人教版新课标Unit 1 Great Scientists重难点详

人教版新课标Unit 1 Great Scientists重难点详
Expressions & phrases (1)
know about… 了解……的情况 lift up 举起;抬起;提升 steam engine 蒸汽机
physical characteristic人体的特征 put forward a theory about black holes提出一个有关黑洞的理论
6. infectious disease 传染性的疾 7. in scientific research 在科学研究上
8. examine a new scientific idea 验证一个新的科学思想
9. draw a conclusion 得出结论 10. analyse the results 分析结果
11. a well-known doctor一个著名的医生 12. ordinary people百姓;普通人
13. expose (…)to sth.暴露(…..)在……中 14. the most deadly disease 最致命的疾病
15. terrified people 被吓坏的人们 16. get interested in sth./doing sth. 对…产生兴趣
17. absorb sth. into… 把….吸收入…. 18. gather the information 收集信息
19. determine to do sth. 决心干某事 20. a valuable clue 一条珍贵的线索
21. the water pump 水泵 22. in addition (to…) 除..…之外还有…
23. link … to …将….和….联系起来 (be linked to…)
24. have it delivered (have sth. done) 叫某人送东西 25. die of… 死于…
26. announce with certainty 肯定地宣布 27. polluted water 被污染的水
28. prevent sb. from doing sth. 阻止某人干某事 29. deal with…处理……
30. solve the problem 解决难题
Expressions & Phrases (2)
come to an end 到了尽头 find the cause of this illness 找出疾病的起因
look into… 调查…… apart from… 除…..之外;此外 (=except for…)
prepare for… 预备好…. be strict with sb. 对某人严格要求
a revolutionary theory 一个革命性的理论 lead to… 通向…. ;导致… (注意:to为介词)
make sense 有 10. at times =sometimes 有时候 11. contribute to sth.有助于;促进
12. encourage sb. to do sth. 鼓励某人做某事 13. point of view 观点
14. living conditions 居住条件 15. break… in/into pieces 把…摔成碎块
16. be devoted to sth./sb.专致于…….; 关心…; 17. devote one’s life to doing sth.献身于…..
18. curved line曲线 19. achieve great success 取得巨大的成功
二、重点单词用法精解
1. characteristic n. 特征，特性
The chief characteristic of human being is that they can think. 人类主要的特征是他们会思考。
2. expose vt. 暴露，揭发，曝光（摄影）
Don’t expose the baby to the burning sun. 切勿将小孩曝晒。
注：expose sb/sth to…中的to为介词。
3. defeat vt. & n. 击败；战胜；
The army defeated the enemy in the end. 军队最终战胜了敌军。
Tom suffered the defeat in the English examination. 汤姆英语考试失败了。
辨析：win的宾语是game, prize等物（不是人）；beat和defeat的宾语是人；hit“打一下”； beat“（连续地）打”；strike “重击”。
4. cure vt. & n. 治愈，治疗法
There is no known cure for AIDS. 还无治疗艾滋病之法。
It is possible to cure the sickness. 治愈这种疾病还是可能的。
辨析：cure“治愈”，强调结果；treat“治疗”，强调动作过程；说cure sb of sth. 但说treat sb for sth.
5. blame vt. 责备，归咎
The teacher blamed me for my being late for school again. 老师因我又迟到批评了我。
注：blame sb for sth=blame sth on sb.
6. backward adj. & adv. 向后
We turn backward(s) then rightward(s). 我们向后转然后向右转。
搭配：a backward turn 向后转
7. conclude vt. & vi. 结束，总结
The teacher concluded the class by one sentence. 老师以一句话总结了这节课。
三、重要词组句型例析
1.in addition 此外
In addition, the speaker gave us more information about the topic. 另外，这个演讲者就主题给了我一些信息。
注：in addition to(=besides)是短语介词，后接名词、代词和动名词。
I visited many places in addition to the Great Wall. 我参观了许多地方，除了长城以外。
2. apart from除……以外(except for)；除……外，还有(besides)
Apart from being short, Tom is smart. 除了个子矮了点，Tom还是挺帅气的。
Apart from the cost, it will take a lot of time. 除了花费钱以外，它还需要不少时间。
3. be strict with sb. 对某人严格
Father is always strict with his sons. 父亲对子女经常要求严格。
比较：be strict in sth. 对某事物要求严格
Teachers are strict in students’ homework. 老师对学生的作业要求严格。
4. lead to 导致，通向（to为介词）
Hard work leads to success. 努力通向成功。
All roads lead to Rome. 条条道路通罗马。
5．link…to… 将……和……连接起来
Can you link the clues to the criminals 你能把线索和罪犯联系起来吗？
6. keep sb /sth +doing /done /adj. 让某人或事物做……
I’m sorry to have kept you waiting so long. 对不起，让你久等了。
You must keep your jewels locked up. 你得把珠宝饰物锁好。
Keep the classroom clean. 要保持教室清洁。(adj.作宾补)
注：用doing强调与sb/sth是主动关系且与谓语动词是同时或一直进行的；用done强调与sb/sth是被动关系且业已完成；用adj.强调sb/sth的状态。
四、课文长句难句剖析
1. In addition, he found two other deaths in another part of London that were linked to the Broad Street outbreak.
剖析：句中的that引导一个定语从句，修饰先行词two other deaths；先行词与定语从句之间被介词短语in another part of London所分隔。
译文：除此之外，他发现在伦敦的另一个地方有两个与the Broad Street爆发的霍乱有关的死亡病例。
2. To prevent this from happening again, John Snow suggested that the source of all water supplies be examined and new methods of dealing with polluted water be found.
剖析：To prevent为表示目的的不定式短语；prevent…(from) doing sth 意为“阻止……做某事”，其中prevent可与stop, keep互换；suggest表示“建议”的，其宾语从句的谓语用“should +动词原形”，句中的should被省略了。
译文：为了防止这种情况的再次发生，John Snow建议所有的水源都要经过检测，而且要寻找处理污水的新方法。
五、语法知识归纳梳理——过去分词的用法
1. 构成：done（规则动词的过去分词与过去式变化相同，都是在动词原形后加ed, 如：print—printed—printed; follow—followed—followed; 不规则动词的过去分词需要记忆, 如：begin—began—begun；ea—tate—eaten）
2. 意义：完成、被动
(1)不及物动词的过去分词表示完成的状态，不表被动意义，如：fallen leaves（落叶），fall为不及物动词，此处只表示落叶的状态；
(2)及物动词的过去分词表示被动和完成，如：polluted water(污水)，pollute为及物动词，water 和pollute之间是被动关系且动作业已完成。
3. 语法功用
在句中作定语、表语、宾语补足语和状语。不能单独作谓语。
(1)作定语：过去分词如是单个词语，则位于中心词前；如是短语，则位于中心词后，作后置定语。如：
Many terrified people died in turmoil. 很多受惊的人死于荒乱之中。
真题：Don’t use words, expressions, or phrases____ only to people with specific knowledge. (上海)
A being known B having been known C to be known D known
解析： words, expressions, phrases与know在逻辑上是被动关系，要用过去分词短语作定语，故选D。
(2)作表语：用在系动词后。如：
I am interested in reading English novels. 我对阅读英国小说感兴趣。
My teacher got annoyed when I was late for school again. 我上学又迟到，老师为此很恼怒。
(3)作宾语补足语：用在宾语后面。如：
I had my dress washed already. 我已经把衣服洗了。
注：能带过去分词作宾语补足语的动词还有：get, hear, see, make, keep, find等。如：
I found the door broken. 我发现门坏了。
真题：Laws that punish parents for their children’s against the laws get parents_____. (重庆)
A worried B to worry C worrying D worry
解析：“使得家长们感到担心”，用过去分词作宾语补足语，选A。
(4)作状语：一般置于句首或句末。
The teacher came into the classroom, followed by some students. 老师和几位同学走进教室。(the teacher与follow是被动关系)
练习
第二部分 英语知识运用（共两节，满分４５分）
第一节 单项选择（共15小题；每小题1分，满分15分）
21. — Could you take my place and go to meet Professor Smith from Britain — _______________
— He is a tall man wearing short hair.
Why me this time B. Are you familiar with him
C. How can I recognize him D. What would you like to tell me
22. It was clear that Lucy was unhappy about her work. ____, it comes as no surprise that she has decided to leave the company.
A. On the other hand B. As a result C. In addition D. After all
23. — What took you so long — I got lost. I have no ____ of direction.
A. sense B. Ability C. knowledge D. feeling
24. The United Nation called on these countries to solve this problem in a(n) ____ way, adding that any negative measure would cause bad effects.
A. immediate B. Hostly C. positive D. enthusiastic
25. _____ by Ren Changxia’s deeds, many young girls want to be a policewoman in the future.
A. To be inspired B. Having inspired C. Being inspired D. Inspired
26. As is well known, many deadly accidents _______ carelessness and irresponsibility.
A. lead to B. result from C. contribute to D. result in
27. Only after a baby seal is pushed into the sea by its mother _____ to swim.
A. how will it learn B. will it learn how C. it will learn how D. and it learns how
28. — What made your skin look so terrible
— _______ to the sunlight for a long time.
A. Because it was exposed B. After being exposed C. Being exposed D. Exposed
29. ____ new cure for this disease that medical experts have recently developed proves to be ______ most effective, although it can not completely kill all the viruses.
A. A; a B. The; / C. /; the D. A; the
30. Zhanglin was lost in computer games during his last year in high school, otherwise he _____ a student at Beijing University.
A. would have been B. can be C. has been D. had been
31. The primary purpose is to _____ those achievements in biological research _____ the public.
A. make; known by B. make; known to
C. make; know to D. make; knowing by
32. He had to take the medicine three times a day, so as to be _____ the pain in the leg.
A. far from B. away from C. apart from D. free from
33. Marie Curie and her husband Pierre Curie discovered radium and polonium, ____ they won the Noble Prize in Physics.
A. as B. Where C. for which D. on which
34. — The water was left running all night long.
— Yes. It seemed that John ___________. He was the last one to leave the lab.
A. was to be blamed B. was to blame C. had been blamed D. should be blamed
35. ______ you come across some new words, don’t refer to your dictionary at once but guess their meanings according to the context.
A. Every time B. The first time C. Now that D. If only
第二节 完形填空（共20小题；每小题1.5分，满分30分）
Ａ Ｌｅｇａｃｙ ｏｆ Ｌｏｖｅ
As a young man, Al was a skilled artist, who had two fine sons. One night, the elder of his sons 36 a severe stomach ache. Thinking there was nothing serious, Al 37 it. It was actually acute appendicitis (急性阑尾炎), 38 . The boy died that night. Knowing the 39 could have been prevented if he had realized the seriousness of the situation, Al’s health 40 under the great burden of his guilt. 41 , his wife deserted him and their six-year-old younger son. 42 to handle the pain of the two situations, he became an alcoholic (酒鬼).
As the alcoholism 43 , Al began to lose everything he possessed and finally died 44 . When I heard of Al’s death, I reacted with the same 45 the world shows for one who ends his life with nothing 46 to show for it. “What a complete failure!” I thought.
As time went by, I began to 47 my earlier judgment. You see, I knew Al’s now 48 son, Ernie, the kindest and most caring man I’ve ever known. I 49 that kindness and caring had to come from somewhere.
One day I worked up my 50 to ask him how he became such a special person with his 51 father the only one to raise him. Ernie said, “From my earliest memories as a child until I left home at 18, Al 52 my room every night, kissed me and said, ‘I love you, son.’”
Tears came to my eyes as I realized what a 53 I had been to judge Al as a failure. Although he had not 54 any material possessions behind, he had been a loving father 55 he left behind the most giving man I have ever known.
36. A. discovered B. Met C. developed D. appeared
37. A. forgot B. ignored C. treated D. cured
38. A. anyway B. however C. indeed D. somehow
39. A. death B. damage C. hurt D. loss
40. A. destroyed B. Ended C. changed D. declined
41. A. In fact B. Worse still C. What’s more D. As a result
42. A. Unwilling B. Unlucky C. Unable D. Unknown
43. A. improved B. Deepened C. started D. showed
44. A. silently B. Suddenly C. alone D. accidentally
45. A. contempt B. respect C. honor D. interest
46. A. special B. valuable C. material D. unique
47. A. reconsider B. Rediscover C. reform D. replace
48. A. famous B. adult C. successful D. single
49. A. doubted B. Wondered C. knew D. meant
50. A. time B. strength C. courage D. intention
51. A. useless B. Alcoholic C. hopeless D. lonely
52. A. knocked B. searched C. visited D. stepped
53. A. surprise B. danger C. mistake D. fool
54. A. owned B. bought C. taken D. left
55. A. and B. but C. when D. if
第三部分 阅读理解（共２０小题；每小题２分，满分４０分）
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Linus Pauling, the only person who has won two undivided Nobel Prizes, was born in Portland, Oregon. He attended Washington High School but because of an unimportant detail he did not receive his diploma until 1962, long after he had received his Bachelor’s degree in chemical engineering from Oregon State College in 1922. He had chosen to study this major because he could get a good job with it.
He won the Nobel Prize for Chemistry in 1954 “for his research into the nature of the chemical bond and its application to the explanation of the structure of complex substances”. His interest in the “behavior” of molecules (分子) led him from physical chemistry to biological chemistry, especially of the human body. He began with proteins and their main parts, the amino acids (氨基酸), which are called the “building blocks of life”. In 1950, he constructed the first satisfactory model of a protein molecule, a discovery very important to the understanding of the living cell.
During World War II, Pauling was a member of the Research Board for National Security, for which he was awarded the Presidential Medal of Merit in 1948. However, the use of the atomic bomb near the end of the war turned Pauling in a new direction. Having long worked on the structure of molecules, he took an immediate interest in the deadly effects of nuclear fallout on human molecular structures.
From then on, Pauling protested the production of the hydrogen bomb and supported the prevention of the spread of nuclear weapons. Through his efforts, Ｔｈｅ Ｎｕｃｌｅａｒ－Ｔｅｓｔ－Ｂａｎ Ｔｒｅａｔｙ, declaring all nuclear tests to be illegal except underground ones, came into effect on October 10, 1963, the same day Linus Pauling was awarded the Nobel Prize for Peace.
56. From the first paragraph, we learn that Linus Pauling ______________.
A. didn’t study hard while in Washington High School B. is the only scientist who has won two Nobel Prizes
C. was once badly treated in Washington High School D. chose to study chemical engineering to earn his living
57. Which of the following things did Pauling pay much attention to at first
A. The “behavior” of molecules. B. Physical chemistry. C. Biological chemistry. D. The human body.
58. During World War II, Linus Pauling ___________.
A. had to stop his research because of the war B. made great contributions to the safety of the country
C. joined the army to fight for the safety of the country D. took part in researching nuclear bombs
59. Which of the following is legal according to Ｔｈｅ Ｎｕｃｌｅａｒ－Ｔｅｓｔ－Ｂａｎ Ｔｒｅａｔｙ
A. The use of nuclear weapons. B. Testing hydrogen bomb on the ground.
C. Testing nuclear weapons underground. D. The production of hydrogen bombs.
Ｂ
There is no best way to learn a language, just different ways that suit different people. Some people prefer to “pick up” the language by reading books or magazines, watching films, visiting the country where the target language is spoken, etc. They focus on the meanings of words and don’t worry too much about the language forms used. This method often suits children if they find themselves in a foreign country or with foreign friends. However, this approach doesn’t suit everyone if your aim is to become good at writing.
Probably the most common way to learn a language is in a classroom with a teacher. The teacher can explain difficult words, give guidance, provide extra motivation and feedback on progress. Unfortunately, some people do not have very pleasant experiences of learning a language in the classroom. Language learning can be great fun. But your writing level will be increased most efficiently this way. Besides learning in a classroom, you can use a personal tutor and arrange a very flexible system of tuition. That means if you are busy at a particular time, you can still arrange to have your language tuition at a time that suits you.
With recent improvements in modern technology, it is now possible to purchase a wide range of multi-media materials for learning a language. You can teach yourself using cassettes, videos, CD- ROMs, books, and any combination of these. This approach is best suited to students who are self-disciplined and well-organized. It also tends to assist with the development of reading and listening skills. But be sure to pick out materials of high quality. If you want to become fluent at speaking and writing a language, you’ll also benefit from cooperating with other users.
60. The method mentioned in the first paragraph can be considered _______.
A. passive learning B. natural and active learning
C. the most effective learning method D. a structured learning method
61. The underlined word “flexible” in the second paragraph means “________”.
A. strict B. Pleasant C. safe D. free
62. From the passage, we can NOT learn that ________.
A. people need to care about grammar when speaking a language
B. classroom studying can be boring sometimes
C. not all learning materials can help improve our language level
D. students lacking self-control may not benefit much from self-study
63. What might be talked about in the next passage
A. How to find a personal tutor. B. How to deal with the difficulties in study.
C. How to cooperate with other language learners. D. How to find the best studying method.
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A new effort is being launched to better educate parents about the earliest signs of autism (孤独症). Doctors at Maryland’s Kennedy Krieger Institute, one of the country’s leading autism centers, say they can now identify symptoms in children at a younger age than before.
Children with autism withdraw into their own private worlds. Most children are not diagnosed until they are 3 to 5 years old, but the signs can appear as early as 6 months. “Most people use the rule of thumb that if a child is showing developmental delays before the age of 3, they’ll catch up, but children with autism usually can’t,” said researcher Rebecca Landa.
Researchers at the institute are showing in a video just what symptoms to look for, even in an infant. In about 30 percent of autism cases, researchers are now documenting what they call “regressive（倒退的）autism”. One boy documented by the Kennedy Krieger Institute was engaged and smiling at his mother at 6 months. When he reached one year, he appeared a little shy, but again, there was no reason for concern. But at the age of 2, he was totally attached to his toys and the signs in him have become more obvious. “Although causes of autism remain unknown, now you can really see autism in its full form,” Landa said.
Chloe was diagnosed with autism at 2, when she could not interact with the children around her, and she hated to be touched. But after four months of intensive treatment, her behavior improved significantly.
“She is talking now,” Landa said. “She looks to the teacher and shares enjoyment. She looks to others to know what she should be doing.” Chloe will still require many more years of treatment, but these early gains do last.
64. Which of the following is NOT a symptom of a child suffering from autism
A. Not speaking to people around him. B. Not making eye contact with others.
C. Acting aggressively to people around them. D. Fixing all his attention on the objects.
65. What do the underlined words “these early gains” in the last paragraph probably refer to
A. Many years of treatment. B. Researches carried out by Landa.
C. The early recognition of signs of autism. D. The cases Landa provided.
From the passage, we can learn that __________.
A. early signs of autism are often unnoticed or ignored B. more and more children are suffering from autism
C. autism can be completely cured if early symptoms are noticed
D. children usually develop autism at the age of three
67. What would be the best title for this passage
A. Early Symptoms of Autism in Children. B. Parents Should Look for Early Signs of Autism.
C. New Effective Way to Treat Autism. D. Researchers Identify New Symptoms of Autism.
Ｄ
Come and discover the little big city in Switzerland. It’s worth it to see the nicest sights. In fact, no matter what your idea of fun is, you’ll find it in Zurich.
If it is your first stay in this city, you should start in the heart of Zurich, the historical romantic old part of town. The narrow alleyways lace the picturesque houses and only pedestrians (步行者) are allowed. Here, you’ll have a wonderful time drinking and eating in a charming bistro where you can sit outside and enjoy the sun. While you’re enjoying the traditional Swiss food, you’ll catch the fascinating atmosphere and be able to observe the different people who walk by.
If you like, you can climb aboard a lake cruiser for a 3-hour tour around the lake or just walk up to the border of the lake and feed the proud swans and cute ducks, which is the cheapest way to enjoy it. You will be absolutely amazed at the nice view over the lake of the high Alps covered with snow. For more fun, you can explore the lake with colorful paddle boats.
Be sure to visit the beautiful mountain called House Mountain, which can give you the most unforgettable overview of Zurich. You can take a ride on the railway built in 1923 to the top where you can breathe the fresh mountain air. From the lookout tower, you’ll have a picturesque view of the lake, the city and the amazing Alps.
Last, don’t miss walking down the most famous shopping street, the Bahnhofstrasse, a distance of 1.4 kilometers. On both sides, you’ll find everything you need and of course, you’ll find the well-known Swiss banks.
Come to see us. You’ll have an unforgettable stay in this little big city. You won’t regret it.
68. You may not have the chance of ________ if you go to Switzerland.
A. going shopping on a famous shopping street B. visiting the beautiful lake and mountain
C. visiting the romantic old part of a town D. making some traditional Swiss food in person
69. How can you enjoy the view of the lake if you don’t have much money
A. By taking a lake cruiser. B. By climbing the snow-covered Alps.
C. By taking an old railway train. D. By walking to the lake and feeding birds there.
70. Where can you get the best overview of the city of Zurich
A. On the top of House Mountain. B. On the narrow alleyways.
C. In the center of the town. D. Over the lake.
The purpose of writing this passage is to _________.
A. introduce some interesting places of Zurich B. encourage people to come to Zurich to have a visit
C. let people know more about the history of Zurich D. tell people how to get fun when visiting Zurich
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Please excuse me if I’m a little sad today. Mark is leaving, and I’m feeling kind of sad.
You probably don’t know Mark. He’s been the heart and soul of the office for a couple of years, combining great professional skills with a sweet nature. And now he’s moving on to an exciting new professional opportunity. We’re genuinely (真诚地) pleased about it. But that doesn’t make it easier to say goodbye.
Life has a way of throwing these curve balls at us. Just when we start to get comfortable with a person, a place or a situation, something comes along to change the recipe. Our ability to cope with change and disturbance determines, to a great degree, our peace, happiness and contentment in life.
But how do we do that My friend Chris once told me that the answer can be summed up in four words “Go with the flow”. “It’s like surfing,” Chris explained. “You can’t organize the ocean. Waves just happen. You ride them where they take you, then you paddle back out there and catch the next one. Mostly you just take them the way they come.”
I’m not exactly sure, but I think Chris was saying that life is a series of events — both good and bad. There will always be life-influencing factors you can’t control. When things come up, which aren’t exactly in your plan, work them out and then move on to be truly successful. Of course, a rained-out picnic is easier to deal with than the sudden death of a loved one. But the principle is the same.
We’ll miss Mark, but let’s focus on hopes for a brighter future. And then we’ll go out and do everything we can to make that future happen.
72. What is the probable relationship between the writer and Mark
A. Mother and son. B. Wife and Husband. C. Colleagues. D. Sister and brother.
73. Which of the following is NOT an example of a curve ball in life
A. A wonderful neighbor moves away. B. The family’s main bread-winner is out of work.
C. A child in the family leaves for college. D. A person succeeds after many years of hard work.
74. By comparing a rained-out picnic with a sudden death of a loved one, the writer wants to show __________.
A. many changes could happen in our daily life B. some changes in life are easier to take than others
C. the sudden death of a loved person will destroy our life
D. only what influences us greatly should be treated seriously
75. According to the passage, truly successful people are those who _______.
A. can predict what will happen in the future B. are not interested in what is happening around them
C. can make adjustments when the unexpected thing happens D. reach a higher position with the aid of a higher power
第四部分 写作（共两节，满分３５分）
短文改错（共10小题；每小题1分，满分10分）
I never used to enjoying science, but last term, I changed 76. _______
the school, and the science teachers at my new school were great. 77. _______
The laboratories have the latest equipment. Our physical teacher, 78. _______
Mr Smith, takes us to public science lecture twice a month, and 79. _______
these are always much interesting. All the lecturers are people who 80. _______
have made great discoveries in his area of science. As is known, 81. _______
there are many first-class scientists in America. In the last decades, 82. _______
many American scientists won the Nobel Prize! The Nobel Prize 83. _______
is the highest scientific prize, so we should be very proud with that. 84. _______
Now I have begun to like science and deciding to study science well. 85. _______