湖南中考专题第一轮总复习 第十三讲 阅读理解解题技巧 （含答案）

中小学教育资源及组卷应用平台
第十三讲
阅读理解解题技巧
【知识梳理】
一、题目类型
1.细节理解题
(1)细节理解类题目常见的设问方式
1.Which
of
the
following
is
true/false/mentioned?
2.
All
of
the
following
statement
may
be
true/
false
except...
3.
Which
of
the
fallowing
is
not
the
result
of...?
...
(2)快速辨认和记忆事实或细节
①查读法
查读是在读者对材料有所了解的情况下进行的。查读的特点是带着问题寻找答案。
用略读的方法通读阅读材料,对原文有一个大概的了解,掌握其主旨。
按文章的体裁,如按记叙文、说明文或议论文等及作者写作的组织模式及有关的信息词，如for
example,first,
second等预测应该到何处寻找自己所需要的事实。
把主要精力放在寻找你所需要的细节上。快速通篇跳读,眼睛自左至右,自上而下呈Z形扫视,直至找到你所需要的部分。待找到你所需要的部分时,可放慢速度,细读要查找的内容。
②.按段落组织模式阅读
如:时间型段落
作者在记叙或说明历史人物或事件时,往往按时间先后的顺序组织细节。这种按时间顺序组织细节的段落模式叫作时间型段落。
时间型段落都有明显的信息词。如first,then,
afterwards,shortly
after
that,
later,
next,
after,
before,
at
last,
finally
等。
略读时,通过上述信息确定是否为“时间型”段落,然后按时间信息词的先后顺序进行查阅,寻找有关的细节。这种按时间模式阅读的方法,有助于读者快速寻找细节,记住细节。
2.推理判断题
推理判断题主要考查学生对文章言外之意的理解。这种题目有一定难度,往往不能直接从文中找到答案,而必须根据上下文及其相互间的关系做出合理的推理。
(1)特别留心特定细节
所谓特定细节”,就是问题所涉及的范围和对象中的细节事实。在做题时需要先找到这些细节再做出合理的推断。
(2)注意作者的语气和态度
作者的语气和态度通常体现在短文所使用的措辞和句式上。从措辞上我们可以判断出作者对所讨论话题的态度。
3.主旨大意题
考查学生对短文主题思想成全文梗概的掌握和理解情况的者题目,叫主旨大意题。
(1)主旨大意题目常见的设问方式
1.What’s
the
main
idea
of
this
passage?
2.
What
does
the
passage
mainly
discuss?
3.
The
writer
means
to
tell
us
that...
4.
The
main
idea/
point
of
the
passage
is
that....
5.
The
passage
is
mainly
about...
6.
From
the
passage
we
can
learn/
conclude
that...
7.
What's
the
best
title
for
the
passage?
(2)主题句
段落的主题通常由被称为主题句(
Topic
Sentence)的句子来表示。主题句有两个功能:①介绍段落的主题;②阐述控制概念,控制概念用以控制段落中句子讨论的内容主题句通常是一段的第一句或末尾一句,偶尔在一段中间。我们在阅读非故事性文章如科普文章的时候,主题句尤其明显。有的文章无明显的主题句,主题句隐含在段意之中。
①主题句位于段首
主题句位于段首是由作者先立论,后摆事实讲道理的写作手法形成的。这种段落称作演绎型段落。据有关统计数字表明,在英语议论文或说明文中,有60%-90%的主题句是段落的第一句。
②主题句位于段末
主题句位于段末是作者采用了先摆事实,后立论的手法。这种段落称作归纳型段落。
③主题句位于段落的中间
主题句偶尔也出现在段落的中间,但不一定就在正中间。有时第一句并非主题句,而是承上启下的过渡句。在这种情况下,第二句便成了主题句。此外,主题句也可能是段落的倒数第二句。
4.词义猜测题
词义猜测题是选择型阅读中的一种题目设置方式,主要考查考生根据阅读所掌握的信息并通过上下文来猜测生词词义的能力。
二、方法技巧
方法一
细节理解题——细读法
分段细读,注意细节,注意语言结构,抓住主要事实、关键信息,揭示文章结构的内在联系,帮助深化理解。一篇文章是一个有机的整体,段与段之间存在着内在的紧密联系,而每段的内容与主题有着很重要的联系,所以弄清文章结构上的问题,对于把握文章主题或文章大意非常重要。
方法二
推理判断题——推理法
推理判断是细节理解的延伸,在阅读的时候要根据文章具体事实细节、句子关系去分析和推理,从而达到整体理解的目的。
方法三
主旨大意题——概读法
从每篇文章的标题到各个部分都进行概读,以归纳出要点,概括作者的意图、观点态度,这样就能了解全文的概貌。概读还有助于考生把握上下文之间的意义联系,培养自己的综合概括能力。
方法四
词义猜测题——猜测法
要学会根据上下文猜测遇到的新单词,这样既提高了阅读速度又培养了一种能力,这也是英语阅读的关键所在。培养自已的猜词能力是很有必要的,但是若遇到了关键的词句且影响对文章的理解则提倡学生使用手中的工具书,自行查阅解决学习中遇到的困难。
(2020长沙中考
图表理解1)
Club
name：
Short
Story
Writing
Club
Club
leader：
Claire
SmithMeeting
time：
Friday
4：00
p．m．
﹣5：00
p．m．
Club
aim：
To
improve
short
story
writing
skillsClub
activities：?Read
short
stories
in
different
styles
（风格）；?Write
short
stories
using
different
skills；?Hold
workshops
to
discuss
the
short
stories
that
members
read
and
write；?Invite
famous
writers
to
give
talks
on
short
story
writing．Materials
needed：
Paper
and
pen
for
each
studentPlan
for
finding
new
members：?Make
posters
（海报）
and
put
them
up
around
the
school；?Put
a
notice
in
the
school
newspaper
and
on
the
school
website；?Put
a
video
on
the
school
website．Signed：
Claire
Smith
1.The
chart
（图表）
above
is
most
probably　
　for
a
new
club．
A．a
plan
B．a
letter
C．an
invitation
2.The
club
activities
include
the
following
EXCEPT　
　．
A．holding
workshops
B．inviting
famous
writers
C．putting
stories
on
the
school
website
(2020长沙中考
图表理解2)
The
Name
of
This
Book
Is
Secret
Readers
will
love
following
Max﹣Ernest
and
Cass
as
they
solve
the
mystery（谜）of
a
missing
magician!
Filled
with
word
games，this
is
a
book
that
won't
stay
secret
for
long．"An
amazing
story
full
of
puzzles
（不解之谜）!
It
will
certainly
win
your
heart
and
will
make
you
never
want
to
stop
turning
the
pages!"
﹣
﹣Alex
Smith，13Buy
now!
﹩13.90（hardcover），﹩8.20
（e﹣book）
The
London
Eye
Mystery
Salim
suddenly
disappears．No
one
knows
where
he
has
gone．How
on
earth
could
he
have
disappeared？
His
cousins，Ted
and
Kate，have
to
follow
clues
（线索）around
London
and
find
him
before
it
is
too
late．
Can
they
make
it？
"It's
a
great
book!
I
had
my
nose
in
it
all
the
time!
This
must
be
the
coolest
book
in
the
world!"
﹣﹣Sarah
Andrew，
12Buy
now!
﹩12.60（hardcover），﹩7.10
（e﹣book）
3.Who
is
missing
in
The
Name
of
This
Book
Is
Secret？　
　
A．
Salim．
B．
A
magician．
C．
Max﹣Ernest．
4.What
does
Sarah
mean
by
saying
"I
had
my
nose
in
it"？　
　
A．
She
liked
the
smell
of
the
book．
B．
The
book
was
very
hard
to
understand．
C．
The
book
was
so
interesting
that
she
read
it
carefully．
5.How
much
money
can
you
save
if
you
buy
an
e﹣book
of
The
London
Eye
Mystery
instead
of
a
hardcover
of
it?
A．
﹩5.50．
B．
﹩5.70．
C．
﹩7.10．
(2019长沙)
A
41．The
Yum
Restaurant
stays
open
for
_______
in
total.
A．two
hours
B．three
hours
C．five
hours
42．From
the
menu
above,
we
know
that
_______.
A．bread
and
butter
goes
with
starters
B．there
are
four
kinds
of
different
ice
cream
C．the
desserts
are
available
for
both
lunch
and
din
B
43．If
you
are
accepted
as
part
of
the
audience
by
EZ
Comedy
Club,
you
can
___________.
A．perform
there
B．watch
a
live
show
C．record
your
own
comedies
44．Which
of
the
following
is
NOT
mentioned
in
the
poster（海报）?
A．The
host
of
the
show.
B．The
way
to
join
the
audience.
C．Recording
time
and
location.
45．We
can
infer（推断）from
the
poster
that
the
show
could
be
_______.
A．very
serious
B．quite
funny
C．kind
of
boring
(2020长沙中考A)
On
June
9th,1870,Charles
Dickens
died
at
the
age
of
58.The
next
day,a
headline
in
The
New
York
Times
read："Death
of
the
Great
Novelist
…Will
Be
Remembered
by
the
People
…"
The
headline
was
not
overstating
（夸大）
the
popularity
of
Dickens．Even
today，
the
British
novelist
is
loved
by
readers
all
over
the
world.Dickens
created
some
unforgettable
characters．You
must
have
heard
of
or
even
read
some
of
his
novels：Oliver
Twist，A
Christmas
Carol
and
A
Tale
of
Two
Cities.A
Tale
of
Two
Cities
has
sold
more
than
200
million
copies.
Since
1897,there
have
been
more
than
300
film
and
TV
adaptations（改编版本）of
Dickens'
works．A
Christmas
Carol
alone
has
had
nearly
50．
Natalie
Mcknight
is
a
literature
professor
（文学教授）
who
studies
Dickens
and
his
works.She
explains
why
the
novelist
has
remained
so
popular.One
important
reason，she
says，is
that
Dickens
wrote
from
his
heart.He
tried
hard
to
produce
emotional
effects
（情感效果）
among
his
readers.In
his
works,he
paid
special
attention
to
the
"little
man"
at
the
bottom
of
society
in
the
UK,which
deeply
mirrored
the
social
reality
at
that
time．A
Christmas
Carol，for
example,was
written
to
make
every
reader
think
about
how
they
could
make
a
difference
to
their
society.People
always
enjoy
works
that
make
them
laugh,
cry
and
think.Many
other
9th﹣century
novelists
wrote
entertaining（娱乐的）works.However,few
of
them
worked
as
hard
as
Dickens
to
touch
the
readers
deeply．
Dickens
wrote
about
situations
and
emotions
that
still
interest
people
today．
He
used
his
pen
to
fight
social
inequality
and
gave
voice
to
the
poor.His
works
led
to
many
important
social
changes.Readers
always
enjoy
seeing
poor
people
rise
and
succeed．
This
year
marks
the
150th
year
of
Dickens'
death．
It's
another
chance
to
remember
this
great
writer.Will
you
read
or
re﹣read
some
of
his
famous
works？
16.What
is
Paragraph
（段落）2
mainly
about？　
　
A．
Personality
of
Dickens．
B．
Appearance
of
Dickens．
C．Popularity
of
Dickens．
17.As
a
novelist,
why
has
Dickens
remained
so
popular？　
　
A．
He
wrote
for
fun．
B．
He
wrote
from
his
heart．
C．
He
mainly
wrote
for
the
upper
class．
18.When
people
read
Dickens'
novels，
they
could　
　．
①meet
the
"little
man"
at
the
bottom
of
society
in
the
UK
②know
about
the
social
reality
at
that
time
③not
be
influenced
by
the
works
at
all
④think
about
how
to
make
a
difference
to
their
society
A．①②③
B．②③④
C．①②④
19.What
does
the
underlined
word
"inequality"
mean
in
Paragraph
4？　
　
A．不平等
B．不现实
C．不稳定
20.The
purpose
of
writing
this
text
is
probably
to　
　．
A．
introduce
Charles
Dickens'
life
and
death
B．
encourage
readers
to
read
or
re﹣read
Charles
Dickens'
works
C．
present
the
similarities
between
Charles
Dickens
and
other
writers
(2020长沙中考B)
Have
you
ever
seen
a
solar
panel(
太
阳
能
电
池
板
)
in
your
neighborhood?
Solar
panels
take
energy
from
the
sun
and
turn
it
into
electricity.
Over
the
past
ten
years,
the
price
of
solar
panels
has
gone
down
greatly.
In
many
parts
of
the
world,
solar
energy
is
now
the
cheapest
form
of
electricity.
More
and
more
people
have
started
using
solar
energy
to
power(给……供电)
their
homes.
However,
solar
panels
also
have
their
problems.
They
stop
working
at
night
and
on
rainy
days.
Is
it
possible
to
make
them
produce
electricity
all
of
the
time?
Scientists
at
Suzhou
University,
China,
have
invented
a
new
solar
panel
now.
It
can
produce
electricity
not
only
from
solar
energy
but
also
from
falling
rain.
When
a
raindrop
falls
on
the
solar
panel
and
then
rolls(滚动)
down,
it
creates
friction(摩擦力)
on
the
surface
of
the
panel,
which
can
then
be
turned
into
electricity.
Sun
Baoquan
is
one
of
the
inventors.
“Our
new
invention
can
produce
electricity
in
any
weather
during
the
day,”
he
says.
“It
can
even
provide
electricity
at
night
if
there
is
a
rain.”
The
solar
panel,
however,
does
not
make
much
electricity
from
falling
rain.
So
Sun
Baoquan
is
still
working
hard
to
improve
it.
The
scientist
also
wants
to
make
soar
panels
more
flexible
,
which
are
as
soft
as
clothing.
The
field
of
solar
energy
is
developing
fast.
Scientists
around
the
world
have
been
improving
solar
panels.
Some
have
been
working
on
ways
to
join
solar
panels
and
wind
power
together.
Some
have
been
trying
to
use
sunlight
to
produce
liquid
and
gas
fuels(液体和气体燃料).
21.
Which
energy
is
now
the
cheapest
form
of
electricity
in
many
parts
of
the
world?
A.
Solar
energy.
B.
Water
energy.
C.
Wind
energy.
22.
What
was
one
of
the
problems
of
common
solar
panels?
A.
The
price
of
them
is
rising.
B.
They
can’t
work
all
of
the
time.
C.
They
can
hardly
power
people’s
homes.
23.
Why
is
the
new
solor
panel
more
scientific
and
useful?
A.
It
has
a
larger
size
than
a
common
one.
B.
It
produces
more
electricity
from
falling
rain
than
solar
energy.
C.
It
can
produce
electricity
day
and
night
and
even
in
rainy
conditions.
24.
What
does
the
underlined
word
“flexible”
mean
in
Paragraph
5?
A.
柔软的
B.
光滑的
C.
坚硬的
25.
We
can
infer(推断)
from
this
text
that
_______.
A.
there
is
no
room
for
developing
solar
energy
B.
there
is
no
end
to
research
in
the
field
of
solar
energy
C.
solar
energy
has
completely
taken
the
place
of
other
kinds
of
energy
(2019中考真题A)
Recently,
a
junior
high
school
sent
several
students
back
home
because
they
broke
the
school
uniform（校服）rules.
Should
students
wear
school
uniforms?
The
Young
World
magazine
held
a
discussion
on
this
topic（话题）.
Kennedy:
The
school
uniform
is
very
important,
because
it
always
reminds
me
that
I
am
supposed
to
go
out
of
my
way
to
study
hard.
It
also
helps
prevent
school
bullying（欺凌）.
If
everyone
wears
the
same
clothes,
it
is
impossible
to
laugh
at
other
people’s
clothing.
Manson:
The
uniform
has
to
be
earned（获得）through
efforts.
Students
should
start
school
with
no
uniforms.
As
they
make
progress
at
school,
they
start
wearing
it.
I
always
think
children
need
to
be
proud
of
their
school.
The
uniform
is
important
for
that.
So,
make
students
earn
it!
If
they
don’t
perform
well,
they
should
not
be
allowed
to
get
one.
Moorhead:
In
my
opinion,
kids
don’t
have
to
wear
uniforms.
There
should
be
more
choices
open
to
kids
in
education.
They
ought
to
develop
their
own
independence
and
just
be
themselves.
Their
personalities
would
be
expressed
through
their
own
clothes
at
school.
And
different
dress
could
be
one
way
of
showing
their
understanding
of
beauty.
Besides,
they
make
the
school
lively
and
colorful.
Patrick:
I
can
see
the
advantages
of
wearing
school
uniforms.
They
play
a
very
important
role
in
managing
schools.
However,
a
school
should
not
depend
heavily
on
uniforms
to
improve
students’
behaviors.
Teaching
them
how
to
express
themselves
with
confidence（信心）is
more
important.
26．What
does
the
writer
mean
to
do
in
Paragraph
1?
A．Present
an
opinion
on
a
subject.
B．Introduce
a
topic
for
discussion.
C．Provide
a
way
to
solve
problems.
27．What
is
Kennedy
in
the
second
paragraph?
A．A
student.
B．A
teacher.
C．A
parent.
28．In
Manson’s
opinion,
___________
.
A．students
have
the
right
to
get
school
uniforms
for
free
B．students
should
be
encouraged
to
earn
school
uniforms
C．students
performing
well
needn’t
wear
school
uniforms
29．According
to
Patrick,
what
is
more
important?
A．Managing
schools
by
uniforms.
B．Improving
students’
behaviors.
C．Helping
students
express
themselves
confidently.
30．We
can
learn
from
the
text
that
___________
.
A．Kennedy
can’t
stand
school
uniforms
B．Moorhead
is
against
school
uniform
rules
C．the
writer
holds
the
same
opinion
as
Patrick’s
(2019中考真题B)
It
is
believed
that
Huck
Finn
is
based
on（基于）a
childhood
friend
of
Mark
Twain’s.
In
fact,
Twain
was
not
alone
in
basing
a
fictional
character（虚构的角色）on
a
real-life
person.
Severus
Snape
/
John
Nettleship
Severus
Snape
is
a
skillful
wizard（巫师）teaching
magic
in
Harry
Potter.
The
writer,
J.K.
Rowling,
once
said
that
the
character
was
based
on
a
teacher
of
hers.
The
teacher
turned
out
to
be
John
Nettleship,
who
taught
Rowling
chemistry.
At
first,
Nettleship
felt
surprised.
“I
know
I
am
a
strict
teacher,”
he
said.
“But
I
don’t
think
I
am
as
bad
as
Snape!”
On
second
thoughts,
however,
he
said
that
he
was
so
ill-tempered
that
most
of
his
students
avoided
making
him
mad.
Also,
he
used
to
wear
long
hair
and
have
an
untidy
lab.
That
sounds
familiar
to
Harry
Potter
fans.
Alice
/
Alice
Liddell
Famously,
Lewis
Carroll’s
Alice
in
Alice’s
Adventures
in
Wonderland
is
based
on
Alice
Liddell.
Carroll
was
close
to
the
Liddell
family.
One
day,
ten-year-old
Alice
asked
Carroll
to
tell
her
a
new
story.
Carroll
began
to
create
his
famous
tale
of
Alice
and
what
happened
after
she
fell
through
the
rabbit
hole.
The
little
girl
liked
the
story
so
much
that
she
asked
him
to
write
it
down.
And
the
rest
is
history.
Dill
/
Truman
Capote
In
To
Kill
a
Mockingbird,
Harper
Lee
based
Dill
on
her
childhood
friend,
Truman
Capote.
Capote
once
said,
“Lee
was
my
best
friend.
Have
you
ever
read
To
Kill
a
Mockingbird?
I’m
a
character
in
that
story!
The
story
takes
place
just
in
the
town
where
we
lived!”
31．Snape
and
Nettleship
have
something
in
common
EXCEPT__________.
A．their
jobs
B．their
looks
C．their
hobbies
32．What
does
the
underlined
word
“ill-tempered
”
mean
in
Paragraph
3?
A．沉着冷静的
B．优柔寡断的
C．脾气暴躁的
33．What
made
Carroll
decide
to
create
Alice’s
Adventures
in
Wonderland?
A．Alice
Liddell’s
requirement.
B．His
great
interest
in
rabbits.
C．His
experience
of
travelling.
34．Being
a
character
of
To
Kill
a
Mockingbird,
Truman
Capote
felt________.
A．proud
B．unsatisfied
C．surprised
35．The
text
is
mainly
about
________.
A．purposes
of
writing
fictional
stories
B．introductions
to
famous
writers’
childhood
friends
C．characters
of
fictional
stories
from
real-life
persons
第十三讲
阅读理解解题方法
参考答案
2017-2020年湖南中考题组
2020年1-5
ACBCA
16-20
CACCA
21-25
ACBCB
2019年41-45
CABAB
26-30
BABCB
31-35
CCAAC
21世纪教育网
www.21cnjy.com
精品试卷·第
2
页
（共
2
页）
HYPERLINK
"http://21世纪教育网(www.21cnjy.com)
"
21世纪教育网(www.21cnjy.com)