2021届高考二轮英语备考专项冲刺学案:专题10【非谓语动词】 (原卷版+解析版)

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名称 2021届高考二轮英语备考专项冲刺学案:专题10【非谓语动词】 (原卷版+解析版)
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2021届高考二轮英语备考专项冲刺
专题10
【非谓语动词】语法增分攻略原题版
解题指导·触类旁通
寻方法,求策略,掌握“套路”
一、如何解答非谓语动词类题目
1.分析句子结构,辨别“谓语和非谓语”
首先判定所给动词是否充当句子的谓语,如果是,就用谓语形式;如果句子中并不缺少谓语,则用非谓语形式。所以在解题过程中,首先必须明白非谓语动词虽然与动词有关,但它们都不是谓语动词。其次,必须培养识别英语句子谓语的能力,因为命题人经常就一些多义词、多性(词性)词,尤其是熟词生义设置题目,增加句式结构的复杂性和干扰性,从而导致考生理解失误,不能正确地划分句子主干,继而造成失分。
【例1】(全国卷Ⅰ)A
study
of
travelers
____________(conduct)
by
the
website
TripAdvisor
names
Yangshuo
as
one
of
the
top
10
destinations
in
the
world.
【分析】conducted 本题存在一词多义、一词多性的特征,由于不能找到正确的谓语动词,考生容易误填was
conducted或were
conducted。因name的常见词性为名词,考生会将题干中的“names”误认为是名词name的复数形式。其实,在本题中,name为谓语动词,意为“选定;指定”,因主语“A
study
of
travelers(一项关于游客的研究)”是第三人称单数,故谓语动词用第三人称单数形式names。找到谓语之后,可轻松推知此处应填非谓语动词,再由“study”与“conduct”之间是被动关系,可知应填过去分词作后置定语。
2.寻找逻辑主语,确定逻辑主语与所给动词之间的关系
非谓语动词虽然不能作谓语,但仍具有动词的特点,其逻辑上的动作执行者就是逻辑主语。分析非谓语动词与其逻辑主语(逻辑上的动作执行者)之间是主动关系还是被动关系(也就是看其逻辑主语是动作的发出者还是承受者)。
如果逻辑主语与非谓语动词之间是主谓关系,则用现在分词。如果非谓语动词与其逻辑主语之间是动宾关系,则用过去分词。但是当含有被动意义时,如果非谓语动词表示的动作尚未发生,则用动词不定式的被动式;如果非谓语动词表示的动作正在进行,则用现在分词的被动式。
【例2】(重庆卷)The
producer
comes
regularly
to
collect
the
cameras
____________(return)
to
our
shop
for
quality
problems.
【分析】 returned 句意:生产厂商定期来收集因质量问题而被退回到我们商店的相机。句中已有谓语动词comes,因此设空处应为非谓语动词;且动词return与其逻辑主语the
cameras之间是逻辑上的动宾关系,所以用过去分词作后置定语,故填returned。
3.分析所给动词表示的动作与谓语动词表示的动作发生的先后顺序
非谓语动词所发生的时间是一个相对时间,即相对应谓语动词的动作发生的时间而言。非谓语动词的形式不同,所指时间的含义也不同。根据非谓语动词与谓语动词的动作发生的先后顺序确定用一般式还是完成式。如to
have
done,
having
done表示该动作发生在谓语动词表示的动作之前;to
be
doing,
doing表示该动作与谓语动词表示的动作同时发生。
【例3】 ____________(work)
for
two
days,
Steve
managed
to
finish
his
report
on
schedule.
【分析】 Having
worked 考生容易误认为在句首设题,应填To
work表示目的。然而,本题考查的是非谓语动词与谓语动词存在时间先后顺序时的用法。并且句中的主语Steve与work之间为主动关系,因此应用现在分词的完成式having
done。
二、“非谓语动词”的功能
1.非谓语动词作主语
①句中缺少主语,找到句子的谓语部分,确定应用动词的?ing形式/不定式作主语。
②表一般的动作用动词的?ing形式,表具体的动作用不定式。
③掌握用动词的?ing形式/不定式作主语的句型:
a.It’s
+adj.(hard/difficult/easy/possible/kind等)(+for/of
sb.)+to
do
sth.
b.It’s
no
use/no
good/fun/a
pleasure/no
pleasure/a
waste
of
time
doing
sth.
c.It
takes
sb.+
some
time/money
+to
do
sth.
d.It’s
worthwhile
doing/to
do
sth.
2.非谓语动词作表语
设空前是系动词(be、
get、
feel、
seem等)时,根据句子结构确定用不定式或分词作表语。
3.
非谓语动词作定语
提示词是动词,且句中已有谓语,根据非谓语动词与主语的逻辑关系确定用何种形式作定语。
①若表将来的动作,用不定式to
do;如表将来的被动的动作,用to
be
done。另外一些抽象名词如plan、ability、chance、right、desire、opportunity、
patience、
promise、
right、hope、wish、fact、excuse、way等,常用动词不定式作后置定语;另外,当中心词为序数词、最高级、the
last、the
only等或中心词被这类词所修饰时,多用不定式作后置定语。该结构中主语与不定式应是逻辑上的主谓关系。
②若与逻辑主语是主动关系,用现在分词(v.-ing);若与逻辑主语是被动关系,用过去分词(v.-ed)。
③若表被动且为正在发生的动作用being
done。
4.
非谓语作宾语
①提示词是动词,若句中已有谓语,且设空处不是作并列谓语而是作介词或动词(短语)的宾语时,应用非谓语动词doing/to
do;
②利用逻辑主语和非谓语动词的关系确定形式(主谓关系:doing/to
do;动宾关系:being
done/to
be
done)。
③介词(如by、
for、
of、
with、
without、
after等)之后加动名词作宾语。
④若非谓语动词做如下动词(短语)的宾语,则应填不定式:agree、
afford、
choose、
decide、
expect、
fail、
hope、
manage、
offer、
pretend、
plan、
promise、
refuse、
want、
wish、
would
like、
determine等。
⑤若非谓语动词做如下动词(短语)的宾语,则应填动词的-ing形式:avoid、
admit、
allow、
advise、
consider、escape、
enjoy、
keep、
finish、
include、
mind、
miss、
practice、
recommend、
suggest、
feel
like、
get
down
to等。
⑥go
on、
mean、
forget、
regret、
remember、
stop、
try等可接动词的?ing形式或不定式作宾语,应结合语境和动词(短语)用法确定填动词的形式或不定式作宾语。
⑦believe/consider/find/feel/make/think+it+
adj.+to
do
sth.,
it是形式宾语,真正的宾语是后面的不定式。
三、分析逻辑关系
辨别不定式、现在分词和过去分词
(1)作状语:
①表目的、出乎意料的结果或在形容词后作状语,用不定式;
②表伴随、时间或条件等要用现在分词/过去分词;③表自然而然的结果用现在分词。
(2)作补语:根据具体结构用(to)
do/doing/done
①如逻辑主语与非谓语动词之间是主谓关系,且表正在进行,用doing。
②如逻辑主语与非谓语动词之间是被动关系,且表完成,用done。
四、牢记6种用法,看牢一个简单单词——to该有的不能少,不该有的不能多。
①动词不定式在句中作宾语或状语,to不能省略;help
to
do
中的to可省略。
②不定式作宾补:allow、
ask、
beg、
command、
encourage、
expect、
forbid、
invite、
persuade、
tell等+sb.
to
do
sth.。
③注意用省略to的不定式作宾补的两类词:一是使役动词;二是感官动词,其后接作宾补的动词的不定式,不定式符号to要省略。
“五”看;“三”使;“两”听;“一”感觉。“look
at/see/watch/notice/observe;
make/let/have;
hear/listen
to;
feel”+sb.+do
sth.。注意:但在被动语态中作主语补足语要还原to,如be
made
to
do。
④have
sb./sth.doing
“让某人/某物一直做”;
have
sb./sth.done
“让某人/某物被做”。
⑤主语+系动词+形容词(easy、
hard、
impossible、
important等)+to
do
⑥too+adj./adv.+to
do或adj./adv.+enough+to
do
考点突破·针对提能
明考点,攻重难,有效提升
考点一
非谓语动词的形式及意义
非谓语动词
主动语态
被动语态
意义
不定式
一般式
to
do
to
be
done
其表示的动作与句中谓语动词的动作同时发生或在其后发生
进行式
to
be
doing
其表示的动作与句中谓语动词的动作同时发生
完成式
to
have
done
to
have
been
done
其表示的动作发生在句中谓语动词的动作之前
现在分词/动名词
一般式
doing
being
done
其表示的动作与句中谓语动词的动作同时发生,或基本上同时发生
完成式
having
done
having
been
done
其表示的动作先于句中谓语动词的动作发生
过去分词
一般式
done
与句中主语为逻辑上的被动关系,表完成
(江苏卷)Many
Chinese
brands,
having
developed
their
reputations
over
centuries,
are
facing
new
challenges
from
the
modern
market. 很多中国品牌历经几个世纪树立了声誉,它们正面临着当代市场带来的新挑战。
(北京卷)There
are
still
many
problems
to
be
solved
before
we
are
ready
for
a
long
stay
on
the
Moon.
在我们准备在月球上长住之前,还有很多问题仍需要解决。
考点二
非谓语动词作状语
(一)不定式作状语
1.作目的状语。可用so
as
to/in
order
to替换,但
so
as
to一般不可置于句首,意为“为了;想要”。
(2019·江苏卷)To
enjoy
the
convenience
of
digital
payment,
many
senior
citizens
started
to
use
smart
phones. 为了享受数字支付的便利,很多老年人开始使用智能手机。
Her
mother
plans
to
fly
to
Beijing
at
least
four
times
a
year
in
order
to/so
as
to/to
visit
her.
她母亲计划每年至少四次飞到北京去看她。
2.作结果状语。常用于下列结构中:only
to
do(表示意想不到的结果);enough
to
do(足够做……);too...to
do...(太……而不能做……);so/such...as
to...(如此……以至于……)等。
(四川卷)Tom
took
a
taxi
to
the
airport,
only
to
find
his
plane
high
up
in
the
sky. 汤姆乘出租车去了机场,结果却发现他要乘坐的飞机已飞入高空。
3.作原因状语。常用在“主语+系动词+形容词+to
do”结构中。这类形容词有easy,
difficult,
hard,
cheap,
expensive,
fit,
comfortable,
heavy,
good,
important,
impossible,
dangerous,
surprised,
astonished,
delighted,
disappointed
等。
(辽宁卷)This
machine
is
very
easy
to
operate.Anybody
can
learn
to
use
it
in
a
few
minutes. 这台机器很容易操作。只需几分钟,任何人都能学会使用它。
【名师点津】
语法填空和短文改错中常考查“主语+be+形容词+不定式”结构,句子的主语和不定式构成逻辑上的动宾关系,且此时不定式通常用主动形式表示被动意义。另外需注意的是在该结构中,不定式中的动词必须是及物动词,若为不及物动词,则要在其后加上适当的介词,使之构成及物动词短语。
(二)分词作状语
分词作状语时,可以表时间、原因、结果、条件、让步、伴随状况等。为了强调,还可与while,
when,
once,
if,
unless等连用。非谓语动词作状语时,其逻辑主语通常要与句子的主语保持一致。现在分词作状语时,现在分词所表示的动作与句子主语之间构成逻辑上的主动关系。过去分词作状语时,过去分词所表示的动作与句子主语之间构成逻辑上的被动关系。
(2019·江苏卷)A
city
is
the
product
of
the
human
hand
and
mind,
reflecting
man’s
intelligence
and
creativity. 一座城市是人类的手与大脑的产物,这反映了人类的智慧与创造性。
(2018·北京卷)
Ordinary
soap,
used
correctly,
can
deal
with
bacteria
effectively.
如果正确使用的话,普通肥皂可以有效地消灭细菌。
Generally
speaking,
if
taken
according
to
the
directions,
the
drug
has
no
side
effect.
一般来说,如果按照说明服用,这种药没有副作用。
【名师点津】
某些动词的过去分词已经形容词化,且常用于一些系表结构中,此时这些过去分词只表示一种状态,作状语时不表示被动关系,其前不用being。常见的有located(坐落于),
lost(迷路的),
seated(坐着的),
hidden(躲着的),
lost/absorbed/buried
in(沉溺于),
dressed
in(穿着),
tired
of(厌烦的),
faced
with(面对着)等,无论它们在句中作何种成分都不用其?ing形式。
(天津卷)Absorbed
in
painting,
John
didn’t
notice
evening
approaching.
由于专心绘画,约翰没有注意到夜幕正在降临。
(三)独立成分作状语
有些分词或不定式短语作状语,其形式的选择不受上下文的影响,称作独立成分。常考的独立成分有:
独立成分
意义
generally
speaking
(to
be
general)
一般来说
honestly/roughly/strictly
speaking
老实说/大体说/严格说
frankly
speaking/to
be
frank
坦白说
judging
from/by
根据……来判断
taking...into
consideration/account
考虑到……
considering/seeing/given...
考虑到……
to
tell
the
truth/to
be
honest
说实话
compared
with/by
与……相比
to
make
things
worse
更糟糕的是
(浙江卷)To
be
honest,
the
pay
isn’t
attractive
enough,
though
the
job
itself
is
quite
interesting. 说实话,尽管这份工作本身很有趣,但是这个报酬不是很吸引人。
(四)独立主格结构作状语
独立主格结构是由名词或代词加上名词、形容词、副词、介词短语或非谓语动词等构成,用于修饰整个句子。该结构位置相当灵活,可置于句首、句末或句中,常由逗号将其与句子主体分开,在句中通常作状语,表示时间、条件、原因、伴随、目的等,还可以作定语。其构成形式主要有:
1.名词/代词+形容词/副词/名词/介词短语/现在分词/过去分词/不定式(主动表被动)
(江苏卷)Much
time
spent
sitting
at
a
desk,
office
workers
are
generally
troubled
by
health
problems. 因为在桌前久坐,办公室工作人员一般都被健康问题所困扰。
Weather
permitting,
they
will
go
on
an
outing
to
the
beach
tomorrow.
如果天气允许的话,他们将在明天组织一次海滨郊游。
2.with/without+名词/代词+宾语补足语(现在分词/过去分词/不定式/形容词/副词/介词短语)
With
a
lot
of
difficult
problems
to
settle,
the
newly?elected
president
is
having
a
hard
time. 有许多的难题要解决,这位新选的总统正过着一段艰难的日子。
(安徽卷)John
received
an
invitation
to
dinner,
and
with
his
work
finished,
he
gladly
accepted
it. 约翰收到了一张宴会的请柬,由于作业做完了,他很乐意地接受了。
(北京卷)I
couldn’t
do
my
homework
with
all
that
noise
going
on. 噪音不绝于耳,我没法做作业。
考点三
非谓语动词作定语
(一)不定式作定语
1.不定式作定语通常放在所修饰词之后,表示将来的动作。
(2017·天津卷)I
was
watching
the
clock
all
through
the
meeting,
as
I
had
a
train
to
catch.
我在会议期间一直看表,因为我要赶火车。
【名师点津】
不定式与其所修饰的词之间往往是动宾关系,若该不定式是不及物动词,其后应有必要的介词。
Suddenly
a
good
idea
occurred
to
her,
but
she
couldn’t
find
any
paper
to
write
on.
突然她想到了一个好主意,但是她找不到纸把它写下来。
2.序数词,形容词最高级,the
last,
the
only
等后或被这些词修饰的名词或代词后,常用不定式作定语。注意:该名词或代词是作定语的非谓语动词的执行者。
He
is
always
the
first
to
arrive
at
the
school
and
the
last
to
leave
the
school. 
他总是第一个到校,最后一个离校。
3.被修饰词是抽象名词时,常用不定式作定语。如ability,
chance,
idea,
hope,
wish,
fact,
excuse,
promise,
attempt,
way
等。
(辽宁卷)And
the
best
way
to
strengthen
willpower
is
to
make
it
into
a
habit.
增强意志力最好的方法就是让意志力成为一种习惯。
(湖南卷)The
ability
to
express
an
idea
is
as
important
as
the
idea
itself. 表达观点的能力与观点本身同等重要。
【名师点津】
不定式作定语时,当句子的主语是不定式的逻辑主语时,不定式使用主动式;
当句子的主语不是不定式的逻辑主语且不定式与所修饰的名词或代词之间是被动关系时,不定式使用被动式。
I
have
a
letter
to
post,
so
I
can’t
go
swimming
with
you.
我有一封信(需要我)要寄出,因此我不能和你一起去游泳了。
I
have
a
letter
to
be
posted.
Can
you
help
me?
我有一封信想(让别人替我)寄出去,你能帮我一下吗?
(二)分词作定语
1.作定语的及物动词的分词形式有:现在分词、“being+过去分词”、过去分词。当被修饰的名词与分词之间为主动关系时,用现在分词;当被修饰的名词与分词之间为被动关系且表示正在进行时,用“being+过去分词”;当被修饰的名词与分词之间为被动关系且表示完成时,用过去分词。
(2019·天津卷)Most
colleges
now
offer
first?year
students
a
course
specially
designed
to
help
them
succeed
academically
and
personally.
大多数大学现在为大一的学生提供一门专门为他们设计的课程,以帮助他们在学术和个人事务上取得成功。
(北京卷)Last
night,
there
were
millions
of
people
watching
the
opening
ceremony
live
on
TV.
昨天晚上,有几百万人观看了开幕式的电视直播。
2.作定语的不及物动词的分词形式有:现在分词和过去分词。现在分词表示动作正在进行;过去分词只表示动作已完成,不表被动。
falling
leaves  
正在落下的叶子(表正在进行)
fallen
leaves
落叶(表完成)
【名师点津】
非谓语动词作定语的解题思路
表示被动、完成用过去分词(done);表示主动、进行用现在分词(doing);表示被动、进行用being
done;表示主动、尚未进行用to
do;表示被动的动作尚未进行用to
be
done。试比较:
①Today
there
are
more
airplanes
carrying
more
people
than
ever
before
in
the
skies.
②The
bridge
built
in
2019
was
designed
by
a
local
company.
③The
bridge
being
built
now
was
designed
by
a
local
company.
④The
bridge
to
be
built
next
year
was
designed
by
a
local
company.
考点四
非谓语动词作宾语
1.只接不定式作宾语的动词:
决心学会想希望,拒绝设法愿假装
decide/determine,
learn,
want,
expect/hope/wish;
refuse,manage,
care,
pretend
主动答应选计划,同意请求帮一帮
offer,
promise,
choose,
plan;agree,
ask/beg,
help
(2017·江苏卷)A
quick
review
of
successes
and
failures
at
the
end
of
year
will
help
(to)
shape
your
year
ahead.
在年底对成功和失败进行快速的回顾会有助于你下一年的发展。
【名师点津】
(1)此外afford,
happen(碰巧),
wait,
threaten等也要用不定式作宾语。
(2)动词(短语)learn,
decide,
know,
wonder,
show,
tell,
understand,
explain,
teach,
advise,
find
out等常接“疑问词+动词不定式”作宾语。
2.只接动名词作宾语的动词及短语:
考虑建议盼原谅,承认推迟没得想
consider,
suggest/advise,
look
forward
to,
excuse/pardon;admit,
delay/put
off,
fancy
避免错过继续练,否认完成就欣赏
avoid,
miss,
keep/keep
on,
practice;
deny,
finish,
enjoy/
appreciate
禁止想象才冒险,不禁介意准逃亡
forbid/avoid,
imagine,
risk;can’t
help(禁不住),
mind,
allow/permit,
escape
He
got
well?prepared
for
the
job
interview,
for
he
couldn’t
risk
losing
the
good
opportunity.
他为这次工作面试做了充分准备,因为他不能冒失去这次好机会的风险。
【名师点津】
allow,
permit,
forbid,
advise后需加动名词作宾语,但如果后面有名词或代词作宾语,则用不定式作宾补。即allow/permit/forbid/advise
doing/sb.
to
do
sth.。
3.接不定式与动名词作宾语意义不同的动词:
(1)try
to
do
尽力做……;try
doing
试着去做……;
(2)mean
to
do打算做……;mean
doing
意味着……;
(3)regret
to
do遗憾要去做……;regret
doing后悔做过……;
(4)remember
to
do
记得去做……;remember
doing记得做过……;
(5)forget
to
do忘记去做……;forget
doing
忘记做了……
(陕西卷)I
still
remember
being
taken
to
the
Famen
Temple
and
what
I
saw
there. 
我仍记得别人带我去过法门寺,还有我在那里所看到的一切。
(安徽卷)I
remembered
to
lock
the
door
before
I
left
the
office,
but
forgot
to
turn
off
the
lights.
我离开办公室之前记得关门却忘记关灯了。
【名师点津】
动词want,
need,
require作“需要”讲时,其后要用v.?ing形式的主动形式或不定式的被动语态作宾语。与此用法相同的动词还有deserve(值得)。
The
window
needs
cleaning/to
be
cleaned.(clean与the
window之间存在动宾关系)
He
needs
to
leave
at
once.(leave与he之间不存在动宾关系)
4.动词作介词的宾语时,要用动名词形式,不能用动词不定式。常见的含有介词的动词短语:be/get
used
to(习惯于),
feel
like(想要),
insist
on(坚持),
get
down
to(开始认真做某事),
devote...to...(致力于……),
object
to(反对),
stick
to(坚持),
give
up(放弃)等。此外,介词后跟动名词的结构:have
difficulty/trouble
(in)
doing
sth.;have
fun
(in)
doing
sth.
(陕西卷)It’s
quite
hot
today.Do
you
feel
like
going
for
a
swim?
 今天很热。你想去游泳吗?
(浙江卷)I
had
as
much
fun
sailing
the
seas
as
I
now
do
working
with
students.
我现在与学生们打交道和我过去航海一样开心。
【名师点津】
(1)当非谓语动词位于介词but,
except后时,习惯上要用不定式。并且,当其前有实义动词do及相关形式时,则不定式要省略to;若其前没有动词do,则不定式通常带to。
We
had
no
choice
but
to
wait.
我们除了等待之外别无选择。
I
could
do
nothing
except
agree.
我除了同意,什么都做不了。
(2)but后总跟省略不定式符号to的短语:do
nothing
but...只能……;
cannot
help
but...禁不住……;cannot
but...不得不……;cannot
choose
but...只得……
考点五
非谓语动词作宾补
(一)不定式作宾补
不定式作宾补时,宾语和不定式之间在逻辑上是主谓关系。常用不定式作宾补的动词(短语):advise,
allow,
ask,
beg,
cause,
encourage,
expect,
forbid,
force,
intend,
invite,
order,
persuade,
prefer,
require,
remind,
tell,
want,
warn,
wish,
call
on,
depend
on等。
(山东卷)If
we
expect
people
to
give
up
the
habit
of
driving,
we
must
give
them
an
alternative
they
can
rely
on. 如果我们期望人们放弃开车的习惯,我们必须给他们可以依赖的选择。
(江西卷)Having
finished
her
project,
she
was
invited
by
the
school
to
speak
to
the
new
students.
完成她的项目之后,她被学校邀请去给新生讲话。
【名师点津】
(1)有些动词,如think,
consider,
believe,
suppose,
feel,
find,
understand等后常用to
be作宾补或主补。
Chinese
people
are
considered
to
be
the
most
hard?working
people
in
the
world.
中国人被认为是世界上最勤劳的人民。
(2)在sb.be
said/believed/known/reported/considered/thought+to
do/to
have
done结构中,不定式用作主语补足语。
(江西卷)He
is
thought
to
have
acted
foolishly.Now
he
has
no
one
but
himself
to
blame
for
losing
the
job.
大家都认为他表现得很愚蠢。现在要为他的失业负责的不是别人,而是他自己。
(3)有些动词,如hope,
welcome,
agree,
suggest,
demand等后不能用不定式作补语。
(二)分词作宾补
1.现在分词作宾补时,动词与宾语之间存在主谓关系,且强调正在进行的主动动作。可接现在分词作宾补的常见动词:感官动词(see,
watch,
observe,
notice,
hear,
listen,
feel),
使役动词(have,
get),
find,
leave,
keep,
catch等。
(湖南卷)Listen!
Do
you
hear
someone
calling
for
help?
听!你听到有人正在呼喊救命吗?
【名师点津】
catch
sb.
doing
sth.意为“撞见某人正在做某事”。
2.过去分词作宾补时,动词与宾语之间存在动宾关系。可接过去分词作宾补的常见动词:感官动词(see,
watch,
observe,
notice,
hear,
listen,
feel),
使役动词(have,
make,
let,
get),
find,
leave,
keep等。
(2018·天津卷)I
need
a
new
passport
so
I
will
have
to
have
my
photograph
taken.
我需要一个新护照,因此我得照张相片。
【名师点津】
(1)使役动词have,
get后接非谓语动词作补语的异同点:①have
sth.done=get
sth.done让别人做某事;②have
sb./sth.doing
sth.让……一直做某事;get
sb./sth.doing
使……开始做某事;③have
sb.do
sth.=get
sb.to
do
sth.让某人做某事。
(四川卷)Before
driving
into
the
city,
you
are
required
to
get
your
car
washed. 在开车进城之前,你需要找人洗洗车。
(2)have
sb.
doing
sth.用于否定句中,常与can’t,
won’t等连用,表示“不能容忍某人做某事”。
I
can’t
have
you
getting
away
with
telling
lies.
我不能容忍你因撒谎而不受惩罚。
考点六
非谓语动词作主语和表语
(一)不定式作主语和表语
1.不定式作主语时,一般表示具体某一次的动作。若不定式太长,常用it作形式主语而将不定式后置。
(浙江卷)No
matter
how
bright
a
talker
you
are,
there
are
times
when
it’s
better
to
remain
silent.
不论你多么能说会道,有些时候保持沉默会更好。
2.不定式作表语时:①表示预定要发生的动作;②当主语是aim,
purpose,
idea,
plan,
wish,
decision,
choice等词时,常用不定式作表语;③主语为what引导的名词性从句时,多用不定式作表语。
His
wish
is
to
be
a
doctor
in
the
future.
他的愿望是将来当一名医生。
【名师点津】
不定式作表语时,如果前面有实义动词do的形式,作表语的不定式常省略to。
What
I
want
to
do
most
in
senior
high
is
(to)
improve
my
English. 
我在高中最想做的事就是提高我的英语水平。
(二)动名词作主语和表语
1.动名词作主语通常表示抽象的或习惯性的动作。也可用it作形式主语,动名词作真正的主语放在句末。动名词作表语时相当于名词,用于解释主语的内容,表语和主语常常可以互换位置。
(2018·北京卷)Traveling
along
the
old
Silk
Road
is
an
interesting
and
rewarding
experience.
沿着丝绸之路旅行是一次既有趣又有益的经历。
2.常用于动名词作主语的句型:
It’s
a
waste
of
time
doing...;
It’s
no
use/good
doing...;
It
is
useless
doing.../There
is
no
use
doing...
It’s
no
use
complaining
without
taking
action.
不采取行动而只是抱怨是没用的。
【名师点津】
不定式和动名词作主语时,谓语动词都用单数,这是短文改错中经常出现的错误。
跟踪检测·迁移应用
练模拟,练规范,夯基提能
I.高考真题诊断·单句语法填空
1.(2020·全国I)All
customers
________(travel)on
TransLink
services
must
be
in
possession
of
a
valid
ticket
before
boarding.
2.(2020·全国II)They
make
great
gifts
and
you
see
them
many
times
________(decorate)
with
red
envelopes
and
messages
of
good
fortune.
3.(2020·全国II)Bamboo
plants
are
associated
with
health,
abundance
and
a
happy
home.
They
are
easy
________(care)
for
and
make
great
presents.
4.(2020·全国
III)And
when
he
saw
the
mists
rising
from
the
river
and
the
soft
clouds
________(surround)
the
mountain
tops,
he
was
reduced
to
tears.
5.(2019·全国III)
On
the
last
day
of
our
week-long
stay,we
were
invited
to
attend
a
private
concert
on
a
beautiful
farm
on
the
North
Shore
under
the
stars,
________
to
musicians
and
meeting
interesting
locals.
II.精选典题非谓语动词专题对点训练·单句语法填空
6.Nervously
_________(face)
challenges.I
know
1
will
whisper
to
myself
the
two
simple
words
“Be
yourself”.
7.China’s
image
is
improving
steadily,with
more
countries
_________(recognize)
its
role
in
international
affairs
8.A
city
is
the
product
of
the
human
hand
and
mind,
_________(reflect)
man’s
intelligence
and
creativity.
9.I
need
a
new
passport
so
I
will
have
to
have
my
photograph
_________(take).
10.I
didn’t
mean
_________(eat)
anything
but
the
ice
cream
looked
so
good
that
I
couldn’t
help
_________(try)
it.
11.I
still
remember_________(visit)
a
friend
who'd
lived
here
for
five
years.
12.Ordinary
soap,
_________(use)
correctly,
can
deal
with
bacteria
effectively.
13.Many
airlines
now
allow
passengers
to
print
their
boarding
passes
online
_________(save)
their
valuable
time.
14.Jim
has
retired,but
he
still
remembers
the
happy
time
_________(spend)
with
his
students.
15.Earth
Day,
(mark)on
22
April,is
an
annual
event
aiming
to
raise
public
awareness
about
environmental
protection.
III.精选典题非谓语动词专题对点训练·单句改错
16.
Ordering
over
a
week
ago,
the
books
are
expected
to
arrive
any
time
now.
17.I
also
noticed
that
they
always
seemed
to
dress
well,
and
always
had
their
hair
and
make?up
do.
18.When
we
got
a
call
said
she
was
short-listed,
we
thought
it
was
a
joke.
19.As
we
all
know,
we
can
meet
with
various
challenges
in
our
life.
Facing
with
challenges,
what
should
we
do?
20.I
was
watching
the
clock
all
through
the
meeting,
as
I
had
a
train
catch.
IV.精选典题非谓语动词专题对点训练·短文语法填空
Do
you
like
21.________(travel)
?
22.________(stay)
healthy
while
23.________(travel)
can
help
to
ensure
your
trip
is
a
happy
and
enjoyable
one.
Here
are
the
tips
you
need
24.________(make)
your
trip
much
easier.
Make
sure
you
have
got
a
25.________(sign)
passport
and
visa.
Also,
before
you
go,
fill
in
the
emergency
information
page
of
your
passport!
Make
two
copies
of
your
passport
identification
page.This
will
help
a
lot
if
your
passport
is
26.
________(steal)
.Leave
one
copy
at
home
with
friends
or
relatives.Carry
the
other
with
you
in
a
separate
place
from
your
passport.
Read
the
public
announcements
or
travel
warnings
for
the
countries
you
plan
27.________(visit)
.Get
yourself
28.________(inform)
of
local
laws
and
customs
of
the
countries
to
which
you
are
travelling.
Leave
a
copy
of
your
itinerary(旅行日程)
with
family
or
friends
at
home
so
that
you
can
be
29.________(contact)
in
case
of
an
emergency.
Do
not
accept
packages
30.________(give)
from
strangers.Do
not
carry
too
much
money
or
unnecessary
credit
cards.If
you
make
enough
preparations,
you
will
succeed.
Have
a
good
time!2021届高考二轮英语备考专项冲刺
专题10
【非谓语动词】语法增分攻略解析版
解题指导·触类旁通
寻方法,求策略,掌握“套路”
一、如何解答非谓语动词类题目
1.分析句子结构,辨别“谓语和非谓语”
首先判定所给动词是否充当句子的谓语,如果是,就用谓语形式;如果句子中并不缺少谓语,则用非谓语形式。所以在解题过程中,首先必须明白非谓语动词虽然与动词有关,但它们都不是谓语动词。其次,必须培养识别英语句子谓语的能力,因为命题人经常就一些多义词、多性(词性)词,尤其是熟词生义设置题目,增加句式结构的复杂性和干扰性,从而导致考生理解失误,不能正确地划分句子主干,继而造成失分。
【例1】(全国卷Ⅰ)A
study
of
travelers
____________(conduct)
by
the
website
TripAdvisor
names
Yangshuo
as
one
of
the
top
10
destinations
in
the
world.
【分析】conducted 本题存在一词多义、一词多性的特征,由于不能找到正确的谓语动词,考生容易误填was
conducted或were
conducted。因name的常见词性为名词,考生会将题干中的“names”误认为是名词name的复数形式。其实,在本题中,name为谓语动词,意为“选定;指定”,因主语“A
study
of
travelers(一项关于游客的研究)”是第三人称单数,故谓语动词用第三人称单数形式names。找到谓语之后,可轻松推知此处应填非谓语动词,再由“study”与“conduct”之间是被动关系,可知应填过去分词作后置定语。
2.寻找逻辑主语,确定逻辑主语与所给动词之间的关系
非谓语动词虽然不能作谓语,但仍具有动词的特点,其逻辑上的动作执行者就是逻辑主语。分析非谓语动词与其逻辑主语(逻辑上的动作执行者)之间是主动关系还是被动关系(也就是看其逻辑主语是动作的发出者还是承受者)。
如果逻辑主语与非谓语动词之间是主谓关系,则用现在分词。如果非谓语动词与其逻辑主语之间是动宾关系,则用过去分词。但是当含有被动意义时,如果非谓语动词表示的动作尚未发生,则用动词不定式的被动式;如果非谓语动词表示的动作正在进行,则用现在分词的被动式。
【例2】(重庆卷)The
producer
comes
regularly
to
collect
the
cameras
____________(return)
to
our
shop
for
quality
problems.
【分析】 returned 句意:生产厂商定期来收集因质量问题而被退回到我们商店的相机。句中已有谓语动词comes,因此设空处应为非谓语动词;且动词return与其逻辑主语the
cameras之间是逻辑上的动宾关系,所以用过去分词作后置定语,故填returned。
3.分析所给动词表示的动作与谓语动词表示的动作发生的先后顺序
非谓语动词所发生的时间是一个相对时间,即相对应谓语动词的动作发生的时间而言。非谓语动词的形式不同,所指时间的含义也不同。根据非谓语动词与谓语动词的动作发生的先后顺序确定用一般式还是完成式。如to
have
done,
having
done表示该动作发生在谓语动词表示的动作之前;to
be
doing,
doing表示该动作与谓语动词表示的动作同时发生。
【例3】 ____________(work)
for
two
days,
Steve
managed
to
finish
his
report
on
schedule.
【分析】 Having
worked 考生容易误认为在句首设题,应填To
work表示目的。然而,本题考查的是非谓语动词与谓语动词存在时间先后顺序时的用法。并且句中的主语Steve与work之间为主动关系,因此应用现在分词的完成式having
done。
二、“非谓语动词”的功能
1.非谓语动词作主语
①句中缺少主语,找到句子的谓语部分,确定应用动词的?ing形式/不定式作主语。
②表一般的动作用动词的?ing形式,表具体的动作用不定式。
③掌握用动词的?ing形式/不定式作主语的句型:
a.It’s
+adj.(hard/difficult/easy/possible/kind等)(+for/of
sb.)+to
do
sth.
b.It’s
no
use/no
good/fun/a
pleasure/no
pleasure/a
waste
of
time
doing
sth.
c.It
takes
sb.+
some
time/money
+to
do
sth.
d.It’s
worthwhile
doing/to
do
sth.
2.非谓语动词作表语
设空前是系动词(be、
get、
feel、
seem等)时,根据句子结构确定用不定式或分词作表语。
3.
非谓语动词作定语
提示词是动词,且句中已有谓语,根据非谓语动词与主语的逻辑关系确定用何种形式作定语。
①若表将来的动作,用不定式to
do;如表将来的被动的动作,用to
be
done。另外一些抽象名词如plan、ability、chance、right、desire、opportunity、
patience、
promise、
right、hope、wish、fact、excuse、way等,常用动词不定式作后置定语;另外,当中心词为序数词、最高级、the
last、the
only等或中心词被这类词所修饰时,多用不定式作后置定语。该结构中主语与不定式应是逻辑上的主谓关系。
②若与逻辑主语是主动关系,用现在分词(v.-ing);若与逻辑主语是被动关系,用过去分词(v.-ed)。
③若表被动且为正在发生的动作用being
done。
4.
非谓语作宾语
①提示词是动词,若句中已有谓语,且设空处不是作并列谓语而是作介词或动词(短语)的宾语时,应用非谓语动词doing/to
do;
②利用逻辑主语和非谓语动词的关系确定形式(主谓关系:doing/to
do;动宾关系:being
done/to
be
done)。
③介词(如by、
for、
of、
with、
without、
after等)之后加动名词作宾语。
④若非谓语动词做如下动词(短语)的宾语,则应填不定式:agree、
afford、
choose、
decide、
expect、
fail、
hope、
manage、
offer、
pretend、
plan、
promise、
refuse、
want、
wish、
would
like、
determine等。
⑤若非谓语动词做如下动词(短语)的宾语,则应填动词的-ing形式:avoid、
admit、
allow、
advise、
consider、escape、
enjoy、
keep、
finish、
include、
mind、
miss、
practice、
recommend、
suggest、
feel
like、
get
down
to等。
⑥go
on、
mean、
forget、
regret、
remember、
stop、
try等可接动词的?ing形式或不定式作宾语,应结合语境和动词(短语)用法确定填动词的形式或不定式作宾语。
⑦believe/consider/find/feel/make/think+it+
adj.+to
do
sth.,
it是形式宾语,真正的宾语是后面的不定式。
三、分析逻辑关系
辨别不定式、现在分词和过去分词
(1)作状语:
①表目的、出乎意料的结果或在形容词后作状语,用不定式;
②表伴随、时间或条件等要用现在分词/过去分词;③表自然而然的结果用现在分词。
(2)作补语:根据具体结构用(to)
do/doing/done
①如逻辑主语与非谓语动词之间是主谓关系,且表正在进行,用doing。
②如逻辑主语与非谓语动词之间是被动关系,且表完成,用done。
四、牢记6种用法,看牢一个简单单词——to该有的不能少,不该有的不能多。
①动词不定式在句中作宾语或状语,to不能省略;help
to
do
中的to可省略。
②不定式作宾补:allow、
ask、
beg、
command、
encourage、
expect、
forbid、
invite、
persuade、
tell等+sb.
to
do
sth.。
③注意用省略to的不定式作宾补的两类词:一是使役动词;二是感官动词,其后接作宾补的动词的不定式,不定式符号to要省略。
“五”看;“三”使;“两”听;“一”感觉。“look
at/see/watch/notice/observe;
make/let/have;
hear/listen
to;
feel”+sb.+do
sth.。注意:但在被动语态中作主语补足语要还原to,如be
made
to
do。
④have
sb./sth.doing
“让某人/某物一直做”;
have
sb./sth.done
“让某人/某物被做”。
⑤主语+系动词+形容词(easy、
hard、
impossible、
important等)+to
do
⑥too+adj./adv.+to
do或adj./adv.+enough+to
do
考点突破·针对提能
明考点,攻重难,有效提升
考点一
非谓语动词的形式及意义
非谓语动词
主动语态
被动语态
意义
不定式
一般式
to
do
to
be
done
其表示的动作与句中谓语动词的动作同时发生或在其后发生
进行式
to
be
doing
其表示的动作与句中谓语动词的动作同时发生
完成式
to
have
done
to
have
been
done
其表示的动作发生在句中谓语动词的动作之前
现在分词/动名词
一般式
doing
being
done
其表示的动作与句中谓语动词的动作同时发生,或基本上同时发生
完成式
having
done
having
been
done
其表示的动作先于句中谓语动词的动作发生
过去分词
一般式
done
与句中主语为逻辑上的被动关系,表完成
(江苏卷)Many
Chinese
brands,
having
developed
their
reputations
over
centuries,
are
facing
new
challenges
from
the
modern
market. 很多中国品牌历经几个世纪树立了声誉,它们正面临着当代市场带来的新挑战。
(北京卷)There
are
still
many
problems
to
be
solved
before
we
are
ready
for
a
long
stay
on
the
Moon.
在我们准备在月球上长住之前,还有很多问题仍需要解决。
考点二
非谓语动词作状语
(一)不定式作状语
1.作目的状语。可用so
as
to/in
order
to替换,但
so
as
to一般不可置于句首,意为“为了;想要”。
(2019·江苏卷)To
enjoy
the
convenience
of
digital
payment,
many
senior
citizens
started
to
use
smart
phones. 为了享受数字支付的便利,很多老年人开始使用智能手机。
Her
mother
plans
to
fly
to
Beijing
at
least
four
times
a
year
in
order
to/so
as
to/to
visit
her.
她母亲计划每年至少四次飞到北京去看她。
2.作结果状语。常用于下列结构中:only
to
do(表示意想不到的结果);enough
to
do(足够做……);too...to
do...(太……而不能做……);so/such...as
to...(如此……以至于……)等。
(四川卷)Tom
took
a
taxi
to
the
airport,
only
to
find
his
plane
high
up
in
the
sky. 汤姆乘出租车去了机场,结果却发现他要乘坐的飞机已飞入高空。
3.作原因状语。常用在“主语+系动词+形容词+to
do”结构中。这类形容词有easy,
difficult,
hard,
cheap,
expensive,
fit,
comfortable,
heavy,
good,
important,
impossible,
dangerous,
surprised,
astonished,
delighted,
disappointed
等。
(辽宁卷)This
machine
is
very
easy
to
operate.Anybody
can
learn
to
use
it
in
a
few
minutes. 这台机器很容易操作。只需几分钟,任何人都能学会使用它。
【名师点津】
语法填空和短文改错中常考查“主语+be+形容词+不定式”结构,句子的主语和不定式构成逻辑上的动宾关系,且此时不定式通常用主动形式表示被动意义。另外需注意的是在该结构中,不定式中的动词必须是及物动词,若为不及物动词,则要在其后加上适当的介词,使之构成及物动词短语。
(二)分词作状语
分词作状语时,可以表时间、原因、结果、条件、让步、伴随状况等。为了强调,还可与while,
when,
once,
if,
unless等连用。非谓语动词作状语时,其逻辑主语通常要与句子的主语保持一致。现在分词作状语时,现在分词所表示的动作与句子主语之间构成逻辑上的主动关系。过去分词作状语时,过去分词所表示的动作与句子主语之间构成逻辑上的被动关系。
(2019·江苏卷)A
city
is
the
product
of
the
human
hand
and
mind,
reflecting
man’s
intelligence
and
creativity. 一座城市是人类的手与大脑的产物,这反映了人类的智慧与创造性。
(2018·北京卷)
Ordinary
soap,
used
correctly,
can
deal
with
bacteria
effectively.
如果正确使用的话,普通肥皂可以有效地消灭细菌。
Generally
speaking,
if
taken
according
to
the
directions,
the
drug
has
no
side
effect.
一般来说,如果按照说明服用,这种药没有副作用。
【名师点津】
某些动词的过去分词已经形容词化,且常用于一些系表结构中,此时这些过去分词只表示一种状态,作状语时不表示被动关系,其前不用being。常见的有located(坐落于),
lost(迷路的),
seated(坐着的),
hidden(躲着的),
lost/absorbed/buried
in(沉溺于),
dressed
in(穿着),
tired
of(厌烦的),
faced
with(面对着)等,无论它们在句中作何种成分都不用其?ing形式。
(天津卷)Absorbed
in
painting,
John
didn’t
notice
evening
approaching.
由于专心绘画,约翰没有注意到夜幕正在降临。
(三)独立成分作状语
有些分词或不定式短语作状语,其形式的选择不受上下文的影响,称作独立成分。常考的独立成分有:
独立成分
意义
generally
speaking
(to
be
general)
一般来说
honestly/roughly/strictly
speaking
老实说/大体说/严格说
frankly
speaking/to
be
frank
坦白说
judging
from/by
根据……来判断
taking...into
consideration/account
考虑到……
considering/seeing/given...
考虑到……
to
tell
the
truth/to
be
honest
说实话
compared
with/by
与……相比
to
make
things
worse
更糟糕的是
(浙江卷)To
be
honest,
the
pay
isn’t
attractive
enough,
though
the
job
itself
is
quite
interesting. 说实话,尽管这份工作本身很有趣,但是这个报酬不是很吸引人。
(四)独立主格结构作状语
独立主格结构是由名词或代词加上名词、形容词、副词、介词短语或非谓语动词等构成,用于修饰整个句子。该结构位置相当灵活,可置于句首、句末或句中,常由逗号将其与句子主体分开,在句中通常作状语,表示时间、条件、原因、伴随、目的等,还可以作定语。其构成形式主要有:
1.名词/代词+形容词/副词/名词/介词短语/现在分词/过去分词/不定式(主动表被动)
(江苏卷)Much
time
spent
sitting
at
a
desk,
office
workers
are
generally
troubled
by
health
problems. 因为在桌前久坐,办公室工作人员一般都被健康问题所困扰。
Weather
permitting,
they
will
go
on
an
outing
to
the
beach
tomorrow.
如果天气允许的话,他们将在明天组织一次海滨郊游。
2.with/without+名词/代词+宾语补足语(现在分词/过去分词/不定式/形容词/副词/介词短语)
With
a
lot
of
difficult
problems
to
settle,
the
newly?elected
president
is
having
a
hard
time. 有许多的难题要解决,这位新选的总统正过着一段艰难的日子。
(安徽卷)John
received
an
invitation
to
dinner,
and
with
his
work
finished,
he
gladly
accepted
it. 约翰收到了一张宴会的请柬,由于作业做完了,他很乐意地接受了。
(北京卷)I
couldn’t
do
my
homework
with
all
that
noise
going
on. 噪音不绝于耳,我没法做作业。
考点三
非谓语动词作定语
(一)不定式作定语
1.不定式作定语通常放在所修饰词之后,表示将来的动作。
(2017·天津卷)I
was
watching
the
clock
all
through
the
meeting,
as
I
had
a
train
to
catch.
我在会议期间一直看表,因为我要赶火车。
【名师点津】
不定式与其所修饰的词之间往往是动宾关系,若该不定式是不及物动词,其后应有必要的介词。
Suddenly
a
good
idea
occurred
to
her,
but
she
couldn’t
find
any
paper
to
write
on.
突然她想到了一个好主意,但是她找不到纸把它写下来。
2.序数词,形容词最高级,the
last,
the
only
等后或被这些词修饰的名词或代词后,常用不定式作定语。注意:该名词或代词是作定语的非谓语动词的执行者。
He
is
always
the
first
to
arrive
at
the
school
and
the
last
to
leave
the
school. 
他总是第一个到校,最后一个离校。
3.被修饰词是抽象名词时,常用不定式作定语。如ability,
chance,
idea,
hope,
wish,
fact,
excuse,
promise,
attempt,
way
等。
(辽宁卷)And
the
best
way
to
strengthen
willpower
is
to
make
it
into
a
habit.
增强意志力最好的方法就是让意志力成为一种习惯。
(湖南卷)The
ability
to
express
an
idea
is
as
important
as
the
idea
itself. 表达观点的能力与观点本身同等重要。
【名师点津】
不定式作定语时,当句子的主语是不定式的逻辑主语时,不定式使用主动式;
当句子的主语不是不定式的逻辑主语且不定式与所修饰的名词或代词之间是被动关系时,不定式使用被动式。
I
have
a
letter
to
post,
so
I
can’t
go
swimming
with
you.
我有一封信(需要我)要寄出,因此我不能和你一起去游泳了。
I
have
a
letter
to
be
posted.
Can
you
help
me?
我有一封信想(让别人替我)寄出去,你能帮我一下吗?
(二)分词作定语
1.作定语的及物动词的分词形式有:现在分词、“being+过去分词”、过去分词。当被修饰的名词与分词之间为主动关系时,用现在分词;当被修饰的名词与分词之间为被动关系且表示正在进行时,用“being+过去分词”;当被修饰的名词与分词之间为被动关系且表示完成时,用过去分词。
(2019·天津卷)Most
colleges
now
offer
first?year
students
a
course
specially
designed
to
help
them
succeed
academically
and
personally.
大多数大学现在为大一的学生提供一门专门为他们设计的课程,以帮助他们在学术和个人事务上取得成功。
(北京卷)Last
night,
there
were
millions
of
people
watching
the
opening
ceremony
live
on
TV.
昨天晚上,有几百万人观看了开幕式的电视直播。
2.作定语的不及物动词的分词形式有:现在分词和过去分词。现在分词表示动作正在进行;过去分词只表示动作已完成,不表被动。
falling
leaves  
正在落下的叶子(表正在进行)
fallen
leaves
落叶(表完成)
【名师点津】
非谓语动词作定语的解题思路
表示被动、完成用过去分词(done);表示主动、进行用现在分词(doing);表示被动、进行用being
done;表示主动、尚未进行用to
do;表示被动的动作尚未进行用to
be
done。试比较:
①Today
there
are
more
airplanes
carrying
more
people
than
ever
before
in
the
skies.
②The
bridge
built
in
2019
was
designed
by
a
local
company.
③The
bridge
being
built
now
was
designed
by
a
local
company.
④The
bridge
to
be
built
next
year
was
designed
by
a
local
company.
考点四
非谓语动词作宾语
1.只接不定式作宾语的动词:
决心学会想希望,拒绝设法愿假装
decide/determine,
learn,
want,
expect/hope/wish;
refuse,manage,
care,
pretend
主动答应选计划,同意请求帮一帮
offer,
promise,
choose,
plan;agree,
ask/beg,
help
(2017·江苏卷)A
quick
review
of
successes
and
failures
at
the
end
of
year
will
help
(to)
shape
your
year
ahead.
在年底对成功和失败进行快速的回顾会有助于你下一年的发展。
【名师点津】
(1)此外afford,
happen(碰巧),
wait,
threaten等也要用不定式作宾语。
(2)动词(短语)learn,
decide,
know,
wonder,
show,
tell,
understand,
explain,
teach,
advise,
find
out等常接“疑问词+动词不定式”作宾语。
2.只接动名词作宾语的动词及短语:
考虑建议盼原谅,承认推迟没得想
consider,
suggest/advise,
look
forward
to,
excuse/pardon;admit,
delay/put
off,
fancy
避免错过继续练,否认完成就欣赏
avoid,
miss,
keep/keep
on,
practice;
deny,
finish,
enjoy/
appreciate
禁止想象才冒险,不禁介意准逃亡
forbid/avoid,
imagine,
risk;can’t
help(禁不住),
mind,
allow/permit,
escape
He
got
well?prepared
for
the
job
interview,
for
he
couldn’t
risk
losing
the
good
opportunity.
他为这次工作面试做了充分准备,因为他不能冒失去这次好机会的风险。
【名师点津】
allow,
permit,
forbid,
advise后需加动名词作宾语,但如果后面有名词或代词作宾语,则用不定式作宾补。即allow/permit/forbid/advise
doing/sb.
to
do
sth.。
3.接不定式与动名词作宾语意义不同的动词:
(1)try
to
do
尽力做……;try
doing
试着去做……;
(2)mean
to
do打算做……;mean
doing
意味着……;
(3)regret
to
do遗憾要去做……;regret
doing后悔做过……;
(4)remember
to
do
记得去做……;remember
doing记得做过……;
(5)forget
to
do忘记去做……;forget
doing
忘记做了……
(陕西卷)I
still
remember
being
taken
to
the
Famen
Temple
and
what
I
saw
there. 
我仍记得别人带我去过法门寺,还有我在那里所看到的一切。
(安徽卷)I
remembered
to
lock
the
door
before
I
left
the
office,
but
forgot
to
turn
off
the
lights.
我离开办公室之前记得关门却忘记关灯了。
【名师点津】
动词want,
need,
require作“需要”讲时,其后要用v.?ing形式的主动形式或不定式的被动语态作宾语。与此用法相同的动词还有deserve(值得)。
The
window
needs
cleaning/to
be
cleaned.(clean与the
window之间存在动宾关系)
He
needs
to
leave
at
once.(leave与he之间不存在动宾关系)
4.动词作介词的宾语时,要用动名词形式,不能用动词不定式。常见的含有介词的动词短语:be/get
used
to(习惯于),
feel
like(想要),
insist
on(坚持),
get
down
to(开始认真做某事),
devote...to...(致力于……),
object
to(反对),
stick
to(坚持),
give
up(放弃)等。此外,介词后跟动名词的结构:have
difficulty/trouble
(in)
doing
sth.;have
fun
(in)
doing
sth.
(陕西卷)It’s
quite
hot
today.Do
you
feel
like
going
for
a
swim?
 今天很热。你想去游泳吗?
(浙江卷)I
had
as
much
fun
sailing
the
seas
as
I
now
do
working
with
students.
我现在与学生们打交道和我过去航海一样开心。
【名师点津】
(1)当非谓语动词位于介词but,
except后时,习惯上要用不定式。并且,当其前有实义动词do及相关形式时,则不定式要省略to;若其前没有动词do,则不定式通常带to。
We
had
no
choice
but
to
wait.
我们除了等待之外别无选择。
I
could
do
nothing
except
agree.
我除了同意,什么都做不了。
(2)but后总跟省略不定式符号to的短语:do
nothing
but...只能……;
cannot
help
but...禁不住……;cannot
but...不得不……;cannot
choose
but...只得……
考点五
非谓语动词作宾补
(一)不定式作宾补
不定式作宾补时,宾语和不定式之间在逻辑上是主谓关系。常用不定式作宾补的动词(短语):advise,
allow,
ask,
beg,
cause,
encourage,
expect,
forbid,
force,
intend,
invite,
order,
persuade,
prefer,
require,
remind,
tell,
want,
warn,
wish,
call
on,
depend
on等。
(山东卷)If
we
expect
people
to
give
up
the
habit
of
driving,
we
must
give
them
an
alternative
they
can
rely
on. 如果我们期望人们放弃开车的习惯,我们必须给他们可以依赖的选择。
(江西卷)Having
finished
her
project,
she
was
invited
by
the
school
to
speak
to
the
new
students.
完成她的项目之后,她被学校邀请去给新生讲话。
【名师点津】
(1)有些动词,如think,
consider,
believe,
suppose,
feel,
find,
understand等后常用to
be作宾补或主补。
Chinese
people
are
considered
to
be
the
most
hard?working
people
in
the
world.
中国人被认为是世界上最勤劳的人民。
(2)在sb.be
said/believed/known/reported/considered/thought+to
do/to
have
done结构中,不定式用作主语补足语。
(江西卷)He
is
thought
to
have
acted
foolishly.Now
he
has
no
one
but
himself
to
blame
for
losing
the
job.
大家都认为他表现得很愚蠢。现在要为他的失业负责的不是别人,而是他自己。
(3)有些动词,如hope,
welcome,
agree,
suggest,
demand等后不能用不定式作补语。
(二)分词作宾补
1.现在分词作宾补时,动词与宾语之间存在主谓关系,且强调正在进行的主动动作。可接现在分词作宾补的常见动词:感官动词(see,
watch,
observe,
notice,
hear,
listen,
feel),
使役动词(have,
get),
find,
leave,
keep,
catch等。
(湖南卷)Listen!
Do
you
hear
someone
calling
for
help?
听!你听到有人正在呼喊救命吗?
【名师点津】
catch
sb.
doing
sth.意为“撞见某人正在做某事”。
2.过去分词作宾补时,动词与宾语之间存在动宾关系。可接过去分词作宾补的常见动词:感官动词(see,
watch,
observe,
notice,
hear,
listen,
feel),
使役动词(have,
make,
let,
get),
find,
leave,
keep等。
(2018·天津卷)I
need
a
new
passport
so
I
will
have
to
have
my
photograph
taken.
我需要一个新护照,因此我得照张相片。
【名师点津】
(1)使役动词have,
get后接非谓语动词作补语的异同点:①have
sth.done=get
sth.done让别人做某事;②have
sb./sth.doing
sth.让……一直做某事;get
sb./sth.doing
使……开始做某事;③have
sb.do
sth.=get
sb.to
do
sth.让某人做某事。
(四川卷)Before
driving
into
the
city,
you
are
required
to
get
your
car
washed. 在开车进城之前,你需要找人洗洗车。
(2)have
sb.
doing
sth.用于否定句中,常与can’t,
won’t等连用,表示“不能容忍某人做某事”。
I
can’t
have
you
getting
away
with
telling
lies.
我不能容忍你因撒谎而不受惩罚。
考点六
非谓语动词作主语和表语
(一)不定式作主语和表语
1.不定式作主语时,一般表示具体某一次的动作。若不定式太长,常用it作形式主语而将不定式后置。
(浙江卷)No
matter
how
bright
a
talker
you
are,
there
are
times
when
it’s
better
to
remain
silent.
不论你多么能说会道,有些时候保持沉默会更好。
2.不定式作表语时:①表示预定要发生的动作;②当主语是aim,
purpose,
idea,
plan,
wish,
decision,
choice等词时,常用不定式作表语;③主语为what引导的名词性从句时,多用不定式作表语。
His
wish
is
to
be
a
doctor
in
the
future.
他的愿望是将来当一名医生。
【名师点津】
不定式作表语时,如果前面有实义动词do的形式,作表语的不定式常省略to。
What
I
want
to
do
most
in
senior
high
is
(to)
improve
my
English. 
我在高中最想做的事就是提高我的英语水平。
(二)动名词作主语和表语
1.动名词作主语通常表示抽象的或习惯性的动作。也可用it作形式主语,动名词作真正的主语放在句末。动名词作表语时相当于名词,用于解释主语的内容,表语和主语常常可以互换位置。
(2018·北京卷)Traveling
along
the
old
Silk
Road
is
an
interesting
and
rewarding
experience.
沿着丝绸之路旅行是一次既有趣又有益的经历。
2.常用于动名词作主语的句型:
It’s
a
waste
of
time
doing...;
It’s
no
use/good
doing...;
It
is
useless
doing.../There
is
no
use
doing...
It’s
no
use
complaining
without
taking
action.
不采取行动而只是抱怨是没用的。
【名师点津】
不定式和动名词作主语时,谓语动词都用单数,这是短文改错中经常出现的错误。
跟踪检测·迁移应用
练模拟,练规范,夯基提能
I.高考真题诊断·单句语法填空
1.(2020·全国I)All
customers
________(travel)on
TransLink
services
must
be
in
possession
of
a
valid
ticket
before
boarding.
2.(2020·全国II)They
make
great
gifts
and
you
see
them
many
times
________(decorate)
with
red
envelopes
and
messages
of
good
fortune.
3.(2020·全国II)Bamboo
plants
are
associated
with
health,
abundance
and
a
happy
home.
They
are
easy
________(care)
for
and
make
great
presents.
4.(2020·全国
III)And
when
he
saw
the
mists
rising
from
the
river
and
the
soft
clouds
________(surround)
the
mountain
tops,
he
was
reduced
to
tears.
5.(2019·全国III)
On
the
last
day
of
our
week-long
stay,we
were
invited
to
attend
a
private
concert
on
a
beautiful
farm
on
the
North
Shore
under
the
stars,
________
to
musicians
and
meeting
interesting
locals.
【答案详解】
1.答案:travelling
解析:分析句子结构可知,travel
与主语为逻辑上的主谓关系,故用
travelling.
2.答案:decorated
解析:
句中
them与decorate之间为逻辑上的动宾关系,所以用过去分词作宾语补足语,故填
decorated.
3.答案:to
care
解析:
这里为固定句式“主语+be+形容词+to
do”.
4.答案:surrounding
解析:
分析句子结构可知,the
soft
clouds
与动词surround为逻辑上的主谓关系,故填
surrounding.
5.答案:listening
解析:
分析句子结构可知,主语we与listen之间是逻辑上的主谓关系,故填
listening.
II.精选典题非谓语动词专题对点训练·单句语法填空
6.Nervously
_________(face)
challenges.I
know
1
will
whisper
to
myself
the
two
simple
words
“Be
yourself”.
7.China’s
image
is
improving
steadily,with
more
countries
_________(recognize)
its
role
in
international
affairs
8.A
city
is
the
product
of
the
human
hand
and
mind,
_________(reflect)
man’s
intelligence
and
creativity.
9.I
need
a
new
passport
so
I
will
have
to
have
my
photograph
_________(take).
10.I
didn’t
mean
_________(eat)
anything
but
the
ice
cream
looked
so
good
that
I
couldn’t
help
_________(try)
it.
11.I
still
remember_________(visit)
a
friend
who'd
lived
here
for
five
years.
12.Ordinary
soap,
_________(use)
correctly,
can
deal
with
bacteria
effectively.
13.Many
airlines
now
allow
passengers
to
print
their
boarding
passes
online
_________(save)
their
valuable
time.
14.Jim
has
retired,but
he
still
remembers
the
happy
time
_________(spend)
with
his
students.
15.Earth
Day,
(mark)on
22
April,is
an
annual
event
aiming
to
raise
public
awareness
about
environmental
protection.
【答案详解】
6.答案:facing
解析:分析句子结构可知,主语I与动词face之间是逻辑上的主谓关系,故填facing.
7.答案:recognizing
解析:这里是with的复合结构。more
countries
和recognize之间是逻辑上的主谓关系,故填
recognizing.
8.答案:reflecting
解析:此处是现在分词短语
reflecting
man's
intelligence
and
creativity作伴随状语。
9.答案:taken
解析:have
sth
done
意思是“请人做某事;让某事被做”。
10.答案:to
eat;trying
解析:mean
to
do
sth“打算做某事”;can't
help
doing
sth“情不自禁做某事”。
11.答案:visiting
解析:remember
doing
sth“记得做过某事”。
12.答案:used
解析:
分析句子结构可知,use与soap是逻辑上的动宾关系,故要用过去分词。
13.答案:to
save
解析:
此处用动词不定式表示目的。
14.答案:spent
解析:
分析句子结构可知,动词spend与主语
time之间是逻辑上的动宾关系,故用过去分词。
15.答案:marked
解析:本句是主系表结构,由连系动词is
可知,空处填非谓语动词形式。mark在这里是“庆祝,纪念(重要事件)”之意,是及物动词,Earth
Day
与之是被动关系,此处的字面意思是“地球日在4月22日被庆祝”,故用过去分词短语作定语。句意:地球日在4月22日举行,是一项旨在提公众环保意识的年度事件。
III.精选典题非谓语动词专题对点训练·单句改错
16.
Ordering
over
a
week
ago,
the
books
are
expected
to
arrive
any
time
now.
17.I
also
noticed
that
they
always
seemed
to
dress
well,
and
always
had
their
hair
and
make?up
do.
18.When
we
got
a
call
said
she
was
short-listed,
we
thought
it
was
a
joke.
19.As
we
all
know,
we
can
meet
with
various
challenges
in
our
life.
Facing
with
challenges,
what
should
we
do?
20.I
was
watching
the
clock
all
through
the
meeting,
as
I
had
a
train
catch.
【答案详解】
16.答案:Ordering

Ordered
解析:分析句子结构可知,动词order
与主语
books之间为逻辑上的动宾关系,故用过去分词。
17.答案:do→done 解析:have
sth.
done为固定结构,表示“让某事被做”。该句中的their
hair
and
make?up和动词do是逻辑上的动宾关系,故用过去分词形式。
18.答案:said→
saying
解析:分析句子结构可知,名词
call与动词
say之间是逻辑上的主谓关系,故用
saying.
19.答案:Facing→Faced或删掉Facing后的with 解析:考查非谓语动词。be
faced
with
为固定用法,故将Facing改为Faced。主语we和动词face之间为逻辑上的主谓关系,故也可删除with。
20.答案:catch
前加
to
解析:sb
have
sth
to
do
意为“某人有某事要做”。
IV.精选典题非谓语动词专题对点训练·短文语法填空
Do
you
like
21.________(travel)
?
22.________(stay)
healthy
while
23.________(travel)
can
help
to
ensure
your
trip
is
a
happy
and
enjoyable
one.
Here
are
the
tips
you
need
24.________(make)
your
trip
much
easier.
Make
sure
you
have
got
a
25.________(sign)
passport
and
visa.
Also,
before
you
go,
fill
in
the
emergency
information
page
of
your
passport!
Make
two
copies
of
your
passport
identification
page.This
will
help
a
lot
if
your
passport
is
26.
________(steal)
.Leave
one
copy
at
home
with
friends
or
relatives.Carry
the
other
with
you
in
a
separate
place
from
your
passport.
Read
the
public
announcements
or
travel
warnings
for
the
countries
you
plan
27.________(visit)
.Get
yourself
28.________(inform)
of
local
laws
and
customs
of
the
countries
to
which
you
are
travelling.
Leave
a
copy
of
your
itinerary(旅行日程)
with
family
or
friends
at
home
so
that
you
can
be
29.________(contact)
in
case
of
an
emergency.
Do
not
accept
packages
30.________(give)
from
strangers.Do
not
carry
too
much
money
or
unnecessary
credit
cards.If
you
make
enough
preparations,
you
will
succeed.
Have
a
good
time!
【语篇解读】本文为说明文,给要去国外旅行的人提供了一些建议,以保障旅行安全,提高旅行舒造度。
21.
答案:travelling
句意:你喜欢旅行吗?本题考查非谓语动词作宾语。like后接动名词表示习惯性的行为。也可接不定式,只是不定式表示具体的动作,尤其是某一次的行为,故这里用动名词更合适。
22.答案:Staying
句意:在旅行的时候保持健康能帮助确保你的旅行快乐、有趣。本题考查非谓语动词作主语。用动名词作主语多表示抽象的动作。
23.答案:travelling
解析:
本题考查状语从句的省略。此处省略了主语和be动词,应使用
travelling.
24.答案:
to
make
句意:这里有你需要的提示来使你的旅途更舒适。本题考查非谓语动词作目的状语。此处缺目的状语,用不定式充当。
25.
答案:signed
句意:确保你已经拿到签好了的护照和签证。本题考查非谓语动词作定语。sign和
passport是逻辑上的被动关系,故用过去分词。
26.答案:stolen
句意:如果你的护照被偷了,这会很管用。本题考查非谓语动词作表语。此处为过去分词作表语。
27.
答案:to
visit
解析:本题考查非谓语动词作宾语。plan
to
do
sth.计划做某事。
28.
答案:informed
句意:使自己了解要去的国家的当地法律和习俗。本题考查非谓语动词作宾补。yourself
和inform
之间为逻辑上的被动关系。
29.答案:contacted
句意:留一份旅行日程的复印件给在国内的家人或者朋友,以便万一紧急情况发生他们能联系到你。本题考查动词的语态。设空处为过去分词。
30.
答案:given
句意:不要接受陌生人给的包裹。本题考查非谓语动词作定语。give与packages是逻辑上的被动关系,故用过去分词。