverless
cars
that
could
delay
the
driverless
future.
Dobrindt
wants
three
things：that
a
car
always
chooses
property
(财产)
damage
over
personal
injury;
that
it
never
distinguishes
between
humans
based
on
age
or
race;
and
that
if
a
human
removes
his
or
her
hands
from
the
driving
wheel—to
check
e?mail，say—the
car's
maker
is
responsible
if
there
is
a
crash.
“The
change
to
the
road
traffic
law
will
permit
fully
automatic
driving，”
says
Dobrindt.It
will
put
fully
driverless
cars
on
an
equal
legal
footing
to
human
drivers，he
says.
Who
is
responsible
for
the
operation
of
such
vehicles
is
not
clear
among
car
makers，consumers
and
lawyers.“The
liability
(法律责任)
issue
is
the
biggest
one
of
them
all，”
says
Natasha
Merat
at
the
University
of
Leeds，UK.
An
assumption
behind
UK
insurance
for
driverless
cars，introduced
earlier
this
year，insists
that
a
human
“be
watchful
and
monitoring
the
road”
at
every
moment.
But
that
is
not
what
many
people
have
in
mind
when
thinking
of
driverless
cars.“When
you
say
‘driverless
cars’，people
expect
driverless
cars，”
Merat
says.“You
know—no
driver.”
Because
of
the
confusion，Merat
thinks
some
car
makers
will
wait
until
vehicles
can
be
fully
automated
without
human
operation.
Driverless
cars
may
end
up
being
a
form
of
public
transport
rather
than
vehicles
you
own，says
Ryan
Calo
at
Stanford
University，Calitbrnia.That
is
happening
in
the
UK
and
Singapore，where
government－provided
driverless
vehicles
are
being
launched.
That
would
go
down
poorly
in
the
US，however.“The
idea
that
the
government
would
take
over
driverless
ears
and
treat
them
as
a
public
good
would
get
absolutely
nowhere
here，”
says
Calo.
语篇解读：这是一篇议论文。随着无人驾驶车辆的逐步推广，无人驾驶车辆出现事故时的责任认定成为一个难题。德国交通部长提出了第一套自主驾驶车辆的交通法规，并就此提出了自己的主张。
1．What
does
the
phrase
“death
valley”
in
Paragraph
2
refer
to?
A．A
place
where
cars
often
break
down.
B．A
case
where
passing
a
law
is
impossible.
C．An
area
where
no
driving
is
permitted.
D．A
situation
where
drivers'
role
is
not
clear.
[解析] 考查推理判断。根据下文“the
grey
area
between...the
driverless
future”对“死亡谷”的解释，可知这里的“死亡谷”指的是：半自动驾驶与完全无人驾驶的汽车之间的这片中间区域(界线不明、难以界定的领域)，故应指驾驶员的角色不明朗的情景，D项描述与之吻合。
[答案] D
2．The
proposal
put
forward
by
Dobrindt
aims
to
________.
A．stop
people
from
breaking
traffic
rules
B．help
promote
fully
automatic
driving
C．protect
drivers
of
all
ages
and
races
D．prevent
serious
property
damage
[解析] 考查推理判断。根据第三段提到德国交通部长希望的三件事以及第四段说交通道路法规中关于自主驾驶车辆的这种变化将会允许完全自主驾驶的车辆投入使用(permit
fully
automatic
driving)可知，选B。
[答案] B
3．What
do
consumers
think
of
the
operation
of
driverless
cars?
A．It
should
get
the
attention
of
insurance
companies.
B．It
should
be
the
main
concern
of
law
makers.
C．It
should
not
cause
deadly
traffic
accidents.
D．It
should
involve
no
human
responsibility.
[解析] 考查推理判断。题干询问消费者(乘客)对于无人驾驶汽车的看法，在谈到谁应承担无人驾驶车辆的责任时，第七段说，当你说无人驾驶车辆的时候，人们以为是没有司机，从这些信息可以推断出，消费者在这种情况下会觉得没有为无人驾驶车辆的安全问题负责的人，故选D。
[答案] D
4．Driverless
vehicles
in
public
transport
see
no
bright
future
in
________.
A．Singapore
B．the
UK
C．the
US
D．Germany
[解析] 考查细节理解。在谈到无人驾驶车辆在各国的前景时，最后两段谈到在英国和新加坡，由政府提供的无人驾驶车辆正在投入使用，但是在美国这种情况就会很糟糕(go
down
poorly
in
the
US)，在这里，认为政府会接管无人驾驶车辆，把它们作为对公众有益的事物，这是完全行不通的(would
get
absolutely
nowhere)，由此推断，作者觉得这种无人驾驶车辆在美国没有发展前景。
[答案] C
5．What
could
be
the
best
title
for
the
passage?
A．Autonomous
Driving：Whose
Liability?
B．Fully
Automatic
Cars：A
New
Breakthrough
C．Autonomous
Vehicles：Driver
Removed!
D．Driverless
Cars：Root
of
Road
Accidents
[解析] 考查主旨大意。全文把德国交通部长的提议作为引入，讲述了无人驾驶车辆的法律责任的认定，无人驾驶车辆在遇到车祸时首先应该保障的是车辆还是乘客的安全等问题，因此选A。
[答案] A
A
In
the
1760s,
Mathurin
Roze
opened
a
series
of
shops
that
boasted(享有）a
special
meat
soup
called
consomme.
Although
the
main
attraction
was
the
soup,
Roze's
chain
shops
also
set
a
new
standard
for
dining
out,
which
helped
to
establish
Roze
as
the
inventor
of
the
modern
restaurant.
Today,
scholars
have
generated
large
amounts
of
instructive
research
about
restaurants.
Take
visual
hints
that
influence
what
we
eat:
diners
served
themselves
about
20
percent
more
pasta(意大利面食）when
their
plates
matched
their
food.
When
a
dark-colored
cake
was
served
on
a
black
plate
rather
than
a
white
one,
customers
recognized
it
as
sweeter
and
more
tasty.
Lighting
matters,
too.
When
Berlin
restaurant
customers
ate
in
darkness,
they
couldn't
tell
how
much
they'd
had:
those
given
extra-large
shares
ate
more
than
everyone
else,
but
were
none
the
wiser—they
didn’t
feel
fuller,
and
they
were
just
as
ready
for
dessert.
Time
is
money,
but
that
principle
means
different
things
for
different
types
of
restaurants.
Unlike
fast-food
places.
fine
dining
shops
prefer
customers
to
stay
longer
and
spend.
One
way
to
encourage
customers
to
stay
and
order
that
extra
round:
put
on
some
Mozart(莫扎特）.When
classical,
rather
than
pop,
music
was
playing,
diners
spent
more.
Fast
music
hurried
diners
out.
Particular
scents
also
have
an
effect:
diners
who
got
the
scent
of
lavender(薰衣草）stayed
longer
and
spent
more
than
those
who
smelled
lemon,
or
no
scent.
Meanwhile,
things
that
you
might
expect
to
discourage
spending—"bad"
tables,
crowding.
high
prices
—
don't
necessarily.
Diners
at
bad
tables
—
next
to
the
kitchen
door,
say
—
spent
nearly
as
much
as
others
but
soon
fled.
It
can
be
concluded
that
restaurant
keepers
need
not
"be
overly
concerned
about
‘bad'
tables,"
given
that
they're
profitable.
As
for
crowds,
a
Hong
Kong
study
found
that
they
increased
a
restaurant's
reputation,
suggesting
great
food
at
fair
prices.
And
doubling
a
buffet's
price
led
customers
to
say
that
its
pizza
was
11
percent
tastier.
58.
The
underlined
phrase
"none
the
wiser"
in
paragraph
3
most
probably
implies
that
the
customers
were
.
A.
not
aware
of
eating
more
than
usual
B.
not
willing
to
share
food
with
others
C.
not
conscious
of
the
food
quality
D.
not
fond
of
the
food
provided
59.
How
could
a
fine
dining
shop
make
more
profit?
A.
playing
classical
music.
B.
Introducing
lemon
scent.
C.
Making
the
light
brighter,
D.
Using
plates
of
larger
size.
60.
What
does
the
last
paragraph
talk
about?
A.
Tips
to
attract
more
customers.
B.
Problems
restaurants
are
faced
with.
C.
Ways
to
improve
restaurants'
reputation.
D.
Common
misunderstandings
about
restaurants.
【文章大意】本文是一篇议论文。论述了现代餐馆面临的经营困境和解决方案，通过对比快餐店和正规餐馆提出，现代餐饮业可以通过味道（比如薰衣草相比柠檬更能刺激消费者的食欲）、灯光的明暗（比如暗的灯光更能够刺激顾客食欲）等吸引顾客。
58.A
词义猜测题。根据该句中“…they
didn’t
feel
fuller,
and
they
were
just
as
ready
for
dessert”可知，他们没有感觉更饱，想要再吃一点甜点；据此可以判断，划线词表示“他们没有意识到比平时吃得多”，故选A项。
B
If
you’re
a
book
lover，you
have
a
pile
of
books
on
your
bedside，or
a
bookshelf
in
your
library
with
a“to
read”sign
on
it．Yet
you
can’t
stop
yourself
from
adding
to
the
pile．This
can
lead
to
feelings
of
guilt
over
your
new
purchases．But
I’m
here
to
tell
you
to
stop
worrying．
What
you
have
is
an
antilibrary，and
it’s
a
very
good
thing．The
term
comes
from
writer
Umberto
Eco．He
is
the
owner
of
a
large
personal
library．He
separates
visitors
into
two
groups：those
who
react
with“Wow!
What
a
library
you
have!
How
many
of
these
books
have
you
read?”and
the
others
who
get
the
point
that
a
private
library
is
not
something
to
show
off
but
a
research
too1．Read
books
are
far
less
valuable
than
unread
ones．Indeed，the
more
you
know，the
larger
the
rows
of
unread
books．Let
us
call
this
collection
an
antilibrary．
If
you
think
you
already
know
everything
about
a
subject，you’re
cutting
yourself
off
from
a
stream
of
information
at
an
artificial
point．So
a
growing
library
of
books
you
haven’t
read
means
you’re
consistently
curious
about
the
unknown．And
that
attitude
is
a
great
foundation
for
a
lifelong
love
of
1earning．
So
don’t
feel
guilt
over
your
unread
books．Those
books
will
be
there
for
you
when
you
do
want
them，and
as
you
build
your
library
of
read
and
unread
books，you
can
start
using
it
as
you
would
use
a
bigger
library．Certain
books
may
become
references
more
than
read-throughs．Or
you
may
find
that
a
book
you
bought
five
years
ago
has
special
relevance
today．Letting
the
role
of
books
evolve
in
your
life
is
a
healthy
sign
of
curiosity．That’s
good
for
you
and
good
for
the
world
around
you．
28.
What
does
the
underlined
word“antilibrary”in
Paragraph
2
refer
to?
A.
Feelings
of
guilt
over
new
books．
B.
A
pile
of
books
on
the
bookshelf．
C.
The
collection
of
unread
books．
D.
A
large
personal
library．
29.
According
to
the
author，more
unread
books
mean________．
A.
your
wrong
lifelong
learning
attitude
B.
you
limit
yourself
from
the
unknown
C.
your
have
no
interest
in
the
new
world
D.
your
strong
desire
about
new
information
30.
What’s
the
author’s
attitude
towards
having
an
antilibrary?
A.
Favorable．
B.
Doubtful．
C.
Ambiguous．
D.
Contradictory．
31.
What
can
we
know
from
the
last
paragraph?
A.
Curiosity
is
a
sign
of
high
IQ．
B.
Books
are
the
ladder
in
our
life．
C.
Unread
books
are
surely
relevant
to
the
present．
D.
We
should
read
through
every
book．
【答案】28.
C
29.
D
30.
A
31.
B
【解析】本文是一篇议论文。本文主要讲了收藏未读书籍这一行为是非常好的，收藏更多未读书籍意味着你对新信息的强烈渴望。
28.
词义猜测题。由第二段Read
books
are
far
less
valuable
than
unread
ones．Indeed，the
more
you
know，the
larger
the
rows
of
unread
books．Let
us
call
this
collection
an
antilibrary．可知，知道的越多，未读书籍的名单越多，这种未读书籍的收藏就叫做antilibrary，选C。
29.
细节理解题。由第三段So
a
growing
library
of
books
you
haven’t
read
means
you’re
consistently
curious
about
the
unknown.可知，更多未经阅读的书意味着你持续对未知的事物很好奇，也就是对新信息强烈渴望，选D。
30.
推理判断题。由最后一段Letting
the
role
of
books
evolve
in
your
life
is
a
healthy
sign
of
curiosity.That’s
good
for
you
and
good
for
the
world
around
you.可推知，作者对于收藏未读书籍这一行为持赞成态度，选A。
31.
推理判断题。由最后一段Letting
the
role
of
books
evolve
in
your
life
is
a
healthy
sign
of
curiosity．That’s
good
for
you
and
good
for
the
world
around
you.可知，让书在你的生活中扮演一个激发我们好奇心的角色，对你和对世界都有好处，由此推知书籍是我们生活的阶梯，选B。
C
“Years
ago
when
I
was
at
the
Grand
Canyon,
I
remembered
someone
coming
up
to
the
canyon’s
edge,
taking
a
shot
with
a
camera
and
then
walking
away,
like
‘got
it
–
done’,
barely
even
glancing
at
the
magnificent
scene
in
front
of
him,”
Linda
Henkel,
a
scientist
at
Fairfield
University,
US
told
Live
Science.
Henkel
was
surprised
by
how
obsessed
(痴迷的)
people
are
with
taking
pictures
these
days
-
before
dinner,
during
friends’
birthday
parties,
on
museum
tours
and
so
on.
They
keep
taking
pictures
because
they
think
that
it
helps
record
the
moment,
but
as
Henkel’s
latest
study
has
just
found
out,
this
obsession
may
prevent
their
brains
remembering
what
actually
happened,
reported
The
Guardian.
In
her
study,
Henkel
led
a
group
of
college
students
around
a
museum
and
asked
them
to
simply
observe
15
objects
and
photograph
15
others.
The
next
day
the
students’
memory
of
the
tour
was
tested,
and
the
results
showed
that
they
were
less
accurate
in
recognizing
the
objects
and
they
remembered
fewer
details
about
them
if
they
photographed
them.
‘‘When
people
rely
on
technology
to
remember
them
—
counting
on
the
camera
to
record
the
event
and
thus
not
needing
to
attend
to
it
fully
themselves,
it
can
have
a
negative
impact
on
how
well
they
remember
their
experiences,”
Henkel
explained.
But
there
is
also
an
exception:
if
students
zoomed
in
to
photograph
part
of
an
object,
their
memory
actually
improved,
and
those
who
focused
the
lens
(镜头)
on
a
specific
area
could
even
recall
parts
that
weren’t
in
the
frame.
So
basically,
this
study
is
saying
that
constantly
taking
pictures
can
harm
your
memory.
But
shouldn’t
reviewing
pictures
we
have
taken
help
wake
up
our
memories?
This
is
true,
but
only
if
we
spend
enough
time
doing
it.
“In
order
to
remember,
we
have
to
access
and
interact
with
the
photos,
rather
than
just
collect
them,”
Henkel
told
The
Telegraph.
However,
previous
research
has
shown
that
most
people
never
take
the
time
to
look
over
their
digital
pictures
simply
because
there
are
too
many
of
them
and
they
aren’t
usually
very
organized
on
their
computers.
8.
Why
did
the
author
mention
Henkel’s
trip
to
the
Grand
Canyon
at
the
beginning?
A.
To
complain
about
some
tourists’
bad
habits.
B.
To
give
suggestions
on
how
to
enjoy
one’s
tour.
C.
To
point
out
people’s
obsession
with
taking
pictures.
D.
To
describe
the
beautiful
view
of
the
Grand
Canyon.
9.
What
can
we
learn
from
Henkel’s
study?
A.
Reviewing
pictures
always
helps
people
bring
back
memories
easily.
B.
Taking
pictures
in
a
museum
tour
helps
students
recognize
objects
better.
C.
People
should
spend
more
time
taking
pictures
than
studying
real
objects.
D.
Pictures
focusing
on
the
details
of
objects
probably
improve
people’s
memories.
10.
The
underlined
word
“it”
in
Paragraph
5
probably
refers
to
“________”.
A.
the
camera
B.
technology
C.
the
event
D.
an
object
11.
What
is
the
article
mainly
about?
A.
People’s
obsession
with
taking
pictures
and
its
influence.
B.
Possible
ways
of
using
pictures
to
improve
one’s
memory.
C.
Great
harm
to
memory
caused
by
taking
pictures
constantly.
D.
A
believable
study
into
the
negative
impact
of
lining
cameras
often.
【答案】8.
C
9.
D
10.
C
11.
A
【解析】本文为议论文。人们都喜欢拍照，拍照有助于记录某一时刻，但拍照对我们的记忆有影响。如果我们只是简单的记录，而不去关注和欣赏的话，则会有负面的影响，如果我们以后还会欣赏这些照片则会有助于唤醒我们的记忆。如果只拍照不欣赏还不如不拍照只是欣赏的好。
8.
细节理解题。根据第二段中的句子“Henkel
was
surprised
by
how
obsessed
(着迷的)
people
are
with
taking
pictures
these
days
–
before
dinner,
during
friends
birthday
parties,
on
museum
tours
and
so
on.”可知，在文中提到Henkel对人们执迷于拍照的惊讶，以此来说明一种现象：人们执迷于拍照的现象。故答案为C。
9.
细节判断题。根据第四段中的“But
there
is
also
an
exception:
if
students
zoomed
(缩放)
in
to
photograph
part
of
an
object,
their
memory
actually
improved”可知，在拍照时，如果只关注某个细节，可能有助于他们记忆的提高。故选D项。
10.
猜测词义题。根据第五段第一句“When
people
rely
on
technology
to
remember
them
一
counting
on
the
camera
to
record
the
event
and
thus
not
needing
to
attend
to
it
fully
themselves”
前面说人们要依靠技术来记住它们时，要依靠照相机来记录事件，那么就完全不需要关注这个事件了。分析前后的关系可知，本句是说如果你要用相机来记录事件，就不需要来关注这个它（事件）。A.
the
camera相机；B.
technology技术；C.
the
event事件；
D.
an
object物体。故选C项。
11.
主旨大意题。通过全文可知，本文主要叙述现代人痴迷拍照，是因为拍照有助于记录某一时刻，但不利于他们记忆，如果放大拍摄对象或拍下来后再欣赏的话就有助于回忆或记忆，即本文主要介绍痴迷拍照及其影响。分析选项可知，A最切题。
D
Languages
have
been
coming
and
going
for
thousands
of
years,
but
in
recent
times
there
has
been
less
coming
and
a
lot
more
going.
When
the
the
world
was
still
populated
by
hunter-gatherers,small,
tightly
knit
(联系)groups
developed
their
own
patterns
of
speech
independent
of
each
other.Some
language
experts
believe
that
10,000
years
ago,
when
the
world
had
just
five
to
ten
million
people,
they
spoke
perhaps
12,000
languages
between
them.
Soon
afterwards,
many
of
those
people
started
settling
down
to
become
farmers,
and
their
languages
too
became
more
settled
and
fewer
in
number.
In
recent
centres,
trade,industrialisation.
the
development
of
the
nation-state
and
the
spread
of
universal
compulsory
education.
Especially
glbalisation
and
better
communications
in
the
past
few
decades,all
have
caused
many
Languages
to
disappear,and
dominant
languages
such
as
English．Spanish
and
Chinese
are
increasingly
taking
over.
At
present,
the
world
has
about
6
800
languages.
The
distribution
of
these
languages
is
hugely
uneven.
The
general
rule
is
that
mild
zones
have
relatively
few
languages.
Often
spoken
by
many
people
while
hot.
wet
zones
have
lots,
often
spoken
by
small
numbers.Europe
has
only
around
200
Languages:
the
Americas
about
1,000.
Africa
2
400;
and
Asia
and
the
Pacific
perhaps
3,200,
of
which
Papua
New
Guinea
alone
accounts
for
well
over
800.
The
median
number
(中位数)of
speakers
is
a
mere
6.000,
which
means
that
half
the
worlds
languages
are
spoken
by
fewer
people
than
that.
Already
well
over
400
of
the
total
of,
6,800
languages
are
close
to
extinction(消亡),
with
only
a
few
elderly
speakers
left.
Pick,
at
random,
Busuu
in
Cameroon
(eight
remaining
speakers),Chiapaneco
in
Mexico(150).
Lipan
Apache
in
the
United
States(two
or
three)or
Wadjigu
in
Australia
(one,
with
a
question-mark):
none
of
these
seems
to
have
much
chance
of
survival.
28.
What
can
we
infer
about
languages
in
huntergatherer
times?
A.
They
developed
very
fast.
B.
They
were
large
in
number.
C.
They
had
similar
patters.
D.
They
were
closely
connected
29.
Which
of
the
following
best
explains"dominant
"
underlined
in
paragraph
2？
A.
Complex.
B.
Advanced.
C.
Powerful.
D.
Modem.
30.
How
many
languages
are
spoken
by
less
than
6,
000
people
at
present?
A.
About
6
800
B.
About
3
400
C.
About
2.400
D.
About
1-200
31.
What
is
the
min
idea
of
the
text?
A.
New
languages
will
be
created.
B.
Peoples
lifestyles
are
reflected
in
languages
C.
Human
development
results
in
fewer
languages
D.
Geography
determines
language
evolution.
【答案】28.
B
29.
C
30.
B
31.
C
【解析】本文是一篇议论文。文章讲述了随着社会的发展人类语言越来越少及其原因。
28.
推理判断题。根据文章第一段中的When
the
world
was
still
populated
by
hunter-gatherers,
small,
tightly
knit
(联系)
groups
developed
their
own
patterns
of
speech
independent
of
each
other...
when
the
world
had
just
five
to
ten
million
people,
they
spoke
perhaps
12,000
languages
between
them.可知，当世界以依靠狩猎为生的人居住的时候，小而联系紧密的群落形成了他们彼此之间独立的讲话模式。当世界上的人口数量不到一千万时，语言种类达到了12000种。由此推知，当时的语言种类很多。故选B。
29.
猜测词义题。根据文章第二段中的dominant
languages
such
as
English,
Spanish
and
Chinese
are
increasingly
taking
over.可知，英语、西班牙语和汉语正在替代其他语言。由此推知dominant
languages意为：强有力的语言。故选C。
点睛：长难句解读
In
recent
centuries,
trade,
industrialisation,
the
development
of
the
nation-state
and
the
spread
of
universal
compulsory
education,
especially
globalisation
and
better
communications
in
the
past
few
decades,
all
have
caused
many
languages
to
disappear,
and
dominant
languages
such
as
English,
Spanish
and
Chinese
are
increasingly
taking
over.
分析：and连接两个并列句，前面的介词短语in.
.
.作时间状语，all和前面的名词短语是同位语。
句意：在最近的几个世纪，贸易、工业化、民族国家的发展和全球义务教育的蔓延，尤其是过去几十年来，全球化和更好的交流，这些都是导致许多语言消失的原因。而且像英语、西班牙语和汉语这些强大的语言正在不断地占据统治地位。
E
We’ve
all
been
there:
in
a
lift,
in
line
at
the
bank
or
on
an
airplane,
surrounded
by
people
who
are,
like
us,
deeply
focused
on
their
smartphones
or,
worse,
struggling
with
the
uncomfortable
silence.
What’s
the
problem?
It’s
possible
that
we
all
have
compromised
conversational
intelligence.
It’s
more
likely
that
none
of
us
start
a
conversation
because
it’s
awkward
and
challenging,
or
we
think
it’s
annoying
and
unnecessary.
But
the
next
time
you
find
yourself
among
strangers,
consider
that
small
talk
is
worth
the
trouble.
Experts
say
it’s
an
invaluable
social
practice
that
results
in
big
benefits.
Dismissing
small
talk
as
unimportant
is
easy,
but
we
can’t
forget
that
deep
relationships
wouldn’t
even
exist
if
it
weren’t
for
casual
conversation.
Small
talk
is
the
grease(润滑剂)
for
social
communication,
says
Bernardo
Carducci,
director
of
the
Shyness
Research
Institute
at
Indiana
University
Southeast.
＂Almost
every
great
love
story
and
each
big
business
deal
begins
with
small
talk,＂
he
explains.
＂The
key
to
successful
small
talk
is
learning
how
to
connect
with
others,
not
just
communicate
with
them.＂
In
a
2014
study,
Elizabeth
Dunn,
associate
professor
of
psychology
at
UBC,
invited
people
on
their
way
into
a
coffee
shop.
One
group
was
asked
to
seek
out
an
interaction(互动)
with
its
waiter;
the
other,
to
speak
only
when
necessary.
The
results
showed
that
those
who
chatted
with
their
server
reported
significantly
higher
positive
feelings
and
a
better
coffee
shop
experience.
＂It’s
not
that
talking
to
the
waiter
is
better
than
talking
to
your
husband,＂
says
Dunn.
＂But
interactions
with
peripheral(边缘的)
members
of
our
social
network
matter
for
our
well-being
also.＂
Dunn
believes
that
people
who
reach
out
to
strangers
feel
a
significantly
greater
sense
of
belonging,
a
bond
with
others.
Carducci
believes
developing
such
a
sense
of
belonging
starts
with
small
talk.
＂Small
talk
is
the
basis
of
good
manners,＂
he
says.
32.
What
phenomenon
is
described
in
the
first
paragraph?
A.
Addiction
to
smartphones.
B.
Inappropriate
behaviours
in
public
places.
C.
Absence
of
communication
between
strangers.
D.
Impatience
with
slow
service.
33.
What
is
important
for
successful
small
talk
according
to
Carducci?
A.
Showing
good
manners.
B.
Relating
to
other
people.
C.
Focusing
on
a
topic.
D.
Making
business
deals.
34.
What
does
the
coffee-shop
study
suggest
about
small
talk?
A.
It
improves
family
relationships.
B.
It
raises
people’s
confidence.
C.
It
matters
as
much
as
a
formal
talk.
D.
It
makes
people
feel
good.
35.
What
is
the
best
title
for
the
text?
A.
Conversation
Counts
B.
Ways
of
Making
Small
Talk
C.
Benefits
of
Small
Talk
D.
Uncomfortable
Silence
【答案】32.
C
33.
B
34.
D
35.
C
【解析】这是一篇议论文。在当今社会，人们在公共场合或沉迷于智能手机，或与不舒服的沉默抗争，陌生人之间缺乏沟通。但人与人之间是需要适当的交谈闲聊的，闲聊是人际关系社会交往必不可少的部分，而且也有很多好处。
32.
主旨大意题。题干问的是：第一段描述了什么现象。在公共场合（比如在电梯里，在银行排队，或在飞机上）人们深深地专注于他们的智能手机，或者更糟糕的是，与不舒服的沉默抗争。有此可知，陌生人之间缺乏沟通。A项意为：沉迷于智能手机。B项意为：在公共场所不适当的行为。C项意为：陌生人之间缺乏沟通。D项意为：对缓慢的服务不耐烦。故选C项。
33.
推理判断题。题干问得是对于Carducci来说，成功的闲聊中重要的是什么。根据第三段最后一句“The
key
to
successful
small
talk
is
learning
how
to
connect
with
others,
not
just
communicate
with
them”（成功闲聊的关键是学习如何与他们交流，而不仅仅是与他们沟通。）由此推断C符合题意。A项意为：表现出良好的礼貌。B项意为：与他人有关的。C项意为：专注于一个话题。D项意为：做商业交易。故选B项。
34.
推理判断题。题干问的是：咖啡店的研究对闲聊有什么建议。根据第四段的调查结果可知，那些与服务员聊天的人，有显著的积极情绪和更好的咖啡店体验。由此可知，D项符合题意。A项意为：闲聊改善了家庭关系。B项意为：闲聊提高了人们的信心。C项意为：闲聊和正式谈话一样重要。D项意为：闲聊让人感觉很好。故选D项。
35.
主旨大意题。整篇文章刚开始介绍了社会的现象（公共场合人们沉迷于智能手机，陌生人之间缺乏沟通交流），接着分析了这一问题的原因，接下来有专家对闲聊进行了研究，最后得出结论，闲聊都有什么样的好处。A项意为：谈话很重要。B项意为：闲聊的方法。C项意为：闲聊的好处。D项意为：不舒服的沉默。故选C项。
点睛：我们在做阅读理解时，尽量找出每段的主讲内容（可能是一句话或是一个短语），这样有利于整篇文章的把握，有利于做文章大意题。如35题，很显然本文讲的不是重要性也不是方法更不是沉默，所以ABD都可以轻松排除。
A
School
children
are
using
mobile
phone
applications
to
do
their
homework，which
seem
to
be
increasing
during
summer
vacations.But
instead
of
blaming
students
for
their
behavior，we
should
say
no
to
too
much
homework.This
is
important
because
by
using
mobile
phone
applications
to
do
their
homework，students
don't
add
much
to
their
knowledge，says
an
article
in
Guangzhou－based
Yangcheng
Evening
News.Excerpts
(摘录)：
Using
mobile
phone
applications
to
do
homework
is
no
different
from
copying
from
someone
else's
work.This
is
the
opinion
of
a
vast
majority
of
teachers.Students
who
seek
cell
phone
apps
help
to
do
their
homework
will
pay_dearly
during
major
exams
when
they
cannot
seek
the
help
of
such
applications，the
teachers
say.
The
heavy
load
of
homework
Chinese
students
are
burdened
with，said
to
be
the
heaviest
in
the
world，has
led
to
the
popularity
of
these
applications.
Senior
high
school
students
in
China
rarely
go
to
bed
before
11
p．m.A
report
in
Shanghai
published
in
2013
showed
that
students
in
the
city
on
average
spend
28.2
hours
in
class
every
week，the
9th
highest
among
65
countries
and
regions
surveyed.Also，they
spend
an
average
of
13.8
hours
a
week
doing
homework，most
in
the
world.
There
is
no
association
between
the
amount
of
homework
one
does
and
the
amount
of
knowledge
one
gathers.In
fact，a
research
by
Australian
experts
shows
that
the
result
is
exactly
the
opposite:
the
more
hours
students
spend
doing
homework，the
less
effective
they
will
be
in
gaining
knowledge.
The
United
States
is
one
of
the
countries
where
students
do
little
homework，but
that
has
not
damaged
the
country's
academic
status
in
the
world.
So，it's
time
Chinese
schools
understood
this
fact
and
freed
students
of
the
unnecessary
burden
of
homework.
语篇解读：本文是一篇议论文，介绍了由于学生作业太多，学习负担太重而开始使用手机应用程序完成作业的现象，由此号召学校认真对待这种现象，减轻学生的课业负担。
1．What's
the
writer's
attitude
toward
the
students'
using
mobile
phone
applications
to
do
their
homework?
A．Supporting.
B．Understanding.
C．Scolding.
D．Praising.
[解析] 观点态度题。根据第一段中的“But
instead
of
blaming
students
for
their
behavior，we
should
say
no
to
too
much
homework”和下文作者呼吁“减轻课业负担”可判断，作者对学生用手机应用程序做作业是理解的，故选B。
[答案] B
2．The
cause
of
the
students'
using
mobile
phone
applications
to
do
their
homework
is
________.
A．the
heavy
burden
of
homework
B．the
advance
of
modern
technology
C．the
pressure
of
the
students'
parents
D．the
influence
of
other
countries
[解析] 细节理解题。根据第三段“The
heavy
load
of
homework
Chinese
students
are
burdened
with，said
to
be
the
heaviest
in
the
world，has
led
to
the
popularity
of
these
applications.”可知作业太多是造成这种状况的原因，故选A。
[答案] A
3．What
does
the
underlined
phrase
“pay
dearly”
mean?
A．be
rewarded
B．be
dismissed
C．provide
much
money
D．suffer
a
lot
[解析] 推理判断题。从文章第一段中的“This
is
important
because
by
using
mobile
phone
applications
to
do
their
homework，students
don't
add
much
to
their
knowledge”可知学生用手机应用程序做作业不会增长知识，由此判断当考试不能使用手机的时候，学生会受害不浅，考试不及格，选D。
[答案] D
4．Which
of
the
following
is
probably
the
best
title?
A．Free
kids
of
the
burden
of
homework.
B．Stop
using
mobile
phones
to
do
homework.
C．Spend
less
time
to
gain
much
knowledge.
D．Improve
China's
academic
status
in
the
world.
[解析] 主旨大意题。文章通过介绍学生使用手机应用程序完成作业这件事来引出减轻学生作业负担这一话题，由此判断选A。
[答案] A
B
Conventional
wisdom
is
a
major
barrier
to
innovation
that
threatens
the
survival
of
companies
everywhere.It's
based
on
the
assumption
that
old
ideas
will
always
work，so
they
shouldn't
be
challenged.While
this
may
be
a
valid
assumption
in
situations
that
don't
change，it's
unlikely
to
hold
true
in
a
changing
situation.
In
today's
rapid
changing
global
environment，old
methods
often
don't
work，and
stubbornly
using
them
can
lead
to
major
problems.Most
people
seem
to
agree
with
conventional
wisdom
because
it
gives
one
a
false
sense
of
security.If
everyone
else
believes
it，then
it
must
be
true.Individuals
who
use
conventional
wisdom
are
certain
that
they
are
right，and
being
right
is
good.They
want
to
continue
using
old
ideas
rather
than
take
risks
with
changes
that
might
not
work.In
1977，Ken
Olsen，co－founder
and
CEO
of
Digital
Equipment
Corporation
(DEC)，stated
“There
is
no
reason
for
any
individual
to
have
a
computer
in
his
home.”
Despite
being
a
dominant
leader
in
the
computer
industry，DEC
no
longer
exists.
People
seem
to
forget
that
since
innovation
is
a
change，there
can
be
no
innovation
without
change.Unfortunately，conventional
wisdom
prevents
leaders，followers
and
companies
from
changing
and
therefore
innovating.If
companies
don't
innovate，but
their
competitors
do，the
future
is
likely
to
be
problematic.Breaking
from
conventional
wisdom
has
led
to
many
of
the
most
innovative
companies
and
products
in
history
across
many
industries，so
it
has
a
powerful
effect
on
business
success.
Ted
Turner
(founder
of
CNN)
knew
little，if
anything，about
the
news
business，but
he
knew
it
was
inconvenient
to
watch
news
only
at
the
dinner
hour，as
was
common
before
CNN.Turner's
solution
was
to
create
a
cable
channel
dedicated
to
news
24
hours
a
day.The
news
establishment
reflected
conventional
wisdom
at
the
time，and
predicted
his
idea
would
fail
because
no
one
wanted
to
watch
the
news
all
day.
However,
it
doesn't
take
a
rocket
scientist
to
understand
that
viewers
don't
have
to
watch
the
news
all
day
for
the
CNN
to
work.
Viewers
just
have
to
watch
when
they
want
to
get
information.Due
to
conventional
thinking，the
critics
failed
to
recognize
the
opportunity
that
was
clear
to
Ted.They
assumed
that
only
what
was
familiar
to
them
could
work
in
the
future.
Conventional
wisdom
prevents
creativity，flexibility
and
risk－taking，so
unconventional
leaders
enthusiastically
break
from
it.To
survive，thrive
and
maintain
competitive
advantage，companies
must
be
flexible
when
reacting
to
change.
语篇解读：本文讲述的是传统思想阻碍了经济的发展以及企业打破传统思想的必要性。
5.
DEC
has
disappeared
probably
because
________.
A．the
consumers
didn't
like
its
products
B．the
leaders
lacked
the
sense
of
security
C．the
CEO
stuck
to
the
conventional
ideas
D．the
employees
took
many
risks
with
changes
[解析]
推理判断题。根据第二段最后三句可知，DEC的CEO认为私人家里不应该有电脑，不久后DEC就消失了，故选C。
[答案] C
6．The
founding
of
CNN
is
used
as
an
example
to
prove
________.
A．missing
opportunities
could
lead
to
failure
B．changing
could
contribute
to
business
success
C．watching
news
at
the
dinner
hour
is
convenient
D．conventional
wisdom
influences
business
success
[解析] 推理判断题。根据第四段第一句“Ted
Turner
(founder
of
CNN)
knew
little，if
anything，about
the
news
business，but
he
knew
it
was
inconvenient
to
watch
news
only
at
the
dinner
hour，as
was
common
before
CNN.”可知CNN的创始人Ted
Turner知道只在晚饭看新闻是不方便的。所以接下来就有了CNN，所以说改变是有益于生意的发展。故选B。
[答案] B
7．What
does
the
underlined
part
probably
mean?
A．Rocket
scientists
can
ensure
the
CNN
works
properly.
B．Most
of
the
viewers
don't
like
to
watch
the
news
at
work.
C．It's
necessary
to
understand
when
people
watch
the
news.
D．It's
easy
to
know
people
needn't
watch
the
news
all
the
time.
[解析] 细节理解题。画线句子“it
doesn't
take
a
rocket
scientist
to
understand
that
viewers
don't
have
to
watch
the
news
all
day
for
the
CNN
to
work.”中的“doesn't
take
a
rocket
scientist
to
understand”意为容易理解。故选D。
[答案] D
8．The
passage
is
mainly
written
to
tell
us
that
________.
A．old
methods
are
changing
with
time
B．opportunities
lead
to
business
success
C．conventional
wisdom
limits
innovation
D．successful
companies
need
wise
leaders
[解析] 目的意图题。根据最后一段内容可知，传统思想阻碍了创造力、灵活性和冒险精神，所以不传统的领导者满腔热情地打破它。为了生存、发展和保持竞争力，公司在应对变化时必须要灵活。故选C。
[答案] C
C
Preparing
Cities
for
Robot
Cars
The
possibility
of
self-driving
robot
cars
has
often
seemed
like
a
futurist’s
dream,
years
away
from
materializing
in
the
real
world.
Well,
the
future
is
apparently
now.
The
California
Department
of
Motor
Vehicles
began
giving
permits
in
April
for
companies
to
test
truly
self-driving
cars
on
public
roads.
The
state
also
cleared
the
way
for
companies
to
sell
or
rent
out
self-driving
cars,
and
for
companies
to
operate
driverless
taxi
services.
California,
it
should
be
noted,
isn’t
leading
the
way
panies
have
been
testing
their
vehicles
in
cities
across
the
country.
It’s
hard
to
predict
when
driverless
cars
will
be
everywhere
on
our
roads.
But
however
long
it
takes,
the
technology
has
the
potential
to
change
our
transportation
systems
and
our
cities,
for
better
or
for
worse,
depending
on
how
the
transformation
is
regulated.
While
much
of
the
debate
so
far
has
been
focused
on
the
safety
of
driverless
cars(and
rightfully
so),
policymakers
also
should
be
talking
about
how
self-driving
vehicles
can
help
reduce
traffic
jams,
cut
emissions(排放)
and
offer
more
convenient,
affordable
mobility
options.
The
arrival
of
driverless
vehicles
is
a
chance
to
make
sure
that
those
vehicles
are
environmentally
friendly
and
more
shared.
Do
we
want
to
copy
—
or
even
worsen
—
the
traffic
of
today
with
driverless
cars?
Imagine
a
future
where
most
adults
own
individual
self-driving
vehicles.
They
tolerate
long,
slow
journeys
to
and
from
work
on
packed
highways
because
they
can
work,
entertain
themselves
or
sleep
on
the
ride,
which
encourages
urban
spread.
They
take
their
driverless
car
to
an
appointment
and
set
the
empty
vehicle
to
circle
the
building
to
avoid
paying
for
parking.
Instead
of
walking
a
few
blocks
to
pick
up
a
child
or
the
dry
cleaning,
they
send
the
self-driving
minibus.
The
convenience
even
leads
fewer
people
to
take
public
transport
—
an
unwelcome
side
effect
researchers
have
already
found
in
ride-hailing(叫车)
services.
A
study
from
the
University
of
California
at
Davis
suggested
that
replacing
petrol-powered
private
cars
worldwide
with
electric,
self-driving
and
shared
systems
could
reduce
carbon
emissions
from
transportation
80%
and
cut
the
cost
of
transportation
infrastructure(基础设施)
and
operations
40%
by
2050.
Fewer
emissions
and
cheaper
travel
sound
pretty
appealing.
The
first
commercially
available
driverless
cars
will
almost
certainly
be
fielded
by
ride-hailing
services,
considering
the
cost
of
self-driving
technology
as
well
as
liability
and
maintenance
issues(责任与维护问题).
But
driverless
car
ownership
could
increase
as
the
prices
drop
and
more
people
become
comfortable
with
the
technology.
Policymakers
should
start
thinking
now
about
how
to
make
sure
the
appearance
of
driverless
vehicles
doesn’t
extend
the
worst
aspects
of
the
car-controlled
transportation
system
we
have
today.
The
coming
technological
advancement
presents
a
chance
for
cities
and
states
to
develop
transportation
systems
designed
to
move
more
people,
and
more
affordably.
The
car
of
the
future
is
coming.
We
just
have
to
plan
for
it.
47.
According
to
the
author,
attention
should
be
paid
to
how
driverless
cars
can
__________.
A.
help
deal
with
transportation-related
problems
B.
provide
better
services
to
customers
C.
cause
damage
to
our
environment
D.
make
some
people
lose
jobs
48.
As
for
driverless
cars,
what
is
the
author’s
major
concern?
A.
Safety.
B.
Side
effects.
C.
Affordability.
D.
Management.
49.
What
does
the
underlined
word
＂fielded＂
in
Paragraph
4
probably
mean?
A.
Employed.
B.
Replaced.
C.
Shared.
D.
Reduced.
50.
What
is
the
author’s
attitude
to
the
future
of
self-driving
cars?
A.
Doubtful.
B.
Positive.
C.
Disapproving.
D.
Sympathetic.
【文章大意】
本文为议论文。文章主要讨论有关无人驾驶汽车的发展前景和面临的问题。
【答案与解析】ADAB
47.
A。推理判断题。根据第二段While
much
of
the
debate
so
far
has
been
focused
on
the
safety
of
driverless
cars(and
rightfully
so),
policymakers
also
should
be
talking
about
how
self-driving
vehicles
can
help
reduce
traffic
jams,
cut
emissions(排放)
and
offer
more
convenient,
affordable
mobility
options.可知，政策制定者应该讨论无人驾驶车怎么帮助削减交通阻塞，减少尾气排放，提供更方便、更便宜的出行选择，由此可见人们应该多关注无人驾驶车怎么帮助处理与交通有关的问题。故选A。
48.推理判断题。根据文章第一段But
however
long
it
takes,
the
technology
has
the
potential
to
change
our
transportation
systems
and
our
cities,
for
better
or
for
worse,
depending
on
how
the
transformation
is
regulated.可知，不管花多长时间，这项技术都有可能改变我们的交通系统和我们的城市，不管是好是坏，这取决于如何这种转变如何被规范，再根据文章最后一句话The
car
of
the
future
is
coming.
We
just
have
to
plan
for
it.可知，我们需要为其做好计划，故作者的主要关注点是对这种转变的管理规范，故选D。
48.词义猜测题。根据第四段The
first
commercially
available
driverless
cars
will
almost
certainly
be?fielded?by
ride-hailing
services,
considering
the
cost
of
self-driving
technology
as
well
as
liability
and
maintenance
issues(责任与维护问题).可知，鉴于自主驾驶的费用以及责任和维护问题，无人驾驶车几乎可以肯定将会被打车服务使用。故划线词是“被应用”的意思。A.
Employed被应用；B.
Replaced被取代；C.
Shared被分享；D.
Reduced被减少。故选A。
50.观点态度题。根据文章最后一段The
coming
technological
advancement
presents
a
chance
for
cities
and
states
to
develop
transportation
systems
designed
to
move
more
people,
and
more
affordably.
The
car
of
the
future
is
coming.
We
just
have
to
plan
for
it.中的?advancement，move
more
people,
and
more
affordably.以及plan
for
it可推知，作者是积极的态度。故选B。
D
Steven
Stein
likes
to
follow
garbage
trucks.
His
strange
habit
makes
sense
when
you
consider
that
he’s
an
environmental
scientist
who
studies
how
to
reduce
litter,
including
things
that
fall
off
garbage
trucks
as
they
drive
down
the
road.
What
is
even
more
interestin
is
that
one
of
Stein's
jobs
is
defending
an
industry
behind
the
plastic
shopping
bags.
Americans
use
more
than
100
billion
thin
film
plastic
bags
every
year.
So
many
end
up
in
tree
branches
or
along
highways
that
a
growing
number
of
cities
do
not
allow
them
at
checkouts(收银台).
The
bags
are
prohibited
in
some
90
cities
in
California,
including
Los
Angeles.
Eyeing
these
headwinds,
plastic-bag
makers
are
hiring
scientists
like
Stein
to
make
the
case
that
their
products
are
not
as
bad
for
the
planet
as
most
people
assume.
Among
the
bag
makers'
argument:
many
cities
with
bans
still
allow
shoppers
to
purchase
paper
bags,
which
are
easily
recycled
but
require
more
energy
to
produce
and
transport.
And
while
plastic
bags
may
be
ugly
to
look
at,
they
represent
a
small
percentage
of
all
garbage
on
the
ground
today.
The
industry
has
also
taken
aim
at
the
product
that
has
appeared
as
its
replacement:
reusable
shopping
bags.
The
stronger
a
reusable
bag
is,
the
longer
its
life
and
the
more
plastic-bag
use
it
cancels
out.
However,
longer-lasting
reusable
bags
often
require
more
energy
to
make.
One
study
found
that
a
cotton
bag
must
be
used
at
least
131
times
to
be
better
for
the
planet
than
plastic.
Environmentalists
don't
dispute(质疑)
these
points.
They
hope
paper
bags
will
be
banned
someday
too
and
want
shoppers
to
use
the
same
reusable
bags
for
years.
24.
What
has
Steven
Stein
been
hired
to
do?
A.
Help
increase
grocery
sales.
B.
Recycle
the
waste
material.
C.
Stop
things
falling
off
trucks.
D.
Argue
for
the
use
of
plastic
bags.
25.
What
does
the
word
“headwinds”
in
paragraph
2
refer
to?
A.
Bans
on
plastic
bags.
B.
Effects
of
city
development.
C.
Headaches
caused
by
garbage.
D.
Plastic
bags
hung
in
trees.
26.
What
is
a
disadvantage
of
reusable
bags
according
to
plastic-bag
makers?
A.
They
are
quite
expensive.
B.
Replacing
them
can
be
difficult.
C.
They
are
less
strong
than
plastic
bags.
D.
Producing
them
requires
more
energy.
27.
What
is
the
best
title
for
the
text?
A.
Plastic,
Paper
or
Neither
B.
Industry,
Pollution
and
Environment
C.
Recycle
or
Throw
Away
D.
Garbage
Collection
and
Waste
Control
【文章大意】
文章分析了几种购物袋的使用情况，塑料袋会造成环境问题，纸袋尽管容易回收，但生产和运输需要更多的能源，环保主义者希望消费者使用耐用可重复使用的袋子。
【答案与解析】DADA
24.细节理解题。根据第一段one
of?Stein's
jobs
is
defending
an
industry
behind
the
plastic
shopping
bags.和第二段plastic-bag
makers
are
hiring
scientists
like?Stein?to?make
the
case
that
their
products
are
not
as
bad
for
the
planet
as
most
people
assume.可知，塑料袋生产商雇用Steven
Stein是为了证明他们的产品并不像大多数人想象的那样对地球有害，是对塑料袋被禁用的解释和争论。故选D。
25.词义猜测题。上文介绍在许多美国大城市塑料袋被禁用，看到这种现状，塑料袋生产商雇用Steven
Stein等科学家是为了证明他们的产品并不像大多数人想象的那样对地球有害。headwinds意为“逆风”，此处指塑料袋被禁用的现状，即Bans
on
plastic
bags，故选A。
26.细节理解题。根据第四段However,
longer-lasting
reusable
bags
often
require
more
energy
to
make.可知，塑料袋生产商认为生产耐用且能重复使用的袋子需要更多的能源，故选D。
27.标题归纳题。文章讲述了使用塑料袋会造成环境问题，纸袋容易回收，但生产和运输需要更多的能源，环保主义者希望消费者使用耐用可重复使用的袋子。对这三种方式进行了对比，Plastic,
Paper
or
Neither既能概括全文，又能吸引读者，最适合作为标题。故选A。
高考阅读理解专题六
议论文解题规律
第18讲
知识点睛
经典精讲
实战演练
巩固练习
21世纪教育网
www.21cnjy.com
精品试卷·第
2
页
（共
2
页）
HYPERLINK
"http://21世纪教育网(www.21cnjy.com)
"
21世纪教育网(www.21cnjy.com)中小学教育资源及组卷应用平台
一、命题趋势
议论文是英语中的重要文体，在每年的高考阅读理解中占有一定的比例。该部分要求考生能读懂书、报、杂志中关于一般性话题的简短文段以及公告、说明、广告等，并能从中获取相关信息。
二、题型概述
议论文的内容涵盖文化、历史、文学、科学和教育等各个方面。在这类体裁的文章中把握好论点、论据和论证很重要。此类体裁的文章中有关主旨大意和推理判断的题目会较多，这也是得分比较难的题型。在阅读这类文章的时候，我们要认真把握作者的态度，领悟弦外之音，从而更好地依据文章的事实做出合理的推断。
三、选项特点
1．正确选项的特点
(1)一般按提出问题、分析问题、解决问题的方法写作。作者一般从日常生活中的热点问题、社会上的重大问题、与读者息息相关的问题入手，即提出问题。然后，分析利弊，举例说明，推理判断，即分析问题。最后，阐述观点，提出办法，即解决问题。
(2)以作者的观点或情感为核心，对细节推理等方面进行考查。
(3)文章的主题一般是生活中的热点问题、重大问题或与生活息息相关的问题等。
2．干扰选项的特点
(1)可能是文中某个具体事实或细节。
(2)可能是从文中某些(不完全的)事实或细节片面推出的错误结论。
(3)可能是非文章事实的主观臆断。
四、解题技巧
历年全国高考英语阅读理解的题型无非基本都是考查主旨大意、词义猜测、推理判断和细节理解四大题型。其中，命题以细节理解题为主，推理判断题为辅，又兼顾词义猜测题和主旨大意题。细节理解题和推理判断题主要考查的是对原文具体细节的理解和把控能力，难度相对较小，广大考生除了平时必要的阅读量和词汇量的积累以外，掌握一定的解题技巧对解答阅读理解题来说也是至关重要的。具体说来：
1.
主旨大意型
干扰项可能是文中某个具体事实或细节。
干扰项可能是从文中某些(不完全的)事实或细节片面推出的错误结论。
干扰项可能是非文章事实的主观臆断。
正确答案根据文章全面理解而归纳概括出来；不能太笼统、言过其实或以偏概全。
主旨大意题主要考查学生把握全文主题和理解中心思想的能力。根据多年的备考及高考实践，这类题目考查的范围是：基本论点、文章标题、主题或段落大意等。它要求考生在理解全文的基础上能较好地运用概括、判断、归纳、推理等逻辑思维方法，对文章进行高度概括或总结，属于高层次题。
选择＂主题＂旨在考查考生是否掌握了所读文章的主要内容或主旨，通常用词、短语或句子来概括。
标题选择题则是让考生给所读的文章选择一个合适的标题。通常标题由一个名词或名词短语充当，用词简短、精练。
不管是选择＂主题＂还是选择＂标题＂，实质上都是要求考生从整体上理解语篇内容，找出贯穿语篇的主线；不管是何种体裁的文章，都是围绕一个主题来展开的。在试题设计上，3个干扰项的内容一般在文章里或多或少都有涉及，但并非主要内容，需要注意甄别。
2.
事实细节型
细节理解题主要考查考生对文章中某些细节或重要事实的理解能力。它一般包括直接理解题和语意理解题两种。直接理解题的答案与原文直接挂钩，从阅读材料中可以找到。这种题难度低，只要考生读懂文章，就能得分，属于低层次题。
做此类题时可以使用定位法与跳读法。定位法即根据题干和选项所提供的信息直接从原文中找到相应的句子(即定位)，然后进行比较和分析(尤其要注意一些同义转换)，从而选出正确答案。跳读法即根据题干和选项所提供的信息跳读原文，并找到相关的句子(有时可能是几个句子)或段落，然后进行简单分析、推理等，从而找出正确答案。
(1)解题原则：忠实于原文上下文及全篇的逻辑关系，决不能主观臆断。
文章中心是论点，事实细节是论据或主要理由；有关细节问题常对文中某个词语、某句子、某段落等细节及事实进行提问，所提问题一般可直接或间接在文章中找到答案。
提问的特殊疑问词常有：what,
who,
which,
where,
how,
why
等。
(2)干扰项：范围过大、过小；偷换概念；正误并存，某个分句是正确的。
阅读理解中细节理解题的干扰项的设置有以下几个原则：
①包含项原则
在答案选项分析中，假如对A选项的理解概括了对其他三项
(或其中某一项)的理解，那么我们就说选项A与其他三项是包含或概括关系，包含项A往往就是正确答案。如在＂花＂与＂玫瑰＂两选项中，正确答案肯定是＂花＂，花包含了玫瑰。
②正反项原则
所谓正反项，是指两选项陈述的命题完全相矛盾。两个相互矛盾的陈述不能都是假的，其中必有一真。所以，假如四选项中A、B互为正反项，那我们通常先排除C、D项，正确答案一般在A、B项当中。
③委婉项原则
所谓委婉，这里是指说话不能说死，要留有余地。阅读理解选项中语气平和、委婉的往往是正确答案。这些选项一般含有不十分肯定或试探性语气的表达，如：probably,
possibly,?may,
usually,
might,
most
of,
more
or
less,
relatively,
be
likely
to,
not
necessary,
although,
yet,
in
addition,
tend
to等等，而含有绝对语气的表达往往不是正确答案，如：must,
always,
never,
all,
every,
any,
merely,
only,
completely,
none,
hardly,
already等等。
④同形项原则
命题者往往先将正确答案设置在一个大命题范围，然后通过语言形式的细微变化来考查考生的理解能力与分析能力。同形项原则告诉我们：词汇与句法结构相似的选项中有正确答案的存在。
⑤常识项原则
议论文中，那些符合一般常识、意义深刻富有哲理、符合一般规律、属于普遍现象的往往是正确答案。
⑥因果项原则
阅读理解的逻辑推理基本都是通过因果链进行的，前因后果，一步步循序渐进。然而，在推理题的选项中，有的选项会推理不到位(止于前因)，或者推理过头(止于后果)，这就是所谓的干扰项。因果项原则启示我们：假如四个选项中有两项互为同一事物推理过程中的因果关系，那么正确答案就是两个因果项中的其中之一。如果因项可产生几个结果，那么答案就是因；如果果项可以对应几个原因，那么答案就是果。
解题方法：原文定位法。
查读法：
(1)带着问题找答案，把注意力集中在与who,
what,
when,
where问题有关的细节上。
(2)细心!
3.
词义猜测型
阅读理解的测试中经常有猜测词、短语、习语、句子意义的题目，近几年高考阅读中词义猜测题的考查方法呈多样化，其中根据上下文语境推测词义将会越来越多。有时短文中出现一个需猜测其意义的词或短语，后文接着会出现其定义、解释或例子，这就是判断该词或短语意义的主要依据。
除此之外，我们还可以根据转折或对比关系进行判断：根据上下句的连接词，如but，however，otherwise等就可以看到前后句在意义上的差别，从而依据某一句的含义来确定另一句的含义。另外，分号(；)也可以表示转折、对比或不相干的意义。还可以根据因果关系进行判断。俗话说，＂有因必有果，有果必有因＂。根据原因可以预测结果，根据结果也可以找出原因。当然了，这些词、短语、习语要么是生词，要么是熟词新义，单靠平时积累是不够的，还要掌握以下做题技巧。
(1)根据构词法(转化、合成、派生)进行判断。
(2)根据文中的定义、事例、解释猜生词。用事例或解释猜生词；用重复解释的信息猜生词。
(3)根据上下文的指代关系进行选择。文章中的代词it，that，he，him或them可以指上文提到的人或物，其中it和that还可以指一件事。
(4)根据转折或对比关系进行判断。根据上下句的连接词如but，however，otherwise等可以看到前后句在意义上的差别，从而依据某一句的含义，来确定另一句的含义。
(5)根据因果关系进行判断。俗话说，＂有因必有果，有果必有因＂。根据原因可以预测结果，根据结果也可以找出原因。
(6)根据同位关系进行判断。阅读中有时出现新词、难词，后面跟着一个同位语，对前面的词进行解释。
(7)利用标点符号和提示词猜测词义。分号还可以表示转折、对比或不相干的意义；破折号表示解释说明。
常用应对方法：
同义法：常在词或短语之间有并列连词and或or，它们连接的两项内容在含义上是接近的或递进的，由此可以推测词义。
反义法：如hot
and
cold,
give
and
receive等，或前句为肯定，后句为否定。总之，互为反义的词与词间都起着互为线索的作用。
释义法：对文章中的生词用定语(从句)、表语，甚至用逗号、破折号等标点符号引出并加以解释说明。
此外，还有情景推断法、代词替代法等。
做题要领
(1)从文中找线索或信息词；
(2)根据熟悉的词及词义判断新词的意思；
(3)根据上下文判断新词在特定句中的确切意思。
(4)要特别注意熟词新意！
4.
推理判断型
做题要领：既要求学生透过文章表面文字信息推测文章的隐含意思，又要求学生对作者的态度、意图及文章细节的发展作出正确的推理判断，力求从作者的角度考虑而不是固守自己的看法。
审题口诀：
议论把握三要素，论点论据与论述。
论点常现首尾句，阐明观点与态度。
事实数据名人言，只为论点来服务。
归纳演绎或比对，明达此理何须怵！
[方法1] 把握文章的论点、论据和论证。
议论文一般有论点、论据和论证三个要素。论点是议论文的核心，是文章要表达的主要思想内容；论据是作者所引用的用来证明和支持论点的材料，这些材料可以是名人名言、事实例证、或是统计数据等，只要是对证明论点有利的材料都可作为论据使用；确定论点和论据材料后，作者还需要将这些论据合理地组织在一起，就是我们所说的论证。
【典例1】
Life
can
be
so
wonderful，full
of
adventure
and
joy.It
can
also
be
full
of
challenges，setbacks(挫折)
and
heartbreaks.Whatever
our
circumstances，we
generally
still
have
dreams，hopes
and
desires
that
little
something
more
we
want
for
ourselves
and
our
loved
ones.Yet
knowing
we
can
have
more
can
also
create
a
problem，because
when
we
go
to
change
the
way
we
do
things，up
come
the
old
patterns
and
pitfalls(陷阱)
that
stopped
us
from
seeking
what
we
wanted
in
the
first
place.
This
tension
between
what
we
feel
we
can
have
and
what
we're
seemingly
able
to
have
is
the
niggling(烦人的)suffering，the
anxiety
we
feel.This
is
where
we
usually
think
it's
easier
to
just
give
up.But
we're
never
meant
to
let
go
of
part
of
us
that
knows
we
can
have
more.The
intelligence
behind
that
knowing
is
us—the
real
us.It's
the
part
that
believes
in
the
life
and
its
possibilities.If
you
drop
that，you
begin
to
feel
a
little
“dead”
inside
because
you're
dropping
“you”．
So，if
we
have
this
capability
but
somehow
life
seems
to
keep
us
stuck，how
do
we
break
these
patterns?
Decide
on
a
new
course
and
make
one
decision
at
a
time.This
is
good
advice
for
a
new
adventure
or
just
getting
through
today's
challenges.
While，deep
down，we
know
we
can
do
it，our
mind—or
the
minds
of
those
close
to
us—usually
says
we
can't.That
isn't
a
reason
to
stop，it's
just
the
mind，that
little
man
or
woman
on
your
shoulder，trying
to
talk
you
out
of
something
again.It
has
done
it
many
times
before.It's
all
about
starting
simple
and
doing
it
now.
Decide
and
act
before
overthinking.When
you
do
this
you
may
feel
a
little，or
large，release
from
the
jail
of
your
mind
and
you'll
be
on
your
way.
What
does
the
author
intend
to
tell
us?
A．It's
easier
than
we
think
to
get
what
we
want.
B．It's
important
to
learn
to
accept
sufferings
in
life.
C．It's
impractical
to
change
our
way
of
thinking.
D．It's
harder
than
we
expect
to
follow
a
new
course.
[方法2] 互推法：
在议论之后，总会再列举一些具体的例子来支持观点或在一些例子之后，总要抒发一些议论。考生在理解议论时，可以借助文中所给的实例，从而在形象的例子中推理出抽象的议论；或从议论中推理理解具体例子的深刻含义，相互推断。
【典例2】
Why
You
Should
Celebrate
Your
Mistakes
When
you
make
a
mistake，big
or
small，cherish(珍视)
it
like
it's
the
most
precious
thing
in
the
world，because
in
some
ways，it
is.
Most
of
us
feel
bad
when
we
make
mistakes，beat
ourselves
up
about
it，feel
like
failures，get
mad
at
ourselves.
And
that's
only
natural:
most
of
us
have
been
taught
from
a
young
age
that
mistakes
are
bad，and
that
we
should
try
to
avoid
mistakes.We've
been
scolded
when
we
make
mistakes
at
home，school
and
work.Maybe
not
always，but
probably
enough
times
to
make
feeling
bad
about
mistakes
an
unconscious
reaction.
Yet
without
mistakes，we
could
not
learn
or
grow.If
you
think
about
it
that
way，mistakes
should
be
cherished
and
celebrated
for
being
one
of
the
most
amazing
things
in
the
world:
they
make
learning
possible;
they
make
growth
and
improvement
possible.
By
trial
and
error—trying
things，making
mistakes，and
learning
from
those
mistakes—we
have
figured
out
how
to
make
electric
light，to
paint
the
ceiling
of
the
Sistine
Chapel，to
fly.
Mistakes
make
walking
possible
for
the
smallest
toddler，make
speech
possible，make
works
of
genius
possible.
Think
about
how
we
learn:
we
don't
just
consume
information
about
something
and
instantly
know
it
or
know
how
to
do
it.You
don't
just
read
about
painting，or
writing，or
computer
programming，or
baking，or
playing
the
piano，and
know
how
to
do
them
right
away.Instead，you
get
information
about
something，from
reading
or
from
another
person
or
from
observing
usually...then
you
construct
a
model
in
your
mind...then
you
test
it
out
by
trying
it
in
the
real
world...then
you
make
mistakes...then
you
revise
the
model
based
on
the
results
of
your
real－world
experimentation
and
repeat，making
mistakes，learning
from
those
mistakes，until
you've
pretty
much
learned
how
to
do
something.That's
how
we
learn
as
babies
and
toddlers，and
how
we
learn
as
adults.Mistakes
are
how
we
learn
to
do
something
new，because
if
you
succeed
in
something，it's
probably
something
you
already
knew
how
to
do.You
haven't
really
grown
much
from
that
success—at
most
it's
the
last
step
on
your
journey，not
the
whole
journey.Most
of
the
journey
was
made
up
of
mistakes，if
it's
a
good
journey.
So
if
you
value
learning，if
you
value
growing
and
improving，then
you
should
value
mistakes.They
are
amazing
things
that
make
a
world
of
brilliance
possible.
The
underlined
word
“toddler”
in
Paragraph
5
probably
means
________.
A．a
small
child
learning
to
walk
B．a
kindergarten
child
learning
to
draw
C．a
primary
school
pupil
learning
to
read
D．a
school
teenager
learning
to
write
[方法3] 推理法：
推理的结论一定是原文有这层意思，但没有明确表达的。推理要根据文章的字面意思，通过语篇、段落和句子之间的逻辑关系，各个信息所暗示和隐含的意义，作者的隐含意等对文章进行推理判断。考生要由文字的表层信息挖掘出文章的深层含义，要能透过现象看本质。
【典例3】
“People
are
ruder
today
because
they
are
rushed
and
more
'time
poor'
than
ever
before，”
says
Patsy
Rowe，“Manners
have
fallen
off
the
radar(雷达)．”
Due
to
our
strong
attraction
to
electronic
equipment
it
is
a
wonder
that
more
people
don't
wake
up
each
morning
and
greet
the
singing
birds
with
complaining
about
the
noise.Here
are
some
examples
of
rudeness.
Some
people
prefer
to
do
almost
everything
over
the
Internet.To
them，dealing
with
an
actual
human
is
like
an
evolutionary
step
backward.It
feels
very
slow
because
humans
don't
work
at
4G
speeds.When
you
have
dinner
with
friends，you
will
often
notice
someone
paying
more
attention
to
his
mobile
phone.We
have
programmed
ourselves
to
think
that
every
new
message
brings
life－changing
news，so
taking
calls
and
checking
our
texts
are
more
important
than
talking
to
the
people
we
are
with.What
is
worse，some
people
even
tend
to
send
anonymous(匿名的)rude
messages
by
e?mail.
However，rudeness
is
never
acceptable.Don't
assume
it
is
OK
to
be
rude
if
the
person
you're
in
touch
with
won't
recognize
you.If
you
have
something
awful
to
say，have
the
courage
to
face
the
person
and
say
it，write
a
letter
or
e?mail
and
sign
it，or
forget
it.Upsetting
people
with
unsigned
messages
is
cruel
and
disgusting.
We
shouldn't
blame
technology
for
our
shortcomings.Technology
is
here
to
help
us，but
we
should
not
allow
it
to
take
over
our
lives.An
important
step
is
acknowledging
our
shortcomings.People
spend
a
lot
of
time
pointing
out
bad
manners
but
it
would
be
even
more
helpful
if
we'd
publicly
acknowledge
good
manners
when
we
see
them.
Some
people
are
less
willing
to
deal
with
humans
because
________.
A．they
are
becoming
less
patient
B．they
are
growing
too
independent
C．they
have
to
handle
many
important
messages
D．they
have
to
follow
an
evolutionary
step
backward
[感悟经典]
This
month，Germany's
transport
minister，Alexander
Dobrindt，proposed
the
first
set
of
rules
for
autonomous
vehicles
(自主驾驶车辆)．They
would
define
the
driver's
role
in
such
cars
and
govern
how
such
cars
perform
in
crashes
where
lives
might
be
lost.
The
proposal
attempts
to
deal
with
what
some
call
the
“death
valley”
of
autonomous
vehicles:
the
grey
area
between
semi－autonomous
and
fully
driverless
cars
that
could
delay
the
driverless
future.
Dobrindt
wants
three
things：that
a
car
always
chooses
property
(财产)
damage
over
personal
injury;
that
it
never
distinguishes
between
humans
based
on
age
or
race;
and
that
if
a
human
removes
his
or
her
hands
from
the
driving
wheel—to
check
e?mail，say—the
car's
maker
is
responsible
if
there
is
a
crash.
“The
change
to
the
road
traffic
law
will
permit
fully
automatic
driving，”
says
Dobrindt.It
will
put
fully
driverless
cars
on
an
equal
legal
footing
to
human
drivers，he
says.
Who
is
responsible
for
the
operation
of
such
vehicles
is
not
clear
among
car
makers，consumers
and
lawyers.“The
liability
(法律责任)
issue
is
the
biggest
one
of
them
all，”
says
Natasha
Merat
at
the
University
of
Leeds，UK.
An
assumption
behind
UK
insurance
for
driverless
cars，introduced
earlier
this
year，insists
that
a
human
“be
watchful
and
monitoring
the
road”
at
every
moment.
But
that
is
not
what
many
people
have
in
mind
when
thinking
of
driverless
cars.“When
you
say
‘driverless
cars’，people
expect
driverless
cars，”
Merat
says.“You
know—no
driver.”
Because
of
the
confusion，Merat
thinks
some
car
makers
will
wait
until
vehicles
can
be
fully
automated
without
human
operation.
Driverless
cars
may
end
up
being
a
form
of
public
transport
rather
than
vehicles
you
own，says
Ryan
Calo
at
Stanford
University，Calitbrnia.That
is
happening
in
the
UK
and
Singapore，where
government－provided
driverless
vehicles
are
being
launched.
That
would
go
down
poorly
in
the
US，however.“The
idea
that
the
government
would
take
over
driverless
ears
and
treat
them
as
a
public
good
would
get
absolutely
nowhere
here，”
says
Calo.
语篇解读：这是一篇议论文。随着无人驾驶车辆的逐步推广，无人驾驶车辆出现事故时的责任认定成为一个难题。德国交通部长提出了第一套自主驾驶车辆的交通法规，并就此提出了自己的主张。
1．What
does
the
phrase
“death
valley”
in
Paragraph
2
refer
to?
A．A
place
where
cars
often
break
down.
B．A
case
where
passing
a
law
is
impossible.
C．An
area
where
no
driving
is
permitted.
D．A
situation
where
drivers'
role
is
not
clear.
2．The
proposal
put
forward
by
Dobrindt
aims
to
________.
A．stop
people
from
breaking
traffic
rules
B．help
promote
fully
automatic
driving
C．protect
drivers
of
all
ages
and
races
D．prevent
serious
property
damage
3．What
do
consumers
think
of
the
operation
of
driverless
cars?
A．It
should
get
the
attention
of
insurance
companies.
B．It
should
be
the
main
concern
of
law
makers.
C．It
should
not
cause
deadly
traffic
accidents.
D．It
should
involve
no
human
responsibility.
4．Driverless
vehicles
in
public
transport
see
no
bright
future
in
________.
A．Singapore
B．the
UK
C．the
US
D．Germany
5．What
could
be
the
best
title
for
the
passage?
A．Autonomous
Driving：Whose
Liability?
B．Fully
Automatic
Cars：A
New
Breakthrough
C．Autonomous
Vehicles：Driver
Removed!
D．Driverless
Cars：Root
of
Road
Accidents
A
In
the
1760s,
Mathurin
Roze
opened
a
series
of
shops
that
boasted(享有）a
special
meat
soup
called
consomme.
Although
the
main
attraction
was
the
soup,
Roze's
chain
shops
also
set
a
new
standard
for
dining
out,
which
helped
to
establish
Roze
as
the
inventor
of
the
modern
restaurant.
Today,
scholars
have
generated
large
amounts
of
instructive
research
about
restaurants.
Take
visual
hints
that
influence
what
we
eat:
diners
served
themselves
about
20
percent
more
pasta(意大利面食）when
their
plates
matched
their
food.
When
a
dark-colored
cake
was
served
on
a
black
plate
rather
than
a
white
one,
customers
recognized
it
as
sweeter
and
more
tasty.
Lighting
matters,
too.
When
Berlin
restaurant
customers
ate
in
darkness,
they
couldn't
tell
how
much
they'd
had:
those
given
extra-large
shares
ate
more
than
everyone
else,
but
were
none
the
wiser—they
didn’t
feel
fuller,
and
they
were
just
as
ready
for
dessert.
Time
is
money,
but
that
principle
means
different
things
for
different
types
of
restaurants.
Unlike
fast-food
places.
fine
dining
shops
prefer
customers
to
stay
longer
and
spend.
One
way
to
encourage
customers
to
stay
and
order
that
extra
round:
put
on
some
Mozart(莫扎特）.When
classical,
rather
than
pop,
music
was
playing,
diners
spent
more.
Fast
music
hurried
diners
out.
Particular
scents
also
have
an
effect:
diners
who
got
the
scent
of
lavender(薰衣草）stayed
longer
and
spent
more
than
those
who
smelled
lemon,
or
no
scent.
Meanwhile,
things
that
you
might
expect
to
discourage
spending—"bad"
tables,
crowding.
high
prices
—
don't
necessarily.
Diners
at
bad
tables
—
next
to
the
kitchen
door,
say
—
spent
nearly
as
much
as
others
but
soon
fled.
It
can
be
concluded
that
restaurant
keepers
need
not
"be
overly
concerned
about
‘bad'
tables,"
given
that
they're
profitable.
As
for
crowds,
a
Hong
Kong
study
found
that
they
increased
a
restaurant's
reputation,
suggesting
great
food
at
fair
prices.
And
doubling
a
buffet's
price
led
customers
to
say
that
its
pizza
was
11
percent
tastier.
58.
The
underlined
phrase
"none
the
wiser"
in
paragraph
3
most
probably
implies
that
the
customers
were
.
A.
not
aware
of
eating
more
than
usual
B.
not
willing
to
share
food
with
others
C.
not
conscious
of
the
food
quality
D.
not
fond
of
the
food
provided
59.
How
could
a
fine
dining
shop
make
more
profit?
A.
playing
classical
music.
B.
Introducing
lemon
scent.
C.
Making
the
light
brighter,
D.
Using
plates
of
larger
size.
60.
What
does
the
last
paragraph
talk
about?
A.
Tips
to
attract
more
customers.
B.
Problems
restaurants
are
faced
with.
C.
Ways
to
improve
restaurants'
reputation.
D.
Common
misunderstandings
about
restaurants.
B
If
you’re
a
book
lover，you
have
a
pile
of
books
on
your
bedside，or
a
bookshelf
in
your
library
with
a“to
read”sign
on
it．Yet
you
can’t
stop
yourself
from
adding
to
the
pile．This
can
lead
to
feelings
of
guilt
over
your
new
purchases．But
I’m
here
to
tell
you
to
stop
worrying．
What
you
have
is
an
antilibrary，and
it’s
a
very
good
thing．The
term
comes
from
writer
Umberto
Eco．He
is
the
owner
of
a
large
personal
library．He
separates
visitors
into
two
groups：those
who
react
with“Wow!
What
a
library
you
have!
How
many
of
these
books
have
you
read?”and
the
others
who
get
the
point
that
a
private
library
is
not
something
to
show
off
but
a
research
too1．Read
books
are
far
less
valuable
than
unread
ones．Indeed，the
more
you
know，the
larger
the
rows
of
unread
books．Let
us
call
this
collection
an
antilibrary．
If
you
think
you
already
know
everything
about
a
subject，you’re
cutting
yourself
off
from
a
stream
of
information
at
an
artificial
point．So
a
growing
library
of
books
you
haven’t
read
means
you’re
consistently
curious
about
the
unknown．And
that
attitude
is
a
great
foundation
for
a
lifelong
love
of
1earning．
So
don’t
feel
guilt
over
your
unread
books．Those
books
will
be
there
for
you
when
you
do
want
them，and
as
you
build
your
library
of
read
and
unread
books，you
can
start
using
it
as
you
would
use
a
bigger
library．Certain
books
may
become
references
more
than
read-throughs．Or
you
may
find
that
a
book
you
bought
five
years
ago
has
special
relevance
today．Letting
the
role
of
books
evolve
in
your
life
is
a
healthy
sign
of
curiosity．That’s
good
for
you
and
good
for
the
world
around
you．
28.
What
does
the
underlined
word“antilibrary”in
Paragraph
2
refer
to?
A.
Feelings
of
guilt
over
new
books．
B.
A
pile
of
books
on
the
bookshelf．
C.
The
collection
of
unread
books．
D.
A
large
personal
library．
29.
According
to
the
author，more
unread
books
mean________．
A.
your
wrong
lifelong
learning
attitude
B.
you
limit
yourself
from
the
unknown
C.
your
have
no
interest
in
the
new
world
D.
your
strong
desire
about
new
information
30.
What’s
the
author’s
attitude
towards
having
an
antilibrary?
A.
Favorable．
B.
Doubtful．
C.
Ambiguous．
D.
Contradictory．
31.
What
can
we
know
from
the
last
paragraph?
A.
Curiosity
is
a
sign
of
high
IQ．
B.
Books
are
the
ladder
in
our
life．
C.
Unread
books
are
surely
relevant
to
the
present．
D.
We
should
read
through
every
book．
C
“Years
ago
when
I
was
at
the
Grand
Canyon,
I
remembered
someone
coming
up
to
the
canyon’s
edge,
taking
a
shot
with
a
camera
and
then
walking
away,
like
‘got
it
–
done’,
barely
even
glancing
at
the
magnificent
scene
in
front
of
him,”
Linda
Henkel,
a
scientist
at
Fairfield
University,
US
told
Live
Science.
Henkel
was
surprised
by
how
obsessed
(痴迷的)
people
are
with
taking
pictures
these
days
-
before
dinner,
during
friends’
birthday
parties,
on
museum
tours
and
so
on.
They
keep
taking
pictures
because
they
think
that
it
helps
record
the
moment,
but
as
Henkel’s
latest
study
has
just
found
out,
this
obsession
may
prevent
their
brains
remembering
what
actually
happened,
reported
The
Guardian.
In
her
study,
Henkel
led
a
group
of
college
students
around
a
museum
and
asked
them
to
simply
observe
15
objects
and
photograph
15
others.
The
next
day
the
students’
memory
of
the
tour
was
tested,
and
the
results
showed
that
they
were
less
accurate
in
recognizing
the
objects
and
they
remembered
fewer
details
about
them
if
they
photographed
them.
‘‘When
people
rely
on
technology
to
remember
them
—
counting
on
the
camera
to
record
the
event
and
thus
not
needing
to
attend
to
it
fully
themselves,
it
can
have
a
negative
impact
on
how
well
they
remember
their
experiences,”
Henkel
explained.
But
there
is
also
an
exception:
if
students
zoomed
in
to
photograph
part
of
an
object,
their
memory
actually
improved,
and
those
who
focused
the
lens
(镜头)
on
a
specific
area
could
even
recall
parts
that
weren’t
in
the
frame.
So
basically,
this
study
is
saying
that
constantly
taking
pictures
can
harm
your
memory.
But
shouldn’t
reviewing
pictures
we
have
taken
help
wake
up
our
memories?
This
is
true,
but
only
if
we
spend
enough
time
doing
it.
“In
order
to
remember,
we
have
to
access
and
interact
with
the
photos,
rather
than
just
collect
them,”
Henkel
told
The
Telegraph.
However,
previous
research
has
shown
that
most
people
never
take
the
time
to
look
over
their
digital
pictures
simply
because
there
are
too
many
of
them
and
they
aren’t
usually
very
organized
on
their
computers.
8.
Why
did
the
author
mention
Henkel’s
trip
to
the
Grand
Canyon
at
the
beginning?
A.
To
complain
about
some
tourists’
bad
habits.
B.
To
give
suggestions
on
how
to
enjoy
one’s
tour.
C.
To
point
out
people’s
obsession
with
taking
pictures.
D.
To
describe
the
beautiful
view
of
the
Grand
Canyon.
9.
What
can
we
learn
from
Henkel’s
study?
A.
Reviewing
pictures
always
helps
people
bring
back
memories
easily.
B.
Taking
pictures
in
a
museum
tour
helps
students
recognize
objects
better.
C.
People
should
spend
more
time
taking
pictures
than
studying
real
objects.
D.
Pictures
focusing
on
the
details
of
objects
probably
improve
people’s
memories.
10.
The
underlined
word
“it”
in
Paragraph
5
probably
refers
to
“________”.
A.
the
camera
B.
technology
C.
the
event
D.
an
object
11.
What
is
the
article
mainly
about?
A.
People’s
obsession
with
taking
pictures
and
its
influence.
B.
Possible
ways
of
using
pictures
to
improve
one’s
memory.
C.
Great
harm
to
memory
caused
by
taking
pictures
constantly.
D.
A
believable
study
into
the
negative
impact
of
lining
cameras
often.
D
Languages
have
been
coming
and
going
for
thousands
of
years,
but
in
recent
times
there
has
been
less
coming
and
a
lot
more
going.
When
the
the
world
was
still
populated
by
hunter-gatherers,small,
tightly
knit
(联系)groups
developed
their
own
patterns
of
speech
independent
of
each
other.Some
language
experts
believe
that
10,000
years
ago,
when
the
world
had
just
five
to
ten
million
people,
they
spoke
perhaps
12,000
languages
between
them.
Soon
afterwards,
many
of
those
people
started
settling
down
to
become
farmers,
and
their
languages
too
became
more
settled
and
fewer
in
number.
In
recent
centres,
trade,industrialisation.
the
development
of
the
nation-state
and
the
spread
of
universal
compulsory
education.
Especially
glbalisation
and
better
communications
in
the
past
few
decades,all
have
caused
many
Languages
to
disappear,and
dominant
languages
such
as
English．Spanish
and
Chinese
are
increasingly
taking
over.
At
present,
the
world
has
about
6
800
languages.
The
distribution
of
these
languages
is
hugely
uneven.
The
general
rule
is
that
mild
zones
have
relatively
few
languages.
Often
spoken
by
many
people
while
hot.
wet
zones
have
lots,
often
spoken
by
small
numbers.Europe
has
only
around
200
Languages:
the
Americas
about
1,000.
Africa
2
400;
and
Asia
and
the
Pacific
perhaps
3,200,
of
which
Papua
New
Guinea
alone
accounts
for
well
over
800.
The
median
number
(中位数)of
speakers
is
a
mere
6.000,
which
means
that
half
the
worlds
languages
are
spoken
by
fewer
people
than
that.
Already
well
over
400
of
the
total
of,
6,800
languages
are
close
to
extinction(消亡),
with
only
a
few
elderly
speakers
left.
Pick,
at
random,
Busuu
in
Cameroon
(eight
remaining
speakers),Chiapaneco
in
Mexico(150).
Lipan
Apache
in
the
United
States(two
or
three)or
Wadjigu
in
Australia
(one,
with
a
question-mark):
none
of
these
seems
to
have
much
chance
of
survival.
28.
What
can
we
infer
about
languages
in
huntergatherer
times?
A.
They
developed
very
fast.
B.
They
were
large
in
number.
C.
They
had
similar
patters.
D.
They
were
closely
connected
29.
Which
of
the
following
best
explains"dominant
"
underlined
in
paragraph
2？
A.
Complex.
B.
Advanced.
C.
Powerful.
D.
Modem.
30.
How
many
languages
are
spoken
by
less
than
6,
000
people
at
present?
A.
About
6
800
B.
About
3
400
C.
About
2.400
D.
About
1-200
31.
What
is
the
min
idea
of
the
text?
A.
New
languages
will
be
created.
B.
Peoples
lifestyles
are
reflected
in
languages
C.
Human
development
results
in
fewer
languages
D.
Geography
determines
language
evolution.
E
We’ve
all
been
there:
in
a
lift,
in
line
at
the
bank
or
on
an
airplane,
surrounded
by
people
who
are,
like
us,
deeply
focused
on
their
smartphones
or,
worse,
struggling
with
the
uncomfortable
silence.
What’s
the
problem?
It’s
possible
that
we
all
have
compromised
conversational
intelligence.
It’s
more
likely
that
none
of
us
start
a
conversation
because
it’s
awkward
and
challenging,
or
we
think
it’s
annoying
and
unnecessary.
But
the
next
time
you
find
yourself
among
strangers,
consider
that
small
talk
is
worth
the
trouble.
Experts
say
it’s
an
invaluable
social
practice
that
results
in
big
benefits.
Dismissing
small
talk
as
unimportant
is
easy,
but
we
can’t
forget
that
deep
relationships
wouldn’t
even
exist
if
it
weren’t
for
casual
conversation.
Small
talk
is
the
grease(润滑剂)
for
social
communication,
says
Bernardo
Carducci,
director
of
the
Shyness
Research
Institute
at
Indiana
University
Southeast.
＂Almost
every
great
love
story
and
each
big
business
deal
begins
with
small
talk,＂
he
explains.
＂The
key
to
successful
small
talk
is
learning
how
to
connect
with
others,
not
just
communicate
with
them.＂
In
a
2014
study,
Elizabeth
Dunn,
associate
professor
of
psychology
at
UBC,
invited
people
on
their
way
into
a
coffee
shop.
One
group
was
asked
to
seek
out
an
interaction(互动)
with
its
waiter;
the
other,
to
speak
only
when
necessary.
The
results
showed
that
those
who
chatted
with
their
server
reported
significantly
higher
positive
feelings
and
a
better
coffee
shop
experience.
＂It’s
not
that
talking
to
the
waiter
is
better
than
talking
to
your
husband,＂
says
Dunn.
＂But
interactions
with
peripheral(边缘的)
members
of
our
social
network
matter
for
our
well-being
also.＂
Dunn
believes
that
people
who
reach
out
to
strangers
feel
a
significantly
greater
sense
of
belonging,
a
bond
with
others.
Carducci
believes
developing
such
a
sense
of
belonging
starts
with
small
talk.
＂Small
talk
is
the
basis
of
good
manners,＂
he
says.
32.
What
phenomenon
is
described
in
the
first
paragraph?
A.
Addiction
to
smartphones.
B.
Inappropriate
behaviours
in
public
places.
C.
Absence
of
communication
between
strangers.
D.
Impatience
with
slow
service.
33.
What
is
important
for
successful
small
talk
according
to
Carducci?
A.
Showing
good
manners.
B.
Relating
to
other
people.
C.
Focusing
on
a
topic.
D.
Making
business
deals.
34.
What
does
the
coffee-shop
study
suggest
about
small
talk?
A.
It
improves
family
relationships.
B.
It
raises
people’s
confidence.
C.
It
matters
as
much
as
a
formal
talk.
D.
It
makes
people
feel
good.
35.
What
is
the
best
title
for
the
text?
A.
Conversation
Counts
B.
Ways
of
Making
Small
Talk
C.
Benefits
of
Small
Talk
D.
Uncomfortable
Silence
A
School
children
are
using
mobile
phone
applications
to
do
their
homework，which
seem
to
be
increasing
during
summer
vacations.But
instead
of
blaming
students
for
their
behavior，we
should
say
no
to
too
much
homework.This
is
important
because
by
using
mobile
phone
applications
to
do
their
homework，students
don't
add
much
to
their
knowledge，says
an
article
in
Guangzhou－based
Yangcheng
Evening
News.Excerpts
(摘录)：
Using
mobile
phone
applications
to
do
homework
is
no
different
from
copying
from
someone
else's
work.This
is
the
opinion
of
a
vast
majority
of
teachers.Students
who
seek
cell
phone
apps
help
to
do
their
homework
will
pay_dearly
during
major
exams
when
they
cannot
seek
the
help
of
such
applications，the
teachers
say.
The
heavy
load
of
homework
Chinese
students
are
burdened
with，said
to
be
the
heaviest
in
the
world，has
led
to
the
popularity
of
these
applications.
Senior
high
school
students
in
China
rarely
go
to
bed
before
11
p．m.A
report
in
Shanghai
published
in
2013
showed
that
students
in
the
city
on
average
spend
28.2
hours
in
class
every
week，the
9th
highest
among
65
countries
and
regions
surveyed.Also，they
spend
an
average
of
13.8
hours
a
week
doing
homework，most
in
the
world.
There
is
no
association
between
the
amount
of
homework
one
does
and
the
amount
of
knowledge
one
gathers.In
fact，a
research
by
Australian
experts
shows
that
the
result
is
exactly
the
opposite:
the
more
hours
students
spend
doing
homework，the
less
effective
they
will
be
in
gaining
knowledge.
The
United
States
is
one
of
the
countries
where
students
do
little
homework，but
that
has
not
damaged
the
country's
academic
status
in
the
world.
So，it's
time
Chinese
schools
understood
this
fact
and
freed
students
of
the
unnecessary
burden
of
homework.
语篇解读：本文是一篇议论文，介绍了由于学生作业太多，学习负担太重而开始使用手机应用程序完成作业的现象，由此号召学校认真对待这种现象，减轻学生的课业负担。
1．What's
the
writer's
attitude
toward
the
students'
using
mobile
phone
applications
to
do
their
homework?
A．Supporting.
B．Understanding.
C．Scolding.
D．Praising.
2．The
cause
of
the
students'
using
mobile
phone
applications
to
do
their
homework
is
________.
A．the
heavy
burden
of
homework
B．the
advance
of
modern
technology
C．the
pressure
of
the
students'
parents
D．the
influence
of
other
countries
3．What
does
the
underlined
phrase
“pay
dearly”
mean?
A．be
rewarded
B．be
dismissed
C．provide
much
money
D．suffer
a
lot
4．Which
of
the
following
is
probably
the
best
title?
A．Free
kids
of
the
burden
of
homework.
B．Stop
using
mobile
phones
to
do
homework.
C．Spend
less
time
to
gain
much
knowledge.
D．Improve
China's
academic
status
in
the
world.
B
Conventional
wisdom
is
a
major
barrier
to
innovation
that
threatens
the
survival
of
companies
everywhere.It's
based
on
the
assumption
that
old
ideas
will
always
work，so
they
shouldn't
be
challenged.While
this
may
be
a
valid
assumption
in
situations
that
don't
change，it's
unlikely
to
hold
true
in
a
changing
situation.
In
today's
rapid
changing
global
environment，old
methods
often
don't
work，and
stubbornly
using
them
can
lead
to
major
problems.Most
people
seem
to
agree
with
conventional
wisdom
because
it
gives
one
a
false
sense
of
security.If
everyone
else
believes
it，then
it
must
be
true.Individuals
who
use
conventional
wisdom
are
certain
that
they
are
right，and
being
right
is
good.They
want
to
continue
using
old
ideas
rather
than
take
risks
with
changes
that
might
not
work.In
1977，Ken
Olsen，co－founder
and
CEO
of
Digital
Equipment
Corporation
(DEC)，stated
“There
is
no
reason
for
any
individual
to
have
a
computer
in
his
home.”
Despite
being
a
dominant
leader
in
the
computer
industry，DEC
no
longer
exists.
People
seem
to
forget
that
since
innovation
is
a
change，there
can
be
no
innovation
without
change.Unfortunately，conventional
wisdom
prevents
leaders，followers
and
companies
from
changing
and
therefore
innovating.If
companies
don't
innovate，but
their
competitors
do，the
future
is
likely
to
be
problematic.Breaking
from
conventional
wisdom
has
led
to
many
of
the
most
innovative
companies
and
products
in
history
across
many
industries，so
it
has
a
powerful
effect
on
business
success.
Ted
Turner
(founder
of
CNN)
knew
little，if
anything，about
the
news
business，but
he
knew
it
was
inconvenient
to
watch
news
only
at
the
dinner
hour，as
was
common
before
CNN.Turner's
solution
was
to
create
a
cable
channel
dedicated
to
news
24
hours
a
day.The
news
establishment
reflected
conventional
wisdom
at
the
time，and
predicted
his
idea
would
fail
because
no
one
wanted
to
watch
the
news
all
day.
However,
it
doesn't
take
a
rocket
scientist
to
understand
that
viewers
don't
have
to
watch
the
news
all
day
for
the
CNN
to
work.
Viewers
just
have
to
watch
when
they
want
to
get
information.Due
to
conventional
thinking，the
critics
failed
to
recognize
the
opportunity
that
was
clear
to
Ted.They
assumed
that
only
what
was
familiar
to
them
could
work
in
the
future.
Conventional
wisdom
prevents
creativity，flexibility
and
risk－taking，so
unconventional
leaders
enthusiastically
break
from
it.To
survive，thrive
and
maintain
competitive
advantage，companies
must
be
flexible
when
reacting
to
change.
语篇解读：本文讲述的是传统思想阻碍了经济的发展以及企业打破传统思想的必要性。
5.
DEC
has
disappeared
probably
because
________.
A．the
consumers
didn't
like
its
products
B．the
leaders
lacked
the
sense
of
security
C．the
CEO
stuck
to
the
conventional
ideas
D．the
employees
took
many
risks
with
changes
6．The
founding
of
CNN
is
used
as
an
example
to
prove
________.
A．missing
opportunities
could
lead
to
failure
B．changing
could
contribute
to
business
success
C．watching
news
at
the
dinner
hour
is
convenient
D．conventional
wisdom
influences
business
success
7．What
does
the
underlined
part
probably
mean?
A．Rocket
scientists
can
ensure
the
CNN
works
properly.
B．Most
of
the
viewers
don't
like
to
watch
the
news
at
work.
C．It's
necessary
to
understand
when
people
watch
the
news.
D．It's
easy
to
know
people
needn't
watch
the
news
all
the
time.
8．The
passage
is
mainly
written
to
tell
us
that
________.
A．old
methods
are
changing
with
time
B．opportunities
lead
to
business
success
C．conventional
wisdom
limits
innovation
D．successful
companies
need
wise
leaders
C
Preparing
Cities
for
Robot
Cars
The
possibility
of
self-driving
robot
cars
has
often
seemed
like
a
futurist’s
dream,
years
away
from
materializing
in
the
real
world.
Well,
the
future
is
apparently
now.
The
California
Department
of
Motor
Vehicles
began
giving
permits
in
April
for
companies
to
test
truly
self-driving
cars
on
public
roads.
The
state
also
cleared
the
way
for
companies
to
sell
or
rent
out
self-driving
cars,
and
for
companies
to
operate
driverless
taxi
services.
California,
it
should
be
noted,
isn’t
leading
the
way
panies
have
been
testing
their
vehicles
in
cities
across
the
country.
It’s
hard
to
predict
when
driverless
cars
will
be
everywhere
on
our
roads.
But
however
long
it
takes,
the
technology
has
the
potential
to
change
our
transportation
systems
and
our
cities,
for
better
or
for
worse,
depending
on
how
the
transformation
is
regulated.
While
much
of
the
debate
so
far
has
been
focused
on
the
safety
of
driverless
cars(and
rightfully
so),
policymakers
also
should
be
talking
about
how
self-driving
vehicles
can
help
reduce
traffic
jams,
cut
emissions(排放)
and
offer
more
convenient,
affordable
mobility
options.
The
arrival
of
driverless
vehicles
is
a
chance
to
make
sure
that
those
vehicles
are
environmentally
friendly
and
more
shared.
Do
we
want
to
copy
—
or
even
worsen
—
the
traffic
of
today
with
driverless
cars?
Imagine
a
future
where
most
adults
own
individual
self-driving
vehicles.
They
tolerate
long,
slow
journeys
to
and
from
work
on
packed
highways
because
they
can
work,
entertain
themselves
or
sleep
on
the
ride,
which
encourages
urban
spread.
They
take
their
driverless
car
to
an
appointment
and
set
the
empty
vehicle
to
circle
the
building
to
avoid
paying
for
parking.
Instead
of
walking
a
few
blocks
to
pick
up
a
child
or
the
dry
cleaning,
they
send
the
self-driving
minibus.
The
convenience
even
leads
fewer
people
to
take
public
transport
—
an
unwelcome
side
effect
researchers
have
already
found
in
ride-hailing(叫车)
services.
A
study
from
the
University
of
California
at
Davis
suggested
that
replacing
petrol-powered
private
cars
worldwide
with
electric,
self-driving
and
shared
systems
could
reduce
carbon
emissions
from
transportation
80%
and
cut
the
cost
of
transportation
infrastructure(基础设施)
and
operations
40%
by
2050.
Fewer
emissions
and
cheaper
travel
sound
pretty
appealing.
The
first
commercially
available
driverless
cars
will
almost
certainly
be
fielded
by
ride-hailing
services,
considering
the
cost
of
self-driving
technology
as
well
as
liability
and
maintenance
issues(责任与维护问题).
But
driverless
car
ownership
could
increase
as
the
prices
drop
and
more
people
become
comfortable
with
the
technology.
Policymakers
should
start
thinking
now
about
how
to
make
sure
the
appearance
of
driverless
vehicles
doesn’t
extend
the
worst
aspects
of
the
car-controlled
transportation
system
we
have
today.
The
coming
technological
advancement
presents
a
chance
for
cities
and
states
to
develop
transportation
systems
designed
to
move
more
people,
and
more
affordably.
The
car
of
the
future
is
coming.
We
just
have
to
plan
for
it.
47.
According
to
the
author,
attention
should
be
paid
to
how
driverless
cars
can
__________.
A.
help
deal
with
transportation-related
problems
B.
provide
better
services
to
customers
C.
cause
damage
to
our
environment
D.
make
some
people
lose
jobs
48.
As
for
driverless
cars,
what
is
the
author’s
major
concern?
A.
Safety.
B.
Side
effects.
C.
Affordability.
D.
Management.
49.
What
does
the
underlined
word
＂fielded＂
in
Paragraph
4
probably
mean?
A.
Employed.
B.
Replaced.
C.
Shared.
D.
Reduced.
50.
What
is
the
author’s
attitude
to
the
future
of
self-driving
cars?
A.
Doubtful.
B.
Positive.
C.
Disapproving.
D.
Sympathetic.
D
Steven
Stein
likes
to
follow
garbage
trucks.
His
strange
habit
makes
sense
when
you
consider
that
he’s
an
environmental
scientist
who
studies
how
to
reduce
litter,
including
things
that
fall
off
garbage
trucks
as
they
drive
down
the
road.
What
is
even
more
interestin
is
that
one
of
Stein's
jobs
is
defending
an
industry
behind
the
plastic
shopping
bags.
Americans
use
more
than
100
billion
thin
film
plastic
bags
every
year.
So
many
end
up
in
tree
branches
or
along
highways
that
a
growing
number
of
cities
do
not
allow
them
at
checkouts(收银台).
The
bags
are
prohibited
in
some
90
cities
in
California,
including
Los
Angeles.
Eyeing
these
headwinds,
plastic-bag
makers
are
hiring
scientists
like
Stein
to
make
the
case
that
their
products
are
not
as
bad
for
the
planet
as
most
people
assume.
Among
the
bag
makers'
argument:
many
cities
with
bans
still
allow
shoppers
to
purchase
paper
bags,
which
are
easily
recycled
but
require
more
energy
to
produce
and
transport.
And
while
plastic
bags
may
be
ugly
to
look
at,
they
represent
a
small
percentage
of
all
garbage
on
the
ground
today.
The
industry
has
also
taken
aim
at
the
product
that
has
appeared
as
its
replacement:
reusable
shopping
bags.
The
stronger
a
reusable
bag
is,
the
longer
its
life
and
the
more
plastic-bag
use
it
cancels
out.
However,
longer-lasting
reusable
bags
often
require
more
energy
to
make.
One
study
found
that
a
cotton
bag
must
be
used
at
least
131
times
to
be
better
for
the
planet
than
plastic.
Environmentalists
don't
dispute(质疑)
these
points.
They
hope
paper
bags
will
be
banned
someday
too
and
want
shoppers
to
use
the
same
reusable
bags
for
years.
24.
What
has
Steven
Stein
been
hired
to
do?
A.
Help
increase
grocery
sales.
B.
Recycle
the
waste
material.
C.
Stop
things
falling
off
trucks.
D.
Argue
for
the
use
of
plastic
bags.
25.
What
does
the
word
“headwinds”
in
paragraph
2
refer
to?
A.
Bans
on
plastic
bags.
B.
Effects
of
city
development.
C.
Headaches
caused
by
garbage.
D.
Plastic
bags
hung
in
trees.
26.
What
is
a
disadvantage
of
reusable
bags
according
to
plastic-bag
makers?
A.
They
are
quite
expensive.
B.
Replacing
them
can
be
difficult.
C.
They
are
less
strong
than
plastic
bags.
D.
Producing
them
requires
more
energy.
27.
What
is
the
best
title
for
the
text?
A.
Plastic,
Paper
or
Neither
B.
Industry,
Pollution
and
Environment
C.
Recycle
or
Throw
Away
D.
Garbage
Collection
and
Waste
Control
高考阅读理解专题六
议论文解题规律
第18讲
知识点睛
经典精讲
实战演练
巩固练习
21世纪教育网
www.21cnjy.com
精品试卷·第
2
页
（共
2
页）
HYPERLINK
"http://21世纪教育网(www.21cnjy.com)
"
21世纪教育网(www.21cnjy.com)(共46张PPT)
板
块
二
7世仁教育
已7教
温馨提示
