(2011深圳二模)
Some people live in the world for body while others for dignity.
I once took a walk along the street 16.__________ a Saturday dusk, with a Pepsi can in my hand. An old woman in ragged clothes, 17.__________ was living on collecting used cans, jars and tins, moved slowly towards me, with a bag on the back! 18.__________ (walk) nearer, she looked up at me and then fixed her eyes on my can. At that time, I hadn't finished my cola, so I gave 19.__________ several coins instead.
She stared at me for a few seconds 20.__________ handed back the money. Quite confused, I asked: “Why not Isn't that 21.__________ you want？”
“I am not a beggar，” she said 22.__________ (serious), word by word.
Instantly, I felt so sorry. I had intended 23.__________ (help) her, completely misunderstanding her. Thus I hurt her. What I could do at that moment was only to drink up the cola and handed her 24.__________ emptied can. This time, she gave me a smile with 25.__________ (satisfy) and gratitude in her eyes. The woman is poor in material life but is so respectable as a man. I am not only moved but also have learned a good lesson.
【答案及解析】
16. on 考查在语境中介词的搭配， on a Saturday dusk, at dusk。
17. who 考查定语从句的关系代词，非限制性定语从句，先行词为an old woman。
18. Walking 考查非谓语动词，现在分词作状语，与主语是主谓关系。
【答案及解析】
19. her 考查宾格代词的使用，用her指代the old woman。
20. and 考查并列连词，连接两个动词stared和handed。
21. what 考查表语从句的连接词，表语从句缺少宾语，且表示事物，所以用特殊疑问词what。
【答案及解析】
22. seriously 考查形容词转换成副词，副词seriously修饰said。
23. to help 考查非谓语动词，intended to do sth.打算做某事。
24. the 考查语境中冠词的使用，特指喝完了的那个易拉罐，所以用the。
25. satisfaction 考查动词转换成名词，with介词后面跟名词。
语法填空中名词类的考点主要集中在考查主谓一致和名词的单复数。
一、主谓一致：
答案：is speaking
1. 用and(或both…and…)连接并列主语时，谓语动词通常用复数。
考生注意：当and连接的两个名词是指组合到一起的一件完整的或成套的东西，或表示同一个人或一种概念时，谓语动词要用单数形式。
Do you see the writer and teacher who ________ (speak) at the meeting
考点必背：表1: 英语中并列结构表示整体概念
bread and butter 黄油面包 a knife and fork刀叉
a cart and horse一辆马车 a coat and tie配有领带的上衣
iron and steel钢铁 aim and end目的
law and order 治安 truth and honesty 真诚
a watch and chain 一块带链的表 a needle and thread 针线
2. 在each…and each…， every…and every…， no…and no…等结构之后，谓语动词用单数形式。
Each boy and each girl __________ (have) an apple.
答案：has
3. 在某些成语中，一些并列主语用and相连时，其后谓语用单数形式。
All work and no play __________ (make) Jack a dull boy.
答案：makes
4. 以or, either…or…， neither…nor…， not…but…， not only…but also…等连接的名词(代词)作并列主语时，谓语动词的单复数应根据就近一致的原则。
Neither he nor I __________ (ability) to finish the task independently.
答案：am able
5. 主语后跟有as well as, as much as, no less than, along with, like, rather than, together with, besides, including, in addition to等引导的词或词组时，其谓语动词的单、复数按主语的单、复数而定，也就是说，谓语动词的数不受这些词组的影响。
Look! The teacher as well as the students __________ (read) in the library.
答案：is reading
二、名词的单复数在语法填空中的考查
表2：名词单复数形式
以“f”或“fe”结尾的名词复数形式变“f”或“fe”为“v”，之后再加 es。 wife — wives; life — lives; knife — knives; wolf — wolves; self — selves；leaf — leaves特例：handkerchief— handkerchiefs; roof — roofs; chief — chiefs; gulf — gulfs; belief — beliefs; cliff — cliffs
改变元音字母 man — men; mouse — mice; foot — feet; woman — women; tooth — teeth; goose — geese; ox — oxen特例：child — children
复合名词的复数形式 在复合词中最后的名词尾加 s。如：armchair — armchairs; bookcase — bookcases; bookstore — bookstores man和woman作定语修饰另一个名词时，前后两个名词都要变成复数。如：man doctor — men doctors; woman driver — women drivers与介词或副词一起构成的复合名词应在主体名词部分加 s。如：brother in law —brothers in law; passer by — passers by
续表
单、复数同形 means; aircraft; deer; fish; Chinese; Japanese; sheep; works(工厂); cattle
合成名词的复数 boy friend — boy friends; go between — go betweens(中间人); grown up — grown ups
通常只用作复数的名词 glasses 眼镜； clothes 衣服； goods 货物； trousers 裤子； belongings 所有物； wages 工资； riches 财富； surroundings 环境； ashes 灰尘； compasses 圆规； cattle 家畜； congratulations 祝贺
【答案及解析】
16. on 考查在语境中介词的搭配，on a trip是固定搭配。
17. visited 考查谓语动词，本句尚无谓语，visit应为谓语动词；根据下文应该采用一般过去时，故填visited。
【答案及解析】
18. cultural 考查名词转换成形容词，作定语要用形容词。
19. it 考查在语境中代词的使用，it是形式主语。
20. to have 考查非谓语动词，作目的状语，用不定式。
【答案及解析】
21. who/that 考查定语从句的连接词，引导定语从句并在从句中作主语，先行词people，故用who或that。
22. the 考查语境中冠词的使用，序数词前用the。
【答案及解析】
23. that 考查宾语从句的连接词，引导陈述句充当的宾语从句，作show后面的宾语。
24. for 考查在语境中介词的使用，表示“对于”之意，用for。
25. including 考查词形变换，including为介词，意为“包括”。When you start talking about good and bad manners you immediately start meeting difficulties. Many people just cannot agree to 16.__________ they mean. We asked a lady, who replied that she thought you could tell a well mannered person 17.__________ the way they occupied the space around them — for example, when such a person walks down a street he or she is constantly aware of others.
Such people never bump into other people. However, 18.__________ second person thought that this was 19.__________ a question of civilized behavior than good manners. Instead, this other person told us a story, which he said was quite well known, 20.__________ an American who had been invited to an Arab meal in one of the countries of the Middle East.
The American 21.__________ (tell) very much about the kind of food he might expect. 22.__________ he had known about Arab food, he might have behaved better. Immediately before him was a very flat piece of bread that looked, to him, very much like a napkin. 23.__________ (pick) it up, he put it into his collar, so that it fell across his shirt. His Arab host, who had been watching, said nothing, 24.__________ immediately copied the action of his guest. And that, said 25.__________ second person, was a fine example of good manners.
【答案及解析】
16. what 考查名词性从句的连接词，宾语从句缺宾语，指物，因此填what。
17. by 考查介词的使用，通过做某事。
18. a 考查冠词的使用，a second person又一个人。
【答案及解析】
19. more 后半句的than提醒答案应是more。
20. about 考查介词的使用， a story about an American中间插入了一个定语从句。
【答案及解析】
21. hadn‘t been told 考查谓语动词，从上下文中可以知道他是之前没被告知的。
22. If 考查状语从句的连接词，虚拟语气的条件句。
【答案及解析】
23. Picking 考查非谓语动词，现在分词作状语。
24. but 考查连词，连接两个句子，表转折。
25. this/ the 特指第二个人。
非谓语动词的考查包括：现在分词、动名词、过去分词和不定式。
非谓语动词的概念：一个在语法结构上正确的句子只能有一个谓语动词。但在实际使用中，经常会出现句子已经有了谓语，可是还是需要动词来补充说明的情况。于是我们就需要一类特殊的词语，它们可以作为动词存在，但不作谓语，它们被称为“非谓语动词”。
实例见证：
①__________ (see) that she was going off to sleep, I asked if she'd like that little doll on her bed.
②__________ (find) the information you needed, you had to read the entire book.
③__________ (mail) out automatically, the e mail will be received by all the club members.
答案及解释：①Seeing ②To find ③Mailed
非谓语动词的分类：从上面的3道题，我们可以归纳出非谓语动词的两种形式：分词(包括现在分词/ 动名词 ing和过去分词done)和不定式(to do)。
非谓语动词的知识点比较繁琐，但是大体上我们可以总结为用三种方法来解决高考中出现的非谓语题目。
1. 牢记搭配：非谓语动词当中有一大部分都是属于词组搭配，需要同学们牢牢记住一些重要的固定搭配。
2. 学会抓住非谓语的逻辑主语，并判断非谓语与逻辑主语之间的关系：如果动作是该主语发出的，那么用v. ing；如果该动作和主语之间存在被动关系，那么用done(过去分词)；如果动作是即将发生的，或者表示目的等，则用to do(不定式)。
表1. 不定式复习中注意的问题
不定式在句中的成分 词语搭配和实例
不定式作宾语 以下动词后面一般跟不定式作宾语：afford, promise, refuse, expect, hope, learn, offer, wish, want, fail, plan, agree, forget, like, prefer, decide, manage, try, arrange, determine, desire等。I couldn't afford __________ (buy) such a big house for the time being. (to buy)
续表
不定式作宾补 动词see, watch, notice, hear, listen to, observe, feel, taste, smell, make, let, have等的宾补用动词原形(省略to的不定式)，变被动时要还原to。He saw the man enter the room secretly. 被动：The man ____________ enter the room secretly.(was seen to)②常用不定式作宾补的几种情况：主语 + ask / require / tell / order / force / get / want / like + sb. to do sth. It is unwise to force a child __________ (do) something that he is not willing to. (to do)
续表
不定式作宾补 主语 + call on / upon / depend on / wait for / ask for + sb. to do sth. Look! The students are waiting in the hall for the professor __________ (give) a speech. (to give)
不定式作定语 下列词语后常接不定式作定语：chance, wish, right, courage, need, promise, time, opportunity, way, the first, the second, the last, the only等。Tom is always the first student __________ (arrive) at the classroom. (to arrive)
不定式作状语 不定式作状语修饰动词，在句中表示目的、结果或原因。only to do表示出人意料的结果。We hurried to the classroom only __________ (find) none there. (to find)in order (not) to, so as (not) to用来引导目的状语They got up early in order ____________ the train. (to catch)enough, too, so…as to do, such + 名词…， as to do 作结果状语。I'm not such a fool as __________ (believe) that. (to believe)
续表
续表
不定式的完成时 表示不定式中谓语动词发生的动作先于主句的谓语动词发出的动作。这些谓语有：seem, appear, be said, be supposed, be believed, be thought, be known, be reported。I regret __________ (be) with you for so many years. (to have been)
表2. 动名词复习中应注意的几个问题
动名词在句中充当成分 词语搭配和实例
动名词作宾语 以下动词后面跟动名词作宾语：suggest, finish, avoid, stop, mind, enjoy, require, practise, miss, pardon, advise, consider, imagine, keep, appreciate, escape, permit等。 以下动词短语后面跟动名词作宾语：can't help, give up, look forward to, feel like, have trouble / difficulty(in), devote to, get used to, pay attention to, be fond of, be worth等。Jim suggested __________ (take) a walk after supper. (taking)
续表
有些动词后使用动名词和动词不定式作宾语的差别 1. forget to do 忘记去做某事(此事未做); forget doing忘记做过某事(此事已做过)……2. like /love/hate/ prefer +to do 表示具体行为； like/love/hate/prefer+doing sth. 表示抽象、倾向概念3. need, want, deserve +doing表被动意义； need, want, deserve +to be done表示“要(修、清理等)”意思。
【即时练习】
①Don't you remember __________(see)the man before
你不记得以前见过那个人吗？
②You must remember __________(leave) tomorrow.
你可要记着是明天动身。
③I don't regret __________(tell)her what I thought.
我不后悔给她讲过我的想法。(已讲过)
④I regret __________(tell) that you will be fired since this is the third time you were late.
我很遗憾的告诉你，因为这是你第3次迟到了，你被解雇了。
⑤You must try __________(be) more careful.
你可要多加小心。
⑥Let's try __________(do) the work some other way.
让我们试一试用另外一种办法来做这项工作。
⑦I didn't mean __________(hurt) your feelings.
我没想要伤害你的感情。
⑧Missing the bus means __________(wait) for another hour.
错过这趟车意味着要多等一个小时。
答案：①seeing ②to leave ③telling ④to tell ⑤to be ⑥doing ⑦to hurt ⑧waiting
表3. 现在分词复习中应注意的几个问题
现在分词在句中的成分 实例见证
时间状语(分词作状语前面可加when, while等) __________ (hear) the good news, he jumped with great joy. (Hearing)Not __________ (finish) her work in time, the boss fired her. (having finished)
原因状语 __________ (see) nobody at home, he decided to leave them a note. (Seeing)
伴随状语 The girls came in, __________ (follow) their parents.(following)
结果状语 The poor old man died, __________ (leave) nothing to his children. (leaving)
续表
表4. 过去分词复习中应注意的几个问题
功能：过去分词作状语，相当于一个状语从句，用来说明原因、时间、条件等
原因状语 __________ (tire) by the trip, he soon fell asleep. = Because he was tired by the trip, he soon fell asleep. (Tired)
时间状语 __________ (see) from the hill, the city looks like a garden.=When the city is seen from the hill, it looks like a garden. (Seen)
续表
条件状语 __________ (give) more time, I would have worked out the problem.=If I have been given more time, I would have worked out the problem. (Given)
伴随状语 The teacher came in, __________ (follow) by some students.=The teacher came in and was followed by some students. (followed)
【答案及解析】
16. them
17. to say
18. older
19. when
20. After
21. other
22. awkwardly
23. will express
24. with
25. because / as(2011届汕头市四校联考)
Scientists have developed a non stick chewing gum. The new gum can 16.__________ (remove) easily from pavements, shoes and clothes. It's the result of polymer(聚合体) research at the University of Bristol and could be launched commercially next year. 17.__________ it catches on, the product will solve 18.__________ major headache for present authorities around the world.
“The advantage of our Clean Gum is that 19.__________ has a great taste, it is easy to remove and has the potential to be 20.__________ (environment) degradable(可降解的)，” said Terence Cosgrove, a professor of chemistry 21.__________ helped to found a company called Revolymer to commercialize the technology.
Today's chewing gums are made from synthetic(人造的，合成的) latex(胶乳), which is resistant 22.__________ the weather and is strongly sticky. The new gum adds a special polymer to modify its properties, 23.__________ (make) it far 24.__________(sticky). In two street trials, other commercial gums remained stuck to the pavement 25.__________ Clean Gum came away naturally in all cases.
【答案及解析】
16. be removed 考查谓语动词的时态语态，该句主语和谓语的关系显然是主语为动作的承受者，用被动语态；在情态动词后，接动词原形，故应该填 be removed。
17. If 考查状语从句的连接词，句意是“如果这种清洁香口胶流行 (catch on) 的话，将能解决一件让世界上当代政府头疼的事”，引导条件状语从句，用if。
【答案及解析】
18. a 考查不定冠词的使用，可数名词单数前面应加冠词或形容词性的物主代词，该处填 a 表示 one 的意思。
19. it 考查代词的使用，分析句子成分可知，that 从句缺少主语，故应该填 it 来指代这种清洁型香口胶。
【答案及解析】
20. environmentally 考查词性变换，修饰形容词作状语，用副词， 故应该填 environmentally。
21. who 考查定语从句的连接词，引导定语从句并在从句中作主语，先行词是 a professor of chemistry，故应该填 who。
【答案及解析】
22. to 考查介词的使用，表示“对……有抵御能力的，耐……的”，在 be resistant 后接介词 to。
23. making 考查非谓语动词，现在分词作状语表结果。
【答案及解析】
24. less sticky 考查形容词的比较级，由语境可知，这种新型口香糖中添加了一种能改变其属性的特殊聚合物后，其黏性应当是大大降低了，即不及以前有黏性了；表示“不及”用“less＋形容词原级”。
25. while 考查连接词的使用，本句把普通香口胶与清洁型香口胶进行对照，故应该填 while。
谓语动词的考查包括：动词的时态和语态
一、动词时态：高考的时态较多地和语态结合在一起考查。这里主要挑选考查较多的完成时态来进行分析。
时态 特征和实例
现在完成时 和for, since引导的状语连用：It __________ (be) ten years since I came to Guangzhou. (has been)2.和介词短语连用：during / in /over the last(past)few years (months, weeks), in recent years等。Jerry __________ (witness) the change in this city over the last 10 years. (has witnessed)
现在完成时和过去完成时考点分析表：
时态 特征和实例
现在完成时 3.常用现在完成时的句型：It is (has been) + 一段时间 + since从句This (That / It) is the first(second…) time that + 完成时 This (That / It) is the only…+ that + 完成时This (that / It) is the best / finest / most interesting…+that+完成时4. 在时间或条件状语从句中，现在完成时可以代替一般将来时。如：I shall post the letter as soon as I __________ (write) it. (have written)
续表
时态 特征和实例
过去完成时 常用过去完成时的几种情况：1. 在by, by the end, by the time, until, before, since后接表示过去某一时间的短语或从句以前发生的动作。如The train __________ (leave) before we reached the station. (had left)
续表
时态 特征和实例
过去完成时 2. “时间名词 + before”在句子中作状语，谓语动词用过去完成时。如：He said his first father __________ (die) at least 10 years before. (had died) “时间名词 + ago”在句中作状语，谓语动词用一般过去时。如：Xiao Hua __________ (leave) school 3 years ago. (left)
续表
时态 特征和实例
过去完成时 3.表示“一……就……”的几个句型。如：Hardly / No sooner / Scarcely had + 主语 + 过去分词 + when / than / before + 一般过去时。如：We had no sooner been seated than the bus started. = __________ had we been seated than the bus started.(No sooner)
续表
其他时态的考查
如果篇章句子中出现one day, ago, last year, just now, the other day等，一般用过去时。
如果出现同一主语连续跟着几个动作(“连谓”)形式则只用一般过去时即可。
The old woman opened the door, entered the room and then __________ (sit) down. (sat)
二、动词的语态：一般考查被动语态
实例见证：
All the animals lined up on the river bank and __________ (give) an order to swim across to the opposite shore.
答案：were given
从并列连词and可以看出本空的时态要和前面保持一致，用一般过去时。在语态方面，从意思上看，动物们是“被给予命令”，因此用被动语态。
被动语态的特殊用法：
1. 有些动词以其主动形式表示被动意义，特别是当主语是物时，常见的动词有sell, write, wash, open, lock, feel, look, smell, taste, sound等。
实例见证：
To everyone's surprise, his books __________ (sell) quite well.
答案：sold
2. want, require, need后面的动名词用主动表示被动含义。be worth doing用主动形式表示被动含义。
实例见证：
I strongly recommend you this movie because it is really worth __________ (watch).
答案：watching
3. 在“be + 形容词 + to do”中，不定式的逻辑宾语是句子的主语，用主动代被动。
实例见证：
①This kind of water isn't fit to __________ (drink).
②The girl isn't easy to __________ (get) along with.
另外：be to blame(受谴责)，be to rent(出租)也用主动形式表被动。
③As a matter of fact, it is the father ________ (blame) rather than the child.
答案：①drink ②get ③to blame
4. 被动形式表示主动意义，强调主语的状态。如：
be seated 坐着； be hidden 躲藏； be lost 迷路； be drunk 喝醉； be dressed 穿着
【答案及解析】
16. named 考查非谓语动词，过去分词作后置定语。
17. from 考查介词的使用， 从她5岁的弟弟身上输血。
18. who 考查定语从句的连接词，非限制性定语从句，先行词是前面的her five year old brother。
19. illness 考查词性变换， 她的弟弟曾经也患过此病，已经形成了抵抗这种疾病的抗体。
20. if / whether 考查宾语从句的连接词，意为“是否”。
21. a 考查冠词在语境中的运用，固定搭配，take a deep breath意为“做一次深呼吸”。
22. smiled 考查谓语动词的运用，由上下文时态可知，这里为并列谓语。
23. to 考查介词的使用， return to 返回到……，重新恢复……
【答案及解析】
24. misunderstood 考查词形变换及动词时态，根据上下文可知他误会了医生。
25. his 考查代词的使用，指小男孩以为要把自己所有的血输给姐姐。Few people would even think of beginning a new job at the age of 76, 16.__________ one of America's most famous artists did just that. Anna Mary Robertson, better known as “Grandma Moses”， turned to painting 17.__________ she was too old to work on her farm.
Grandma Moses was crazy about painting soon after she picked it up and worked hard at it. She painted 18.__________(care) and her works were nice. She first painted only to please 19.__________， and then began to sell her works 20.__________ a little money. In 1993, a collector, Louis Caldor happened to see several of Grandma Moses' works 21.__________(hang) in a shop. He liked them, 22.__________(buy) them at once, and set out to look for 23.__________. Caldor held 24.__________ show to introduce the works of Grandma Moses to other artists. Grandma Moses, 25.__________ was world famous, died on December 13, 1961, at the age of 101.
【答案及解析】
16. but 考查连词的使用， 前后是转折关系。
17. because/when 考查状语从句的连接词， 后面接的从句是她转行开始画画的原因。从句也可视作时间状语从句，填when。
18. carefully 考查词形变换，修饰谓语动词painted，作状语，用副词。
【答案及解析】
19. herself 考查代词的使用， 由后文“开始卖作品给别人”可知，她先只是自己画给自己看，取悦于自己。
20. for 考查介词的使用，表示交换用for, sell sth. for 意为“以多少钱卖某物”。
【答案及解析】
21. hanging 考查非谓语动词，现在分词作定语，修饰名词works，因works与hang(悬挂)是主动关系。
22. bought 考查谓语动词，与liked和set out并列，一起作谓语，时态也应一致。
【答案及解析】
23. more 考查代词的使用， 因他喜欢她的画，所以他开始寻找“更多”Grandma Moses 的作品。
24. a 考查冠词的使用，为了把Grandma Moses 的作品介绍给别的艺术家，所以他“举行了一次展览”。
【答案及解析】
25. who 考查定语从句的连接词，引导定语从句并在从句中作主语，先行词是Grandma Moses。
从句的分类：名词性从句，定语从句，状语从句
表1: 名词性从句
引导名词性从句的连词：what, whatever, how, when, where, why, who, whoever, that, whether, if
主语从句 __________ he said is true. (What, 主语) It is quite often __________ he comes to school late. (that, 不充当成分)_________ he killed his classmates is still unknown. (Why, 原因状语)_____ you come or not does not matter. (Whether, 不充当成分)
宾语从句 I can't understand __________ he said. (what, 宾语)Can you tell __________ he will come (whether/if, 宾语)Do you know __________ he will come (when, 时间状语)
表语从句 Go and get your coat! It is __________ you left it. (where, 地点状语)That is __________ he went away! (why, 原因状语)
同位语从句 The news __________ they won the game cheered everybody. (that, 不作成分)I have no idea __________ they went last night. (where, 地点状语)
表2: 定语从句
定语从句的连词 关系代词：that, which, as, who, whom, whose
关系副词：when, where, why
续表
限制性定语从句 Do you know the man __________ is talking to Peter (who, 主语)This is the book __________ I bought last week. (that / which/不填， 宾语) Can you see the house __________ windows are red (whose, 定语)This is the same watch __________ I gave Marry. (as, 宾语)John is such a clever student __________ is loved by students and teachers alike. (as, 主语)
续表
非限制性定语从句 形式：一般放在逗号后面，可以替代前面整个句子，在句子中作主语或宾语。He failed in the exam, __________ made his parents so disappointed. (which, 主语)__________ we all know, the earth travels around the sun. (As, 宾语) __________ is often the case, girls seem to have a gift for learning a foreign language. (As, 主语)
续表
非限制性定语从句 定语从句的一些特殊用法：关系词只能用that的情况当先行词被the very, the only修饰：This is the only pen __________ is sold in the shop. (that, 主语) 2. 当先行词被序数词修饰：This is the first school in China __________ carries out this project. (that, 主语)
续表
非限制性定语从句 3. 当先行词被形容词最高级修饰：To tell you the truth, this is the best movie __________ I have ever seen in my life. (that, 宾语)4. 当先行词既指代人也指代物时：The book and its author __________ you mentioned just now sounds quite strange to me. (that, 宾语)e sun. (As, 宾语) __________ is often the case, girls seem to have a gift for learning a foreign language. (As, 主语)
表3: 状语从句
状语从句的连词：because, since, as, when, whenever, where, wherever, why, how, however, whatever, although, though, if, as soon as, the moment, as long as, unless, so…that…
时间状语从句 __________ I came to school, I found Sam was reading a book. (When)
地点状语从句 He will only stay __________ there is supermarket nearby. (where)
续表
原因状语从句 Pete didn't pass the exam __________ he was not hard working enough. (because)
让步状语从句 __________ he is very clever, he never looks down upon others. (Although)
条件状语从句 __________ you try your best, success will not be far away. (As long as)
结果状语从句 John is so lazy __________ he fails in the exam again. (that)
【答案及解析】
16. why 考查了连接词中的宾语从句。该句意为：“历史上，它以工业著称，这就解释了为什么叫黑区”。
【答案及解析】
17. when 考查了连接词中的非限制性定语从句。先行词为“the industrial revolution”，在工业革命时期，当当地的天空遭到污染，土壤由于煤矿的开发而变黑时，这个地方就叫做“黑区”了。此处易误填 for 等表示原因的词。需仔细分析句子结构。
【答案及解析】
18. probably 考查了词形变化的“形容词变副词”。probable — probably。如果括号中为形容词， 一般有两种思路，第一是变副词，一般通过词尾加 ly; 第二种是变比较级或最高级。
【答案及解析】
19. dating 固定搭配 date back，考查了非谓语动词中的“动名词作后置定语”，或者“定语从句的省略”。实际上，这是一个定语从句，原型为“it has a history which dates back…”。
【答案及解析】
20. since 考查连接词的时间状语从句。本题的最大提示是前半句的现在完成时。现在完成时＋since＋过去的时间点。
21. but 考查连接词的转折词。根据“friendly”和“difficult to understand”的对比可知。
【答案及解析】
22. a 冠词，泛指一个来访的朋友(a visiting friend)。
23. Before 考查连接词中的时间状语从句。在服务员描述菜单前，我朋友看着我并皱着眉。
【答案及解析】
24. raised with 复合结构作伴随状语，过去分词 raised 表被动。
25. was speaking/ had spoken/spoke 考查了时态和语态。语态确定是主动，时态确定为过去时。(2011湛江一模)
In the international business there is always a great need for creative talents. On the other hand, creative people are also searching for areas 16.__________ they can put their talents to use. A talent to be noticed nowadays is much 17.__________(easy) than it used to be in the old times. In the early days, for example, if one wanted to be a singer, he or she had to have a great amount of talent in singing. That was the only way they could promote 18.__________ and be recognized.
Now sources like the Internet help a great deal in promoting oneself. The Internet is like a global village. 19.__________(seat) in your home you are capable 20.__________ finding a lot of sources. People with 21.__________(vary) of talents can be recognized through the Internet. 22.__________， the Internet is 23.__________ opportunity to put forward one's talents, creativity, and powers in order to be noticed. Keeping in mind 24.__________ a talent unexposed is the talent unfound. Now we are lucky enough to show our 25.__________(hide) talents, without trying very hard and just by sitting at home.
【答案及解析】
16. where 考查定语从句的连接词，先行词是areas，在定语从句中作地点状语。
17. easier 考查形容词的比较级，后面的than是明显的提示。
【答案及解析】
18. themselves 考查代词的正确使用，他们能够提升“自己”。
19. Seated 考查非谓语动词，过去分词作状语。
【答案及解析】
20. of 考查介词的使用，有能力做某事be capable of doing sth.。
21. varieties 考查词形变化，“许多”varieties of，是固定表达。
【答案及解析】
22. Thus / Therefore / So 考查上下文逻辑关系，表结果的副词。
23. an 考查冠词的使用，opportunity以元音开头，非特指。
【答案及解析】
24. that 考查宾语从句的连接词，完整的陈述句用that引导。
25. hidden 考查非谓语动词，过去分词作定语，hidden talent潜在的能力。
一、代词：代词分为九类：人称代词、物主代词、反身代词、相互代词、指示代词、疑问代词、连接代词、不定代词、关系代词。这里主要谈谈在高考中考查较多的几种代词。
1．物主代词
(1)形容词性的物主代词：主要用来修饰名词，表示一种所属关系。在语法填空中要根据文章前后所提供的信息判断词语之间的关系。如果所给的语境需要表达一种所属关系，要根据情况使用对应的形容词性的物主代词。
实例见证：
2008年广东高考语法填空第33题。
It is said that a short tempered man in the Song Dynasty(1960-1279) was very anxious to help __________ rice crop grow up quickly.
答案及解释：his 当年有不少考生都使用了定冠词the，虽然从语法角度上说，the没有错误，但是从语境来看，此处用his更符合，因为这个男人渴望让“他自己的”庄稼长得更快一些。用the的话指代就不够清楚了。
(2)名词性的物主代词：名词性的物主代词多数会在句子中充当表语或者宾语。
实例见证：
I have already got Tom's proposal. Where is __________(you)
答案及解释：yours 此处用yours来表示上一句话中提到的proposal(计划书)，同时表达了一个概念，“你的计划书”(不是其他人的)。
this that
this (these)指时间或空间上较近的人或物__________ is my desk and that is yours. (This) that(those)常指时间或空间较远的人或物In __________ days they could not go to school. (those)
this常指后面要讲到的事物，有启下的作用Let me tell you __________： you will never succeed if you don't put your heart to it. (this) that则指前面讲到过的事物，有承上的作用He hurt his leg yesterday. __________ is why he didn't come. (That)
2．指示代词(this, that, these, those)
实例见证：2008年广东高考语法填空第34题。
He was thinking about __________ day and night. But the crop was growing much slower than he expected.
答案及解释：this/ that/ it
3．反身代词
实例见证：人教版必修1第一单元课文。
①She said，“I don't want to set down a series of facts in a diary as most people do, but I want this diary __________ to be my friend, and I shall call my friend Kitty. ”
②Would you please speak louder so as to make __________ heard by others.
答案及解释：①itself ②yourself
4. 不定代词
不定代词主要有：all, each, every, both, either, neither, one, none, little, few, many, much, other, another, some, any, no等。还有由some, any, no和every构成的合成代词，不定代词具有名词和形容词的性质，并有可数和不可数之分，在句中可以作主语、表语、宾语、同位语、定语、状语等(every, no只能作定语)。下面介绍几组主要的不定代词的用法与区别。
(1)some和any some一般用于肯定句，any多用于疑问、否定或条件句。
特殊情况：在向对方表示邀请或者期待对方作肯定的答复时，常常用some。
实例见证：
①Would you like __________ coffee？(邀请)
②Mum, could you give me __________ money (请求)
③Do you have __________ questions to ask
答案及解释：①some ②some ③any
(2)few, little; a few, a little
few和little表示没有多少，含否定意义；而a few 和a little表示有一些，有几个，含肯定意义。另外，few, a few 修饰可数名词；little, a little修饰不可数名词。它们在句中常用作定语、主语和宾语。
(3)other和another, the others 和others
the other表示“两者中的另一个”；“the other + 复数可数名词” 表示“其余(他)的……”；
the others表示“其他的人或物”。
“others及other + 复数名词”泛指“其他的(别的)人或物”。
another修饰或代替单数可数名词，意为“(三个或三个以上的)另一个”，不能指两者中的另一个，在句中可作宾语和定语。
注意：another修饰复数名词时，意为“再，又”。
实例见证：
①He got two books; one is a textbook, the __________ is a novel.
②Five of the pencils are red, the __________ are yellow.
③Some are singing while __________ are dancing.
④This coat is too dark. Please show me ________.
⑤Please give me __________ ten minutes.
答案及解释：①other ②others ③others
④another ⑤another
定冠词的功能 实例见证
1. 表示特指或者第二次提到前文已经提及的事情。 Tom came across a man dressed in black last night. __________ man asked Tom to do him a favor. (The)
二、冠词
冠词可以分为：定冠词、不定冠词、零冠词(考查极少)，冠词的用法见下表。
表1. 定冠词的功能
续表
2. 序数词前、最高级前、独一无二的东西前。 To everyone's surprise, the little boy has become __________ first college student in this small village. (the)
3. 定冠词的特殊用法：(1)和表示身体部位的名词连用 He hit him in __________ face. (the)
(2)用在 “the more…the more…”结构中 As for your concern about when you should finish the task, I should tell you that the sooner, __________ better. (the)(越快越好)
续表
(3)特指两者中的其中一个，和比较级连用 Can you see the two ladies over there Mary is __________ more beautiful one of the two. (the)
(4)和表示年代的词连用 It is in __________ 1990s that the band became famous. (the)
(5)表示一家人 When he arrived, he found that __________ Smiths were having dinner. (the)
表2. 不定冠词的功能
不定冠词的功能 实例见证
1. 表示身份或职业 To tell you the truth, what I want to be in the future is __________ teacher.(a)
2. 表示数量，“一”，类似one Peter will come back in __________ day or two. (a)
3. 表示频率，“每(个)(次)” Remember to take this medicine three times __________ day. (a)
续表
4. 表示泛指，“某一个” __________ Mr. Black asked to see John, though John said he didn't know him. (A)“一个叫Mr. Black的人。”
5. 和抽象名词连用，将其具体化 Wow, 10,000 dollars! It is __________ fortune! (a)
【答案及解析】
16. an 考查冠词，educational以元音开头。an educational present。
17. Believing 考查非谓语动词，parents与believe是主动关系。父母相信电脑是成功的关键，所以坚持……
【答案及解析】
18. be taught 考查谓语动词，insist表示坚持主张时，宾语从句中谓语动词要用虚拟语气。 insist that sb. (should) do句型。
19. that 考查表语从句，一个完整的时间状语从句充当表语。
【答案及解析】
20. pressure 考查词形转换，根据下文and wise educational decisions，可知and连接的两个都是名词。
21. without 考查介词，根据前文Many schools are giving in…可知是没有好的教育计划就购买了电脑硬件。
【答案及解析】
22. who 考查定语从句，先行词是those。
23. because 考查连接词，前后两句为因果关系。
【答案及解析】
24. another 考查代词，前文已经出现过problem。在此表示出现另外的问题。
25. where 考查定语从句，先行词是前文的poor school districts。那些贫穷的地方没有足够的钱付给老师做报酬。
