2012届高考英语二轮复习精品学案（广东专用）第3模块 阅读理解 专题8 科普知识型阅读理解
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| 名称 | 2012届高考英语二轮复习精品学案（广东专用）第3模块 阅读理解 专题8 科普知识型阅读理解 |  | |
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专题8 科普知识型阅读理解
专题导读
科普类文章是高考阅读理解中的难点题材，其取材密切联系当前经济和科技等方面的变化，以介绍某一科学现象居多。科普类文章具有结构严谨、逻辑性强等特点。其主要命题形式有事实细节题、词义猜测题、推理判断题以及主旨概括题等，其中推理判断题居多。 这类文章的总体特点是：科技词汇多，句子结构复杂，理论性强，逻辑严谨。具体说来它有以下特点：
1．文章中词汇的意义比较单一、稳定、简明，不带感彩，具有单一性和准确性的特点。这类文章通常不会出现文学英语中常用的排比、比喻、夸张等修辞手法，一词多义的现象也不多见。
2．句子结构较复杂，语法分析较困难。为了描述一个客观事物，严密地表达自己的思想，作者经常会使用集多种语法现象于一体的长句。
3．常使用被动语态，尤其是一些惯用被动句式。
真题典例
【2011·湖南卷】A recent study of ancient and modern elephants has come up with the unexpected conclusion that the African elephant is divided into two distinct(不同的) species.
The discovery was made by researchers at York and Harvard Universities when they were examining the genetic relationship between the ancient woolly mammoth and mastodon to modern elephants—the Asian elephant，African forest elephant，and African savanna elephant.
Once they obtained DNA sequences(序列) from two fossils(化石)，mammoths and mastodons，the team
compared them with DNA from modern elephants.They found to their amazement that modern forest and savanna elephants are as distinct from each other as Asian elephants and mammoths.
The scientists used detailed genetic analysis to prove that the African savanna elephant and the African forest elephant have been distinct species for several million years.The divergence of the two species took place around the time of the divergence of Asian elephants and woolly mammoths.This result amazed all the scientists.
There has long been debate in the scientific community that the two might be separate species，but this is the most convincing scientific evidence so far that they are indeed different species.
Previously，many naturalists believed that African savanna elephants and African forest elephants were two populations of the same species，despite the elephants’ significant size differences.The savanna elephant has an average shoulder height of 3.5 metres while the forest elephant has an average shoulder height of 2.5 metres.The savanna elephant weighs between six and seven tons，roughly double the weight of the forest elephant.But the fact that they look so different does not necessarily mean they are different species.However the proof lay in the analysis of the DNA.
Alfred Roca，assistant professor in the Department of Animal Sciences at the University of Illinois，said，“We
now have to treat the forest and savanna elephants as two different units for conservation purposes.Since 1950，all African elephants have been conserved as one species.Now that we know the forest and savanna elephants are two very distinctive animals，the forest elephant should become a bigger priority(优先)for conservation purposes.”
( )1.One of the fossils studied by the researchers is that of ________.
A．the Asian elephant
B．the forest elephant
C．the savanna elephant
D．the mastodon elephant
( )2.The underlined word “divergence” in paragraph 4 means “________.”
A．evolution B．exhibition
C．separation D．examination
( )3.The researchers’ conclusion was based on a study of the African elephant’s ________.
A．DNA B．height
C．weight D．population
( )4.What are Alfred Roca’s words mainly about
A．The conservation of African elephants.
B．The purpose of studying African elephants.
C．The way to divide African elephants into two units.
D．The reason for the distinction of African elephants.
( )5.Which of the following can be the best title for the passage
A．Naturalists’ Beliefs about Elephants
B．Amazing Experiments about Elephants
C．An Unexpected Finding about Elephants
D．A Long Scientific Debate about Elephants
【解析】本文为科普说明文。主要介绍关于大象的最新研究成果：非洲大象被分成两种完全不同的品种——非洲草原大象和非洲森林大象。
1．D 细节理解题。根据第三段 “Once they obtained DNA sequences(序列)from two fossils(化石)，mammoths and mastodons, the team compared them with DNA from modern elephants.”可判断选D。
2．C 词义猜测题。根据第四段“The scientists used detailed genetic analysis to prove that the African savanna elephant and the African forest elephant have been distinct species for several million years.”可知，科学家已证实，非洲的草原大象与非洲的森林大象几百万年来都不属于同一品种，即可推断下句为“两种大象的分离应发生在……”。由此可推断划线词应意为“分离”，故选C。
3．A 细节理解题。根据第三段“Once they obtained DNA sequences(序列)from two fossils(化石)，mammoths and mastodons, the team compared them with DNA from modern elephants.They found to their amazement that modern forest and savanna elephants are as distinct from each other as Asian elephants and mammoths.”可判断研究者的结论是建立在对非洲大象的DNA研究结果的基础上的，故选A。
4．A 逻辑推理题。根据最后一段中的“Now that we know the forest and savanna elephants are two very distinctive animals, the forest elephant should become a bigger priority (优先)for conservation purposes.”可推断他的讲话是围绕对非洲大象的保护的，故选A。
5．C 主旨大意题。根据主题段第一段可知，本文主要介绍关于非洲大象的最新研究成果：非洲草原大象和非洲森林大象实为两种完全不同的品种。由此判断选C。
新题预测
(一)
Scientists at Harvard University and Bates College find female chimpanzees(黑猩猩) appear to treat sticks as dolls, carrying them around until they have children of their own.Young males engage in such behavior much less frequently.
The new work by Sonya M．Kahlenberg and Richard W．Wrangham, described this week in the journal Current Biology, provides the first evidence of a wild non human species playing with dolls, as well as the first known sex difference in a wild animal’s choice of playthings.
The two researchers say their work adds to a growing body of evidence that human children are probably born with their own ideas of how they want to behave, rather than simply mirroring other girls who play with dolls and boys who play with trucks.Doll play among humans could have its origins in object—carrying by earlier apes(猿类), they say, suggesting that toy selection is probably not due entirely to socialization.
“In humans, there are obvious sex differences in children’s toy play, and these are remarkably similar across cultures，” says Kahlenberg.“While socialization by elders and peers has been the primary explanation, our work suggests that biology may also have an important role to play in activity preferences.”
In 14 years of data on chimpanzee behavior at the Kibale National Park in Uganda, Kahlenberg and Wrangham counted more than 100 examples of stick carrying.Some young chimpanzees carried sticks into the nest to sleep with them and on one occasion built a separate nest for the stick.“We have seen juveniles occasionally carrying sticks for many years, and because they sometimes treated them rather like dolls, we wanted to know if in general this behavior tended to represent something like playing with dolls，” says Wrangham, a Professor at Harvard.“If the doll hypothesis (假设) was right, we thought that females should carry sticks more than males do, and that the chimpanzees should stop carrying sticks
when they had their first child.We have now watched enough young chimpanzees to prove both points.”
( )1.What does a female chimpanzee do with sticks
A．She gives them to her child to play with.
B．She treats them as dolls.
C．She makes useful tools from them.
D．She treats them as weapons.
( )2.What causes the different toy selection of chimpanzees, according to the passage
A．Sex difference.
B．Socialization.
C．Environment.
D．Cultural difference.
( )3.We can infer from the fourth paragraph that ________.
A．socialization has nothing to do with human’s choice of playthings
B．sex difference is the only factor in human’s choice of playthings
C．the biology factor may also influence toy choice
D．people choose different toys in different cultures
( )4.Wrangham probably believes that ________.
A．observing so many chimpanzees has been enough for them to make a conclusion
B．the study proves human beings have evolved (进化) from chimpanzees
C．all chimpanzees treat the sticks as dolls
D．children playing with sticks are abnormal
( )5.It can be concluded from the passage that ________.
A．both humans and chimpanzees choose their playthings due to sex difference
B．different factors cause humans and chimpanzees to choose different playthings
C．only female chimpanzees have playthings
D．chimpanzees usually choose playthings for their children
【解析】 本文是科普文。研究发现，雌性黑猩猩喜欢把棍子当作自己的玩具娃娃。
1．B 细节理解题。从文章第一段可知，雌性黑猩猩把棍子当作自己的玩具娃娃。
2．A 细节理解题。综合分析文章可知，性别差异是导致黑猩猩玩具选择差异的主要原因。
3．C 推理判断题。从第四段可知，这两位科学家的研究表明生物学因素也可能影响对玩具的偏好。
4．A 推理判断题。从第五段最后一句可知答案。
5．A 推理判断题。综合文章信息可知，无论是人类还是黑猩猩，性别是导致玩具选择差异的重要原因。
(二)
We have met the enemy, and he is ours.We bought him at a pet shop.When monkey pox, a disease usually found in the African rain forest, suddenly turns up in children in the American Midwest, it’s hard not to wonder if the disease that comes from foreign animals is homing in on human beings.“Most of the infections (感染) we think of as human infections started in other animals，” says Stephen Morse, director of the Center for Public Health Preparedness at Columbia University.
It’s not just that we’re going to where the animals are; we’re also bringing them closer to us.Popular foreign pets have brought a whole new disease to this country.A strange illness killed Isaksen’s pets, and she now thinks that keeping foreign pets is a bad idea.“I don’t think it’s fair to have them as pets when we have such a limited knowledge of them，” says Isaksen.
“Laws allowing these animals to be brought in from deep forest areas without strict control need changing，” says Peter Schantz.Monkey pox may be the_wake up_call.Researchers believe infected animals may infect their owners.We know very little about these
new diseases.A new bug (病毒) may be kind at first.But it may develop into something harmful.Monkey pox doesn’t look a major infectious disease.But it is not impossible to pass the disease from person to person.
( )1.We learn from Paragraph 1 that the pet sold at the shop may ________.
A．come from Columbia
B．prevent us from being infected
C．enjoy being with children
D．suffer from monkey pox
( )2.Why did Isaksen advise people not to have foreign pets
A．They attack human beings.
B．We need to study native animals.
C．They can’t live out of the rain forest.
D．We do not know much about them yet.
( )3.What does the phrase “the wake up call” in Paragraph 3 most probably mean
A．a new disease
B．a clear warning
C．a dangerous animal
D．a morning call
( )4.The text suggests that in the future we ________.
A．may have to fight against more new diseases
B．may easily get infected by diseases from dogs
C．should not be allowed to have pets
D．should stop buying pets from Africa
( )5.The last paragraph means ________.
A．we should have laws to stop having pets at home
B．wild animals shouldn’t be adopted as pets
C．laws should be passed to avoid pets’ diseases spreading
D．people with pets should be stayed at home
【解析】饲养宠物可能被传播疾病。猴痘本是非洲雨林中的一种疾病，现在突然出现在美国西部的孩子们身上。大多数人们认为只有人类才会感染的疾病其实就是来自动物。国家要制定严格的法律，以防止动物把疾病传播给人类。
1．D 根据We have met the enemy, and he is ours. We bought him at a pet shop. When monkey pox, a disease usually found in the African rain forest, suddenly turns up in children in the American Midwest, it’s hard not to wonder if the disease that comes from foreign animals is homing in on human beings.可推断，从宠物商店购买的动物身上携带疾病。
2．D 根据A strange illness killed Isaksen’s pets, and she now thinks that keeping foreign pets is a bad idea.“I don’t think it’s fair to have them as pets when we have such a limited knowledge of them，”可判断。
3．B 根据上文，猴痘是一种从非洲的动物身上传播到人类身上的疾病，紧接着作者说这种没有经过严格控制的法律需要改变。最后又以猴痘为例，由此可判断“the wake up call”表示“一种警示”。
4．A 根据We know very little about these new diseases. A new bug (病毒) may be kind at first. But it may develop into something harmful.可知新的病毒会转化成有害的东西，最后导致人与人的传播，因此我们必须与新的疾病作斗争。
5．C 最后一段大意：我们必须改变不检疫而引进野生动物的规定，这样才能避免疾病的传播。
专题导读
科普类文章是高考阅读理解中的难点题材，其取材密切联系当前经济和科技等方面的变化，以介绍某一科学现象居多。科普类文章具有结构严谨、逻辑性强等特点。其主要命题形式有事实细节题、词义猜测题、推理判断题以及主旨概括题等，其中推理判断题居多。 这类文章的总体特点是：科技词汇多，句子结构复杂，理论性强，逻辑严谨。具体说来它有以下特点：
1．文章中词汇的意义比较单一、稳定、简明，不带感彩，具有单一性和准确性的特点。这类文章通常不会出现文学英语中常用的排比、比喻、夸张等修辞手法，一词多义的现象也不多见。
2．句子结构较复杂，语法分析较困难。为了描述一个客观事物，严密地表达自己的思想，作者经常会使用集多种语法现象于一体的长句。
3．常使用被动语态，尤其是一些惯用被动句式。
真题典例
【2011·湖南卷】A recent study of ancient and modern elephants has come up with the unexpected conclusion that the African elephant is divided into two distinct(不同的) species.
The discovery was made by researchers at York and Harvard Universities when they were examining the genetic relationship between the ancient woolly mammoth and mastodon to modern elephants—the Asian elephant，African forest elephant，and African savanna elephant.
Once they obtained DNA sequences(序列) from two fossils(化石)，mammoths and mastodons，the team
compared them with DNA from modern elephants.They found to their amazement that modern forest and savanna elephants are as distinct from each other as Asian elephants and mammoths.
The scientists used detailed genetic analysis to prove that the African savanna elephant and the African forest elephant have been distinct species for several million years.The divergence of the two species took place around the time of the divergence of Asian elephants and woolly mammoths.This result amazed all the scientists.
There has long been debate in the scientific community that the two might be separate species，but this is the most convincing scientific evidence so far that they are indeed different species.
Previously，many naturalists believed that African savanna elephants and African forest elephants were two populations of the same species，despite the elephants’ significant size differences.The savanna elephant has an average shoulder height of 3.5 metres while the forest elephant has an average shoulder height of 2.5 metres.The savanna elephant weighs between six and seven tons，roughly double the weight of the forest elephant.But the fact that they look so different does not necessarily mean they are different species.However the proof lay in the analysis of the DNA.
Alfred Roca，assistant professor in the Department of Animal Sciences at the University of Illinois，said，“We
now have to treat the forest and savanna elephants as two different units for conservation purposes.Since 1950，all African elephants have been conserved as one species.Now that we know the forest and savanna elephants are two very distinctive animals，the forest elephant should become a bigger priority(优先)for conservation purposes.”
( )1.One of the fossils studied by the researchers is that of ________.
A．the Asian elephant
B．the forest elephant
C．the savanna elephant
D．the mastodon elephant
( )2.The underlined word “divergence” in paragraph 4 means “________.”
A．evolution B．exhibition
C．separation D．examination
( )3.The researchers’ conclusion was based on a study of the African elephant’s ________.
A．DNA B．height
C．weight D．population
( )4.What are Alfred Roca’s words mainly about
A．The conservation of African elephants.
B．The purpose of studying African elephants.
C．The way to divide African elephants into two units.
D．The reason for the distinction of African elephants.
( )5.Which of the following can be the best title for the passage
A．Naturalists’ Beliefs about Elephants
B．Amazing Experiments about Elephants
C．An Unexpected Finding about Elephants
D．A Long Scientific Debate about Elephants
【解析】本文为科普说明文。主要介绍关于大象的最新研究成果：非洲大象被分成两种完全不同的品种——非洲草原大象和非洲森林大象。
1．D 细节理解题。根据第三段 “Once they obtained DNA sequences(序列)from two fossils(化石)，mammoths and mastodons, the team compared them with DNA from modern elephants.”可判断选D。
2．C 词义猜测题。根据第四段“The scientists used detailed genetic analysis to prove that the African savanna elephant and the African forest elephant have been distinct species for several million years.”可知，科学家已证实，非洲的草原大象与非洲的森林大象几百万年来都不属于同一品种，即可推断下句为“两种大象的分离应发生在……”。由此可推断划线词应意为“分离”，故选C。
3．A 细节理解题。根据第三段“Once they obtained DNA sequences(序列)from two fossils(化石)，mammoths and mastodons, the team compared them with DNA from modern elephants.They found to their amazement that modern forest and savanna elephants are as distinct from each other as Asian elephants and mammoths.”可判断研究者的结论是建立在对非洲大象的DNA研究结果的基础上的，故选A。
4．A 逻辑推理题。根据最后一段中的“Now that we know the forest and savanna elephants are two very distinctive animals, the forest elephant should become a bigger priority (优先)for conservation purposes.”可推断他的讲话是围绕对非洲大象的保护的，故选A。
5．C 主旨大意题。根据主题段第一段可知，本文主要介绍关于非洲大象的最新研究成果：非洲草原大象和非洲森林大象实为两种完全不同的品种。由此判断选C。
新题预测
(一)
Scientists at Harvard University and Bates College find female chimpanzees(黑猩猩) appear to treat sticks as dolls, carrying them around until they have children of their own.Young males engage in such behavior much less frequently.
The new work by Sonya M．Kahlenberg and Richard W．Wrangham, described this week in the journal Current Biology, provides the first evidence of a wild non human species playing with dolls, as well as the first known sex difference in a wild animal’s choice of playthings.
The two researchers say their work adds to a growing body of evidence that human children are probably born with their own ideas of how they want to behave, rather than simply mirroring other girls who play with dolls and boys who play with trucks.Doll play among humans could have its origins in object—carrying by earlier apes(猿类), they say, suggesting that toy selection is probably not due entirely to socialization.
“In humans, there are obvious sex differences in children’s toy play, and these are remarkably similar across cultures，” says Kahlenberg.“While socialization by elders and peers has been the primary explanation, our work suggests that biology may also have an important role to play in activity preferences.”
In 14 years of data on chimpanzee behavior at the Kibale National Park in Uganda, Kahlenberg and Wrangham counted more than 100 examples of stick carrying.Some young chimpanzees carried sticks into the nest to sleep with them and on one occasion built a separate nest for the stick.“We have seen juveniles occasionally carrying sticks for many years, and because they sometimes treated them rather like dolls, we wanted to know if in general this behavior tended to represent something like playing with dolls，” says Wrangham, a Professor at Harvard.“If the doll hypothesis (假设) was right, we thought that females should carry sticks more than males do, and that the chimpanzees should stop carrying sticks
when they had their first child.We have now watched enough young chimpanzees to prove both points.”
( )1.What does a female chimpanzee do with sticks
A．She gives them to her child to play with.
B．She treats them as dolls.
C．She makes useful tools from them.
D．She treats them as weapons.
( )2.What causes the different toy selection of chimpanzees, according to the passage
A．Sex difference.
B．Socialization.
C．Environment.
D．Cultural difference.
( )3.We can infer from the fourth paragraph that ________.
A．socialization has nothing to do with human’s choice of playthings
B．sex difference is the only factor in human’s choice of playthings
C．the biology factor may also influence toy choice
D．people choose different toys in different cultures
( )4.Wrangham probably believes that ________.
A．observing so many chimpanzees has been enough for them to make a conclusion
B．the study proves human beings have evolved (进化) from chimpanzees
C．all chimpanzees treat the sticks as dolls
D．children playing with sticks are abnormal
( )5.It can be concluded from the passage that ________.
A．both humans and chimpanzees choose their playthings due to sex difference
B．different factors cause humans and chimpanzees to choose different playthings
C．only female chimpanzees have playthings
D．chimpanzees usually choose playthings for their children
【解析】 本文是科普文。研究发现，雌性黑猩猩喜欢把棍子当作自己的玩具娃娃。
1．B 细节理解题。从文章第一段可知，雌性黑猩猩把棍子当作自己的玩具娃娃。
2．A 细节理解题。综合分析文章可知，性别差异是导致黑猩猩玩具选择差异的主要原因。
3．C 推理判断题。从第四段可知，这两位科学家的研究表明生物学因素也可能影响对玩具的偏好。
4．A 推理判断题。从第五段最后一句可知答案。
5．A 推理判断题。综合文章信息可知，无论是人类还是黑猩猩，性别是导致玩具选择差异的重要原因。
(二)
We have met the enemy, and he is ours.We bought him at a pet shop.When monkey pox, a disease usually found in the African rain forest, suddenly turns up in children in the American Midwest, it’s hard not to wonder if the disease that comes from foreign animals is homing in on human beings.“Most of the infections (感染) we think of as human infections started in other animals，” says Stephen Morse, director of the Center for Public Health Preparedness at Columbia University.
It’s not just that we’re going to where the animals are; we’re also bringing them closer to us.Popular foreign pets have brought a whole new disease to this country.A strange illness killed Isaksen’s pets, and she now thinks that keeping foreign pets is a bad idea.“I don’t think it’s fair to have them as pets when we have such a limited knowledge of them，” says Isaksen.
“Laws allowing these animals to be brought in from deep forest areas without strict control need changing，” says Peter Schantz.Monkey pox may be the_wake up_call.Researchers believe infected animals may infect their owners.We know very little about these
new diseases.A new bug (病毒) may be kind at first.But it may develop into something harmful.Monkey pox doesn’t look a major infectious disease.But it is not impossible to pass the disease from person to person.
( )1.We learn from Paragraph 1 that the pet sold at the shop may ________.
A．come from Columbia
B．prevent us from being infected
C．enjoy being with children
D．suffer from monkey pox
( )2.Why did Isaksen advise people not to have foreign pets
A．They attack human beings.
B．We need to study native animals.
C．They can’t live out of the rain forest.
D．We do not know much about them yet.
( )3.What does the phrase “the wake up call” in Paragraph 3 most probably mean
A．a new disease
B．a clear warning
C．a dangerous animal
D．a morning call
( )4.The text suggests that in the future we ________.
A．may have to fight against more new diseases
B．may easily get infected by diseases from dogs
C．should not be allowed to have pets
D．should stop buying pets from Africa
( )5.The last paragraph means ________.
A．we should have laws to stop having pets at home
B．wild animals shouldn’t be adopted as pets
C．laws should be passed to avoid pets’ diseases spreading
D．people with pets should be stayed at home
【解析】饲养宠物可能被传播疾病。猴痘本是非洲雨林中的一种疾病，现在突然出现在美国西部的孩子们身上。大多数人们认为只有人类才会感染的疾病其实就是来自动物。国家要制定严格的法律，以防止动物把疾病传播给人类。
1．D 根据We have met the enemy, and he is ours. We bought him at a pet shop. When monkey pox, a disease usually found in the African rain forest, suddenly turns up in children in the American Midwest, it’s hard not to wonder if the disease that comes from foreign animals is homing in on human beings.可推断，从宠物商店购买的动物身上携带疾病。
2．D 根据A strange illness killed Isaksen’s pets, and she now thinks that keeping foreign pets is a bad idea.“I don’t think it’s fair to have them as pets when we have such a limited knowledge of them，”可判断。
3．B 根据上文，猴痘是一种从非洲的动物身上传播到人类身上的疾病，紧接着作者说这种没有经过严格控制的法律需要改变。最后又以猴痘为例，由此可判断“the wake up call”表示“一种警示”。
4．A 根据We know very little about these new diseases. A new bug (病毒) may be kind at first. But it may develop into something harmful.可知新的病毒会转化成有害的东西，最后导致人与人的传播，因此我们必须与新的疾病作斗争。
5．C 最后一段大意：我们必须改变不检疫而引进野生动物的规定，这样才能避免疾病的传播。