高中英语人教版（2019）专题课——阅读之主旨大意题、词义猜测题学案

阅读全面突破之主旨大意题、词义猜测题
阅读全面突破之主旨大意题
主旨大意题考査学生把握全文主旨大意和中心思想的能力。做这类试题需要考生具有总体把探文章的能力，以及善于运用判断、归纳、推理等逻辑思维的能力。主旨大意题一般对文章的主要内容、中心思想、段落大意、标题、写作意图等方面进行考査。
从考查形势上看，从原来简单的主旨归纳变得综合性越来越强。同时文章的行文跳跃性较强，次序变化大，隐含信息增多。因此，主旨题的答案判断的干扰性越来越强，不能直接根据主题句来判断答案。未来对主旨大意题的考查数量和设题要求不会改变。
考法透析
主旨大意题主要考查学生对所读材料(或所读材料片断)中心思想的概括。做这类题时，考生应通读全文，把握文章大意或中心思想，同时注意文章的主题句，因为主题句表达了文章的中心思想，而其他句子均围绕主题句展开。主题句通常位于文章第一段首句、第一段末句或全文末句等地方，但有时也位于段落中间(通常是第一段或最后一段的中间)。主旨大意题的考查形式很多，如概括标题、主题、段意、中心思想等。常见的设问方式有：
The
general/main
idea
of
the
passage
is
about
________.
Which
of
the
following
best
states
the
theme
of
the
passage?
In
this
passage
the
author
discusses
primarily
________.
The
passage
is
mostly
about
________.
The
passage
is
mainly
concerned
about
________.
The
topic/subject
discussed
in
this
passage
is
________.
The
best
title/headline
for
this
passage
is
________.
The
subject
discussed
in
this
text
is
________.
The
author’s
main
purpose
in
writing
the
passage
is
to
________.
Which
of
the
following
statements
best
expresses
the
main
idea
of
the
passage?
The
purpose
of
this
article
is
________.
The
main
idea/key
point
of
this
passage
is
that
________.
考点1
归纳段落大意
段落大意是指一篇文章各个段落的主要意思，是对一个段落的基本内容的简缩和初步的概括。概括段落大意时，一定要在把握全段或全文中心的基础上进行，做到围绕中心，注意连贯，同时，还要注意段落大意是否与全篇相称。段落大意要用明确、完整、简洁的语句表达。如：
…
I
am
not
special,
just
single-minded.
It
always
struck
me
that
when
you’re
looking
at
a
big
challenge
from
the
outside
it
looks
huge,
but
when
you’re
in
the
midst
of
it,
it
just
seems
normal.
Everything
you
want
won’t
arrive
in
your
life
on
one
day.
It’s
a
process.
Remember:
little
steps
add
up
to
big
dreams.
What
does
the
author
mostly
want
to
tell
us
in
the
last
paragraph?
A.
Failure
is
the
mother
of
success.
B.
Little
by
little,
one
goes
far.
C.
Every
coin
has
two
sides.
D.
Well
begun,
half
done.
【解析】主旨大意题——归纳段落大意。本段最后一句话
Remember:
little
steps
add
up
to
big
dreams.体现了作者对于实现梦想的看法。这句话与选项B含义一致，都是告诉我们：不积跬步，无以至千里。
考点2
概括文章主旨
文章的主旨是通过段落来表达的，而段落的大意主要由主题句来体现，所以段落的主题句是构成文章中心思想的有机组成部分。因此，识别各段落的主题句并由此归纳出文章的中心思想是解答该类题的关键。
快速阅读文章找出各个段落的主题句，把各个段落的主题句联系起来并着眼全文结构安排，就能概括出文章的中心。如：
Using
too
much
water
or
throwing
rubbish
into
our
rivers
are
clear
ways
that
humans
can
put
our
water
supply
in
danger,
but
we
also
affect
our
water
supply
in
less
obvious
ways.
You
may
wonder
how
paving（铺砌）
a
road
can
lead
to
less
useable
fresh
water.
A
major
part
of
the
water
we
use
every
day
is
groundwater.
Groundwater
does
not
come
from
lakes
or
rivers.
It
comes
from
underground.
The
more
roads
and
parking
lots
we
pave,
the
less
water
can
flow
into
the
ground
to
become
groundwater.
Human
activity
is
not
responsible
for
all
water
shortages（短缺）.
Drier
climates
are
of
course
more
likely
to
have
droughts（干早）than
areas
with
more
rainfall,
but
in
any
case,
good
management
can
help
to
make
sure
there
is
enough
water
to
meet
our
basic
needs.
Thinking
about
the
way
we
use
water
every
day
can
make
a
big
difference,
too.
In
the
United
States,
a
family
of
four
can
use
1.
5
tons
of
water
a
day!
This
shows
how
much
we
depend
on
water
to
live,
but
there’s
a
lot
we
can
do
to
lower
the
number.
You
can
take
steps
to
save
water
in
your
home.
To
start
with,
use
the
same
glass
for
your
drinking
water
all
day.
Wash
it
only
once
a
day.
Run
your
dishwasher（洗碗机）only
when
it
is
full.
Help
your
parents
fix
any
leaks
in
your
home.
You
can
even
help
to
keep
our
water
supply
clean
by
recycling
batteries
instead
of
throwing
them
away.
The
text
is
mainly
about
________.
A.
why
paving
roads
reduces
our
water
B.
how
human
activity
affects
our
water
supply
C.
why
droughts
occur
more
in
dry
climates
D.
how
much
we
depend
on
water
to
live
【解析】主旨大意题一概括文章主旨。这篇短文主要描述了人类活动对于水供应的隐形影响。how
human
activity
affects
our
water
supply“人类活动如何影响我们的水供应”是本文的主皆。故选B项。
考点3
概括文章标题
In
2012.
the
Tower
of
London
welcomed
two
new
inhabitants:
a
pair
of
ravens（乌鸦）named
Jubilee
and
Grip.
Their
arrival
celebrated
the
bicentenary（二百周年）
of
Charles
Dickens’s
birth.
This
Grip
was
the
third
of
the
Tower
ravens
to
be
named
after
the
novelist’s
own
pet
bird.
One
of
his
predecessors（前辈）was
resident
during
World
War
II;
he
and
his
mate
Mabel
were
the
only
ravens
to
survive
a
bombing
attack
on
the
Tower.
Dickens’s
Grip,
who
had
an
impressive
vocabulary,
appears
as
a
character
in
the
authors
fifth
novel,
Barnaby
Rudge.
On
January
28,
1841,
Dickens
wrote
to
his
friend
George
Cattermole:
“my
notion
is
to
have
[Barnaby]
always
in
company
with
a
pet
raven,
who
is
immeasurably
more
knowing
than
himself.
To
this
end
I
have
been
studying
my
bird,
and
think
I
could
make
a
very
distinctive
character
of
him.”
Unfortunately,
just
a
few
weeks
after
Dickens
wrote
that
letter,
Grip
died,
probably
as
a
result
of
having
stolen
and
eaten
paint
some
months
earlier.
The
bird
had
developed
a
strange
habit—
tearing
sections
off
painted
surfaces
(including
the
family’s
carriage)
and
even
drinking
a
quantity
of
white
paint
out
of
a
tin.
Dickens
mourned
his
loss
and
wrote
a
humorous
letter
to
his
friend,
the
illustrator
Daniel
Maclise,
about
the
raven’s
death.
He
related
how,
when
Grip
began
to
show
signs
of
sickness,
the
vet
was
called
and
“administered
a
powerful
dose
of
castor（蓖麻）oil”.
Initially
this
seemed
to
have
a
positive
effect
and
the
author
was
thrilled
to
see
Grip
restored
to
his
usual
personality
when
he
bit
the
coachman
(who
was
used
to
the
raven
and
took
it
in
good
humor).
The
following
morning,
Grip
was
able
to
eat
“some
warm
porridge”,
but
his
recovery
was
short-lived.
As
Dickens
wrote
to
Maclise,
“On
the
clock
striking
twelve
he
appeared
slightly
upset,
but
soon
recovered,
walking
twice
or
thrice
along
the
coachhouse,
stopped
to
bark,
exclaimed
‘Hello
old
girl’
(his
favorite
expression)
and
died.
He
behaved
throughout
with
a
decent
manner,
which
cannot
be
too
much
admired…The
children
seem
rather
glad
of
it.
He
bit
their
ankles.
But
that
was
play.”
Which
of
the
following
can
be
the
best
title
of
the
passage?
A.
A
bird
in
a
novel
B.
The
writer’s
bird
C.
The
death
of
a
bird
D.
Dickens
and
his
bird
【解析】主旨大意题——概括文章标题。根文章的内容和第一段的句子“In
2012.
the
Tower
of
London
welcomed
two
new
inhabitants:
a
pair
of
ravens
named
Jubilee
and
Grip.
Their
arrival
celebrated
the
bicentenary
of
Charles
Dickens’s
birth.”可知，文章介绍伦敦塔迎来两只乌鸦庆祝狄更斯的出生，然后介绍狄更斯的宠物乌鸦的独特之处和它是怎么死的。所以用
The
writer’s
bird作为标题比较合适。故选B项。虽然文中介绍了狄更斯写的小说里的一只鸟，但这不是文章的主要内容，所以A项错误。虽然文中介绍了Grip是如何死亡的，但这不是文章的主要内容，所以C项错课。文章主要侧重于介绍狄更斯的鸟，对他本人没有过多描写，所D项错误。
方法攻略
1.
仔细审题，看好范围
搞清楚是问某一段还是全文的主旨要义。正确选项的特点是：一般不出现细节信息；不含过于肯定或绝对的词语。
2.
使用略读，迅速将全段或全文浏览一遍
在阅读中，应尽量利用有关信息词确定主题句的位置，比如在for
example，
first，
second等之前的句子中或在all
in
all，above
all之后的句子中寻找并确定。
3.
重视全文或所问段落的首句和尾句
段落中出现转折时，该句很可能是主题句；作者有意识地反复重复的观点通常是主旨；首段出现疑问句时，对该问题的解答通常就是文章主旨；同时还要注意那些提出文章主旨时常伴有的单词或短语提示：therefore，thus，but，however，in
short等。
4.
进行分析概括，准确找出主旨要义
对于主题隐含的段落，要先弄清问题的意思然后快速通读文章，逐项排除，最终确定答案。
5.
确认选项内容是否切中文章的中心论题
要从整篇文章出发归纳概括文章的标题，防止本末倒置、主次不分，避免以点代面、以偏概全，这样才能排除干扰，选出正确的答案。
6.
从选项入手
考生在提炼主旨或归纳标题时，可以先从选项入手，找出其中的关键词，然后再进一步思考是否能概括段意或是文意，一定不能只看到主题词就着急选择，要看其侧重点。
7.
错误类型
标题的选择要在阅读原文的基础上，仔细考虑这句话或短语与文章主题是否有密切的联系，对文章的概括性或覆盖面如何，避免以下三种错误：概括不够（多表现为部分代替整体）；过度概括（多表现为人为扩大范围）；以事实或细节代替抽象概括的大意。
（高考真题）
Some
people
will
do
just
about
anything
to
save
money.
And
I
am
one
of
them.
Take
my
family’s
last
vacation
for
example.
It
was
my
six-year-old
son’s
winter
break
from
school,
and
we
were
heading
home
from
Fort
Lauderdale
after
a
weeklong
trip.
The
flight
was
overbooked,
and
Delta,
the
airline,
offered
us
$400
per
person
in
credits
to
give
up
our
seats
and
leave
the
next
day.
I
had
a
meeting
in
New
York,
so
I
had
to
get
back.
But
that
didn’t
mean
my
husband
and
my
son
couldn’t
stay.
So
I
took
off
for
home.
The
next
day
my
husband
and
son
were
offered
more
credits
to
take
an
even
later
flight.
Yes,
I
encourage—okay,
ordered—them
to
wait
it
out
at
the
airport,
to
“earn”
more
Delta
Dollars.
Our
total
take:
$1,600.
Not
bad,
huh?
Now
some
people
may
think
I’m
a
bad
mother
and
not
such
a
great
wife
either.
But
as
a
big-time
bargain
hunter,
I
know
the
value
of
a
dollar.
And
these
days,
a
good
deal
is
something
few
of
us
can
afford
to
pass
up.
I’ve
made
living
looking
for
the
best
deals
and
exposing
the
worst
tricks.
I
have
been
the
consumer
reporter
of
NBC’s
Today
show
for
over
a
decade.
I
have
written
a
lot
of
books
including
one
titled
Tricks
of
the
Trade:
A
Consumer
Survival
Guide.
And
I
really
do
what
I
believe
in.
I
tell
you
this
because
there
is
no
shame
in
getting
your
money’s
worth.
I’m
also
tightfisted（小气的）when
it
comes
to
shoes,
clothes
for
my
children,
and
expensive
restaurants.
But
I
wouldn’t
hesitate
to
spend
on
a
good
haircut.
It
keeps
its
longer,
and
it’s
the
first
thing
people
notice.
And
I
will
also
spend
on
a
classic
piece
of
furniture.
Quality
lasts.
1.
Why
did
Delta
give
the
author’s
family
credits?
A.
Their
flight
had
been
delayed.
B.
They
had
early
bookings.
C.
They
took
a
later
flight.
D.
Their
flight
had
been
cancelled.
2.
What
can
we
learn
about
the
author?
A.
She
is
very
strict
with
her
children.
B.
She
seldom
makes
a
compromise.
C.
She
is
interested
in
cheap
products.
D.
She
rarely
misses
a
good
deal.
3.
What
does
the
author
do?
A.
She’s
a
teacher.
B.
She’s
a
housewife.
C.
She’s
a
media
person.
D.
She’s
a
businesswoman.
4.
What
does
the
author
want
to
tell
us?
A.
How
to
expose
bad
tricks.
B.
How
to
reserve
airline
seats.
C.
How
to
spend
money
wisely.
D.
How
to
make
a
business
deal.
【语篇解读】本文通过叙述作者和家人乘坐晚点航班而获得补偿的故事阐明了作者对于花钱购物的认识。在作者看来，我们在花钱的时候要精打细算，做到花钱有所值，不能一味地追求享受而浪费钱财。
1.
C
解析：细节理解题。根据第一段中的The
flight
was
overbooked,
and
Delta,
the
airline,
offered
us
$400
per
person
in
credits
to
give
up
our
seats
and
leave
the
next
day.可知，作者的航班被超额预订，航空公司让他们坐第二天的航班，同时给予补偿。A项错误：他们原先预订的航班照常离开，只是他们因坐不下而改乘另一航班；B项表示他们提前预订了航班，但不是他们获得补偿的原因；D项中
cancelled表示航班被取消了，与事实不符。
2.
D
解析：推理判断题。从第三段中的“But
as
a
big
time
bargain
hunter…few
of
us
can
afford
to
pass
up.”可知作者很少会错过好交易，D项正确；B项中的
seldom与原文不符；C项中说她对廉价货感兴趣，本文主要表明作者希望花钱花得值，而不一定就是喜欢便宜货，同时本文的最后一句话也对这个选项提供了相反的信息。
3.
C
解析：细节理解题。根据倒数第二段中的I
have
been
the
consumer
reporter
of
NBC’s
Today
show
for
over
a
decade.可知，作者是NBC的一个记者，是从事媒体行业的，所以选C。A项“她是一个老师”，B项“她是一个家庭主妇”，D项“她是一个女商人”，这些与原文信息都不一致。
4.
C
解析：主旨大意题。本文主要通过记叙作者和家人有一次度假旅游后由于航空公司超额售票而导致他们不得不放弃原来的航班而接受补偿的故事，引出了自己在花钱购物方面的认识。她认为我们花钱应该有所值，花钱的时候要考虑所购买东西的价值，所以选C。A项表示“怎样揭露诡计”，原文没有信息支持；B项表示“怎样预留航班座位”；D项表示“怎样达成一个商业交易”，与本文的主要信息不一致。
阅读全面突破之词义猜测题
词义猜测题是通过词汇、词义、句子与具体语境相结合来考查学生对语境、句意的准确理解能力。词猜测可以是对一个单词的意义推断，也可以是对一个短语或一个句子的意义推断，既可以是生词意义，也可以是熟词新义，还可以是对替代词所替代内容的判断。高考对词义猜测题的考查相对比较稳定，一般为1～2个，但近几年难度略有增加，需要在复杂的句式中通过上下文综合分析才能得出答案。
考法透析
猜词是应用英语语言的重要能力，也是高考中常考查的题型。它不但需要准确无误地理解上下文，而且要有较大的泛读量，掌握或认识较多的课外词汇。考生要通过构词、语法、定义、同位、对比、因果、常识、上下文等线索来猜测词语的含义。
这类试题包括对生词生义的推测、熟词生义的推测以及对it/they/them等代词的指代对象的判断等。常见的设问方式有：
The
word
“…”
refers
to/means
________.
The
underlined
word
“…”
can
be
replaced
by
________.
What
do
you
think
the
expression
“…”
stands
for?
Which
of
the
following
is
the
closest
in
meaning
to
the
word
“…”
?
The
word
“it/them”
in
the
first
paragraph
refers
to
________.
The
underlined
sentence
in
the
last
paragraph
means
________.
Which
of
the
following
words
can
take
the
place
of
the
word
“…”
?
考点1
考查生词生义的推测
…
Once
I
had
a
boy
who
worked
experimentally
with
Tinkertoys
in
his
free
time.
His
constructions
filled
shelf
in
the
art
classroom
and
a
good
part
of
his
bedroom
at
home.
I
was
delighted
at
the
presence
of
such
a
student.
Here
was
an
exceptionally
creative
mind
at
work.
His
presence
meant
that
I
had
an
unexpected
teaching
assistant
in
class
whose
creativity
would
infect（感染）other
students.
Encouraging
this
kind
of
thinking
has
a
downside.
I
ran
the
risk
of
losing
those
students
who
had
a
different
style
of
thinking.
Without
fail
one
would
declare,
“But
I’m
just
not
creative.”
What
does
the
underlined
word
“downside”
probably
mean?
A.
Mistake.
B.
Drawback.
C.
Difficulty.
D.
Burden.
【解析】词义猜测题。前文提到作者很喜爱这个学生，说这个学生的创造性能够感染其他学生，下文说“冒着失去那些有不同的思考风格的学生的风险”，根据语境前后的对比判断，downside的含义应该是
drawback“不利条件，缺点”，而不是mistake“错误”，difficulty“困难”，burden“负担”。故选B项。
考点2
考查熟词生义的推测
熟词生义是指以前学习过的单词，它们的某些词义考生已掌握，但在高考中又出现了新的词义，如book(预订)，
charge(指控)，
across(在对面)，capital(资金)等，因而影响考生对题干乃至全文的正确理解，导致高考失分。如：
When
I
was
12,
all
I
wanted
was
a
signet
（图章）ring.
They
were
the
“in”
thing
and
it
seemed
every
girl
except
me
had
one.
On
my
13th
birthday,
my
mom
gave
me
a
signet
ring
with
my
initials（姓名首字母）carved
into
it.
I
was
in
heaven.
…
The
underlined
word
“in”
in
the
first
paragraph
probably
means
________.
A.
fashionable
B.
available
C.
practical
D.
renewable
【解析】词义猜测题。根据下文
it
seemed
every
girl
except
me
had
one（除了我之外，似乎每个女孩子都拥有一枚）可推断出，图章戒指在当时是非常时髦的(fashionable)东西。故选A项。
考点3
考查that/it/they/them等代词的指代对象
一般来说，that，it，they，them等代词可以指上文提到的人或物，其中that和it还可以指代一件事，有时指代的对象相隔较远，考生要认真查找，有时还需要对前面提到的内容进行总结才能得出代词所指代的对象。因此，理解上下文(特别是上句)的意思和本句的意思是解题的关键。如：
…
Sparrow
failed
to
grow
for
another
two
years,
until
a
new
CEO,
Carl
Pearson,
decided
to
build
up
its
market
share.
He
did
a
survey,
which
showed
that
consumers
who
already
used
Sparrow
restaurants
were
extremely
positive
about
the
chain,
while
customers
of
other
fast-food
chains
were
unwilling
to
turn
away
from
them.
Sparrow
had
to
develop
a
new
promotional
campaign.
…
What
does
the
underlined
word
“them”
refer
to?
A.
Customers
of
Sparrow
restaurants.
B.
Sparrow
restaurants.
C.
Customers
of
other
fast-food
chains.
D.
Other
fast-food
chains.
【解析】词义猜测题。根据画线词所在句子He
did
a
survey,
which
showed
that
consumers
who
already
used
Sparrow
restaurants
were
extremely
positive
about
the
chain,
while
customers
of
other
fast-food
chains
were
unwilling
to
turn
away
from
them.可知，其他连锁店的顾客不愿离开他们的连锁店。此处，turn
away
from表示“从……处走开”，所以from之后应该是主语的原始位置，故选D项。
考点4
考查具有隐含意义的句子
…
The
seasons
change
just
outside
the
door.
We
watch
the
maples
turn
every
shade
of
yellow
and
red
in
the
fall
and
note
the
poplars
（杨树）putting
out
the
first
green
leaves
of
spring.
The
rainbow
smelt
fills
the
local
stream
as
the
ice
gradually
disappears,
and
the
wood
frogs
start
to
sing
in
pools
after
being
frozen
for
the
winter.
A
family
of
birds
rules
our
skies
and
flies
over
the
lake.
What
does
the
underlined
sentence
mean?
A.
The
change
of
seasons
is
easily
felt.
B.
The
seasons
make
the
scenes
change.
C.
The
weather
often
changes
in
the
forest.
D.
The
door
is
a
good
position
to
enjoy
changing
seasons.
【解析】句义猜测题。本句话的意思是：季节的变化就在门外。后面具体描写大自然是如何随着季节变化的，因此可知作者一家贴近大自然，季节的变化是很容易被感觉到的。故选A项。
方法攻略
1.
通过定义猜测词义
如果生词后有一个句子（定语从句或同位语从句）或段落来对其下定义，或使用破折号、冒号、分号后的内容和引号、括号中的内容加以解释和定义，那么理解这个句子或段落就可以推断词义。定义常用的谓语有be，mean，
be
considered，to
be，be
called，
define，
represent，
refer
to，signify等。如：
Do
you
know
what
“territory”
is?
—A
territory
is
an
area
that
an
animal,
usually
the
male,
claims（声称）as
its
own.
由定义可知，这里
territory指的是“动物的地盘”。
2.
通过同位关系来猜测词义
构成同位关系的两部分之间通常用连接词连接，有时也使用破折号、冒号、分号、括号或同位语。常用的信息词有or，
similarly，
that
is
to
say，
in
other
words，
namely，
or
other，say等。如：
In
fact,
only
about
80
ocelots,
an
endangered
cat
exist
in
the
USA
today.由同位语an
endangered
cat可以猜出
ocelots是“一种濒临灭绝的猫”。
3.
通过转折或对比关系来猜测词义
如果一个句子或段落中有对两个事物或现象进行对比的描述，可以根据它的反义词猜测其词义。表示转折关系的词语主要有but，
however，otherwise，
though等；表示对比关系的标志性词语有
despite，
in
spite
of，
in
contrast，
unlike，
on
the
other
hand等。如：
Even
the
Ethiopian
public
has
only
seen
Lucy
twice.
The
Lucy
on
exhibition
at
the
Ethiopian
National
Museum
in
the
capital,
Addis
Ababa,
is
a
replica
while
the
real
remains
are
usually
locked
in
a
secret
storeroom.
…
What
do
the
words
“a
replica”
refer
to?
A.
A
painting
of
the
skeleton.
B.
A
photograph
of
Lucy.
C.
A
copy
of
the
skeleton.
D.
A
written
record
of
Lucy.
【解析】replica所在的句子中，
while连接的两部分意义上是相对的，故
replica与
real
remains是反义关系，可推测
replica意为“仿品”，因此答案为C项。
4.
通过因果关系来猜测词义
该方法是根据前后的因果关系来推断某个生词或短语的意思。可由表示原因的句意推测出表示结果的句子中的某个生词或短语的意思，即由因推果；也可由表示结果的句意推测出表示原因的句子中的某个生词或短语的意思，即由果推因。表示因果关系的词有
because，
since，so
that，so/such…that...等。如：
…
“But,”
said
Kim,
“feel
that
since
you
are
my
superior,
it
would
be
presumptuous
of
me
to
tell
you
what
to
do.”
…
The
word
“presumptuous”
in
the
middle
of
the
passage
is
close
in
meaning
to
________.
A.
full
of
respect
B.
too
confident
and
rude
C.
lacking
in
experience
D.
too
shy
and
quiet
【解析】根据
since引导的原因状语从句可以推断出，这里
presumptuous的意思是“冒失的；放肆的”，全句的意思为“既然你是我的上司，那么我告诉你怎么做会显得不礼貌”。因此答案为B项。
5.
通过句法功能来猜测词义
此种方法是根据生词的上下文及其意义上的联系来进行判断。生词可能与文中相联系的词是一种上下文的关系，或者是同一类别的关系。如：
…
Here
is
The
Pines,
whose
cook
has
developed
a
special
way
of
mixing
food
such
as
caribou,
wild
boar,
and
reindeer
with
surprising
sauces.
…
According
to
the
passage,
The
Pines
is
a
________.
A.
place
in
which
you
can
see
many
mobile
homes
B.
mountain
where
you
can
get
a
good
view
of
the
valley
C.
town
which
happens
to
be
near
the
Banff
National
Park
D.
restaurant
where
you
can
ask
for
some
special
kinds
of
food
【解析】通过
whose引导的定语从句可以猜测出，松树为一家餐馆的名字，所以答案选D项。
6.
通过上下文提供的信息来猜测词义
任何一篇文章中的句子在内容上都不是绝对孤立的，都与句子所在的段落及整篇文章有关。利用上下文提供的情景和线索，进行符合逻辑的综合分析，并依此来推测词义，是一种重要的阅读方法。如：
…
“...
They
were
programmed
to
do
that,”
said
Emily
Cornette,
head
of
a
chapter
of
the
7-year-old
Red
Hat
Society.
…
The
underlined
word
“chapter”
means
________.
A.
one
branch
of
an
organization
B.
a
written
agreement
of
a
club
C.
one
part
of
a
collection
of
poems
D.
a
period
in
a
society’s
history
【解析】画线词所在句中的head表示“首领，领导”，of表示“属于”，
society表示“社团”，故可判断出此处的
chapter表示“地方分会，支部”，因此答案为A项。
7.
通过代词所指代的内容来猜测词义
代词所指的内容多在这一句的前后句中（特别是前句，或者是前几个句子中）。找到指代的内容后，把它放在代词的位置上，看一看这句话是否合理，与前后的内容是否一致，然后再判断它是否为正确答案。如：
Parents
who
find
older
children
bullying
younger
brothers
and
sisters
might
do
well
to
replace
shouting
and
punishment
by
rewarding
and
giving
more
attention
to
the
injured
ones.
It’s
certainly
much
easier
and
more
effective.
…
According
to
the
passage,
the
underlined
word
“bullying”
is
close
in
meaning
to
________.
A.
helping
B.
punishing
C.
hurting
D.
protecting
【解析】通过the
injured
ones（受伤者）可推测，bully表示“伤害，欺负”。故选C项。
8.
通过构词法来猜测词义
在猜测词义过程中，我们还可以依靠构词法方面的知识，从生词本身猜测词义。如：前缀co-表示“共同，一起”；后级-ise/-ize意思是“使成为……；使……化”等。因此，考生在平时学习过程中应该通过掌握一些常用的词根、前缀、后缀等构词知识来猜测词义。
Reading
can
be
a
social
activity.
Think
of
the
people
who
belong
to
book
groups.
They
choose
books
to
read
and
then
meet
to
discuss
them.
Now,
the
website

turns
the
page
on
the
traditional
idea
of
a
book
group.
Members
go
on
the
site
and
register
the
books
they
own
and
would
like
to
share.
BookCrossing
provides
an
identification
number
to
stick
inside
the
book.
Then
the
person
leaves
it
in
a
public
place,
hoping
that
the
book
will
have
an
adventure,
traveling
far
and
wide
with
each
new
reader
who
finds
it.
Bruce
Pederson,
the
managing
director
of
BookCrossing,
says,
“The
two
things
that
change
your
life
are
the
people
you
meet
and
books
you
read.
BookCrossing
combines
both.”
Members
leave
books
on
park
benches
and
buses,
in
train
stations
and
coffee
shops.
Whoever
finds
their
book
will
go
to
the
site
and
record
where
they
found
it.
People
who
find
a
book
can
also
leave
a
journal
entry
describing
what
they
thought
of
it.
E-mails
are
then
sent
to
the
BookCrossing
to
keep
them
updated
about
where
their
books
have
been
found.
Bruce
Pederson
says
the
idea
is
for
people
not
to
be
selfish
by
keeping
a
book
to
gather
dust
on
a
shelf
at
home.
BookCrossing
is
part
of
a
trend
among
people
who
want
to
get
back
to
the
“real”
and
not
the
virtual（虚拟）.
The
site
now
has
more
than
one
million
members
in
more
than
one
hundred
thirty-five
countries.
1.
Why
does
the
author
mention
book
groups
in
the
first
paragraph?
A.
To
explain
what
they
are.
B.
To
introduce
BookCrossing.
C.
To
stress
the
importance
of
reading.
D.
To
encourage
readers
to
share
their
ideas.
2.
What
does
the
underlined
word
“it”
in
Paragraph
2
refer
to?
A.
The
book.
B.
An
adventure.
C.
A
public
place.
D.
The
identification
number.
3.
What
will
a
BookCrosser
do
with
a
book
after
reading
it?
A.
Meet
other
readers
to
discuss
it.
B.
Keep
it
safe
in
his
bookcase.
C.
Pass
it
on
to
another
reader.
D.
Mail
it
back
to
its
owner.
4.
What
is
the
best
title
for
the
text?
A.
Online
Reading:
A
Virtual
Tour
B.
Electronic
Books:
A
new
Trend
C.
A
Book
Group
Brings
Tradition
Back
D.
A
Website
Links
People
through
Books
【语篇解读】文章介绍了一个图书漂流网站，该网站鼓励人们拿出自己的图书与他人分享，目前该网站会员众多。
1.
B
解析：推理判断题。首段先说阅读是一种社会性的活动，然后谈到读书小组(book
groups)，接下来说到
BookCrossing这个网站，说该网站给传统的读书小组翻开了新的一页(turns
the
page)，然后逐段介绍这个网站的做法，由此推断，介绍读书小组的目的是引出这个网站，因此选B项。A项“解释它们的含义”，C项“强调阅读的重要性”，D项“鼓励读者分享他们的观点”，均不是作者提到读书小组的目的，可排除。
2.
A
解析：词义猜测题。画线词在第二段，详细介绍这个网站的具体做法：会员去网站登记自己愿意分享的书，网站给这本书一个身份编号并贴在书中，主人把书留在公共场所，希望这本书会跟“找到它的每个新读者”一起旅行。由此可知代词it指前文提到的
the
book。B项“一次冒险”，C项“一处公共场所”，D项“身份编号”，均不是it所指的内容。
3.
C
解析：推理判断题。从题干中的
after
reading
it判断答案在第四段。该段说，人们在看完一本书之后就把书留在公园的长凳、公共汽车、火车站及咖啡馆等地方，下一位找到这本书的人就到网站上记录他们找到这本书的地点，由此可推断选C项“把书继续传递给另一位读者”。A项“与其他读者会面，讨论这本书”，B项“把书妥善保存在书架上”，D项“把书邮寄给他的主人”，均不是会员的做法。
4.
D
解析：标题归纳题。本文主要介绍了
BookCrossing这个网站，因此这篇文章的标题应体现出“网站”这一关键点，再根据第三段中的
the
people
you
meet
and
books
you
read可知只有D项涵盖了这些信息。