中小学教育资源及组卷应用平台
第十五讲
写作技巧
文体趋势:书信体
年份
2015
2016
2017
2018
2019
2020
体裁
应用文
应用文
应用文
记叙文
应用文
应用文
题材
住校建议
学习建议
邀请函
旅行日记
安慰/建议信
演讲稿
教
材出
处
七下
九年级
八上
七下
九年级
Unit
4
Unit
1
Unit
9
Unit
11
Unit
11
Don’t
eat
in
class.
How
can
we
become
good
learners?
Can
you
come
to
my
party?
How
was
your
school
trip?
Sad
movies
make
mecry.
一、写作步骤
1.审题
2.选材
3.列提纲
4.写作
5.复查
二、分步讲解
第一步
审题
●
审题主题是关键。写文章都不能离开主题。如果审不清主题,就有可能出现“下笔千言,离题万里”的情况。
●
在审清主题的基础上,还需注意要审清文体。
●
审题不准,
丢要点,
失分惨重。
例1:
A
special
gift
I’m
looking
forward
to
强调这份“礼物”是“我所期待的”,
而非我已拥有的一份礼物。
如果匆忙动笔就容易将文章写成
“My
favorite
gift”.
例2:
I
want
to
do
something
for
my
school
I——
the
first
person——person
want
to
——
the
simple
future
tense
——
Tense
Something
——
one
thing
——
Key
words
For
my
school
——
purpose
例3:学校的
“English
center”
是同学们练习英语的场所。这里的
“teenager
hotline”
每天都能收不到不少同学的咨询电话。作为热线的一名志愿者,请你根据当时的记录,首先描述两位同学遇到的问题,然后给一位同学提出具体建议并说明原因。
主要内容:问题、建议、原因
限制:描述两位同学的问题,给一位同学提建议
关键词:problem、suggestion、reason
注意“四定”
1.定内容。
2.定时态。
记叙文、日记常用一般过去时;
说明文、通知、布告、介绍等用一般现在时;
计划等用一般将来时。
3.定人称。
用第一人称亲近自然;用第三人称客观真实。
4.定句型、定词语。
应依据内容,先定句型后定词语。
第二步
列提纲
写文章之前列提纲可以使杂乱无章的材料变得井然有序;列提纲可以使同学们的作文紧扣主题不跑题。列提纲时不必过于详细,可以根据题目要求,考虑你的文章分几段,或者分几个层次,每段的大意是什么,计划好文章的整体结构。
第三步
写全文
写作时尽量做到一鼓作气,一气呵成。
写作时要注意语法正确、用词得当、语言地道。
书写时要多套用句型,多用短句。
考点一
应用文
应用文包括启事、通知、书信、e-mail等形式。下面举例说明其写作思路和方法。
例
假设你在一家报社工作,你的名字叫David,
请你写60-80个单词来帮助这位苦恼的爸爸。下面是这位苦恼爸爸给你的一封信。
Dear
David,
My
son
is
a
middle
school
student.
He
gets
home
at
about
six
o’clock
and
starts
talking
to
his
friend
on
the
phone.
If
I
don’t
stop
him,
he
will
talk
for
three
or
four
hours.
His
mum
and
I
can’t
use
the
phone.
If
I
don’t
let
him
do
that,
he
will
be
angry.
We’re
angry
too.
Everyone
is
unhappy.
What
can
we
do
with
him?
Mad
Dad
解析
(1)审题:本题要求写一封回信
(2)定格式:
Dear
×××,(称呼)
Thank
you
for
your
letter...(正文)..............................................................................
..............................................................................................................................................
Best
wishes!
(结束语)
Yours
truly,
×××(写信人姓名)
(3)定要点:回信所提出的建议要正对来信中的问题,这样才能行之有效。同儿子交谈,讲明道理;同儿子朋友的父母讨论此事;如有必要,为儿子单装一部电话,由他本人付费。
(4)定人称:第一、二、三人称
(5)定时态:一般现在时,一般将来时
【参考范文】
Dear
Mad
Dad,
Thank
you
for
your
letter.
I
think
you
need
to
talk
with
your
son
about
his
place
in
the
family.
You
can
make
rules
for
him.
If
your
son
agrees,
he’ll
probably
follow
them.
He
may
know
it’s
very
important
to
save
time.
Because
he’s
a
student,
study
must
come
first.
You
may
discuss
that
with
his
friend’s
parent.
I
also
think
you
can
get
your
son
his
own
telephone
and
make
him
pay
for
it
himself.
Best
wishes!
Yours
truly,
David
考点二
话题作文
此类题型是通过给出一个确定的主题及简单的要求,学生根据对主题及要求的理解,确定体裁和内容,自由发挥,只要抓住主题所题所体现的中心思想,不出现拼写、语法错误,语言流畅,有文采即可。
1.认真审题,明确要求
在提笔写作之前,花几分钟时间弄清楚题目提示的内容和要求,以免文不对题。倘若审题不准,就有可能出现“下笔千言,离题万里”的情况。除了审题还要确定文章所需的时态。
2.分析要点,编制提纲
通过审题,弄清楚文章的主旨之后,接着就要考虑文章的内容要点并组织语言材料。根据题目提示或说明,按事件发生的时间顺序或空间顺序或事情重要性顺序,先取那些典型的、易于表达的材料作为自己写作的重点,列出提纲。这样做,可以使杂乱无章的材料变得井然有序,可以使写作思路清晰,避免在卷面上出现涂改现象,同时还可以节约时间。
3.依据提纲,扩展作文
列出写作提纲之后,就可以着手写作了。要注意把题目要求的东西无一遗漏地写进去,以保内容的完整。同时,对于与要求无关的内容切忌任意发挥,画蛇添足。这一步是整个写作过程的关键环节。
4.反复检查,查漏补缺
在写好短文后,从题目要求上要对全文进行检查和修改。经过反复修改润色,才能措辞准确,句子流畅,布局严谨。因此修改文章是提高写作水平的有效方法。
常用连接词
类别1??表示“时序”的词或词组
first
of
all/at
last首先??above
all首要的是;尤其?????then于是;然后???
at
the
same
time同时???after
a
while过了一会儿?????later稍后;随后??
since
then从那以后????until
now直到现在????
???suddenly突然
finally/in
the
end/at
last最后;终于??????????
soon不久,很快
类别2??表示“并列”的词或词组
as
well
as…也;又;和;及???
?
neither…
nor…既不……也不……??????
?not
only…but
also…不但……而且……
both…and………和……???
either…or…或者……或者……;要么……要么……
类别3??表示“递进”的词或词组
also也;同样;而且???
(and)
what’s
more而且;此外??
besides此外;除此之外
类别4??表示“转折”的词或词组
?however然而;可是????
still依然;仍然????
?after
all毕竟
类别5??表示“因果”的词或词组
because/as因为????
since因为;既然???
because
of因为;由于???so因此;
so…that…如此……以至于……??such…
that…如此……以至于……
类别6??表示“先后次序”的词或词组
first第一??
second第二??
?then然后?
??next其次;然后???
?finally最后
类别7??其他常用词语
if如果;即使??
??unless如果不;除非????
as
long
as只要???
even
if即使
in
fact事实上;实际上????immediately立刻????
?
once一旦
actually事实上??
although/though虽然;尽管?
especially尤其(是);特别(是)??
luckily幸运的是???
?in
order
that…为了……?????
?in
order
to…为了……
As
the
saying
goes:
俗话说:
类别8??常用的结尾词组
As
a
result结果?????
??In
my
opinion/I
think…依我看;我认为;据我的观点
I
hope…我希望……????????
?It’s
well-known
that…众所周知……
In
a/one
word总之;简言之????
?As
far
as
I
know…据我所知……
To
sum
up总而言之??
in
short简言之;简单扼要的??
Generally
speaking大体而言
In
a
word
总之
in
one’s
opinion
依某人来看
what’s
worse
更糟糕的是
四步法写出给建议的短文
1.
首先要知道给出建议的格式:常用书信格式。
2.
然后写出提建议的原因。
3.
最后根据具体的情况给出明确的建议。
4.
写出希望。
英语中咨询建议类作文通常以书信的形式呈现,英语书信类作文的常用表达:
开头部分:?
How?nice?to?hear?from?you?again.?
Let?me?tell?you?something?about?the?activity.?
I’m?glad?to?have?received?your?letter?.
I’m?pleased?to?hear?that?you’re?coming?to?China?for?a?visit.?
I’m?writing?to?thank?you?for?your?help?during?my?stay?in?America.?
结尾部分:?
With?best?wishes.?
I’m?looking?forward?to?your?reply.?
I’d?appreciate?it?if?you?could?reply?earlier.?
We?should?take?measures?to?control?pollution?in?order?to?save?the?world.
???
We’d?better?take?effective?measures?to?prevent?students?from?cheating?on?exams.
???
The?government?decided?to?take?strong?measures?against?drug?abuse.
???
Urgent?measures?should?be?taken?to?prevent?terrorists?from?carrying?out?further?attacks.
???
Why
not.../Why
don’t
you...
You
can
have
a
try.../Try
to
do...
Don’t
be
afraid
of...
I
believe
you
can
do
it.
Good
luck.
In?one?/a?word/Generally?speaking
?【中考链接】
(2020长沙)在日常学习和生活中,我们经常需要与人合作(cooperate)。假设你是李华,请你就如何成为一名优秀的合作伙伴写一篇英语演讲稿。
内容包括:(1)合作的技巧(如耐心倾听,礼貌建议……);
(2)合作的意义(如相互学习……)。
要求:(1)80词左右(标题和开头已给出,不计入总词数);
(2)可适当增加细节,以使行文连贯;
(3)文中不得出现真实人名和校名。
Be
a
Great
Partner
Hello,
everyone!
As
we
all
know,
cooperation
is
of
great
importance
in
our
daily
life.
____________________
______________________________________________________________________________(2019
?
长沙)假如你是李华,你们班输了上周的篮球赛。Henry认为是他未能投进最后一球所造成的,有的队友也因此而责怪他。请你写一封英文邮件安慰他,谈谈你对此事的看法,并就如何取得队友的理解提出建议。
第一步:判断主题——对比赛输赢和别的同学的非议的看法。
第二步:定时态——一般现在时;定人称——第二人称为主,第一人称为辅。
第三步:列提纲:(1)对Henry的心情表示理解和同情(2)
宽慰:篮球比赛是团体活动,输赢都非一人所为;(3)
提出建议(一至两条)。
第四步:组句成篇。
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
(2018长沙)假如你是李华,于4月13日星期五这一天参加了学校组织的郊游活动。请你以school
trip为主题,写一则英文日记,内容包括参加活动的人员、集合时间、郊游地点、交通方式、活动内容以及个人感受等。
要求:(1)80词左右(开头已给出,不计入总词数);
(2)可适当增加细节,以使行文连贯;
(3)日记中不得出现真实的人名和校名。
Friday,
April
13th
It
was
sunny
today.
We
went
on
a
school
trip.?_________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
(2017长沙)为了庆祝同学们顺利毕业和感谢老师们的辛勤培育,你班将于下周五晚上在教室举行毕业晚会(graduation
party)。假如你是班长李华,请你就晚会的活动安排、需要协助的具体事项等给全班同学写一个邀请函。
要求:(1)注意邀请函的写作特点;
(2)80词左右(开头和结尾已给出,不计入总词数);
(3)信中不得出现你的真实姓名、学校名和地名。
Dear
classmates,
How
time
flies!
It’s
time
to
say
goodbye.?_________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
I’m
looking
forward
to
hearing
from
you
all.
Yours,
Li
Hua
第十五讲
写作技巧
参考答案
2017-2020年湖南中考题组
2020年[参考范文]
Be
a
Great
Partner
Hello,
everyone!
As
we
all
know,
cooperation
is
of
great
importance
in
our
daily
life.
Those
who
can
cooperate
with
others
well
are
called
great
partners,
so
the
question
remains:
how
can
we
be
a
great
partner?
There
are
certain
techniques
we
can
learn
to
help
to
be
better.
First
of
all,
we
should
always
listen
to
others
patiently
and
carefully.
Only
by
listening
can
we
understand
our
team
members
and
be
more
effective.
In
the
meantime,
we
should
always
be
polite
when
we
give
advice.
That’s
how
we
show
respect
and
it’s
the
only
way
we
can
make
progress.
By
cooperating
with
other
people,
we
can
improve
our
communication
skills.
By
cooperating
with
other
people,
we
can
learn
about
new
perspectives
towards
things.
By
cooperating
with
other
people,
we
can
make
progress
in
both
the
project
and
self-improvement.
Thank
you
for
your
listening.
2019年[参考范文]
Dear
Henry,
I
learned
that
you
are
feeling
sorry
and
upset
because
of
losing
the
basketball
game.
It’s
not
easy
being
in
your
situation,
and
it’s
normal
to
have
these
feelings.
Anyway,
don’t
be
too
hard
on
yourself.
You
know,
basketball
is
about
team
effort.
It’s
never
just
one
person’s
fault.
What
matters
is
that
you
should
learn
from
the
games
as
well
as
your
mistakes.
Besides,
you
need
to
think
about
how
you
can
do
better
next
time.
As
a
whole,
teammates
should
support
and
believe
in
each
other.
Why
don’t
you
sit
down
and
communicate
with
them?
And
you
could
promise
that
you
will
spare
more
efforts
to
better
your
skills.
If
all
of
you
pull
together,
you’re
sure
to
win
the
next
one.
Best
wishes!
Yours,
Li
Hua
2018年[参考范文]
Friday,
April
13th
It
was
sunny
today.
We
went
on
a
school
trip.
We
visited
the
Greenery
Farm
and
it
was
great
fun.All
of
our
classmates
met
at
the
school
gate
at
7:
00
a.m.,
and
went
to
the
farm
by
bus.
On
arriving
there,
we
were
given
a
warm
welcome
by
the
farm
workers.
Then
one
of
the
workers
showed
us
around
the
farm,where
we
learned
a
lot
about
farming.
At
noon,
we
had
a
picnic,
during
which
we
enjoyed
ourselves
in
the
sunshine,
singing,
dancing
and
flying
the
kites.
We
did
love
the
fresh
air
and
the
beauty
of
nature.
We
took
lots
of
pictures.
Time
flied!
It
was
time
for
us
to
leave
though
we
didn’t
want
to.
It
was
really
an
unforgettable
and
meaningful
trip
for
us.
2017年[参考范文]
Dear
classmates,
How
time
flies!
It’s
time
to
say
goodbye.
The
past
three
years
has
been
really
a
wonderful
journey
full
of
laughter
and
tears.
So
we
are
planning
to
have
a
graduation
party
at
5
p.m.
next
Friday
in
our
classroom.We
will
have
a
variety
of
activities
about
graduation.
First,
we
can
give
teachers
presents
to
express
our
thanks.
Because
of
what
our
dear
teachers
have
done
for
us,
we
are
extremely
grateful.
Second,
for
our
friendship,
we
can
leave
words
for
each
other
in
our
memory
collections,
and
exchange
gifts.
Third,
during
our
party
time,
we
will
play
some
easy
games,and
invite
some
of
you
to
sing
a
song
or
dance.I
hope
everyone
will
have
a
good
time.
I’m
looking
forward
to
hearing
from
you
all.
Yours,
Li
Hua
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