2012届高考英语二轮复习精品学案（广东专用）第3模块 阅读理解（9份打包）

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专题7　社会生活型阅读理解
专题导读
社会生活型阅读文章在高考中的出现频率较高。它涉及人们衣、食、住、行等方面的社会万象、生活经历、饮食与健康、休闲与娱乐、生态旅游等内容。这类文章同学们读起来感觉轻松，试题做起来也比较得心应手。在高考阅读理解题中，这类文章属搭配类材料，所以，它的命题多数属于中低等难度的送分题，如事实细节题、计算题、识图题等。此类文章的命题多以事实细节题为主。做题时，要先从题干中找到关键性词语，然后快速在文章中寻找相关细节，细心比较所给选项与文中细节的区别，在准确理解了细节的前提下，最终确定最佳答案。
真题典例
【2011·广东卷】ln the animal kingdom, weakness can bring about aggression in other animals.This sometimes happens with humans also.But I have found that my weakness brings out the kindness in people.I see it every day when people hold doors for me, pour cream into my coffee, or help me to put on my coat.And I have discovered that it makes them happy.
From my wheelchair experience, I see the best in people, but sometimes I feel sad because those who appear independent miss the kindness I see daily.They don’t get to see this soft side of others.Often, we try every way
possible to avoid showing our weakness, which includes a lot of pretending.But only when we stop pretending we’re brave or strong do we allow people to show the kindness that’s in them.
Last month, when I was driving home on a busy highway, I began to feel unwell and drove more slowly than usual.People behind me began to get impatient and angry, with some speeding up alongside me, horning (按喇叭) or even shouting at me.At that moment，I decided to do something I had never done in twenty four years of driving.I put on the car flashlights and drove on at a really low speed.
No more angry shouts and no more horns!
When I put on my flashlights, I was saying to the other drivers, “I have a problem here.I am weak and doing the best I can.” And everyone understood.Several times, I saw drivers who wanted to pass.They couldn’t get around me because of the stream of passing traffic.But instead of getting impatient and angry, they waited, knowing the driver in front of them was in some way weak.
Sometimes situations call for us to act strong and brave even when we don’t feel that way.But those are few and far between.More often, it would be better if we don’t pretend we feel strong when we feel weak or pretend that we’re brave when we’re scared.
(　　)1.The author has discovered that people will feel happy when ________.
A．they offer their help
B．they receive others’ help
C．they feel others’ kindness
D．they show their weakness
(　　)2.The author feels sad sometimes because ________.
A．he has a soft heart
B．he relies much on others
C．some people pretend to be kind
D．some people fail to see the kindness in others
(　　)3.What did the other drivers do when they saw the flashlights
A．They speeded up to pass.
B．They waited with patience.
C．They tried their best to help.
D．They put on their flashlights too.
(　　)4.In this passage, the author advises us to ________.
A．handle problems by ourselves
B．accept help from others
C．admit our weakness
D．show our bravery
(　　)5.Which of the following is the best title of this passage
A．A Wheelchair Experience.
B．Weakness and Kindness.
C．Weakness and Strength.
D．A Driving Experience.
【解析】本文是一篇议论文。在动物王国弱势会被侵略，在人类社会有时也是如此。但作者认为弱势能显现出人们的善良，并使提供帮助和被帮助的人都感到幸福。作者以自己的经历向人们阐述了弱势与善良的关系。
　　1．A　细节理解题。根据第一段中的“I have found that my weakness brings out the kindness in people.”可知我的弱势显现出人们的善良，又由“I have discovered that it makes them happy”可知帮助别人能使他们感到幸福。故选A。
　　2．D　细节理解题。根据第二段中的“sometimes I feel sad because those who appear independent miss the kindness I see daily. They don’t get to see this soft side of others.”可知选D。
3．B　细节理解题。根据第五段中的“When I put on my flashlights...But instead of getting impatient and angry, they waited, knowing the driver in front of them was in some way weak.”可知选B。
　　4．C　主旨要义题。作者以自己的亲身经历向人们阐述了：有时承认自己的弱势会给人们带来好处，承认弱势能改善人们之间的关系，使自己得到更多的帮助，让人们看到人性的善良。故选C。
　　5．B　标题归纳题。由第一段“my weakness brings out the kindness in people”及文章大意可知。
新题预测
For all the dinner table, a glass of milk seems to be a constant, at least it was when I was growing up.It was widely believed that milk was integral in building strong bones and teeth.There’s no doubt that dairy products(乳制品), and milk in particular, are high in protein and calcium, and most milk products are supplemented with Vitamin D and A.
While it’s well known that our bones need calcium, some studies suggest that high calcium intake doesn’t necessarily lower a person’s risk for fractures(骨折)．A Harvard study found that people who drank two or more glasses of milk had no greater protection from breaking a bone than those who drank a glass or less a week.
There’s no doubt that we need calcium. Some anti dairy supporters claim that dairy can lead to heart disease.Much of this claim is based on high fat and high dairy products, like cheeses and creams, which may indeed contribute to cardiovascular problems.Some studies have linked high milk intakes with a risk of prostate cancer; this seems to be caused by high fat dairy products, not dairy in general.
Although milk was always regarded as one of the most important things we need for our bones, yet least promoted, factors involved in strengthening bones.Perhaps we should think of dairy as less like a nutrient and more like a food.If you like it, eat it.If not, find
some_others.Because some claims may not be completely true. When I eat a cream, I’m not thinking about calcium, protein, or any such thing.I’m thinking delicious.
(　　)1.Which of the following is TRUE on the milk
A．The more milk you drink, the more risk for fractures you might be.
B．The more milk you drink, the less risk for fractures you might be.
C．The less milk you drink, the less risk for fractures you might be.
D．There is no link between them.
(　　)2.Some anti dairy supporters claim that dairy can lead to except________.
A．cardiovascular problems
B．heart disease
C．prostate cancer
D．stomach cancer
(　　)3.The underlined words “some others” in the last paragraph refer to________.
A．dairy products　　　　B．milk
C．food D．cream
(　　)4.What’s the author’s attitude towards milk
A．He doesn’t like milk any more.
B．He used to drink milk as a child.
C．He regards milk as a nutrient.
D．He always cares about calcium, protein when he eats something.
(　　)5.We can learn from the text that________.
A．all the claims are not completely true
B．high milk intakes can lead to cancer
C．it’s necessary for you to reduce milk intakes
D．give up milk for your health
【解析】1．D　细节理解题。根据第二段的“A Harvard study found that people who drank two or more glasses of milk had no greater protection from breaking a bone than those who drank a glass or less a week.”可以推断出牛奶的饮用量和骨折之间没有必然的联系。
　　2．D　细节理解题。根据第三段的有关信息可以得知文中没有涉及胃病的问题。
　　3．C　推理判断题。根据最后一段“Perhaps we should think of dairy as less like a nutrient and more like a food. If you like it, eat it. If not，find some others.”可知作者的观点是如果喜欢就用，不喜欢就换其他的食品(物)。
4．B　推理判断题。根据第一段的“...at least it was when I was growing up”可以推断出作者在小时候是常常喝牛奶的。
　　5．A　推理判断题。由“Because some claims may not be completely true”可以得知并不是所有的声明都是完全正确的。由此可知选A。
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第3模块　阅读理解
考纲解读
阅读理解作为考查考生语言能力的重点， 要求考生读懂熟悉的有关日常生活话题的简短文字材料。考生应能：理解主旨要义；理解文中的具体信息；作出简单判断和推理；理解文章的基本逻辑结构；理解作者的意图和态度。其具体要求为：
(1)能够读懂生词率不超过3%的短文；
(2)把握短文的主要线索；
(3)能够对短文内容作出简单以及抽象的判断；
(4)理解短文的基本结构，了解重点段落、重点词句的含义，推测作者意图，把握文章脉络；
(5)熟悉掌握实用性的文章，如：书刊、影视、产品等方面的广告、说明、通知、社评、旅游等。
命题分析
2011年广东高考的阅读理解题呈现出以下特点：
(1)体裁多样，选材新颖，话题广泛。
体裁的多样化是最显著的特点，涉及记叙文、说明文、和议论文。
(2)语言地道，题型合理。
材料都是选取原汁原味的英语文章，所选的材料均来源于实际生活，涉及的内容也是实际生活内容，强调语篇选材的真实性。在题型设计上，包括细节理解题、推理判断题、主旨大意题和词义猜测题等几大题型。
应试点睛
一、掌握策略，战无不胜
阅读理解无论从难度还是从分数所占比重都应该受到学生的重视，但很多同学在做阅读理解时总是感觉时间不够用，其实只要灵活处理好以下几个方面的关系，这个问题便可迎刃而解。
　　1．正确处理好“快”与“准”关系
　　在准确把握文章整体、细节以及严密推理的基础上，尽量提高阅读速度，而不是单纯地追求阅读速度。这样对文章的理解就会非常清晰，哪些题目是自己有把握的，哪些是拿不准的心里也就有了底。然后对自己拿不准的题目再仔细推敲，力争有所突破。
2．正确处理好复杂句式、生词和选择答案的关系
　　高考阅读的长句、难句的数量逐年增多。结构复杂、修饰语叠缀、信息容量大的句子在新课标的高考试卷中频频出现，有时一个句子占几行甚至一个自然段。这就造成了理解的困难，而且也增加了考生的心理压力。为此，建议大家对这些拦路虎加以正确区分对待：与题目无关，不影响理解文章大意的，就不必浪费时间和精力；相反，那些和题目相关的长难句，我们就要首先分析其类型(是带有较多成分的简单句，还是含有多个简单句的并列句，还是含有多个从句的复合句，还是含有多个插入成分的句子)，然后理清句子成分，去除干扰成分，抓住句子主干，这样就能准确把握句子的意义。
对待生词也应该采取同样的方法，首先看看生词是否与题目、文章的大意有关，如果是题目要求所必需的，我们就要弄清楚生词所处的语境，以及和下文的联系，推测生词的含义，否则就忽略它。
　　3．正确处理好所需信息与剩余信息的关系
　　我们在做题时，没有必要把每一句都弄得清清楚楚，只要重点理解与题目有关的信息就可以了。这就要求考生在答题时，最好先大体浏览一下文后的题目，确定主攻方向，然后带着问题阅读文章，特别要关注首尾段和首尾句，把握文章的主题和脉络，摘取有用的材料，舍弃无关的信息。然后针对测试题的要求，细心阅读与问题有关的段落、句子或词汇。
4．所选有据，忠实原文，避免主观
　　做题时，我们必须以作者的思维模式为准绳，以原文提供的事实、细节和逻辑关系为自己思维活动的基准点，切忌把自己的观点和看法当作原文或作者的观点。同时，符合原文的答案是正确答案但不一定就是最佳答案，阅读题要求选的是最佳答案，有的答案从某个枝节来看是对的，但从全文来看则不是最佳的，因此，必须通盘考虑，取主要，舍枝节。
二、明确步骤，战无不胜
　　第一步，阅读题干，明确问题。在阅读文章之前，可以通过题干对文章进行初步了解。这样，在下一步阅读时就可以针对问题直接找答案，减少了盲目性。第二步，快速掌握大意，不在细节上纠缠。在第一步的基础上迅速阅读并对文章有大致的了解。这是选出正确答案的前提。
第三步，阅读问题题干及其选项，在文中寻找相关的材料并预选答案。可在文中相应处做出标记，以便进一步了解并最终确定答案。第四步，带着问题略读原文，确定答案。答完所有题目后，再快速阅读一遍文章，检查各题所选答案是否正确。查看各题答案是否前后照应，与原文有无矛盾，文中是否有疏漏的重要线索。
三、知己知彼，减少失误
　　有时候四个选项中总有一个极易误选，很多同学感触颇深，因此，了解阅读理解题中干扰项的特点，可以大大减少我们不必要的失误。概括起来，干扰项可分为以下三种类型：
　　1．与原文矛盾。即选项与文章内容相矛盾。这种选项的干扰性较小，只要仔细阅读就可排除。
　　2．无中生有。即选项与文章内容不矛盾，但在文中没有相关信息支持，没有根据。这类选项的干扰较大。在做此类题时，切忌把自己或他人观点作为选择依据。
　　3．答非所问。选题与题目关系不大，选项没有针对题目来阐述。这类题目干扰性也较大。同学们在做此类题时，不仅要判断选项内容的正确性，还应注意选项是否针对题目。
题型探究
探究点一　细节理解题
　　一、题型特点与命题方式
　　所谓细节题，是指原文提到了某事物、现象或理论，题干针对原文具体叙述本身发问。一般包括直接理解题(在原文中可直接找到答案，常用who, what, when, where, why和how等提问)、语义转化题(需要将题目信息与原文相关信息进行语义上的转换，两者存在表达上的差异，有时需要进行加工或整理后方能得出结论)、数字计算题、排列顺序题、图表图画题等。抓住文段中的事实和细节是做好该题型的关键，也是做好其他类型题的基础。这类题型的题干常为：
When / Where did the story happen
Which of the following statements is (not) correct
Which of the following statements is (not) mentioned in the passage
Which is the right order of the events given in the passage
All the statements are true except…
　　该题型几乎都可以在文章中直接找到与答案有关的信息，或是其变体。所以，搜查信息在阅读中非常重要，它包括理解作者在叙述某事时使用的具体事实、数据、图表等细节信息。做这类题一般采用寻读法，即先读题，然后带着问题快速阅读短文，找出与问题有关的词语或句子，再对相关部分进行分析对比，找出答案。
二、解题思路与应试技巧
　　细节题是针对文中某个细节、某句话或某部分具体内容设置问题，正确答案的根据一定可以在原文中找到，即原文的改写往往成为正确选项。
　　通常细节题的正确选项有以下特征：
　　1．对原文句子中的关键词进行替换。把原文中的一些词换成意义相近的词，成为正确选项。
　　2．词性或者语态的变化。把原文中的一些词变换一下词性，或者改变原文句子的语态，给考生制造障碍。
　　3．语言简化。把原文中的复杂语言进行简化，成为正确答案。
　　4．正话反说。把原文中的意思反过来表达而成为正确选项(适用于寻找错误选项的题目)。
干扰项也是以文章中的某个细节设题，若不仔细辨别，很容易把它当成正确选项。干扰项有以下特征：
　　1．将原文内容扩大或缩小。把原文中的限定词去掉或替换，使该选项看似正确，实际上却是错误选项。
　　2．把未然当已然。改变文中某句话的时态，如把将来时变成现在时，把未发生的事情当成已发生的事情。
　　3．无中生有。即选项内容是根据主观想象或推测得出的结论，而文中并未涉及。
　　4．偷换概念。把原来做该事的“张三”换成“李四”，所述细节确实与原文一致，一不小心就会误选。
　　5．文不对题。这类题最不容易辨别，选项中的描述与原文完全一致，确属原文中的一个细节，这时要回到题干，看该选项是否能回答题干所提的问题。
下面结合最新高考试题，对细节题的不同类型加以解读。
　　1．直接信息题
　　对此类题型，考生可以首先从问题中找到关键词，然后以此为线索，运用略读及查阅的技巧在文中迅速寻找这一细节。找到后再把这一部分内容仔细阅读一遍，仔细比较所给选项与文中细节的细微区别，在准确理解细节的前提下，最后确定最佳答案。
例1 【2011·全国卷Ⅰ】
Wanted, Someone for a Kiss
We’re looking for producers to join us on the sound of London Kiss 100 FM.You’ll work on the station’s music programmes.Music production experience in radio is necessary, along with rich knowledge of modern dance music.Please apply(申请) in writing to Producer Vacancies, Kiss 100.
…
Who should you get in touch with if you hope to work in a radio station
A．Producer Vacancies, Kiss 100.
B．Mrs R．Oglivie, Palmlace Limited.
C．The Enterprise Shopping Centre.
D．Wealden District Council.
【解析】 A　直接细节题。这则广告是招聘电台播音员的，因此A最合适。
例２ 【 2011·北京卷】As a young girl growing up in the 1930s, I always wanted to fly a plane, but back then it was almost unheard of for a woman to do that.I got a taste of that dream in 2001, when my husband arranged for me to ride in a hot air balloon for my birthday.
...
What happened to the author in 2001
A．She flew an airplane.
B．She entered a competition.
C．She went on a hot air balloon ride.
D．She moved into a retirement community.
【解析】 C　直接细节题。根据I got a taste of that dream in 2011，when my husband arranged for me to ride in a hot air balloon for my birthday.可以选出最佳答案。
2．间接信息题
　　做这类题目时，考生需要对原文信息进行加工处理，然后再进行进一步的推理或鉴别，这是介于事实细节题和推理判断题之间的一种题型，对考生来说有一定难度。
例3【 2011·北京卷】
…
On occasion, I teach a course called History Matters for a group of higher education managers.My goals for the class include a full discussion of historical themes and ideas.Because I want students to thoroughly study the material and exchange their ideas with each other in the classroom，I have a rule—no laptops, iPads, phones, etc.When students were told my rule in advance of the class, some of them were not happy.
…
Some of the students in the history class were unhappy with______.
A．the course material
B．others’ misuse of technology
C．discussion topics
D．the author’s class regulations
【解析】 D　间接细节题。根据I have a rule—no laptops, iPads，phones，etc....some of them were not happy可知答案。在这里我们需要把“rule”以及后面的some of them were not happy进行转换。
3．数字计算题
数字计算题也是近几年高考中常考的内容，此类试题是在文章中直接表现出来细节事实，有的要经过具体的计算才能够得出正确的答案。具体的计算题可以是对年代的计算、月份的计算或比例的计算等。文章中经常会出现许多数字，它们对解题产生一定的影响。解答此类试题的方法是先来理解文章的大意，然后经过对比、分析、计算等就能够得出正确的答案。
　　例4 【 2011·辽宁卷】
...
According to the Coalition’s studies, of over two hundred million people living in the United States, up to three million are homeless—and the number is still growing…
How many people are homeless in the U．S.according to the Coalition’s studies
A．39% of the population.
B．200 million people.
C．About 3 million people.
D．About one fifth of the population.
【解析】 C　细节理解题。根据文中“...up to three million are homeless...”可知选C。
4．排列顺序题
这种试题要求考生根据事件发生的先后顺序和句子之间的逻辑关系，找出事件发生的正确顺序。做这种题时可采用“首尾定位法”，即最先找出第一个事件和最后一个事件，迅速缩小选择范围，从而快速选出正确答案。
　　例5 【2011·山东卷】
…
The researchers designed a special cap for the user.This head cover picks up the signals from the scalp (头皮) and sends them to a computer.The computer interprets the signals and commands the motorized wheelchair.The wheelchair also has two cameras that identify objects in its path.They help the computer react to commands from the brain.
…
Which of the following shows the path of the signals described in Paragraph 5
A．scalp→computer→cap→wheelchair
B．computer→cap→scalp→wheelchair
C．scalp→cap→computer→wheelchair
D．cap→computer→scalp→wheelchair
【解析】 C　细节理解题。根据This head cover picks up the signals from the scalp(头皮) and sends them to a computer.The computer interprets the signals and commands the motorized wheelchair.可知这种特殊的帽子接受来自大脑头皮的指令，然后传达给计算机，最后把指令传给轮椅。
5．图表图画题
　　在有图表图画的阅读理解中，有的图表图画出现在阅读理解文章中，有的出现在选项中，这些图片的出现增加了试题的直观性，同时也暗含着和文章内容相关的信息。在解答此类试题的时候，一定要把握图表图画中所暗含的信息，特别是有些事实是通过图片来叙述的，我们可以采用按图寻找正确答案的方法。
例6 【 2009·安徽卷】
The chart shows that from 2005 to 2008, ________.
A．the percentage of the Spanish families with a computer rose 35 points
B．the percentage of the White families with a computer remained unchanged
C．the number of the Black families with a computer was on the decrease
D．the number of the Asian families with a computer showed the sharpest increase
探究点二　主旨大意题
　　主旨大意题主要是测试考生对一篇文章或一段文字的深层理解程度以及在速读中准确把握文章主旨大意的能力。一般针对某一语段或某一语篇的主题标题或目的设题。这类题目考查的范围是：基本论点、文章标题、主题或段落大意等。它要求考生在理解全文的基础上能较好地运用概括、归纳、推理、判断等逻辑思维方法，对文章进行高度概括或总结。
要准确地抓住文章的主题思想，就要十分留意文章的开头和结尾，要抓住文中具有概括性的信息，从上下文连贯的意思来理解全文，看作者主要谈的是什么，透过文字叙述的过程来归纳主题，再从选择项中找出最符合表达主题思想的选项。有些干扰项，从局部看也许不算错，但从全局看却又片面。这类干扰项与正确答案之差，其实是局部与全局之差。考生在做题时不要为局部现象迷惑，而忽略了文章的整体思想。
　　一、题型特点与命题方式
　　【设题类型】
　　1．概括文章大意；
　　2．选出最佳题目(标题)；
　　3．概括人物特点。
【设问形式】
　　1．标题类
　　(1)The best title / headline for this passage might be__________.
　　(2)The text (passage) could be entitled __________.
　　(3)What is the best title for the passage
　　(4)Which of the following would be suitable as a title for the passage
　　2．大意类
　　(1)This passage chiefly deals with __________.
　　(2)What’s the topic of the article
　　(3)What is the subject discussed in the text
　　(4)With what topic is the passage chiefly concerned
二、解题思路与应试技巧
　　做这类题时常用略读法。快速阅读文章找出各个段落的主题句。把各个段落的主题句联系起来着眼于全文结构安排，了解文章的重心，就能概括出文章的中心。文章的标题是中心思想最精炼的表达形式，选择的标题意义范围要能涵盖全文，不能太大也不能太小。命题者在出这类题时，常常利用生活常识编造干扰项，把文中的细节当主旨，利用局部信息编造干扰项，编制超出文章范围的标题或不能涵盖文章中心意义的标题来考查考生的理解程度，考生要特别留意。
　　下面结合高考试题，谈谈标题类和大意类试题的解题技巧。
1．标题类
　　标题是段落中心思想最精炼的表达形式。在阅读中不仅要求考生能够通过自己已知的信息概括出段落的中心思想，而且还要对概括出的中心思想加以提炼，拟定出段落的标题。在测试中能够迅速而准确地选择标题。
　　文章标题可以是单词、短语，也可以是句子。标题可帮助读者迅速推测出整篇文章的主要内容，抓住文章讨论的中心，把握作者的观点和意图。它的特点是：短小精悍，多为短语；涵盖性强，一般要求能覆盖全文，其确定的范围要恰当，既不能太大，也不能太小；精确性强，不能随意改变语言表意的程度及色彩。
例1 【 2011·课标全国卷】Which of the following might be the best title for the text
A．Family Food Planning
B．Banking on Gardening
C．A Belt tightening Move
D．Gardening as a Hobby
【解析】 B　主旨大意题。全文讲述了在物价飞速上涨的美国，人们为了节省开支自己种植蔬菜的事情。
2．大意类
　　解答该题型最关键的是找出主题句，把握文章大意。
概括大意的方法是：先看首尾或各段开头再看全文找主题句，若无明显主题句，就通过关键词句来概括(如议论文中寻找表达作者观点态度的词句，记叙文寻找概括情节和中心的动词或反映人物特点的形容词)。文中出现两种或两种以上的不同观点时，务必牢记作者的观点才是体现全文中心的。此时，要注意一些转折词，如but, yet, however, although, in spite of, by contrast, on the contrary等。当文章中表示相反的观点时，往往用到这些词。答题时要弄清哪个是作者的观点，排除迷惑性信息，准确归纳主旨大意。
例2【 2011·安徽卷】The main idea of the text is that ________.
A．two heads are better than one
B．friendship is precious in life
C．the disabled should never give up
D．a man can be destroyed but cannot be defeated
【解析】 B　主旨大意题。全文围绕友情、生命讲述了两位朋友一起攀岩的故事，强调了“友情很珍贵”，故答案为B。
探究点三　语义推测题
　　猜词悟义是应用英语的重要能力，也是高考阅读理解中必考的题型。它不但需要准确无误地理解上下文，而且要有较大的泛读量，掌握或认识较多的课外词汇。考生应学会通过构词、定义、同位、对比、因果、常识、同义、反义及上下文线索等确定词义。
　　一、题型特点与命题方式
　　此类题型有逐渐增加的趋势，尤其是猜测词组、句义题。因为猜测词组、句义题涉及题材背景、句子结构、文章主旨、作者的观点态度等。联系主旨、整合上下文信息是解答这类题的关键。近几年阅读理解的生词率略有上升，加大了猜测力度。命题者着重考查考生利用同义或反义关系、构词法、语法和语篇文脉等理解生词的能力。
【题型特点】
　　1．要求根据阅读材料所提供的信息，结合中学生应有的常识和经验，正确判断生词词组的含义或熟词在特定语境中表达的具体含义以及一些句子的意思。
　　2．要求猜测词义的词一般为实词，可通过构词法、定义、对比、因果、联想、上下文等线索确定词义。
　　3．代词复指理解题也是猜测词义的常考类型。用“逻辑关系梳理法”、“逆向寻踪法”理清人物及事物之间的逻辑关系是关键所在。
　　【设问形式】
　　1．The underlined word“...” in the second(third...) paragraph refers to(means) ________.
2．By saying “...” in the first(second...) paragraph, the author means that ________.
　　3．In paragraph...，“...” can be replaced by “________”．
　　4．The meaning of “...” in paragraph...is related to ________.
　　5．Which of the following has the closest meaning to...(paragraph...)
　　6．The underlined sentence in the first 　　　
　　(second...)paragraph probably means that ________.
二、解题思路与应试技巧
　　做这种类型的题，要根据词、词组、句子所在的语境来判断其意义。因此熟练掌握一些猜词技巧是做好这类题的关键。命题者在出这类题时惯用常规词义来麻痹考生，我们要特别注意熟词生义，切不可脱离语境主观臆断。
　　下面结合近几年高考试题，对猜词悟义的技巧加以解读。
　　1．根据定义或上下文解释进行猜测
　　有时短文中出现一个需要猜测其意义的词或短语，下面接着出现其定义或解释，这就是判断该词或短语意义的主要依据。例如：
It will be very hard but also very brittle — that is, it will break easily.
　　从后面that is(也就是说)的解释中我们可以了解到brittle是“脆”的意思。
　　The herdsman,_who looks after sheep, earns about 650 yuan a year.
　　定语从句中 looks after sheep 就表明了herdsman的词义为“牧羊人”。
例1 【2009·福建卷】…In his book, he had challenged readers to make deep cuts in personal emissions to keep the world from reaching extremely important tipping_points,_such as the melting(融化)of the ice sheets in Greenland or West Antarctica.
…
The underlined words “tipping points” most probably refer to “______”．
A．freezing points　　　　B．burning points
C．melting points D．boiling points
【解析】 C　根据后一句的such as the melting(融化)of the ice sheets in Greenland or West Antarctica.可知tipping points的意思是“融点”。
2．根据同位关系进行猜测
　　阅读中出现的难词有时后面紧跟一个同位语，对前面的词进行解释，这时可利用同位关系对前面或后面的词义或句意进行猜测。例如：
　　They traveled a long way, at last got to a_castle,_a large building in old times.
　　同位语部分a large building in old times 给出了castle 的确切词义，即古时候的“城堡”。
　　We are on the_night_shift—from midnight to 8 a．m.— this week.
　　两个破折号之间的短语很清楚地表明night shift 是“夜班”的意思。
The “Chunnel”， a tunnel(隧道) connecting England and France, is now complete.
　　此句中a tunnel connecting England and France是Chunnel的同位语。由此可知，The “Chunnel”就是英法之间的海底隧道。
例 2 The Coalition for the Homeless is an organization that seeks to address the needs of the homeless population in the United States.It is a network of offices, some of which provide food and houses for the homeless population, and some of which fight for the passing of laws that would give every American the right to a place to call home.
…
The word “address” in the first sentence probably means ________ .
A．talk about B．deal with
C．fight for D．write to
【解析】 B　猜测词义题。根据文中第二句“It is a network of offices, some of which provide food and houses for the homeless population...”，可知，该组织通过两种方式解决美国无家可归的人的住房问题，故可知B项正确。
3．根据构词法(合成、派生、转化等)进行猜测
在英语中，有很多词可以在前面加前缀，或在后面加后缀，从而构成一个词，乍看起来，这个词可能是新词，但掌握了一定的构词知识，就不难猜出它的词义。例如：
“Our parties are aimed for children 2 to 10，” Anaclerio said, “and they’re very interactive_and creative in that they built a sense of drama based on a subject.”
文中interactive是由前缀inter (相互的)和active(活动的，活跃的)而构成的，同时根据上下文的意思可以判断，该词的含义应是“互动的”。
例 3 …The new type of pineapple was selling fast, and the Del Monte Gold pineapple rapidly became a fixture in the shopping basket of the healthy eater...
The underlined word “fixture” probably refers to something ______.
A．that people enjoy eating
B．that is always present
C．that is difficult to get
D．that people use as a gift
【解析】 B　从文章意思可知，这种新型菠萝很畅销，当然成为了健康饮食人士购物筐中的常客。另外根据构词知识可知，该词的词根是fix，含有“固定”之意。
4．根据因果关系进行猜测
在一篇阅读文章中，根据原因可以预测结果，根据结果也可以找出原因。例如：
The lack of movement caused the muscles to weaken.Sometimes the weakness was permanent.So the player could never play the sport again.
从后面的结果“永远不能再运动”，可以推测 permanent 的意思是“永远的，永久的”。
The low test score, they think, will make it impossible for them to get into a good college.And without a degree from a prestigious_university,_they fear that many of life’s doors will remain forever closed.
学生认为考试分数低就不可能进入一所好大学，而没有“名校”的毕业文凭，将来生活中的很多大门可能就会对他们永远关闭。由此推知a prestigious university应是指名校，即a famous university。
例 4 【2011·福建卷】．..The problem is that if we invest little time in a person, our engagement_with that person will decline(减弱)until eventually it dies into “someone I once knew”．
...
The underlined word “engagement” in the second paragraph probably means “________”．
A．appointment B．connection
C．interview 　　D．agreement
【解析】 B　词义猜测题。根据文中人们投入时间的多少将决定其关系的时长，可知投入时间少，我们和那个人的关系将被削弱，所以engagement是“关系”的含义，与B项一致。
5．根据上下文的指代关系进行猜测
　　文章中的代词it, that, this, he, him 或them可以指上文提到的人或物，其中it和that还可以指一件事。有时代词指代的对象相隔较远，要认真查找；有时需要对前面提到的内容进行总结，才能得出代词所指代的事。例如：
However, the question that “moon people” asked is still an interesting one.A growing number of scientists are seriously thinking about it.
it指的是月球人(moon people)所问的问题(the question)。
例 5 【2011·福建卷】．..To get rid of alcohol from the body is a very slow process and it is not possible to speed it up with any measures like taking a shower or having a cup of tea or coffee.
...
The underlined word “it” in the second paragraph refers to “________”．
A．alcohol B．absorption　C．blood D．process
【解析】 D　代词指代题。根据“To get rid of alcohol from the body is a very slow process and it is not possible to speed it up with any measures like taking a shower or having a cup of tea or coffee.”可知排除身体内的酒精是一个非常缓慢的过程，所以也不可能通过任何手段如洗澡或者喝一杯茶或咖啡加速这个排除过程，这样可以猜测出it指代排除身体内的酒精这一个过程，故选择D。
6．根据同义关系进行猜测
　　当词或短语之间有并列连词and 或or时，其连接的两项内容在含义上是接近的或递进的，由此确定同等关系中的某个生词所属的义域，由此可推知其大致意思。
Although he often had the opportunity, Mr.Tritt was never able to steal money from a customer.This would have endangered his position at the bank, and he did not want to jeopardize his future.
作者为避免重复使用endanger一词，用其同义词jeopardize来替代它，由此推知其词义为“使……陷入危险，危及，危害”。
Doctors believe that smoking cigarettes is detrimental to your health.They also regard drinking as harmful.
句中detrimental是个生词，但判断出harmful替代detrimental后，不难推断出其词义为“不利的，有害的”。
例 6【2009·重庆卷】．..
When things are getting hard, a voice inside my head tells me that I can’t achieve something.Then, there are other distractions,_such as family or hobbies.
...
What does the underlined word “distractions” probably refer to
A．Ways that help one to focus.
B．Words that help one to feel less tense.
C．Activities that turn one’s attention away.
D．Habits that make it hard for one to relax.
【解析】 C　由前面的other可知distractions与第一句意思基本相同，第一句话表达的是让人注意力分散的事情，结合上下文可知答案为C。
7．根据转折或对比关系进行猜测
　　根据上下句的连接词，如but, however, otherwise等就可以看到前后句在意义上的差别，从而依据某一句的含义来确定另一句的含义。另外，分号也可以表示转折、对比或不相干的意义。例如：
She is usually prompt for all her class, but today she arrived in the middle of her first class.
but一词表转折，因此but 前后的意思正好相反。后半句的意思是她今天“第一节上了一半才来”，因此反向推理，可得出她平时一向“准时”的结论。
　　8．通过上下文理解猜测词义
　　通过上下文的具体信息猜测词义是目前高考阅读理解题中最常见的一种命题形式。
例 8 【2011·课标全国卷】．..The family’s old farm house has become a chicken house, its residents arriving next month.
...
What does the word “residents” in paragraph 1 probably refer to
A．chickens B．tomatoes
C．gardens D．people
【解析】 A　词义理解题。联系句子The family’s old farm house has become a chicken house，its residents arriving next month.我们知道，这里所说的“房子的居住者”就是这些小鸡。
探究点四　推理判断题
　　一、题型特点与命题方式
　　既要求考生透过文章表面文字信息推测文章隐含的意思，又要求考生对作者的态度、意图及文章细节的发展作出正确的推理判断，力求从作者的角度去考虑，不要固守自己的看法或观点。
　　这类试题常以如下句式发问：
1．What can you conclude from this passage
2．What’s the author’s attitude towards...
3．We can infer from the passage that...
4．Which statement is (not) true
二、解题思路与应试技巧
　　考生做题时一定要从整体上把握语篇内容，在语篇的表面意义与隐含意义、已知信息与未知信息间架起桥梁，透过字里行间，去体会作者的“弦外之音”。
　　首先，考生在阅读时，要抓住文章的主题和细节，分析文章结构，根据上下文的内在联系，挖掘文章的深层含义。在进行推理时，考生一定要仔细阅读短文，千万不可脱离原文而仅凭个人的看法主观臆断。
　　其次，对于暗含在文章中的人物的行为动机、事件的因果关系及作者未言明的倾向、意图、态度、观点等要进行合乎逻辑的判断、推理、分析，进一步增强理解能力，抓住材料实质性的东西。
再次，在解答推理性问题时，应清楚所要解答的问题是针对某个细节进行推断，还是针对主题思想、作者的意图进行推断。针对细节的推断可运用浏览的方法，迅速在阅读材料中确定推理依据的位置或范围，然后再进行推理判断。针对主题思想作推断时，其解题的主要依据是文章的主题思想，然后再分析句子之间的逻辑关系，区分观点与例证、原因与结果、主观点与次观点。
　　下面结合最新高考试题，对推理判断题的不同类型加以解读。
　　1．抓住特定信息进行逆向或正向推理
　　做此类试题要善于抓住某一段话中的关键信息，即某些关键词或短语去分析、推理、判断，利用逆向思维或正面推理，从而推断出所隐含的深层含义。
例 1 【2011·课标全国卷】．..
There existed a close relationship between families and their milkmen.Mr.Basille even had a key to our house, for those times when it was so cold outside that we put the box indoors, so that the milk wouldn’t freeze.And I remember Mr.Basille from time to time taking a break at our kitchen table, having a cup of tea and telling stories about his delivery.
...
What can be inferred from the fact that the milkman had the key to the boy’s house
A．He wanted to have tea there.
B．He was a respectable person.
C．He was treated as a family member.
D．He was fully trusted by the family.
【解析】 D　推理判断题。联系文章我们知道，甚至有的住户把钥匙留给送奶员，让他把牛奶放到屋内，这充分说明了人们对他的信任。
2．整合全文(段)信息进行推断
　　做推理题时，有时需要在弄懂全文意思的基础上，整合与题目相关的有用信息，综合起来去推理判断，最后确定最佳结论。
　　例2 【2011·北京卷】．..
In the essay, I wrote about my desire to skydive, stating George Bush Sr. did it at age 80.Why not me I was just 84 and in pretty good health.A year went by and I heard nothing.But then at a community party in late April 2009, they announced that I was one of the winners.I just couldn’t believe it.Inspired by this.I decided to realize my dream, even though some of my family members and my doctor were against it.
…
The author mentioned George Bush Sr.in her essay to ________.
A．build up her own reputation
B．show her admiration for him
C．compare their health condition
D．make her argument persuasive
【解析】 D　推理判断题。根据In the essay，...stating George Bush Sr.did it at age 80.Why not me I was just 84 and in pretty good health可以推断出选择：make her argument persuasive“让自己的辩论更富说服力”。
3．利用语境的褒贬性进行信息推断
　　很多文章的语境都有一定褒贬性，这种褒贬性反映了主人公的特定心理和情绪状态及作者的写作意图，因此利用好文章的语境褒贬性就能在把握主旨大意的基础上对文章进行准确的逻辑判断。认真阅读原文并找出反映语境褒贬性及变化的标志性词汇或句子，对我们掌握文章主旨大意、了解主人公的心理特点及发展变化，从而正确地进行逻辑推断很有好处。
　　例3 【2011·课标全国卷】．..
Recently, an old milk box in the countryside I saw brought back my childhood memories.I took it home and planted it on the back porch (门廊)．Every so often my son’s friends will ask what it is.So I start telling stories of my boyhood, and of the milkman who brought us friendship along with his milk.
...
Why did the author bring back home an old milk box
A．He missed the good old days.
B．He wanted to tell interesting stories.
C．He missed it for his milk bottles.
D．He planted flowers in it.
【解析】 A　推理判断题。从本段所给材料我们可以知道，作者向别人讲述过去的关于送奶员的故事，表明他非常怀念那段时光。
4．根据文章的结论推断作者的态度
作者的态度、倾向是指作者对陈述的观点是赞同、反对还是犹豫不定，对记叙或描写的人、物或事件等是赞颂、同情、冷漠还是厌恶、憎恨等。作者的这种思想倾向和感彩往往隐含在文章的字里行间，或流露于修饰的词语之中。因此，在推断过程中，应特别注意文中作者的措辞，尤其是表达感彩的形容词。
　　例４ 【2011·北京卷】．..
The lasting effects of these trade offs are another matter.The 21st century development of the American West as an ideal place for alternative energy is going to throw off a lot of power and money in the region.There are chances for that power and money to do a lot of good.But it is just as likely that they will be spent
wastefully and will leave new problems behind, just like the railroads and the highways.
...
What is the author’s attitude towards building solar plants
A．Cautious. B．Approving.
C．Doubtful. D．Disapproving.
【解析】 A　推理判断题。根据There are chances for that power and money to do a lot of good...they will be spent wastefully and will leave new problems behind...可以推测出最佳答案选A，意为“谨慎的”。
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专题6　史地常识型阅读理解
专题导读
历史地理类文章一般涉及某个国家或地区的河流、山脉、海洋、城镇等的地理位置以及与之相关的社会生活、社会风情、政治经济、人文历史、自然资源、文化习俗、文化遗产等方面的情况，相当一部分文章还附有图表供理解或参考。文章选材来源于英语国家的主要名胜或历史事件；命题以细节题为主，有一定主观推断题；涉及一定的地理常识或历史知识。阅读史地类文章时，要重点弄清楚各个地名、人名之间的相互关系和各个国家、地区或城镇之间的地理方位。如果文章或试题有附图或附表，一定要把附图或附表看懂、看明白。附图或附表的存在就是帮助我们更好地读懂和理解文章，辅助我们做好有关试题。
真题典例
【2011·广东卷】In a world with limited land, water and other natural resources (资源), the harm from the traditional business model is on the rise.Actually, the past decade has seen more and more forests disappearing and the globe becoming increasingly warm.People now realize that this unhealthy situation must be changed, and that we must be able to develop in sustainable (可持续的) ways.That means growth with low carbon or development of sustainable products.In other words, we should keep the earth healthy while using its supply of natural resources.
Today, sustainable development is a popular trend in many countries.According to a recent study, the global market for low carbon energy will become three times bigger over the next decade.China, for example, has set its mind on leading that market, hoping to seize chances in the new round of the global energy revolution.It is now trying hard to make full use of wind and solar energy, and is spending a huge amount of money making electric cars and high speed trains.In addition, we are also seeing great growth in the global markets for sustainable products such as palm oil (棕榈油), which is produced without cutting down valuable rainforest.In recent years the markets for sustainable products have grown by more than 50%.
Governments can fully develop the potential of these new markets.First, they can set high targets for reducing carbon emissions(排放) and targets for saving and reusing energy.Besides, stronger management of public resources like forests can also help to speed up the development.Finally, governments can avoid the huge public expenses that are taking us in the wrong direction, and redirecting some of those expenses can accelerate the change from the traditional model to a sustainable one.
The major challenge of this century is to find ways to meet the needs of a growing population within the limits of this single planet.That is no small task, but it offers abundant new chances for sustainable product industries.
(　　)1.The traditional business model is harmful because of all the following EXCEPT that ________.
A．it makes the world warmer
B．it consumes natural resources
C．it brings severe damage to forests
D．it makes growth hard to continue
(　　)2.What can we infer from Paragraph 2
A．China lacks wind and solar energy.
B．China is the leader of the low carbon market.
C．High speed trains are a low carbon development.
D．Palm oil is made at the cost of valuable forests.
(　　)3.To full develop the low carbon markets, governments can ________.
A．cut public expenses
B．forbid carbon emissions
C．develop public resources
D．encourage energy conservation
(　　)4.We can learn from the last paragraph that businesses have many chances to ________.
A．develop sustainable products
B．explore new natural resources
C．make full use of natural resources
D．deal with the major challenge
(　　)5.What is the main purpose of the passage
A．To introduce a new business model.
B．To compare two business models.
C．To predict a change of the global market.
D．To advocate sustainable development.
【解析】本文是一篇议论文。文章阐述了传统经济发展模式给地球带来了许多危害：破坏了森林、使全球气候变暖等。现在，低碳、可持续发展的经济模式成为许多国家的主流发展方向。中国政府正在充分发挥潜能大力开发新的低耗能、低排放的新能源市场。
1．B　细节理解题。根据第一段可知传统经济发展模式的危害，四个选项中只有B项未提到，故选B。
　　2．C　推理判断题。综合第二段的内容可知选C。
　　3．D　推理判断题。根据第三段中的“First, they can set high targets for reducing carbon emissions(排放) and targets for saving and reusing energy.”可知选D。
4．A　推理判断题。根据最后一段“That is no small task, but it offers abundant new chances for sustainable product industries.”可知选A。
　　5．D　写作意图题。文章由传统经济发展模式的弊端引出可持续发展经济模式并阐述了可持续发展经济模式的好处及发展方向。故选D。
新题预测
(一)
There are several ski hills that can be found locally, and not so locally.Here’s a bit of an informal snow report for any visitors to the city who may be unfamiliar with the local options for skiing.
Sunshine Village
Sunshine is definitely the premier ski hill in the area.Of all the hills in Alberta, Sunshine is the one that has earned international renown.Ticket prices are cheaper this year than they have been in the past.Adults pay $76.5, Seniors $61.5, and Children only pay $26.5.At present, they have a snow base of 107 cm.The terrain(地形)is a mix of both easy and hard runs.
Lake Louise
Of all the ski resorts nearby it is the largest with 4,200 acres of ski able terrain.It has the best balance of easy to difficult runs, and it gets snow of 93 cm right now.Adults pay $75.5, Seniors pay $54.5, and Children pay $24.5.Lake Louise is a great choice for anyone looking to do some easy access back country skiing.
Mount Norquay
Mount Norquay is located across the TransCanda highway from the town of Banff.It has less challenging terrain than either Sunshine or Lake Louisa.However, it is also a very economic decision, and it is the only ski hill in the region that offers hourly rates and night skiing on Fridays.All in
all this is a great hill to go and spend an afternoon or early evening, or to go and practice a few turns on before hitting up the bigger resorts later on in the season.
Nakiska
While it will be opening shortly, Nakiska is currently only open to the public on the weekends.Nakiska typically has less snow than the other resorts located a bit deeper in the mountains.Currently, they have a base of 71cm.The terrain at Nakiska is varied, but slants more towards the easy side.It’s the best place for families to go skiing as there is a lot of beginner and kid terrain for children.Tickets are relatively cheap.Adults pay $64.5, Seniors pay $51.5, and Children only pay $19.5.
Canada Olympic Park
C．O.P. was built for the 1988 Winter Olympics; it is a world class facility for almost every winter sport.It has facilities not only for skiing, but also for all kinds of other activities.It has a snow base of 102cm, but it isn’t the primary focus.With tickets starting at $5 and capping at $39, it is very inexpensive.
(　　)1.What can we know about Sunshine Village
A．It is a ski hill in Europe.
B．Its snow is the thickest of the five.
C．It is only suitable for ski beginners.
D．Its ticket prices are getting higher.
(　　)2.What does the underlined word “renown” in Paragraph 2 mean
A．Good attraction.　　B．Place of interest.
C．Prize or reward. D．Fame or reputation.
(　　)3.Which will be the best choice for someone who is fond of lots of other sports games besides skiing
A．Sunshine Village.
B．Lake Louise.
C．Canada Olympic Park.
D．Nakiska.
(　　)4.How much will a woman pay if she and her husband with two children to skiing in the best family place
A．168 dollars. B．103.5 dollars.
C．209 dollars. D．129.5 dollars.
(　　)5.The passage is mainly to________.
A．recommend several famous travel sites
B．tell us the places he’s been to for winter sports
C．introduce some good places for skiing
D．advertise his local tourist attractions
【解析】本文主要介绍五处滑雪胜地。
　　1．B　细节理解题。根据“At present, they have a snow base of 107cm.”可判断选B，因为比较其他四处地方的雪的厚度可知，其余各地的雪均没有这么厚。
　　2．D　词义猜测题。根据“Sunshine is definitely the premier ski hill in the area.”可判断此地盛名，即在国际上都有名气，由此可判断选D。
　　3．C　细节理解题。根据“It has facilities not only for skiing, but also for all kinds of other activities.”可判断选C。
4．A　逻辑推理题。根据第五段倒数第三句“It’s the best place for families to go skiing as there is a lot of beginner and kid terrain for children.”可知“Nakiska”是最适合一家人去滑雪的地方；此处的收费标准是“Adults pay $64.5, Seniors pay $51.5, and Children only pay $19.5.”，两个成人收费129美元，两个小孩收费39美元，合计收费168美元，故选A。
　　5．C　主旨大意题。根据全文第一段可知，全文旨在介绍几处滑雪胜地，故选C。
(二)
More than 200 scientists have completed a two year study to identify the most natural and undeveloped areas on Earth.Their findings are reported in a new book called Wilderness：Earth’s Last Wild Places.The book describes 37 wilderness areas around the world.Each has an area greater than 10,000 square kilometers.The study considered only areas where at least 70% of all plants are native.
North and South America are home to the largest number of wilderness areas.There are 16 such areas, from southern Argentina to Alaska and northern Canada.Africa has 8 wilderness areas, including the
thick forests and the grasslands.Australia and New Guinea (几内亚) share 6 areas.Europe has 3 areas and Asia has 2.The Arabian Desert and Antarctica also are considered wilderness areas.
The largest wilderness area is the Boreal Forest (北方森林)．It extends for 16 million square kilometers south of the Arctic Circle.The Boreal Forest extends across Alaska, Canada, northern Europe and Russia.The smallest of the 37 wilderness areas is the Sundarbans.It is the world’s largest tidal mangrove forest (红树林)．It covers 10,000 square kilometers of land at the mouth of the Ganges River in India and Bangladesh (孟加拉国)．
The study found that wilderness areas cover about 46% of the Earth’s land surface.However, they are home to less than 2.5% of the world’s population.Nineteen of the wilderness areas have only about one person for each square kilometer.Native people usually live in these areas.
Wilderness areas help to influence the world’s weather systems and rainfall.They are also home to many plants and animals.Population growth and the spread of agriculture and mining operations threaten wilderness areas.But just 7% of all such areas have some form of official protection.
(　　)1.What does the author think of the wilderness areas around the world in the book
A．Primitive. B．Permanent.
C．Precious. D．Perfect.
(　　)2.The writer describes the wilderness areas to show that they ________.
A．are worth the public support
B．can attract readers’ attention
C．need to be stressed as resources
D．are seen on every continent
(　　)3.According to the 4th paragraph, we can draw a conclusion that the 37 wilderness areas are ________.
A．deserted B．crowded
C．uncontrolled D．undeveloped
(　　)4.As the result of the effect on nature, the wilderness areas on Earth should be ________.
A．thought more of by the governments
B．explored as natural habitats very soon
C．further made full use of at present
D．discovered for their advantages of nature
(　　)5.The purpose of writing this text is to tell us ________of the wilderness areas around the world.
A．the importance
B．the situation
C．the development
D．the environment
【解析】 本文为说明文。介绍荒野之地的基本分布及其意义。
　　1．C　观点态度题。根据文章最后两段所介绍的“wilderness areas”的作用(人类居住、动植物的家园、影响气候与降雨)可推断作者认为“wilderness areas”是“珍贵的”，故选C。
　　2．C　逻辑推理题。全文介绍完了荒野之地在世界上的大致分布情况之后，指出它们是动植物的家园，也影响气候与降雨，由此可判断作者认为它们应该被作为一种资源去重视，从而得到保护，故选C。
　　3．D　逻辑推理题。根据第四段“Nineteen of the wilderness areas have only about one person for each square kilometer.”可判断选D。
4．A　逻辑推理题。根据最后一段“Population growth and the spread of agriculture and mining operations threaten wilderness areas.But just 7% of all such areas have some form of official protection.”可判断选A。
　　5．B　主旨大意题。根据全文重点介绍“wilderness areas”在世界上的主要分布情况及目前的状况，可判断选B。
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专题8　科普知识型阅读理解
专题导读
科普类文章是高考阅读理解中的难点题材，其取材密切联系当前经济和科技等方面的变化，以介绍某一科学现象居多。科普类文章具有结构严谨、逻辑性强等特点。其主要命题形式有事实细节题、词义猜测题、推理判断题以及主旨概括题等，其中推理判断题居多。 这类文章的总体特点是：科技词汇多，句子结构复杂，理论性强，逻辑严谨。具体说来它有以下特点：
1．文章中词汇的意义比较单一、稳定、简明，不带感彩，具有单一性和准确性的特点。这类文章通常不会出现文学英语中常用的排比、比喻、夸张等修辞手法，一词多义的现象也不多见。
　　2．句子结构较复杂，语法分析较困难。为了描述一个客观事物，严密地表达自己的思想，作者经常会使用集多种语法现象于一体的长句。
　　3．常使用被动语态，尤其是一些惯用被动句式。
真题典例
【2011·湖南卷】A recent study of ancient and modern elephants has come up with the unexpected conclusion that the African elephant is divided into two distinct(不同的) species.
The discovery was made by researchers at York and Harvard Universities when they were examining the genetic relationship between the ancient woolly mammoth and mastodon to modern elephants—the Asian elephant，African forest elephant，and African savanna elephant.
Once they obtained DNA sequences(序列) from two fossils(化石)，mammoths and mastodons，the team
compared them with DNA from modern elephants.They found to their amazement that modern forest and savanna elephants are as distinct from each other as Asian elephants and mammoths.
The scientists used detailed genetic analysis to prove that the African savanna elephant and the African forest elephant have been distinct species for several million years.The divergence of the two species took place around the time of the divergence of Asian elephants and woolly mammoths.This result amazed all the scientists.
There has long been debate in the scientific community that the two might be separate species，but this is the most convincing scientific evidence so far that they are indeed different species.
Previously，many naturalists believed that African savanna elephants and African forest elephants were two populations of the same species，despite the elephants’ significant size differences.The savanna elephant has an average shoulder height of 3.5 metres while the forest elephant has an average shoulder height of 2.5 metres.The savanna elephant weighs between six and seven tons，roughly double the weight of the forest elephant.But the fact that they look so different does not necessarily mean they are different species.However the proof lay in the analysis of the DNA.
Alfred Roca，assistant professor in the Department of Animal Sciences at the University of Illinois，said，“We
now have to treat the forest and savanna elephants as two different units for conservation purposes.Since 1950，all African elephants have been conserved as one species.Now that we know the forest and savanna elephants are two very distinctive animals，the forest elephant should become a bigger priority(优先)for conservation purposes.”
(　　)1.One of the fossils studied by the researchers is that of ________.
A．the Asian elephant
B．the forest elephant
C．the savanna elephant
D．the mastodon elephant
(　　)2.The underlined word “divergence” in paragraph 4 means “________.”
A．evolution 　　　　　B．exhibition
C．separation D．examination
(　　)3.The researchers’ conclusion was based on a study of the African elephant’s ________.
A．DNA B．height
C．weight D．population
(　　)4.What are Alfred Roca’s words mainly about
A．The conservation of African elephants.
B．The purpose of studying African elephants.
C．The way to divide African elephants into two units.
D．The reason for the distinction of African elephants.
(　　)5.Which of the following can be the best title for the passage
A．Naturalists’ Beliefs about Elephants
B．Amazing Experiments about Elephants
C．An Unexpected Finding about Elephants
D．A Long Scientific Debate about Elephants
【解析】本文为科普说明文。主要介绍关于大象的最新研究成果：非洲大象被分成两种完全不同的品种——非洲草原大象和非洲森林大象。
　　1．D　细节理解题。根据第三段 “Once they obtained DNA sequences(序列)from two fossils(化石)，mammoths and mastodons, the team compared them with DNA from modern elephants.”可判断选D。
　　2．C　词义猜测题。根据第四段“The scientists used detailed genetic analysis to prove that the African savanna elephant and the African forest elephant have been distinct species for several million years.”可知，科学家已证实，非洲的草原大象与非洲的森林大象几百万年来都不属于同一品种，即可推断下句为“两种大象的分离应发生在……”。由此可推断划线词应意为“分离”，故选C。
3．A　细节理解题。根据第三段“Once they obtained DNA sequences(序列)from two fossils(化石)，mammoths and mastodons, the team compared them with DNA from modern elephants.They found to their amazement that modern forest and savanna elephants are as distinct from each other as Asian elephants and mammoths.”可判断研究者的结论是建立在对非洲大象的DNA研究结果的基础上的，故选A。
4．A　逻辑推理题。根据最后一段中的“Now that we know the forest and savanna elephants are two very distinctive animals, the forest elephant should become a bigger priority (优先)for conservation purposes.”可推断他的讲话是围绕对非洲大象的保护的，故选A。
　　5．C　主旨大意题。根据主题段第一段可知，本文主要介绍关于非洲大象的最新研究成果：非洲草原大象和非洲森林大象实为两种完全不同的品种。由此判断选C。
新题预测
(一)
Scientists at Harvard University and Bates College find female chimpanzees(黑猩猩) appear to treat sticks as dolls, carrying them around until they have children of their own.Young males engage in such behavior much less frequently.
The new work by Sonya M．Kahlenberg and Richard W．Wrangham, described this week in the journal Current Biology, provides the first evidence of a wild non human species playing with dolls, as well as the first known sex difference in a wild animal’s choice of playthings.
The two researchers say their work adds to a growing body of evidence that human children are probably born with their own ideas of how they want to behave, rather than simply mirroring other girls who play with dolls and boys who play with trucks.Doll play among humans could have its origins in object—carrying by earlier apes(猿类), they say, suggesting that toy selection is probably not due entirely to socialization.
“In humans, there are obvious sex differences in children’s toy play, and these are remarkably similar across cultures，” says Kahlenberg.“While socialization by elders and peers has been the primary explanation, our work suggests that biology may also have an important role to play in activity preferences.”
In 14 years of data on chimpanzee behavior at the Kibale National Park in Uganda, Kahlenberg and Wrangham counted more than 100 examples of stick carrying.Some young chimpanzees carried sticks into the nest to sleep with them and on one occasion built a separate nest for the stick.“We have seen juveniles occasionally carrying sticks for many years, and because they sometimes treated them rather like dolls, we wanted to know if in general this behavior tended to represent something like playing with dolls，” says Wrangham, a Professor at Harvard.“If the doll hypothesis (假设) was right, we thought that females should carry sticks more than males do, and that the chimpanzees should stop carrying sticks
when they had their first child.We have now watched enough young chimpanzees to prove both points.”
(　　)1.What does a female chimpanzee do with sticks
A．She gives them to her child to play with.
B．She treats them as dolls.
C．She makes useful tools from them.
D．She treats them as weapons.
(　　)2.What causes the different toy selection of chimpanzees, according to the passage
A．Sex difference.
B．Socialization.
C．Environment.
D．Cultural difference.
(　　)3.We can infer from the fourth paragraph that ________.
A．socialization has nothing to do with human’s choice of playthings
B．sex difference is the only factor in human’s choice of playthings
C．the biology factor may also influence toy choice
D．people choose different toys in different cultures
(　　)4.Wrangham probably believes that ________.
A．observing so many chimpanzees has been enough for them to make a conclusion
B．the study proves human beings have evolved (进化) from chimpanzees
C．all chimpanzees treat the sticks as dolls
D．children playing with sticks are abnormal
(　　)5.It can be concluded from the passage that ________.
A．both humans and chimpanzees choose their playthings due to sex difference
B．different factors cause humans and chimpanzees to choose different playthings
C．only female chimpanzees have playthings
D．chimpanzees usually choose playthings for their children
【解析】 本文是科普文。研究发现，雌性黑猩猩喜欢把棍子当作自己的玩具娃娃。
　　1．B　细节理解题。从文章第一段可知，雌性黑猩猩把棍子当作自己的玩具娃娃。
　　2．A　细节理解题。综合分析文章可知，性别差异是导致黑猩猩玩具选择差异的主要原因。
　　3．C　推理判断题。从第四段可知，这两位科学家的研究表明生物学因素也可能影响对玩具的偏好。
　　4．A　推理判断题。从第五段最后一句可知答案。
　　5．A　推理判断题。综合文章信息可知，无论是人类还是黑猩猩，性别是导致玩具选择差异的重要原因。
(二)
We have met the enemy, and he is ours.We bought him at a pet shop.When monkey pox, a disease usually found in the African rain forest, suddenly turns up in children in the American Midwest, it’s hard not to wonder if the disease that comes from foreign animals is homing in on human beings.“Most of the infections (感染) we think of as human infections started in other animals，” says Stephen Morse, director of the Center for Public Health Preparedness at Columbia University.
It’s not just that we’re going to where the animals are; we’re also bringing them closer to us.Popular foreign pets have brought a whole new disease to this country.A strange illness killed Isaksen’s pets, and she now thinks that keeping foreign pets is a bad idea.“I don’t think it’s fair to have them as pets when we have such a limited knowledge of them，” says Isaksen.
“Laws allowing these animals to be brought in from deep forest areas without strict control need changing，” says Peter Schantz.Monkey pox may be the_wake up_call.Researchers believe infected animals may infect their owners.We know very little about these
new diseases.A new bug (病毒) may be kind at first.But it may develop into something harmful.Monkey pox doesn’t look a major infectious disease.But it is not impossible to pass the disease from person to person.
(　　)1.We learn from Paragraph 1 that the pet sold at the shop may ________.
A．come from Columbia
B．prevent us from being infected
C．enjoy being with children
D．suffer from monkey pox
(　　)2.Why did Isaksen advise people not to have foreign pets
A．They attack human beings.
B．We need to study native animals.
C．They can’t live out of the rain forest.
D．We do not know much about them yet.
(　　)3.What does the phrase “the wake up call” in Paragraph 3 most probably mean
A．a new disease
B．a clear warning
C．a dangerous animal
D．a morning call
(　　)4.The text suggests that in the future we ________.
A．may have to fight against more new diseases
B．may easily get infected by diseases from dogs
C．should not be allowed to have pets
D．should stop buying pets from Africa
(　　)5.The last paragraph means ________.
A．we should have laws to stop having pets at home
B．wild animals shouldn’t be adopted as pets
C．laws should be passed to avoid pets’ diseases spreading
D．people with pets should be stayed at home
【解析】饲养宠物可能被传播疾病。猴痘本是非洲雨林中的一种疾病，现在突然出现在美国西部的孩子们身上。大多数人们认为只有人类才会感染的疾病其实就是来自动物。国家要制定严格的法律，以防止动物把疾病传播给人类。
　　1．D　根据We have met the enemy, and he is ours. We bought him at a pet shop. When monkey pox, a disease usually found in the African rain forest, suddenly turns up in children in the American Midwest, it’s hard not to wonder if the disease that comes from foreign animals is homing in on human beings.可推断，从宠物商店购买的动物身上携带疾病。
2．D　根据A strange illness killed Isaksen’s pets, and she now thinks that keeping foreign pets is a bad idea.“I don’t think it’s fair to have them as pets when we have such a limited knowledge of them，”可判断。
　　3．B　根据上文，猴痘是一种从非洲的动物身上传播到人类身上的疾病，紧接着作者说这种没有经过严格控制的法律需要改变。最后又以猴痘为例，由此可判断“the wake up call”表示“一种警示”。
4．A　根据We know very little about these new diseases. A new bug (病毒) may be kind at first. But it may develop into something harmful.可知新的病毒会转化成有害的东西，最后导致人与人的传播，因此我们必须与新的疾病作斗争。
　　5．C　最后一段大意：我们必须改变不检疫而引进野生动物的规定，这样才能避免疾病的传播。
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专题4　广告应用型阅读理解
专题导读
广告英语与普通英语存在许多差异，广告具有鲜明的目的性，即说服顾客进行购买，这种目的性决定了其语言的特色和风格，使其独立于其他文体。广告的题材包括旅游、招聘、生活指南、通知告示、使用规则、注意事项、商品说明等。其语言特点是人名、地名、专有名词多；生词多；缩略词、独词句、祈使句、省略句多；词汇较偏僻，语言不规范，结构不完整。此类文章主要考查考生提取信息和处理信息的能力，既注重特定细节的筛选、类比、综合，又注重推理判断能力的考查，题目设置较容易。答题时没有必要把每一句都弄得清清楚楚，只要重点理解与题目有关的信息就可以了。
做这类题时没有必要阅读全文，宜采用“倒序法”来处理。即先看问题，后看文章内容。这样在阅读中可以有重点地、有针对性地去读，冗余无效的信息可以略读甚至不读。在阅读时要特别留意文中以黑体、大写、下划线等方式加以提示的文字，因为这很有可能是文章的核心或至少是一部分内容的概括。
真题典例
【2011·江西卷】Winners Club
You choose to be a winner!
The Winners Club is a bank account specially designed for teenagers.It has been made to help you better manage your money.The Winners Club is a transaction account(交易账户)where you receive a key card so you can get to your money 24/7—that’s 24 hours a day, 7 days a week!
It’s a club with impressive features for teenagers：
● No account keeping fees!
You’re no millionaire so we don’t expect you to pay large fees.In fact, there are no account keeping or transaction fees!
● Excellent interest rates!
You want your money to grow.The Winners Club has a good rate of interest which gets even better if you make at least two deposits(储蓄)without taking them out in a month.
● Convenient
Teenagers are busy—we get that.You may never need to come to a bank at all.With the Winners Club you can choose to use handy tellers and to bank from home using the phone and the Internet...You can have money directly deposited into your Winners Club account.This could be your pocket money or your pay from your part time job!
● Mega magazine included
Along with your regular report, you will receive a FREE magazine full of good ideas to make even more of your money.There are also fantastic offers and competitions only for Winners Club members.
The Winners Club is a great choice for teenagers.And it is so easy to join.Simply fill in an application form.You will have to get permission from your parent or guardian(so we can organize that cool key card)but it is easy.We can’t wait to hear from you.It’s the best way to choose to be a winner!
(　　)1.The Winners Club is a bank account intended for________.
A．parents　　　B．teenagers　C．winners D．adults
(　　)2.Which of the following is TRUE about the Winners Club
A．Special gifts are ready for parents.
B．The bank opens only on work days.
C．Services are convenient for its members.
D．Fees are necessary for the account keeping.
(　　)3.The Winners Club provides magazines which________.
A．encourage spending
B．are free to all teenagers
C．are full of adventure stories
D．help to make more of your money
(　　)4.If you want to be a member of the Club，you must________.
A．be an Internet user
B．be permitted by your parent
C．have a big sum of money
D．be in your twenties
(　　)5.What is the purpose of this text
A．To set up a club.
B．To provide part time jobs.
C．To organize key cards.
D．To introduce a new banking service.
【解析】本文为广告，介绍了一种针对十几岁的青少年的存款账户，重点介绍了该账户的几个优点。
　　1．B　细节理解题。从第一段第一句话即可得知答案为B。
　　2．C　推理判断题。从Convenient一段可知the Winners Club的服务对于它的成员来说是方便的，不需要去银行，在手机或网络上就可以操作。
　　3．D　细节理解题。从文中信息句you will receive a FREE magazine full of good ideas to make even more of your money.可知答案为D。
4．B　细节理解题。从文中信息句And it is so easy to join.Simply fill in an application form.You will have to get permission from your parent or guardian...理解得知，如果十几岁的青少年要加入该俱乐部必须取得父母或监护人的同意。
　　5．D　推理判断题。本文介绍了一种针对青少年的存款账户，重点介绍了该账户的几个优点。
新题预测
(一)
Outdoor nature programs celebrate the seasons year round, designed with families in mind.Check out these special programs, in addition to the Center’s Drop In Programs.
Great Backyard Bird Count
Learn more about Wisconsin’s winter bird residents and join tens of thousands of everyday bird watchers for the 13th annual Great Backyard Bird Count(GBBC)! This national event, organized by the Cornell Lab of Ornithology and the National Audubon Society, is an opportunity for families, students, and people of all ages
to engage in real citizen science.As a participant, you’ll count birds and report their sightings online at www.birdcount.org.We’ll teach you how!
FREE Please pre register! Registration Deadline: Thursday, February 11, 2010
Leopold Discovery Day
Bring the whole family to celebrate the life and legacy of Wisconsin's premier conservationist, Aldo Leopold! Take a tree hike with our naturalists and learn how to “read the landscape” like Leopold did with his family.Listen to the Leopold family tales told by Leopold’s granddaughter, Trish Stevenson, and get a chance to be photographed at our “Look like Leopold” station.
FREE—Pre registration recommended; walk ins accepted.
The Flustered Mustard Festival and UFO Pulling Party
Search and destroy UFOs (Unwanted Flowering Objects) in the forest during this fun filled festival event! Families and youth groups can participate in the Garlic Mustard Pulling Party contest, where teams compete to see who can pull and bag the most invasive species.Never seen a UFO before We’ll teach you how to spot these alien invaders of the forest.
Pre registration is required; groups welcome.
Registration Deadline: Wednesday, May 5,2010
ALNC Members & Non Members: FREE
Acoustic Monitoring of Bat Populations
Join the Wisconsin Bat Monitoring Program! Learn about the local species and threats to populations while meeting a live bat ambassador.After sunset, we’ll also head outdoors to learn techniques and conduct acoustic monitoring, if the weather permits.Acoustic monitoring allows us to detect and record calls of echo locating bats that can be used to assess related activity and identify species or groups of species and local diversity of bat populations.
Pre registration recommended; walk ins accepted.
Registration Deadline: Wednesday, May 19, 2010
ALNC Member: $6/person or $20/family; Non member: $7/person or $ 25/family
To register for any of these programs, click on the Public Program registration link.For more information or to register by phone, call 608—221—4038.
(　　)1.Who might be most interested in the information
A．Species researchers.B．Parents.
C．Naturalists.　　　　　D．Conservationists.
(　　)2.According to the passage, the GBBC________.
A．was started by Wisconsin’s local bird watchers
B．will take place on Wednesday, May 5,2010
C．is a national event that was first held in 1998
D．requires entrance fees when registering
(　　)3.Where will the Garlic Mustard Pulling contest be held
A．In the forest.　　　
B．On the grassland.
C．In the garden.　　
D．In the field.
(　　)4.If a family of four joins the Wisconsin Bat Monitoring Progam as Non members, they will pay________.
A．20 dollars B．24 dollars　
C．25 dollars D．28 dollars
(　　)5.We can learn from the passage that________.
A．Leopold’s granddaughter will be present on Leopold Discovery Day
B．acoustic monitoring is conducted at anytime during the day
C．you can study unidentified flying objects at the Flustered Mustard Festival
D．only individuals can enter the Garlic Mustard Pulling Party contest
【解析】本文为广告，主要介绍了几项适合家庭参与的户外活动。
　　1．B　逻辑推理题。根据第一段“Outdoor nature programs celebrate the seasons year round, designed with families in mind.”可推断文中所介绍的户外活动适合于家庭，故家庭之主的父母自然对该文所提供的信息最感兴趣了，故选B。
　　2．C　逻辑推理题。由广告可知，在2010年举行第13届活动且每年一次，由此推断它的第一届活动应该是在1998年举行的，故选C。
3．A　细节理解题。根据广告中的“Search and destroy UFOs (Unwanted Flowering Objects) in the forest during this fun filled festival event！”可判断选A。
　　4．C　细节理解题。根据广告中的“Non member: $7/person or $25/family”可推断选C。
　　5．A　细节理解题。根据广告中“Listen to the Leopold family tales told by Leopold’s granddaughter, Trish Stevenson, and get a chance to be photographed at our ‘Look like Leopold’ station”．可判断选A。
(二)
LIPITOR
ABOUT LIPITOR
·Lipitor is a prescription medicine.Along with diet and exercise，it lowers “bad”cholesterol(胆固醇)in your blood.It can also raise “good” cholesterol.
·Lipitor can lower the risk of heart attack in patients with several common risk factors，including family history of early heart disease，high blood pressure，age and smoking.
WHO IS LIPITOR FOR
Who can take LIPITOR：
·People who cannot lower their cholesterol enough with diet and exercise·Adults and children over 10
Who should NOT take LIPITOR：
·Women who are pregnant，may be pregnant，or may become pregnant.Lipitor may harm your unborn baby.·women who are breast feeding.Lipitor can pass into your breast milk and may harm your baby.
·People with liver(肝脏)problems.
POSSIBLE SIDE EFFECTS OF LIPITOR
Serious side effects in a small number of people：
·Muscle(肌肉)problems that can lead to kidney(肾脏)problems，including kidney failure.
·Liver problems.Your doctor may do blood tests to check your liver before you start Lipitor and while you are taking it.Call your doctor right away if you have：
·Unexplained muscle pain or weakness，especially if you have a fever or feel very tired.
·Swelling of the face，lips，tongue，and/or throat that may cause difficulty in breathing or swallowing.·Stomach pain.Some common side effects of LIPITOR are：·Muscle pain·Upset stomach·Changes in some blood tests
HOW TO TAKE LIPITORDo：
·Take Lipitor as prescribed by your doctor.
·Try to eat heart healthy foods while you take Lipitor.
·Take Lipitor at any time of day, with or without food.·If you miss a dose(一剂)，take it as soon as you remember.But if it has been more than 12 hours since your missed dose，wait.Take the next dose at your regular time.Don’t：
·Do not change or stop your dose before talking to your doctor.
·Do not start new medicines before talking to your doctor.
(　　)1.What is a major function of Lipitor
A．To help quit smoking.
B．To control blood pressure.
C．To improve unhealthy diet.
D．To lower “bad” cholesterol.
(　　)2.Taking Lipitor is helpful for __________.
A．breast feeding women
B．women who are pregnant
C．adults having heart disease
D．teenagers with liver problems
(　　)3.If it has been over 12 hours since you missed a dose, you should ________.
A．change the amount of your next dose
B．eat more when taking your next dose
C．have a dose as soon as you remember
D．take the next dose at your regular time
(　　)4.Which of the following is a common side effect of taking Lipitor
A．Face swelling.
B．Upset stomach.
C．Kidney failure.
D．Muscle weakness.
(　　)5.What is the main purpose of the passage
A．To teach patients ways for quick recovery.
B．To present a report on a scientific research.
C．To show the importance of a good lifestyle.
D．To give information about a kind of medicine.
【解析】本文为药品说明。主要介绍了药品的作用、适用人群、副作用及服药的相关注意事项。
　　1．D　细节理解题。根据“Along with diet and exercise，it lowers ‘bad’ cholesterol(胆固醇)in your blood.It can also raise ‘good’ cholesterol.”可判断选D。
　　2．C　细节理解题。根据“Lipitor can lower the risk of heart attack in patients with several common risk factors，including family history of early heart disease，high blood pressure，age and smoking.”和“Adults and children over 10”可判断选C。
3．D　细节理解题。根据“If you miss a dose(一剂)，take it as soon as you remember.But if it has been more than 12 hours since your missed dose，wait.Take the next dose at your regular time.”可判断选D。
　　4．B　细节理解题。根据“Some common side effects of LIPITOR are: Muscle pain, Upset stomach, Changes in some blood tests”可判断选B。
　　5．D　推理判断题。文章先总体介绍药品“Lipitor”的作用，接着介绍药品的适用人群及不适用人群，然后介绍药品的副作用，最后介绍服药的注意事项。由此可判断选D。
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专题3　新闻报道型阅读理解
专题导读
时事新闻类阅读材料在近年高考中屡屡涉及。这类材料往往语言地道、内容较新。阅读材料的组成有一个共同的特点，即都是由标题(Headlines)、导语(Introductions)、背景(Background)、主体(Main body)和结尾(Ends)五部分构成。此类文章主题突出，文章的第一句话或第一段往往就是对整篇文章的高度概括，因此读懂首句或首段至关重要。此类阅读材料的命题在新闻背景和主体部分设题较多，有时可能会省去一两个部分，要求考生依据五个部分之间的必然联系去推知未知的要素。要想做好时事新闻类阅读理解题，考生必须要善于捕捉新闻细节，根据问题善于找到相关句并能分析理解长难句，善于根据上下文猜测单词、短语的含义，善于归纳、概括、推理、判断及简单计算。
真题典例
【2011·四川卷改编】The multi million pound new Library of Birmingham(LoB)will be the most visible sign of the way the city is accepting the digitalization(数字化)of everyday life.
Set to open in 2013, the ￡188m LoB is already beginning to take shape next to the Birmingham Repertory Theatre, with which it will share some equipment.
As digital media(媒介)is important to its_idea，the project is already providing chances for some of the many small new local companies working at the new technologies.
Brian Gambles, the LoB project director，says it is about giving people the right tools for learning：“The aim is to
mix the physical with the digital, providing 24 hour services which can be used through many different ways.It is important to enable us to reach more people, more effectively.”
The digital library will, he says, be as important as the physical one, allowing the distant use of the services, making sure that it is never closed to the public.
Even before the LoB is complete, the public has been able to go online to visit the Virtual(虚拟的)LoB, designed by Baden, the Birmingham virtual worlds specialists.Not only have the public been able to learn about the LoB, but the virtual one has also enabled those working on the LoB to understand the building and how it will work before it even opens.
Two other small Birmingham based digital companies are also working on the LoB projects.Substrat, a digital design company, is developing what it calls an example of an “enlarged reality” project.It is about the use of an exciting smart phone, an important part of the LoB which is in the early stages of development.And The People’s Archive is an online library of historical figures of the city being built up by a digital content company in Cahoots, in which users will be encouraged to add to and comment on the material.
Gambles says: “Technology will enable us to make the library’s content and services open to citizens as never before.”
(　　)1.The underlined part “its idea” in Paragraph 3 refers to the idea of________.
A．the equipment　　　B．the project
C．the digital media D．the physical library
(　　)2.According to the passage, what makes the difference between the digital library and the physical one
A．the physical library offers a place where readers get information about physics.
B．the digital library will be used through many more effective ways on line.
C．the physical library is more realistic than the digital—the virtual one.
D．the physical library will never make the content and services open to citizens.
(　　)3.While visiting the Virtual LoB，the public can________.
A．get a general idea of the LoB
B．meet many world famous experts
C．learn how to put up a library building
D．understand how the specialists work on the project
(　　)4.Which of the following is true of the LoB when it opens
a．It offers better learning tools.
b．It reaches users in different ways.
c．It provides users with smart phones.
d．It allows users to enrich its material.
e．It gives non stop physical and digital services.
A．a，b，d B．a，c，eC．b，c，d D．b，d，e
(　　)5.The text is most probably taken from________.
A．a computer book
B．a library guide
C．a project handbook
D．a newspaper report
【解析】本篇文章为新闻报道类文体。文章报道了Library of Birmingham(伯明翰图书馆)将会被投巨资改建成一个全新的数字化图书馆的事情。
　　1．B　词义猜测题。通过分析第三段画线单词所在的句子，可知its(它的)指代的是主句中的主语“这个工程的”，its idea便是指the idea of the project。
　　2．B　推理判断题。通过分析第四段it is about giving people the right tools for learning ... which can be used through many different ways.得知答案为B
3．A　信息理解题。根据第六段第二句“Not only have the public been able to learn about the LoB, but the virtual one has also enabled those working on the LoB to understand the building and how it will work before it even opens.”可知答案为A。
　　4．A　信息理解题。根据第四段“it is about giving people the right tools for learning”， “which can be used through many different ways”及第七段“in which users will be encouraged to add to and comment on the material”可知。
　　5．D　推理判断题。文章首段便简明地概括了文章主题，全文较明显地体现了及时性，这是新闻类文体的典型特征，据此可判断文章应来源于一篇新闻报道。
新题预测
BARCELONA (Reuters)—“Galactic Suite”， the first hotel planned in space, expects to open for business in 2012 and would allow guests to travel around the world in 80 minutes.
Its architects say the space hotel will be the most expensive in the galaxy(银河系), costing $4 million for a three day stay.
During that time guests would see the sunrise 15 times a day and use Velcro suits to crawl around their pod rooms by sticking themselves to the walls like Spiderman.
Company director Xavier Claramunt says the three bedroom hotel’s joined up pod structure，which makes it look like a model of molecules, was dictated by the fact that each pod room had to fit inside a rocket to be taken into space.
“It’s the bathrooms in zero gravity that are the biggest challenge，” says Claramunt, “How to accommodate the more private activities of the guests is not easy.”
But they may have solved the issue of how to take a shower in weightlessness—the guests will enter a spa room in which babbles of water will float around.
When guests are not admiring the view from their portholes(舷窗), they will take part in scientific experiments on space travel.
“There is fear associated with going into space，” said Claramunt.“That’s why the shuttle rocket will remain fixed to the space hotel for the duration of the guests’ stay, so they know they can get home again.”
In an era of concern over climate change, Galaxy Suite have no plans so far to offset the pollution problems of sending a rocket to carry just six guests at a time into space.
“But，” says Claramunt, “I’m hopeful that the impact of seeing the earth from a distance will stimulate the guests’ urge to value and protect our planet.”
(　　)1.Which of the following might be the best title for the text
A．“Galactic Suite”： the best hotel planned in space
B．Fly me to the moon: space hotel sees 2012 opening
C．Fly to the moon: a greatest dream for humans
D．Building a space hotel: a dream or a reality
(　　)2.Which of the following is NOT what guests can do in “Galactic Suite”？
A．Watching the sunrise.
B．Taking a weightless shower.
C．Doing scientific experiment.
D．Walking in space.
(　　)3.According to the text, the last paragraph means that ________.
A．each of us has the duty to protect our earth
B．space travel helps improve people’s sense of protecting the earth
C．seeing from space will have a great impact on people’s life
D．many guests have the urge to value and protect the earth
(　　)4.Suppose we will travel to space, the following will be the problems we must solve EXCEPT________.
A．weightlessness　　　B．fear
C．pollution 　　　　　　D．money
(　　)5.The author writes the text in order to________.
A．remind people of pollution problems on the earth
B．tell us a bright dream of going to space
C．explain some problems existing in space travel
D．report a space hotel to be completed by 2012
【解析】 本文为新闻，主要报道了建太空旅馆的情况。
　　1．B　文章大意题。本文主要报道了建太空旅馆的情况。这是一个事实而不是梦想，故可排除C和D。
　　2．D　细节理解题。由第三段During that time guests would see the sunrise 15 times a day可知A项正确；由第六段take a shower in weightlessness—the guests will enter a spa room in which babbles of water will float around可知B项正确；由第七段they will take part in scientific experiments on space travel可知C项正确。D在文中没有提及。
3．B　段落大意题。由最后一段Claramunt所说的话可知，他主要讲了从太空看地球对保护地球环境的作用，故B项正确。
　　4．C　推理判断题。三天游花费四百万美元的确很贵，如体验太空游，当然需要先解决资金问题，其次，第六段提到they may have solved the issue of how to take a shower in weightlessness，即失重问题；第八段提到There is fear associated with going into space，即恐惧感，污染问题是地球上的问题，由此知选项C正确。
　　5．D　推理判断题。本文是一篇新闻报道，主要报道了太空旅馆即将在2012年建成的消息，故D正确。
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专题1　人物传记型阅读理解
专题导读
人物传记是记叙文体的一种，主要描写某人的生平事迹、趣闻轶事、生活背景、个性特征、成长和奋斗历程等，包含记叙文的时间、地点、人物、事件等要素。其特点是以时间的先后或事件的发展为主线，空间或逻辑线索贯穿文章始终，脉络清楚，可读性较强。这类文章常采用倒叙的写作方法，即首先用几句话来简单介绍这个人，接着介绍这个人的出生、成长过程，然后再记述他(她)一两件主要的事情或业绩，来反映他(她)的思想、品德和情操，最后作者会对他(她)进行评论，从而表达作者对他(她)的情感。
人物传记类文章一般较长，而且该类命题的题量也较多。文章中往往会出现关于该人物的大量细节信息，有些细节很直接，只需理解字面意思即可；有些则很间接，需要综合、归纳、推理才能得出。因此，该类命题既注重考查对特定细节理解的准确性，又注重考查推理判断能力。
另外，虽然人物传记类文章的时间、空间或逻辑线索较清晰，但是为了提高难度，命题者往往使用倒叙、插叙或补叙等手段故意打乱故事的陈述次序，使行文的跳跃性增强，情节也更复杂化。
真题典例
【2011·山东卷】Arthur Miller(1915－2005)is universally recognized as one of the greatest dramatists of the 20th century.Miller’s father had moved to the USA from Austria Hungary，drawn like so many others by the “Great American Dream”．However, he experienced severe financial hardship when his family business was ruined in the Great Depression of the early 1930s.
Miller’s most famous play, Death of a Salesman, is a powerful attack on the American system，with its aggressive way of doing business and its insistence on money and social status as indicators of worth.In Willy Loman, the hero of the play, we see a man who has got
into trouble with this system.Willy is “burnt out” and in the cruel world of business there is no room for sentiment: if he can’t do the work, then he is no good to his employer, the Wagner Company, and he must go.Willy is painfully aware of this, and at a loss as to what to do with his lack of success.He refuses to face the fact that he has failed and kills himself in the end.
When it was first staged in 1949，the play was greeted with enthusiastic reviews，and it won the Tony Award for Best Play，the New York Drama Critics’ Circle Award，and the Pulitzer Prize for Drama.It was the first play to win all three of these major awards.
Miller died of heart failure at his home in Roxbury，Connecticut，on the evening of February 10,2005，the 56th anniversary of the first performance of Death of a Salesman on Broadway.
(　　)1.Why did Arthur Miller’s father move to the USA
A．He suffered from severe hunger in his home country.
B．He was attracted by the “Great American Dream”．
C．He hoped to make his son a dramatist.
D．His family business failed.
(　　)2.The play Death of a Salesman________.
A．exposes the cruelty of the American business world
B．discusses the ways to get promoted in a company
C．talks about the business career of Arthur Miller
D．focuses on the skills in doing business
(　　)3.What can we learn about Willy Loman
A．He treats his employer badly.
B．He runs the Wagner Company.
C．He is a victim of the American system.
D．He is regarded as a hero by his colleagues.
(　　)4.After it was first staged，Death of a Salesman ________.
A．achieved huge success
B．won the first Tony Award
C．was warmly welcomed by salesmen
D．was severely attacked by dramatists
(　　)5.What is the text mainly about
A．Arthur Miller and his family.
B．The awards Arthur Miller won.
C．The hardship Arthur Miller experienced.
D．Arthur Miller and his best known play.
【解析】亚瑟·米勒是二十世纪最伟大的剧作家之一。《推销员之死》是他最有名的一部作品，曾获得年度最佳百老汇戏剧托尼奖、普利策戏剧奖和纽约戏剧评论奖。这是第一部获得所有三项大奖的作品。
　　1．B　细节理解题。由第一段“...drawn like so many others by the ‘Great American Dream’．”可知应选B。
　　2．A　细节理解题。根据第二段第一句话可知，《推销员之死》是对美国制度的有力的抨击，后面又告诉我们在这金钱至上的制度中，主人公因迷茫、失败最终自杀，即暴露了美国商业世界的残酷。故正确答案是A。
3．C　推理判断题。根据第二段对剧中主角Willy的介绍，尤其是“got into trouble”、“burnt out”、“painfully”、“at a loss”以及“kills himself”等关键词可以告诉我们Willy是美国制度的牺牲品，故选C。
　　4．A　细节理解题。根据第三段第一句话“When it was first staged in 1949，the play was greeted with enthusiastic reviews...”可知答案为A。
　　5．D　主旨大意题。从全文判断，文章主要介绍了亚瑟·米勒的家庭背景和他最有名的作品《推销员之死》，因此D为正确答案。
新题预测
(一)
There has been an outpouring of love for, a 23 year old disabled woman whose dog was killed in front of her while a groomer (美容师) tried to trim (修剪) its claws.
Calls and e mails came from as far away as the Upper Peninsula and Arizona as well as Oakland and Macomb counties, offering Laurie Crouch, who uses a wheelchair because of multiple sclerosis (硬化症), everything from dogs to money, such as that from Jason Daly of Roseville who said, “I would like to buy her a new dog.”
A story about the death of Crouch’s pet, Gooch, was
printed on the front page of Macomb Daily.Crouch said a groomer tied Gooch up with a collar, and then she and a man sat on the dog to trim its nails.Gooch died after one claw was trimmed.
Crouch yelled at the groomer to stop when she saw Gooch was struggling to breathe, but she said she was ignored.“If I could have walked, I would have put my hands on her and pulled her off my dog and physically stopped her, but I can’t do that.” Gooch was not a trained service animal, but naturally helped Crouch by picking up things for her.
“This case is absolute animal abuse (虐待)，” Larry Obrecht, division manager of the Oakland County Animal Shelter in Auburn Hills, said.
People who read the story contacted Oakland Press to offer help.A message, from Rebecca Amett of Giggles N Wiggles PuppyRescue, in Roseville, said, “We have puppies to donate and want to help the young woman who lost her service dog.”
“When Gooch was with me, I was happy，” Crouch said.“I think I can be happy again but no animal can replace Gooch.There’s never going to be another Gooch out there but I think I will find a dog that can bring me joy again.”
(　　)1.What does the passage mainly tell us
A．A disabled woman’s service dog.
B．A cruel groomer killed a disabled woman’sdog.
C．People’s love for a disabled woman who lost her dog.
D．A disabled woman loves to have the dog as company.
(　　)2.People called and e mailed to ________.
A．give their angry voice to the groomer
B．offer help and care to Laurie Crouch
C．tell Crouch how to punish the groomer
D．offer a cure for Crouch’s disease
(　　)3.Gooch died mainly because ________.
A．the groomer was careless
B．the groomer didn’t know how to trim the dog’s nails
C．the groomer sat on the dog with another man
D．the dog was wearing a collar
(　　)4.What do we know about Crouch’s dog
A．It was a specially trained service dog.
B．It was trained to do many things for people.
C．It was Crouch’s only friend.
D．It could offer some help to Crouch.
(　　)5.We can infer from the passage that ________.
A．Crouch must be sad after losing her dog
B．Crouch refused to take another dog
C．Crouch has accepted another dog from a stranger
D．Crouch can live well without a dog’s company
【解析】 一位23岁的残疾女士，她的狗被宠物美容师压死以后，人们纷纷打电话或者发电子邮件安慰她，并表示愿意为她提供帮助。
　　1．C　主旨大意题。综合文章内容可知，文章主要叙述了人们对这位失去爱狗的残疾女士的关爱。
　　2．B　细节理解题。从文章第二段everything from dogs to money, such as that from Jason Daly of Roseville who said, “I would like to buy her a new dog.”和倒数第二段可知B为正确选项。
3．C　细节理解题。从文章第三段可知，宠物美容师和另外一个人坐在狗身上最终导致狗窒息而死。
　　4．D　细节理解题。从文章第四段可知，Gooch虽然没有经过特殊训练，但能够为Crouch捡东西，给她提供一些帮助。
　　5．A　推理判断题。从文章最后一段可知，Crouch认为没有狗会替代她原来的狗，因此推断狗死了以后，她很伤心。
(二)
Grace Kane hangs onto an Olympic dream of clinging to a granite (花岗岩) wall by her fingertips 70 feet from the ground.The fearless girl is only 10, but already has scaled great heights in the sport of rock climbing.
Last week, Kane won a bronze in the 11 and younger sport class at the USA Climbing Youth National Championships in Atlanta.She was the only competitor of the 31 there with no climbing coach or top flight facilities in which to train.Climbing will become an exhibition at the 2016 Rio de Janeiro Olympics in Brazil.The hope of enthusiasts is that the sport will gain full status in 2020.“I’m already training for that，” said
Kane.“Climbing is my passion, my love, and I want to make something of it.”
Her dad took her to climb rocks on her fourth birthday for the first time and today he can’t keep up with her.“It’s the freedom to let loose，” she said.“When I’m up there, I’m so focused and don’t hear anything.I always feel comforted knowing people are supporting me.”
The bronze in Atlanta qualified Kane for the USA team and November’s International Championships in Ecuador.That’s a trip she might have to miss because it’s too expensive.
Kane held a backyard music concert—she played the guitar and the piano and wrote inspirational songs—and raised $600 for her $1,500 trip to Atlanta.She’s also been
sponsored by a shoe company, but must rely heavily on donations from family and friends for travel expenses.
Her mom Heather Kane said the family has chosen “to do whatever we need to help her achieve her goals”．One of Grace’s biggest challenges is finding balance in her life.There’s school, her music and church to fit around climbing.
“Climbing is going to mean sacrificing things other kids might pursue，” Grace said.“But it doesn’t bother me.It’s like playing the piano; you can’t take a break or you’ll lose your touch.”
(　　)1.What would be the best title of the passage
A．Rock climbing gains popularity
B．Grace Kane likes challenges
C．A young climber follows her dream
D．An amazing victory for a young rock climber
(　　)2.We can learn from the second paragraph that rock climbing ________.
A．is not an exhibition at the Olympics now
B．is an official event at the Olympics now
C．is not open to children
D．will gain full status in 2020
(　　)3.Which of the following is TRUE about Grace Kane
A．She is only interested in rock climbing.
B．She is a girl with many talents.
C．Rock climbing has affected her study.
D．She has won gold medals in several matches.
(　　)4.One of Grace’s biggest challenges is to ________.
A．find a capable coach for her
B．get qualified for the USA team
C．raise enough money for International competitions
D．keep balance between rock climbing and other activities
(　　)5.What do we know about Grace Kane’s parents
A．They are quite concerned about her studies.
B．They regretted allowing her to try rock climbing.
C．They will fully support their daughter’s pursuit.
D．They can fully afford her expenses in her competitions.
【解析】1．C　主旨大意题。本文主要介绍了一个十岁的攀岩女孩，为了自己的爱好和梦想在奋斗。故选C。
　　2．A　细节理解题。从文章第二段可知，到2016年巴西里约热内卢奥运会上攀岩才会成为表演项目，所以它现在还不是一个正式项目。
　　3．B　推理判断题。从文章倒数第三段可知，Grace Kane多才多艺。
　　4．D　细节理解题。从文章倒数第二段可知，Grace Kane面临的最大挑战之一是如何在攀岩和学习以及其他爱好之间寻找平衡。
　　5．C　细节理解题。从文章倒数第二段Her mom Heather Kane said the family has chosen “to do whatever we need to help her achieve her goals”．可知应选C项。
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专题5　文化教育型阅读
专题导读
文化教育类阅读理解的文章属高考常选材料之一，它以中西文化差异作为选材的重点，常涉及文化、教育、法制、宗教等方面的文学艺术、发明创造、文化遗产保护、宗教与文化、风俗与习惯、道德与法制、中外文学名著节选、各国学校教育、家庭教育等，重视语言和文化的关系。阅读材料更多地涉及社会文化背景知识。因此，要通过阅读更多地了解并丰富自己的社会文化背景知识。
这类材料的命题点往往在主旨大意题、事实细节题上。在做这类阅读理解题时，应注意以下几个方面：(1)采用先题后文：先读题目，再带着问题读文章。这类阅读理解文章相对来说事实细节题稍多一些，如果带着问题读文章，有利于我们抓细节。 (2)先做细节题。因为做完了局部性的事实细节题后，自然会加深我们对文章的理解，这样更有利于做主旨大意题。(3)重点敲定主旨题。主旨大意题提问的形式主要有两大类：一类是Main idea型；一类是Topic或Title型。
真题典例
【2011·广东卷】Can dogs and cats live in perfect harmony in the same home People who are thinking about adopting a dog as a friend for their cat are worried that they will fight.A recent research has found a new recipe for success.According to the study, if the cat is adopted before the dog, and if they are introduced when still young (less than 6 months for cats, a year for dogs), it is highly probable that the two pets will get along swimmingly.Two thirds of the homes interviewed reported a positive relationship between their cat and dog.
However, it wasn’t all sweetness and light.There was a reported coldness between the cat and dog in 25% of the homes, while aggression and fighting were observed in 10% of the homes.One reason for this is probably that some of their body signals are just opposite.For example, when a cat turns its head away it signals aggression, while a dog doing the same signals submission.
In homes with cats and dogs living peacefully, researchers observed a surprising behavior.They are learning how to talk each other’s language.It is a surprise that cats can learn how to talk ‘Dog’， and dogs can learn how to talk ‘Cat’．
What’s interesting is that both cats and dogs have appeared to develop their intelligence.They can learn to read each other’s body signals, suggesting that the two may have more in common than was previously suspected.Once familiar with each other’s presence and body language, cats and dogs can play together, greet each other nose to nose, and enjoy sleeping together on the sofa.They can easily share the same water bowl and in some cases groom (梳理) each other.
The significance of this research on cats and dogs may go beyond pets—to people who don’t get along, including neighbors, colleagues at work, and even world superpowers.If cats and dogs can learn to get along, surely people have a good chance.
(　　)1.The underlined word swimmingly in Paragraph 1 is closest in meaning to ________.
A．early　　　　　B．sweetly
C．quickly D．smoothly
(　　)2.Some cats and dogs may fight when ________.
A．they are cold to each other
B．they look away from each other
C．they misunderstand each other’s signals
D．they are introduced at an early age
(　　)3.What is found surprising about cats and dogs
A．They eat and sleep together.
B．They observe each other’s behaviors.
C．They learn to speak each other’s language.
D．They know something from each other’s voices.
(　　)4.It is suggested in Paragraph 4 that cats and dogs ________.
A．have common interests
B．are less different than was thought
C．have a common body language
D．are less intelligent than was expected
(　　)5.What can we human beings learn from cats and dogs
A．We should learn to live in harmony.
B．We should know more about animals.
C．We should live in peace with animals.
D．We should learn more body languages.
【解析】 本文是一篇说明文。通过科学研究表明猫和狗在一定的情况下是能够和平相处的，而他们不能和平相处是由他们误解了彼此的身势语而造成的。但有趣的是猫和狗能够相互学习彼此的身势语，这样他们就能和平相处。
　　1．D　词义猜测题。由第一段“A recent research has found a new recipe for success...”可知猫和狗也可以平静友好地相处，因此意义最接近的是D项。
　　2．C　细节理解题。根据第二段“while aggression and fighting were observed in 10% of the homes.One reason for this is probably that some of their body signals are just opposite.”可知选C。
3．C　细节理解题。根据文章第三段“In homes with cats and dogs living peacefully, researchers observed a surprising behaviour.They are learning how to talk each other’s language.”可知选C。
　　4．B　细节理解题。根据文章第四段中的“They can learn to read each other’s body signals, suggesting that the two may have more in common than was previously suspected.”可知选B。
　　5．A　推理判断题。根据文章的最后一段可知。
新题预测
(一)
A few years ago, I took a sightseeing trip to Washington，D.C.Standing outside the Ronald Reagan Center, I heard a voice say, “Can you help me？” When I turned around, I saw an elderly blind woman with her hand extended (伸展)．In a natural reflex (反射), I reached into my pocket, pulled out all of my loose change and placed it on her hand without even looking at her.I was annoyed at being bothered by a beggar.But the blind woman smiled and said, “I don’t want your money.I just need help finding the post office.”
In an instant, I realized what I had done.I judged another person simply for what I assumed she had to be.I hated what I saw in myself.This incident reawakened my belief in humility (谦恭), even though I’d lost it for a moment.
The thing I had forgotten about myself is that I am an immigrant(移民)．I left Honduras and arrived in the U．S.at the age of 15.I started my new life with two suitcases, my brother and sister, and a strong, serious minded mother.Through the years, I have been a dishwasher, mechanic and pizza delivery driver among many other humble (卑微的) jobs, and eventually I became a network engineer.
In my own life, I have experienced many open acts of prejudice.I remember a time, at age 17, I worked as a waiter, and I heard a father tell his little boy that if he did not do well in school, he would end up like me.I have also witnessed the same treatment of my family and friends, so I know what it’s like, and I should have known better.
But now, living in my American middle class lifestyle, it is too easy to forget my past, to forget who I am and where I have been, and to lose sight of where I want to be going.That blind woman on the streets of Washington，D.C., cured me of my blindness.She reminded me of my belief in humility and to always keep my eyes and heart open.By the way, I helped that lady to the post office.And in writing this essay, I hope to thank her for the priceless lesson.
(　　)1.We can learn from the first two paragraphs that________.
A．the author regretted his act of prejudice
B．the blind woman needed the money badly
C．the author was as poor as the blind woman
D．the author was a native American
(　　)2.According to Paragraph 4, hearing the father’s words, the author was probably________.
A．rather hurt
B．very excited
C．deeply moved
D．greatly inspired
(　　)3.According to the passage, the author probably agrees that one should________.
A．be nice to the elderly and the disabled
B．try to experience different kinds of life
C．treat others equally with love and respect
D．think about one’s past as often as possible
(　　)4.According to the passage, how many statements are TRUE
a．I was not born in America.
b．I was impatient with the blind woman at first.
c．I wouldn’t like to help the blind woman at all.
d．I have a rather rich life now.
e．I once was ashamed of my first jobs.
A．2. B．3.C．4. D．5.
(　　)5.Which of the following can be the best title for the passage
A．Learn from your past
B．How my dream comes true
C．A belief that will never change
D．A priceless lesson in the street
【解析】一位上了年纪的女盲人在街头向作者求助，作者却想当然地认为她是在乞讨。之后作者知道自己错了，羞愧难当，经深刻反省后，端正了思想认识。
　　1．A　事实推理题。根据第二段前两句In an instant, I realized what I had done.和I judged another...she had to be.再联系第四段acts of prejudice可知，作者知道自己错了，不该带着偏见行事，瞧不起穷人。
　　2．A　推理判断题。根据第四段第二句I remember a time...end up like me.可知，当时那个小孩的父亲把作者当成了反例来教育孩子，作者可能受到了很大的伤害。
　　3．C　推理判断题。帮助盲人这件事并不大，但作者深刻反省，认识到不应该对弱势群体持有偏见。C项说法与作者的意图一致。
4．C　细节理解题。从第三段第一、二句话可知a正确，从最后一句话可知e正确，从第一段可知b正确，从最后一段可知d正确，从本文最后的结果可知作者后来帮助了那个失明的老妇人，故c叙述有误，故本题答案为C。
　　5．D　归纳标题题。主要根据在末段第二、三句That blind woman…of my blindness.She reminded me...and heart open. 关键词语是末段第二句的on the streets和最后一句的the priceless lesson。
(二)
Just what is a tiger mother Amy Chua is a law professor at America’s Yale University and her recent book on the subject is making waves.She’s been called “dangerous”， “outrageous”， even a “monster” for her descriptions of how she brought up her two daughters.
Her book Battle Hymn of the Tiger Mother describes fighting with a daughter for hours at the piano to ensure the child gets a piece of music right.She rejected birthday cards made for her by her girls because she didn’t think they had made enough effort.She compared one child negatively with the other, threatening to burn their toys.Her rules include: schoolwork always comes first; an A minus is a bad grade; children must be two
years ahead of their classmates in math, and playing the violin or the piano is a must.
Ms. Chua considers the Chinese hard work ethic as a way of creating happy, successful children—at least in her case.Although she’s had a large amount of flak for her theories, one thing can’t be ignored—the success of Chinese children in the education system.
In Britain, shocking research shows that Chinese girls, for example, are outperforming all other foreign groups at GCSE—79 percent getting 5 A—C Grades, compared with 58 percent of white British girls.So what is it about Chinese parenting that’s leading to high achievers And how do Amy Chua’s theories play into that success
She told me that if her daughter came back from school with 96/100 in a test, Chua would ask her what happened to the other 4 points.It’s about always knowing “you can do better”， she told me.
Interestingly, in China, the birthplace of the tiger mother, people are moving away from traditional Chinese parenting. They are following more western parenting styles.
(　　)1.After reading Amy Chua’s recent book, the public ________.
A．feel very sorry for their own children
B．consider her a very successful mother
C．realize their methods of bringing up children are wrong
D．don’t think highly of her methods of bringing up her children
(　　)2.What can we learn about Amy Chua according to Paragraph 2
A．She is very strict with her children.
B．She doesn’t think her children are clever.
C．She is very interested in playing the piano.
D．She knows playing is important to children.
(　　)3.Paragraph 4 shows that ________.
A．Chinese parents don’t think grades are very important
B．Chinese children are cleverer than British children
C．Chinese parents are proud of their children
D．Chinese children do well in their study
(　　)4.The underlined word “flak” in the third paragraph probably means“________”．
A．attention B．criticism
C．curiosity D．contribution
(　　)5.It can be inferred from the text that ________.
A．Amy Chua will change her methods
B．Amy Chua considers her methods useful
C．Amy Chua’s children don’t love their mother
D．Amy Chua’s children prefer western parenting styles
【解析】Amy Chua写了一本关于教育她的孩子的书，书里面的内容引起了轰动，因为她的教育方法太严厉了。
　　1．D　推理判断题。根据第一段可推断出大众对Amy Chua的教育方法评价不高。
　　2．A　推理判断题。根据第二段可知Amy Chua对她的孩子很严厉。
　　3．D　细节理解题。根据第四段中…Chinese girls，for example，are outperforming all other foreign groups at GCSE—79 percent getting 5 A—C Grades...可知中国的孩子学习成绩比较好。
4．B　词义猜测题。尽管她因为她的教育理论受到了很多批评，但是有一点不容忽视——中国孩子在教育上的成功。
5．B　推理判断题。根据第三段中Ms. Chua considers the Chinese hard work ethic as a way of creating happy，successful children...可推断出Amy Chua认为她的教育方法很有用。
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专题2　故事记叙型阅读理解
专题导读
故事类阅读理解选材来源于日常生活，给人以似曾相识的感觉。体裁一般是记叙文，包含记叙文的时间、地点、人物、事件等要素。写作手法多采用时间、空间或逻辑线索贯穿文章始终。命题以细节为主，推理为辅。应特别注意对人物的外貌、语言、动作和思想的描写，从而把握人物性格特点和作者的情感态度。若是叙述性的文章，要读懂起因、经过、结果。若是故事性文章应读懂故事的发生、发展、高潮、结局。阅读时应特别注意：(1)一般故事性文章，应读懂故事的发生、发展、高潮和结局；(2) 哲理故事，要理解故事所蕴含的哲理意义；(3)逸闻趣事，应体会对话的风趣性，进而才能感受幽默的精髓。
真题典例
【2011·江西卷】The garden city was largely the invention of Ebenezer Howard (1850－1928)．After immigrating from England to the USA, and an unsuccessful attempt to make a living as a farmer, he moved to Chicago, where he saw the reconstruction of the city after the disastrous fire of 1871.In those days, it was nicknamed “the Garden City”， almost certainly the source of Howard’s name for his later building plan of towns.Returning to London, Howard developed his design in the 1880s and 1890s, drawing_on ideas that were popular at the time, but creating a unique combination of designs.
The nineteenth century poor city was in many ways a terrible place, dirty and crowded; but it offered economic and social opportunities.At the same time, the British countryside was in fact equally unattractive：though it promised fresh air and nature, it suffered from agricultural depression (萧条) and it offered neither enough work and wages, nor much social life.Howard’s idea was to combine the best of town and country in a new kind of settlement, the garden city.Howard’s idea was that a group of people should set up a company, borrowing money to establish a garden city in the depressed countryside, far enough from existing cities to make sure that the land was bought at the bottom price.
Garden cities would provide a central public open space, radial avenues and connecting industries.They would be surrounded by a much larger area of green belt, also owned by the company, containing not merely farms but also some industrial institutions.As more and more people moved in, the garden city would reach its planned limit—Howard suggested 32,000 people; then, another would be started a short distance away.Thus, over time, there would develop a vast planned house collection, extending almost without limit; within it, each garden city would offer a wide range of jobs and services, but each would also be connected to the others by a rapid transportation system, thus giving all the economic and social opportunities of a big city.
(　　)1.How did Howard get the name for his building plan of garden cities
A．Through his observation of the country life.
B．Through the combination of different ideas.
C．By taking other people’s advice.
D．By using the nickname of the reconstructed Chicago.
(　　)2.The underlined phrase “drawing on” in Paragraph 1 probably means ________.
A．making use of
B．making comments on
C．giving an explanation of
D．giving a description of
(　　)3.According to Howard, garden cities should be built ________.
A．as far as possible from existing cities
B．in the countryside where the land was cheap
C．in the countryside where agriculture was developed
D．near cities where employment opportunities already existed
(　　)4.What can we learn about garden cities from the last paragraph
A．Their number would continue to rise.
B．Each one would continue to become larger.
C．People would live and work in the same place.
D．Each one would contain a certain type of business.
(　　)5.What could be the best title for the passage
A．City and Countryside
B．The Invention of the Garden City
C．A New City in Chicago
D．A Famous Garden City in England
【解析】本文为记叙文，叙述了花园城市的起源和发展情况。Ebenezer Howard受“花园城市”的启发，后来返回伦敦，在乡村引用了这个名称作为他新建花园城市的名称。后来不断扩大，并有了各种各样的同大城市里一样的服务设施。
1．D　细节理解题。从第一段信息句it was nicknamed“the Garden City”，almost certainly the source of Howard’s name for his later building plan of towns.得知。
　　2．A　词义猜测题。联系前后文理解，Howard回到伦敦后，利用了当时很流行的思想形成了比较独特的各种思想相结合的设计。这里是“利用”的意思。
3．B　细节理解题。从第二段的最后一句理解到“Howard的想法是一群人建立一个公司，在远离大城市土地非常廉价的乡下借钱建一个花园城市。”故答案选B。
　　4．A　推理判断题。从最后一段段意“随着这些花园城市的建立，越来越多的人迁入花园城市，没有办法限制，后来各个花园城市彼此相连，各种服务都像大城市一样”。这表明花园城市的数目在不断增长。
　　5．B　主旨大意题。全文介绍了花园城市的名称来源以及它的发展情况，故B符合题意。
新题预测
(一)
One Tuesday evening in the beginning of the fall 1996 semester (学期) at Shippensburg University, sirens(警报) sounded.These sirens were not in celebration; they were a cry to the university that something was wrong.A house, only one block away, was on fire.Nine of the university’s students lived there.
From the minute the word got out that help was needed, it seemed like everyone showed up.The victims (受灾者) of the fire were offered endless invitations for housing for the night.The very next day, everyone got_into_gear to do their part in helping them.Flyers(＝handbills) were
posted with items that were immediately needed, just to get these students through this next couple of days.Boxes for donations (捐赠品) and money jars were placed in every residence hall (学生宿舍)．
As a residence director, I went before the students in my hall to ask them to do what they could.I knew that college students don’t have much, but I asked them to do their best: “Every little bit will help.” I really didn’t think they could do much.I was proved wrong.
At the hall council meeting the night after the fire, my residents decided to have a wing competition, where each wing of the building would team up to see who could bring in the most donations.I announced that the wing who won would receive a free pizza party.
Thursday evening we announced over the PA system that we were beginning the wing competition.Within minutes, the place exploded.The single large box that I had placed in the lobby (大厅) was overflowing.We quickly grabbed more boxes, and we watched in amazement as they, too, filled to the brim(边；沿)．Members of the resident assistant staff and I began to count the items.I was astonished by what I saw, and I was inspired by these kids.
When we came to the final tally(得分), the winners turned to me and announced that they would like to donate their winnings as well.They wanted the victims of the fire to have their pizza party.
Tears welled up in my eyes.I had watched these students jump to action, work tirelessly and donate all that they could.And then, as if that were not enough, they handed over their reward.I was touched and so very proud of them.
(　　)1.The writer mainly wanted to________ by the story.
A．tell us nine of the college students suffered from a fire
B．sing praise of the college students helping the victims selflessly
C．describe how successful the wing competition was
D．express he was deeply moved by the college students’ action
(　　)2.The phrase “got into gear” in the second paragraph means ________.
A．started working　　　B．took measures
C．was ready D．was eager
(　　)3.At first, the residence director thought ________.
A．it was impossible to expect the college students to donate anything
B．it was easy to collect a lot of donations from the college students
C．the college students would donate something, but not much
D．the college students would donate all they could
(　　)4.The wing competition was held ________.
A．several days after the fire
B．the night after the fire
C．a week after the fire
D．two days after the fire
(　　)5.The phrase “in amazement” in paragraph 5 means ________.
A．satisfiedly B．excitedly
C．surprisedly D．happily
【解析】本文是记叙文。全文叙述了在救灾捐助活动中，大学生的积极表现。
　　1．B　主旨大意题。作者写此文章意在通过救灾捐助活动歌颂大学生忘我的助人为乐的精神，描述场面是手段，颂扬精神是目的。
　　2．A　细节理解题。整段叙述救灾的紧急行动情况和大家的积极性，四个选项中只有A项的意思能和前后文吻合。
　　3．C　细节理解题。作者起先的想法在第三段I knew that college students don’t have much, but I asked them to do their best: “Every little bit will help.”体现出来。
4．D　星期二晚上发生火灾，星期四晚上搞募捐比赛，募捐比赛是在火灾后两天举行的。
　　5．C　推理判断题。作者原以为大学生没什么东西可捐，对他们的捐献本没抱多大的期望。但捐献现场的气氛却是那样热烈，这大大出乎其意料，所以感到“惊讶”是很自然的。本段最后一句中的 “astonished” 对此题也可起到提示和印证的作用。
(二)
Looking through a magazine in a waiting room recently, I came across an article with the title “My top five most precious possessions”．It was just a few lines of text with pictures, but it caught my imagination. It’s interesting how inanimate(无生命的) objects can take on such significance and become woven into a person’s, and sometimes a whole family’s, life history.
Anyway, the article had me considering what my most precious possessions are.It was difficult to choose only five, but here are mine:
An old cardboard box filled with my children’s baby photos.
A yellow pocket sized birthday book of special things (poems, pictures of flowers and trees, etc) given to me by my dad when I was probably about seven or eight years old.
A 21st Birthday card from my mum.In it she’s written her congratulations, her love, and her hopes for my future.She died not long after, when I was in my early twenties.
A few ancient but very beautiful botany books that were once my great grandmother’s.She was a botanist in a time when it was relatively unusual for women to be qualified in this field and I think she was probably a remarkable and very interesting woman.I’d like to have known her.
A brooch(胸针) left to me by my much loved
grandmother.It was given to my great grandmother (her mother) by my great grandfather on his return from World War Ⅰ.It is not worth anything in terms of money.However, it not only stands for a link between four generations of women, but it is also a reminder of one young man’s return from World War I.
How about you I’d love to hear what you feel are your most precious possessions.
(　　)1.What made the writer have the idea of writing the passage
A．Her love for her relatives.
B．Her rich imagination about the objects.
C．An article in a magazine.
D．Some pictures in an article.
(　　)2.According to the passage, the writer ________.
A．lost her mother at the age of 26
B．was a mother of several children
C．got the yellow birthday book at 8
D．studies botany well when she was young
(　　)3.The writer considered her grandmother remarkable and interesting because she ______.
A．wrote a large number of botany books
B．left the writer some ancient but beautiful botany books
C．was unusually famous for her achievements
D．could become a botanist in the special time
(　　)4.How many reasons made the writer think the brooch was one of her most precious possessions
A．One. B．Two.
C．Three. D．Four.
(　　)5.In the writer's opinion, something that is thought to be the most precious should be able to ________.
A．change a person’s and even the whole family’s life history
B．have a great effect on one person’s life
C．remind somebody of his or her close relatives
D．show a person’s love and respect for his or her relatives
【解析】本文为记叙文。作者介绍了自己生命中最珍贵的五样东西及其有关的故事。
　　1．C　细节理解题。根据第一段可判断选C。
　　2．B　推理判断题。根据“An old cardboard box filled with my children’s baby photos.”可判断选B。
　　3．D　细节理解题。根据倒数第三段“She was a botanist in a time when it was relatively unusual for women to be qualified in this field and I think she was probably a remarkable and very interesting woman.”可判断选D。
4．B　细节理解题。根据“However, it not only stands for a link between four generations of women, but it is also a reminder of one young man’s return from World War I．”可判断选B。
　　5．A　推理判断题。根据第一段“It’s interesting how inanimate(无生命的) objects can take on such significance and become woven into a person’s, and sometimes a whole family’s, life history.”再结合作者对她的五样最珍贵的东西的描述可判断选A。
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