中小学教育资源及组卷应用平台
(?http:?/??/?www.21cnjy.com?/??)
(?http:?/??/?www.21cnjy.com?/??)
(?http:?/??/?www.21cnjy.com?/??)
1、概要写作的写作步骤
第一步：阅读材料
A.
认真阅读给定的原文材料。如果一遍不能理解，就多读两遍。阅读次数越多，你对原文的理解就越深刻。
B.该决定原文中哪些部分重要，哪些部分次重要了。对重要部分的主要观点进行概括。
C.
简要地记下主要观点——主题、标题、细节等你认为对概括摘要重要的东西。
第二步：动手写作
A.
摘要应尽量用自己的话完成。不要直接引用原文的句子。
B.
应该遵循原文的逻辑顺序。这样你就不必重新组织观点、事实。
C.
摘要必须全面、清晰地表明原文所载的信息，以便你的读者不需翻阅原文就可以完全掌握材料的原意。
D.
写摘要时可以采用下列几种小技巧：
1)
删除细节。只保留主要观点。
2)
选择一至两个例子。原文中可能包括5个或更多的例子，你只需从中筛选一至二个例子。
3)
把长段的描述变成短小、简单的句子。如果材料中描述某人或某事用了十个句子，那么你只要把它们变成一两句即可。21世纪教育网版权所有
4)
避免重复。在原文中，为了强调某个主题，可能会重复论证说明。但是这在摘要中是不能使用的。应该删除那些突出强调的重述句。21·cn·jy·com
5)
压缩长的句子。如下列两例：
“His
courage
in
ba
(?http:?/??/?www.21cnjy.com?)ttle
might
without
exaggeration
be
called
lion-like.”
可以概括为：”He
was
very
brave
in
battle.”
“He
was
hard
up
for
money
and
was
being
pressed
by
his
creditor.”
可以概括为：”He
was
in
financial
difficulties.”
6)
还可以使用词组代替整句或者从句。请看下面的例子：
"Beautiful
mou
(?http:?/??/?www.21cnjy.com?)ntains
like
Mount
Tai,
Lushan
Mountain,
and
Mount
Huang,
were
visited
by
only
a
few
people
in
the
past.
Today,
better
wages,
holidays
with
pay,
new
hotels
on
these
mountains,
and
better
train
and
bus
services,
have
brought
them
within
reach
of
many
who
never
thought
of
visiting
them
ten
years
ago.”【来源：21cnj
y.co
m】
可以概括为：
"Beautiful
mount
(?http:?/??/?www.21cnjy.com?)ains
like
Mount
Tai,
once
visited
by
only
a
few
people,
are
today
accessible
to
many,
thanks
to
better
wages,
paid
holidays,
new
hotels
and
better
transportation
services.”
7)
使用概括性的名词代替具体的词，比如：
“She
brought
ho
(?http:?/??/?www.21cnjy.com?)me
several
Chinese
and
English
novels,
a
few
copies
of
Time
and
Newsweek
and
some
textbooks.
She
intended
to
read
all
of
them
during
the
winter
vocation.”
可以概括为：”She
brought
home
a
lot
of
books
to
read
during
the
vocation.”
8）使用最短的连接词。比如，可以
(?http:?/??/?www.21cnjy.com?)使用but,
then,
thus,
yet,
though，不能使用at
the
same
time,
in
the
first
place,
because
of
these,
on
the
other
hand等较长的连接词。通常，使用分号就能够达成使用连接词的效果。2-1-c-n-j-y
9)
文章中的第一人称说的话通常在摘要中转换成第三人称，从而把大段的对白简化，比如：
Kate
looked
a
(?http:?/??/?www.21cnjy.com?)t
Paul
disapprovingly:
You
use
much
too
much
salt
on
your
food,
Paul
—
it's
not
good
for
you!”
Paul
put
down
his
knife
and
frowned:
“Why
on
earth
not!
If
you
didn't
have
salt
on
your
food
it
would
taste
awful…
like
eating
cardboard
or
sand…
just
imagine
bread
without
salt
in
it,
or
potatoes
or
pasta
cooked
without
salt!”
Kate
was
patient.
She
didn't
want
to
quarrel
with
Paul.
She
wanted
to
persuade
him.
She
said
firmly:
"But
too
much
salt
is
bad
for
you.
It
causes
high
blood
pressure
and
later
on,
heart-attacks.
It
also
disguises
the
taste
of
food,
the
real
tastes
which
are
much
more
subtle
than
salt,
and
which
we
have
lost
the
sensitivity
to
appreciate
any
more.”
可以用第三人称概括为：
Kate
suggeste
(?http:?/??/?www.21cnjy.com?)d
Paul
that
he
should
eat
less
salt.
She
thought
that
eating
too
much
salt
would
do
hard
to
Paul's
health
and
that
it
could
reduce
the
real
tastes
of
food.
But
Paul
disagreed.
He
said
that
food
without
salt
would
be
tasteless.
第三步：修改成文
首先，与原文比较看是否把所有重要的观点都概括了，摘要中的观点是否与原文中的完全一致。
其次，如果摘要中出现了不必要的词汇、短语或长句子，删除它们。
第三，检查拼写、语法和标点符号的错误。
最后，保持语言简单明了。
另外，可以通过以下五个方面来核对(checklist)写好的摘要。
1.
Does
the
summary
include
the
main
points?
2.
Are
words
or
sentences
copied
or
your
own
words?www.21-cn-jy.com
3.
Are
there
any
ideas
outside
the
passage?
4.
Are
transitional
words
used
to
make
writing
coherent?www-2-1-cnjy-com
5.
Are
all
the
sentences,
spelling,
and
punctuation
marks
correct?
二、记叙文概要写作要点
记叙文(Narration)：找出时
(?http:?/??/?www.21cnjy.com?)间(when),地点(where),什么人(who),做了什么事(what),为什么做(why),结果怎么样(how)六要素。其中,最重要的要点是某人(who)做了何事(what)。若是夹叙夹议的文章,还要加上作者的看法、观点、经验或感悟。?
三、说明文概要写作要点
说明文（Exposition）写作抓住关键句：文章第一段和各段第一句。说明文体的阅读材料内容大致可以分为以下几类：
现象揭示类：The
article
points
out
the
common
phenomenon—(主题)，which…(补充解释)
利弊对比类：The
article
comp
(?http:?/??/?www.21cnjy.com?)ares
the
disadvantages/benefits
of
A
and
B.
A…while
B…
The
passage
discusses
the
impact
of
sth.
On
the
positive
side,…,
but
it
may
also…
研究显示类：The
study
rev
(?http:?/??/?www.21cnjy.com?)eals
that…;
The
purpose
of
the
report
is
to
show
that…
四、议论文概要写作要点
议论文（Argumentatio
(?http:?/??/?www.21cnjy.com?)n）：找出议论文的三要素，即论点、论据和结论。其关键是找出主题句或结论句。而这种文章的整体结构多数为总分结构、分总结构、平行结构等。因此，我们通常在首段或尾段，或者在各段的首句或尾句找论点。若文中有一分为二(即对立观点)的观点，两种观点都要概括，不要漏掉其中一方的观点。21·世纪
教育网
(?http:?/??/?www.21cnjy.com?/??)
Test
1
External
rewards:
yes
or
no?
Some
argue
that
(?http:?/??/?www.21cnjy.com?)students'
interests
should
emerge
organically
and
genuinely
from
their
own
investigations
of
the
world.
The
educational
philosopher
John
Dewey
warned
teachers
against
artificially
“making
things
interesting”,
and
a
long
line
of
research
has
shown
that
providing
“extrinsic”,
or
external,
rewards
for
an
activity
can
weaken
students’
“intrinsic”,
or
internal,
motivation
to
engage
in
that
activity.
But
research
also
sho
(?http:?/??/?www.21cnjy.com?)ws
that,
done
carefully,
the
intentional
elicitation(引出)
of
interest
has
many
positive
effects,
and
does
not
produce
the
negative
results
that
educators
may
fear.
Especially
for
academically
unmotivated
students,
it’s
of
primary
importance
that
the
adults
in
their
lives
create
environments
that
allow
them
to
find
and
develop
their
interests.
And
parents
and
educators
can
promote
the
development
of
kids’
interests
by
demonstrating
their
own
passion
for
particular
subjects.
Two
more
thought
(?http:?/??/?www.21cnjy.com?)s
on
intrinsic
vs.
extrinsic
motivation:
although
research
has
convincingly
established
the
value
of
intrinsic
interest,
in
the
real
world
most
of
us
are
driven
by
a
combination
of
intrinsic
and
extrinsic
motivation.
High-achieving
students
learn
for
learning’s
sake,
but
also
to
get
A’s;
successful
business
people
are
driven
to
create
useful
products
or
productive
organizations,
but
also
to
enjoy
financial
rewards.
There’s
nothing
wrong
with
this
mixing
of
motives.
Second,
when
intrinsic
(?http:?/??/?www.21cnjy.com?)
motivation
is
entirely
absent,
there’s
nothing
to
weaken
with
an
external
incentive.
Parents
and
teachers
are
sometimes
reluctant
to
offer
a
reward
to
a
young
person
for
doing
something
he
or
she
“should”
like
for
its
own
sake
-
a
monetary
bonus
for
reading
a
book,
for
example.
But
if
the
kid
shows
no
interest
in
reading
the
book
in
the
first
place,
there’s
no
intrinsic
motivation
to
weaken.
And
if
the
student
does
read
the
book
in
order
to
get
the
money
-
and
discovers
that
reading
is
actually
pretty
fun
-
that’s
a
win
for
everybody.
In
short,
while
(?http:?/??/?www.21cnjy.com?)
motivation
is
more
complex
than
we
sometimes
assume,
there
is
clearly
a
role
for
parents
and
educators
to
push
young
people’s
interests
gently
along.
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
【参考范文】
Test
01:
Young
pe
(?http:?/??/?www.21cnjy.com?)ople’s
interest
needs
to
be
inspired
intentionally
in
a
proper
way
although
some
experts
say
it
may
have
negative
effects
on
them.
First,
in
the
real
world,
people
are
affected
by
both
intrinsic
and
extrinsic
motivation.
Second,
for
a
person
without
intrinsic
motivation,
external
rewards
will
elicit
his
intrinsic
motivation
rather
than
weaken
it.
Test
2
Making
choices:
how
your
brain
decides
Every
day,
we
face
(?http:?/??/?www.21cnjy.com?)thousands
of
decisions
both
major
and
minor.
How
does
the
brain
decide?
A
new
study
suggests
that
it
relies
on
two
separate
networks
to
do
so:
one
that
determines
the
overall
value
-
the
risk
versus
reward
-
of
individual
choices
and
the
other
that
guides
how
you
finally
behave.
"Cognitive(认知的)
contr
(?http:?/??/?www.21cnjy.com?)ol
and
value-based
decision-making
tasks
appear
to
depend
on
different
brain
regions,"
says
Jan
Glascher,
lead
author
of
the
study。
Study
co-author
Ralph
(?http:?/??/?www.21cnjy.com?)Adolphs
explains
the
distinction
by
way
of
a
grocery
shopping
example:
"Your
valuation
network
is
always
providing
you
with
not
only
information
about
what's
rewarding
around
you
-
the
things
you
want
to
buy
-
but
also
lots
of
distracting
things
like
junk
food
and
other
items
popping
into
your
vision
off
the
shelves."
Cognitive
control
is
(?http:?/??/?www.21cnjy.com?)
what
keeps
this
network
in
check.
"To
be
able
to
get
to
the
checkout
counter
with
what
you
planned,
you
need
to
maintain
a
goal
in
mind,
such
as
perhaps
only
buying
the
salad
you
needed
for
dinner,"
says
Adolphs.
"That's
your
cognitive
control
network
maintaining
an
overall
goal
despite
lots
of
distractions."
The
overall
cont
(?http:?/??/?www.21cnjy.com?)rol
of
impulses
is
split
between
the
two
networks,
though
they
do
not
counteract
each
other.
When
the
cognitive
control
regions
are
working
well,
distractions
are
ignored
and
behaviors
occur
in
the
appropriate
context;
when
valuation
is
appropriate,
choices
are
made
that
are
likely
to
be
beneficial
in
the
long
run.
However,
says
Adolphs,
"When
either
one
of
them
goes
offline,
impulsive
behaviors
get
stronger
and
may
not
be
prevented."
"Both
networ
(?http:?/??/?www.21cnjy.com?)ks
need
to
be
in
balance
to
function
properly
together,"
Glascher
says.
"If
one
fails,
then
the
other
one
gets
out
of
step
as
well
and
problems
are
likely
to
arise."
Understanding
the
fe
(?http:?/??/?www.21cnjy.com?)atures
of
these
networks
could
potentially
aid
treatment
of
a
variety
of
psychiatric(精神病的)
conditions.
"Essentially
all
psychiatric
disorders
involve
abnormal
decision-making,
and
it
is
one
of
the
core
symptoms
in
addiction
and
eating
disorders,"
says
Adolphs.
Aside
from
h
(?http:?/??/?www.21cnjy.com?)elping
those
with
brain
impairments(损伤),
a
better
understanding
of
how
to
improve
the
function
of
these
regions
could
also
potentially
help
cognitively
healthy
folks
deal
with
the
constant
distractions
that
typifies
modern
life.
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
【参考范文】
Test
02:
A
new
s
(?http:?/??/?www.21cnjy.com?)tudy
finds
that
decision-making
involves
two
networks
-
the
valuation
network
and
the
cognitive
control.
The
former
provides
one
with
information
he
needs
and
distracting
information.
The
latter
enables
one
to
decide
with
a
goal
in
his
mind
despite
many
distractions.
The
understanding
of
these
networks
may
help
treat
mental
diseases
and
deal
with
distractions.
Test
3
I
received
a
ca
(?http:?/??/?www.21cnjy.com?)ll
today
asking
if
I
would
be
ready
to
bring
food
to
a
family
in
need.
The
mother
was
having
a
major
operation
and
would
be
lying
down
for
several
weeks.
Of
course,
I
responded
with
an
immediate
“Yes!”.
As
I
planned
the
meal
in
my
head,
I
reflected
on
how
many
times
over
the
years
I
had
been
asked
to
prepare
food.
I
have
done
so
countless
times
with
a
very
open
heart.
But
the
truly
amaz
(?http:?/??/?www.21cnjy.com?)ing
thing
is
that
I
have
received
double
over
the
course
of
my
life.
When
my
mother
passed
away，our
house
was
filled
with
fresh
dinners
for
weeks.
A
woman
from
the
church
of
our
community
stopped
by
each
evening
with
some
food.
The
gift
of
food
was
her
small
way
of
trying
to
ease
our
pain.
Later
in
my
life,
(?http:?/??/?www.21cnjy.com?)
when
I
was
on
bed
rest
during
my
pregnancy
with
twins，women
of
the
church
again
stepped
in
to
help.
They
arranged
babysitting
for
my
two?
year?
old
daughter,
and
brought
lovely
dinners
to
our
house.
Even
when
I
was
put
in
the
hospital,
my
husband
would
bring
cooked
meals
to
my
hospital
room.
How
we
relied
on
these
dinners
to
feed
my
tired
husband
and
young
daughter.
Food
is
all
abo
(?http:?/??/?www.21cnjy.com?)ut
comfort.
It
feeds
our
bodies,
but
it
can
also
feed
our
souls.
When
you
hear
people
talking
about
their
favorite
holidays,
it
usually
includes
their
feelings
connected
with
sharing
food.
I
know
that
I
will
have
many
more
opportunities
in
my
lifetime
to
prepare
food
for
others.
It
is
truly
a
gift
I
want
to
prepare
and
deliver
to
someone
in
need.
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________【版权所有：21教育】
【参考范文】
Test
03:
The
p
(?http:?/??/?www.21cnjy.com?)assage
is
about
preparing
and
delivering
food
to
someone
in
need.
The
author
shared
with
us
the
experiences
that
changed
her
life.
When
her
mother
passed
away
and
when
she
got
pregnant,
the
women
from
the
church
of
her
community
bring
food
to
her
family.
After
that,
when
others
need
help,
the
author
was
pleased
to
lend
a
hand.21
cnjy
com
Translation
1.与家人外出度假日益受到人们的推崇。(
popular)
2.寒暑假期间,我们学校的各类体育设施向市民开放。(
access)
3.智能手机给人们生活带来了许多便捷,但其负面影响不容小觑。(
despite)
4.我们坚信:一个更加和谐的社会将会建成,人民安居乐业,物质和精神方面都将得到满足。(
where)【来源：21·世纪·教育·网】
Keys：
1.
Going
on
(?http:?/??/?www.21cnjy.com?)a
holiday
with
their
family
members
is
becoming
more
and
more/increasingly
popular
with
people.
2.
The
citizens
(?http:?/??/?www.21cnjy.com?)have
access
to
all
kinds
of
sports
facilities
in
our
school
during
summer
and
winter
vacations.
3.
Despite
the
g
(?http:?/??/?www.21cnjy.com?)reat
convenience
smart
phones
have
brought
about
to
people's
life,
its
side
effects
can't
be
ignored.21教育网
4.
We
firmly
believe
(?http:?/??/?www.21cnjy.com?)
a
more
harmonious
society
will
be
built,
where
people
will
live
and
work
happily
and
they
will
be
satisfied
with
their
life
physically
and
mentally.
Guided
Writing
假设你家所在的小区物业公司计划将现有的网球场改建为停车场，
以解决停车问题，特此征求住户的意见。你决定写一封信给小区物业表达你的想法。
信的内容必须包括：1）你是否同意这种做法；
2）同意或不同意的理由。
参考范文：
Dear
Sir,
I
am
a
resident
here
and
I
am
writing
to
express
my
strong
objection
to
the
reconstruction
of
the
Parking
lot
taking
the
place
of
the
precious
tennis
court.21教育名师原创作品
As
you
can
see
(?http:?/??/?www.21cnjy.com?),
many
neighbors
in
our
community
enjoy
playing
tennis
in
the
court,
from
young
to
old.
We
also
go
jogging
around
it
every
morning
and
some
old
ladies
dance
square
dances
here
in
the
evening.
How
important
the
court
is
in
our
daily
life!
But
if
it
is
changed
into
a
parking
lot,
more
cars
will
go
through
the
roads
nearby,
which
may
threaten
the
safety
of
the
old.
The
cost
is
rather
high.
I
understand
the
problem
of
tight
parking
spaces,
but
the
tennis
court
may
not
be
the
best
place
for
construction.
Neighbors’
safety
and
convenience
should
be
consider
first.
Therefore,
I
sincerely
hope
you
can
take
my
suggestions
into
account.
Thanks!
Yours
sincerely
Daisy
(?http:?/??/?www.21cnjy.com?/??)
1
One
day,
a
poor
bo
(?http:?/??/?www.21cnjy.com?)y
who
was
trying
to
pay
his
way
through
school
by
selling
goods
door
to
door
found
that:
he
only
had
one
clime
left.
He
was
hungry
so
he
decided
to
beg
for
a
meal
at
the
next
house.
However,
he
lost
his
(?http:?/??/?www.21cnjy.com?)nerve
when
a
lovely
young
woman
opened
the
door.
Instead
of
a
meal
he
asked
for
a
drink
of
water.
She
thought
he
looked
hungry
so
she
brought
him
a
large
glass
of
milk.
He
drank
it
slowly,
and
then
asked，“How
much
do
I
owe
you?”21
cnjy
com
“You
don’t
owe
me
a
(?http:?/??/?www.21cnjy.com?)nything,”
she
replied.
“Mother
has
taught
me
never
to
accept
pay
for
a
kindness.”
He
said,
“Then
I
thank
you
from
the
bottom
of
my
heart.
”
As
Howard
Kelly
left
that
house,
he
not
only
felt
stronger
physically,
but
it
also
increased
his
faith
in
God
and
the
human
race.
He
was
about
to
give
up
and
quit
before
this
point.21cnjy.com
Years
later
th
(?http:?/??/?www.21cnjy.com?)e
young
woman
became
critically
ill.
The
local
doctors
were
baffled.
They
finally
sent
her
to
the
big
city,
where
specialists
could
be
called
in
to
study
her
rare
disease.
Dr.
Howard
Kelly,
now
famous,
was
called
in
for
the
consultation.
When
he
heard
the
name
of
the
town
she
came
from,
a
strange
light
filled
his
eyes.
Immediately,
he
rose
and
went
down
through
the
hospital
hall
into
her
room.
Dressed
in
his
doctor
(?http:?/??/?www.21cnjy.com?)’s
gown
he
went
in
to
see
her.
He
recognized
her
at
once.
He
went
back
to
the
consultation
room
and
determined
to
do
his
best
to
save
her
life.
From
that
day
on,
he
gave
special
attention
to
her
case.
After
a
long
str
(?http:?/??/?www.21cnjy.com?)uggle,
the
battle
was
won.
Dr.
Kelly
requested
the
business
office
to
pass
the
final
bill
to
him
for
approval.
He
looked
at
it
and
then
wrote
something
on
the
side.
The
bill
was
sent
to
her
room.
She
was
afraid
to
open
it
because
she
was
positive
that
it
would
take
the
rest
of
her
life
to
pay
it
off.
Finally
she
looked,
and
the
note
on
the
side
of
the
bill
caught
her
attention.
She
read
these
words...
“Paid
in
full
with
a
glass
of
milk.
(Signed)
Dr.
Howard
Kelly”
Tears
of
joy
(?http:?/??/?www.21cnjy.com?)
flooded
her
eyes
as
she
prayed
silently，“Thank
you,
God.
Your
love
has
spread
through
human
hearts
and
hands.”
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
【参考范文】
A
poor
boy
(?http:?/??/?www.21cnjy.com?)asked
for
water
but
got
milk
from
a
kind,
beautiful
young
lady.
Inspired
by
her
kindness
and
God’
love,
the
boy
worked
hard
to
become
an
excellent
doctor,
who
saved
the
young
lady
finally
and
paid
the
medical
bill
for
her.
Both
of
them
believed
love
is
spread
from
people
to
people.
(57
words)
2
There
are
now
ma
(?http:?/??/?www.21cnjy.com?)ny
products
and
services
on
the
market
which
are
similar
in
content
though
produced
by
different
companies.
It
is
vital,
therefore,
for
a
company
to
distinguish
itself
from
its
competitors
by
having
a
strong
company
image
which
is
immediately
recognizable.
Logos
are
part
of
(?http:?/??/?www.21cnjy.com?)
this
image.
They
are
symbols
which
often
include
a
name
or
initials
to
identify
a
company.
The
logo
establishes
a
visual
identity
for
the
company,
just
as
different
groups
of
young
people
express
their
identity
through
hairstyles
and
clothes.
All
groups
from
all
cultures
and
throughout
the
ages
have
used
colors
and
symbols
to
show
their
identity.
In
different
cu
(?http:?/??/?www.21cnjy.com?)ltures,
different
colors
carry
different
meanings.
Some
colors
may
be
connected
with
coldness
in
one
culture
and
with
warmth
in
another;
some
colors
represent
life
in
one
culture
but
death
in
another.
International
companies
have,
therefore,
to
make
sure
that
their
logos
will
not
be
misunderstood
in
different
countries.
The
logos
of
lar
(?http:?/??/?www.21cnjy.com?)ge
international
companies
are
instantly
recognizable
throughout
the
world.
One
of
the
most
famous
logos
is
that
of
Coca-Cola.
The
design
of
the
words
“Coca-Cola”
has
not
changed
since
1886,
although
the
surrounding
design
has
been
changed
from
time
to
time.
Many
companies
have,
over
the
years,
renewed
their
logos
to
fit
in
with
contemporary
design
and
to
present
more
powerful
pany
logos
can
be
emotive
and
can
inspire
loyalty
by
influencing
the
subconscious.
Some
logos
include
an
idea
of
the
product:
the
steering
wheel
in
the
Mercedes
logo,
for
example,
and
the
aero
plane
tail
of
Alitalia.
Logos
are
used
on
packaging
and
brochures
as
well
as
on
the
product
itself.
They
may
also
appear
in
newspapers
or
on
television
as
part
of
an
advertising
campaign,
Companies
need
to
have
a
strong
corporate
identity.
The
logo
helps
to
promote
this
image
and
to
fix
it
in
the
minds
of
the
consumers.
Logos,
therefore,
need
to
be
original
and
to
have
impact
and
style.
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
【参考范文】
The
same
servic
(?http:?/??/?www.21cnjy.com?)es
and
products
provided
by
different
companies
need
their
own
logos
to
show
their
identities.
Many
subtle
but
important
things
need
to
be
considered
to
make
sure
that
their
logos
will
not
be
misunderstood.
Since
a
good
logo
can
help
attract
loyalty
customers,
an
original
idea,
style
and
influence
should
be
shown
in
the
logo.2·1·c·n·j·y
3
African
elephant
(?http:?/??/?www.21cnjy.com?)s
are
in
trouble.
Their
numbers
have
fallen
violently
from
as
many
as
ten
million
a
hundred
years
ago
to
as
few
as
400,000
today.
Losses
are
largely
from
poaching（偷猎）
for
the
illegal
ivory
trade,
and
also
because
of
the
smaller
living
space
for
elephants,
as
people
open
up
land
for
farming
and
development.
Killing
some
(?http:?/??/?www.21cnjy.com?)elephants
to
help
save
the
species
is
one
suggested
strategy
for
preserving
them.
Here’s
the
thinking:
Invite
rich
hunters
to
pay
generous
fees
to
shoot
specified
numbers
of
elephants,
and
use
that
money
as
sources
for
various
conservations.【出处：21教育名师】
Some
people
c
(?http:?/??/?www.21cnjy.com?)laim
that
trophy
hunting
can
provide
generous
financial
support
for
people
to
conserve
and
restore
wild
elephant
numbers,
protect
wildlife
from
poaching,
and
to
help
give
local
communities
a
boost
in
economy.
Doing
that,
the
theory
goes,
poor
villagers
won’t
need
to
poach
elephants
to
feed
their
families.
To
look
into
(?http:?/??/?www.21cnjy.com?)
the
new
business
closely,
the
trophy
hunting
industry
does
not
provide
significant
benefits
to
the
communities
where
it
occurs.
Across
Africa,
there
are
only
about
15,000
hunting-related
jobs
created
by
the
business—a
tiny
number,
especially
considering
that
the
six
main
game-hunting
countries
alone
have
a
population
of
nearly
150
million.
Besides
that,
it
i
(?http:?/??/?www.21cnjy.com?)s
true
the
total
income
from
trophy
hunting
is
substantial.
Take
an
unnamed
area
for
example,
the
total
income
to
wild
conservancies
from
trophy
hunting,
amounted
to
$165,000.
Six
years
later,
this
is
expected
to
increase
almost
tenfold
to
$1,330,000.
Yet
after
various
kinds
of
processing
fees
and
expenses
are
reduced,
the
local
communities
make
an
average
of
only
ten
cents
a
hectare
(25
cents
an
acre)
from
trophy
hunting.
The
return
is
so
small
that
it
justly
explains
locals’
lack
of
interest
in
preserving
hunting
areas
and
their
continued
poaching.
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
【参考范文】
African
elep
(?http:?/??/?www.21cnjy.com?)hants
are
endangered
with
greatly
reduced
numbers
due
to
unlawful
poaching
and
shrinking
habitat.
Trophy
hunting,
legal
elephant
shooting
for
conservation
fund,
is
considered
a
solution.
According
to
some,
it
helps
maintain
elephant
population
and
benefits
local
economy.
However,
it
turns
out
the
business
employs
few
people
and
hunt
fee
trickling
down
to
local
villagers
and
communities
is
minimal.
概要写作专题
21世纪教育网
www.21cnjy.com
精品试卷·第
2
页
（共
2
页）
HYPERLINK
"http://21世纪教育网(www.21cnjy.com)
"
21世纪教育网(www.21cnjy.com)中小学教育资源及组卷应用平台
(?http:?/??/?www.21cnjy.com?/??)
(?http:?/??/?www.21cnjy.com?/??)
(?http:?/??/?www.21cnjy.com?/??)
1、概要写作的写作步骤
第一步：阅读材料
A.
认真阅读给定的原文材料。如果一遍不能理解，就多读两遍。阅读次数越多，你对原文的理解就越深刻。
B.该决定原文中哪些部分重要，哪些部分次重要了。对重要部分的主要观点进行概括。
C.
简要地记下主要观点——主题、标题、细节等你认为对概括摘要重要的东西。
第二步：动手写作
A.
摘要应尽量用自己的话完成。不要直接引用原文的句子。
B.
应该遵循原文的逻辑顺序。这样你就不必重新组织观点、事实。
C.
摘要必须全面、清晰地表明原文所载的信息，以便你的读者不需翻阅原文就可以完全掌握材料的原意。
D.
写摘要时可以采用下列几种小技巧：
1)
删除细节。只保留主要观点。
2)
选择一至两个例子。原文中可能包括5个或更多的例子，你只需从中筛选一至二个例子。
3)
把长段的描述变成短小、简单的句子。如果材料中描述某人或某事用了十个句子，那么你只要把它们变成一两句即可。21教育网
4)
避免重复。在原文中，为了强调某个主题，可能会重复论证说明。但是这在摘要中是不能使用的。应该删除那些突出强调的重述句。【来源：21·世纪·教育·网】
5)
压缩长的句子。如下列两例：
“His
courage
i
(?http:?/??/?www.21cnjy.com?)n
battle
might
without
exaggeration
be
called
lion-like.”
可以概括为：”He
was
very
brave
in
battle.”
“He
was
hard
up
for
money
and
was
being
pressed
by
his
creditor.”2-1-c-n-j-y
可以概括为：”He
was
in
financial
difficulties.”
6)
还可以使用词组代替整句或者从句。请看下面的例子：
"Beautiful
mounta
(?http:?/??/?www.21cnjy.com?)ins
like
Mount
Tai,
Lushan
Mountain,
and
Mount
Huang,
were
visited
by
only
a
few
people
in
the
past.
Today,
better
wages,
holidays
with
pay,
new
hotels
on
these
mountains,
and
better
train
and
bus
services,
have
brought
them
within
reach
of
many
who
never
thought
of
visiting
them
ten
years
ago.”【来源：21cnj
y.co
m】
可以概括为：
"Beautiful
mountains
(?http:?/??/?www.21cnjy.com?)like
Mount
Tai,
once
visited
by
only
a
few
people,
are
today
accessible
to
many,
thanks
to
better
wages,
paid
holidays,
new
hotels
and
better
transportation
services.”
7)
使用概括性的名词代替具体的词，比如：
“She
brought
hom
(?http:?/??/?www.21cnjy.com?)e
several
Chinese
and
English
novels,
a
few
copies
of
Time
and
Newsweek
and
some
textbooks.
She
intended
to
read
all
of
them
during
the
winter
vocation.”
可以概括为：”She
brought
home
a
lot
of
books
to
read
during
the
vocation.”
8）使用最短的连接词。比如，可以使
(?http:?/??/?www.21cnjy.com?)用but,
then,
thus,
yet,
though，不能使用at
the
same
time,
in
the
first
place,
because
of
these,
on
the
other
hand等较长的连接词。通常，使用分号就能够达成使用连接词的效果。【版权所有：21教育】
9)
文章中的第一人称说的话通常在摘要中转换成第三人称，从而把大段的对白简化，比如：
Kate
looked
at
Paul
(?http:?/??/?www.21cnjy.com?)
disapprovingly:
You
use
much
too
much
salt
on
your
food,
Paul
—
it's
not
good
for
you!”
Paul
put
down
his
knife
and
frowned:
“Why
on
earth
not!
If
you
didn't
have
salt
on
your
food
it
would
taste
awful…
like
eating
cardboard
or
sand…
just
imagine
bread
without
salt
in
it,
or
potatoes
or
pasta
cooked
without
salt!”
Kate
was
patient.
She
didn't
want
to
quarrel
with
Paul.
She
wanted
to
persuade
him.
She
said
firmly:
"But
too
much
salt
is
bad
for
you.
It
causes
high
blood
pressure
and
later
on,
heart-attacks.
It
also
disguises
the
taste
of
food,
the
real
tastes
which
are
much
more
subtle
than
salt,
and
which
we
have
lost
the
sensitivity
to
appreciate
any
more.”21教育名师原创作品
可以用第三人称概括为：
Kate
suggested
(?http:?/??/?www.21cnjy.com?)
Paul
that
he
should
eat
less
salt.
She
thought
that
eating
too
much
salt
would
do
hard
to
Paul's
health
and
that
it
could
reduce
the
real
tastes
of
food.
But
Paul
disagreed.
He
said
that
food
without
salt
would
be
tasteless.21cnjy.com
第三步：修改成文
首先，与原文比较看是否把所有重要的观点都概括了，摘要中的观点是否与原文中的完全一致。
其次，如果摘要中出现了不必要的词汇、短语或长句子，删除它们。
第三，检查拼写、语法和标点符号的错误。
最后，保持语言简单明了。
另外，可以通过以下五个方面来核对(checklist)写好的摘要。
1.
Does
the
summary
include
the
main
points?
2.
Are
words
or
sentences
copied
or
your
own
words?21世纪教育网版权所有
3.
Are
there
any
ideas
outside
the
passage?
4.
Are
transitional
words
used
to
make
writing
coherent?www-2-1-cnjy-com
5.
Are
all
the
sentences,
spelling,
and
punctuation
marks
correct?21
cnjy
com
二、记叙文概要写作要点
记叙文(Narration)：
(?http:?/??/?www.21cnjy.com?)找出时间(when),地点(where),什么人(who),做了什么事(what),为什么做(why),结果怎么样(how)六要素。其中,最重要的要点是某人(who)做了何事(what)。若是夹叙夹议的文章,还要加上作者的看法、观点、经验或感悟。?
三、说明文概要写作要点
说明文（Exposition）写作抓住关键句：文章第一段和各段第一句。说明文体的阅读材料内容大致可以分为以下几类：
现象揭示类：The
article
points
out
the
common
phenomenon—(主题)，which…(补充解释)
利弊对比类：The
article
com
(?http:?/??/?www.21cnjy.com?)pares
the
disadvantages/benefits
of
A
and
B.
A…while
B…
The
passage
discusses
the
impact
of
sth.
On
the
positive
side,…,
but
it
may
also…
研究显示类：The
study
reve
(?http:?/??/?www.21cnjy.com?)als
that…;
The
purpose
of
the
report
is
to
show
that…
四、议论文概要写作要点
议论文（Argumentat
(?http:?/??/?www.21cnjy.com?)ion）：找出议论文的三要素，即论点、论据和结论。其关键是找出主题句或结论句。而这种文章的整体结构多数为总分结构、分总结构、平行结构等。因此，我们通常在首段或尾段，或者在各段的首句或尾句找论点。若文中有一分为二(即对立观点)的观点，两种观点都要概括，不要漏掉其中一方的观点。21·cn·jy·com
(?http:?/??/?www.21cnjy.com?/??)
Test
1
External
rewards:
yes
or
no?
Some
argue
th
(?http:?/??/?www.21cnjy.com?)at
students'
interests
should
emerge
organically
and
genuinely
from
their
own
investigations
of
the
world.
The
educational
philosopher
John
Dewey
warned
teachers
against
artificially
“making
things
interesting”,
and
a
long
line
of
research
has
shown
that
providing
“extrinsic”,
or
external,
rewards
for
an
activity
can
weaken
students’
“intrinsic”,
or
internal,
motivation
to
engage
in
that
activity.【出处：21教育名师】
But
research
also
s
(?http:?/??/?www.21cnjy.com?)hows
that,
done
carefully,
the
intentional
elicitation(引出)
of
interest
has
many
positive
effects,
and
does
not
produce
the
negative
results
that
educators
may
fear.
Especially
for
academically
unmotivated
students,
it’s
of
primary
importance
that
the
adults
in
their
lives
create
environments
that
allow
them
to
find
and
develop
their
interests.
And
parents
and
educators
can
promote
the
development
of
kids’
interests
by
demonstrating
their
own
passion
for
particular
subjects.
Two
more
thoug
(?http:?/??/?www.21cnjy.com?)hts
on
intrinsic
vs.
extrinsic
motivation:
although
research
has
convincingly
established
the
value
of
intrinsic
interest,
in
the
real
world
most
of
us
are
driven
by
a
combination
of
intrinsic
and
extrinsic
motivation.
High-achieving
students
learn
for
learning’s
sake,
but
also
to
get
A’s;
successful
business
people
are
driven
to
create
useful
products
or
productive
organizations,
but
also
to
enjoy
financial
rewards.
There’s
nothing
wrong
with
this
mixing
of
motives.
Second,
when
(?http:?/??/?www.21cnjy.com?)
intrinsic
motivation
is
entirely
absent,
there’s
nothing
to
weaken
with
an
external
incentive.
Parents
and
teachers
are
sometimes
reluctant
to
offer
a
reward
to
a
young
person
for
doing
something
he
or
she
“should”
like
for
its
own
sake
-
a
monetary
bonus
for
reading
a
book,
for
example.
But
if
the
kid
shows
no
interest
in
reading
the
book
in
the
first
place,
there’s
no
intrinsic
motivation
to
weaken.
And
if
the
student
does
read
the
book
in
order
to
get
the
money
-
and
discovers
that
reading
is
actually
pretty
fun
-
that’s
a
win
for
everybody.
In
short,
while
(?http:?/??/?www.21cnjy.com?)
motivation
is
more
complex
than
we
sometimes
assume,
there
is
clearly
a
role
for
parents
and
educators
to
push
young
people’s
interests
gently
along.21
cnjy
com
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Test
2
Making
choices:
how
your
brain
decides
Every
day,
we
(?http:?/??/?www.21cnjy.com?)face
thousands
of
decisions
both
major
and
minor.
How
does
the
brain
decide?
A
new
study
suggests
that
it
relies
on
two
separate
networks
to
do
so:
one
that
determines
the
overall
value
-
the
risk
versus
reward
-
of
individual
choices
and
the
other
that
guides
how
you
finally
behave.
"Cognitive(认知的)
(?http:?/??/?www.21cnjy.com?)
control
and
value-based
decision-making
tasks
appear
to
depend
on
different
brain
regions,"
says
Jan
Glascher,
lead
author
of
the
study。
Study
co-author
Ralph
(?http:?/??/?www.21cnjy.com?)
Adolphs
explains
the
distinction
by
way
of
a
grocery
shopping
example:
"Your
valuation
network
is
always
providing
you
with
not
only
information
about
what's
rewarding
around
you
-
the
things
you
want
to
buy
-
but
also
lots
of
distracting
things
like
junk
food
and
other
items
popping
into
your
vision
off
the
shelves."
Cognitive
control
is
(?http:?/??/?www.21cnjy.com?)
what
keeps
this
network
in
check.
"To
be
able
to
get
to
the
checkout
counter
with
what
you
planned,
you
need
to
maintain
a
goal
in
mind,
such
as
perhaps
only
buying
the
salad
you
needed
for
dinner,"
says
Adolphs.
"That's
your
cognitive
control
network
maintaining
an
overall
goal
despite
lots
of
distractions."
The
overall
con
(?http:?/??/?www.21cnjy.com?)trol
of
impulses
is
split
between
the
two
networks,
though
they
do
not
counteract
each
other.
When
the
cognitive
control
regions
are
working
well,
distractions
are
ignored
and
behaviors
occur
in
the
appropriate
context;
when
valuation
is
appropriate,
choices
are
made
that
are
likely
to
be
beneficial
in
the
long
run.
However,
says
Adolphs,
"When
either
one
of
them
goes
offline,
impulsive
behaviors
get
stronger
and
may
not
be
prevented."
"Both
networks
need
t
(?http:?/??/?www.21cnjy.com?)o
be
in
balance
to
function
properly
together,"
Glascher
says.
"If
one
fails,
then
the
other
one
gets
out
of
step
as
well
and
problems
are
likely
to
arise."
Understanding
the
(?http:?/??/?www.21cnjy.com?)
features
of
these
networks
could
potentially
aid
treatment
of
a
variety
of
psychiatric(精神病的)
conditions.
"Essentially
all
psychiatric
disorders
involve
abnormal
decision-making,
and
it
is
one
of
the
core
symptoms
in
addiction
and
eating
disorders,"
says
Adolphs.
Aside
from
helping
(?http:?/??/?www.21cnjy.com?)
those
with
brain
impairments(损伤),
a
better
understanding
of
how
to
improve
the
function
of
these
regions
could
also
potentially
help
cognitively
healthy
folks
deal
with
the
constant
distractions
that
typifies
modern
life.
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Test
3
I
received
a
cal
(?http:?/??/?www.21cnjy.com?)l
today
asking
if
I
would
be
ready
to
bring
food
to
a
family
in
need.
The
mother
was
having
a
major
operation
and
would
be
lying
down
for
several
weeks.
Of
course,
I
responded
with
an
immediate
“Yes!”.
As
I
planned
the
meal
in
my
head,
I
reflected
on
how
many
times
over
the
years
I
had
been
asked
to
prepare
food.
I
have
done
so
countless
times
with
a
very
open
heart.
But
the
trul
(?http:?/??/?www.21cnjy.com?)y
amazing
thing
is
that
I
have
received
double
over
the
course
of
my
life.
When
my
mother
passed
away，our
house
was
filled
with
fresh
dinners
for
weeks.
A
woman
from
the
church
of
our
community
stopped
by
each
evening
with
some
food.
The
gift
of
food
was
her
small
way
of
trying
to
ease
our
pain.21·世纪
教育网
Later
in
my
l
(?http:?/??/?www.21cnjy.com?)ife,
when
I
was
on
bed
rest
during
my
pregnancy
with
twins，women
of
the
church
again
stepped
in
to
help.
They
arranged
babysitting
for
my
two?
year?
old
daughter,
and
brought
lovely
dinners
to
our
house.
Even
when
I
was
put
in
the
hospital,
my
husband
would
bring
cooked
meals
to
my
hospital
room.
How
we
relied
on
these
dinners
to
feed
my
tired
husband
and
young
daughter.
Food
is
all
(?http:?/??/?www.21cnjy.com?)about
comfort.
It
feeds
our
bodies,
but
it
can
also
feed
our
souls.
When
you
hear
people
talking
about
their
favorite
holidays,
it
usually
includes
their
feelings
connected
with
sharing
food.
I
know
that
I
will
have
many
more
opportunities
in
my
lifetime
to
prepare
food
for
others.
It
is
truly
a
gift
I
want
to
prepare
and
deliver
to
someone
in
need.
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Translation
1.与家人外出度假日益受到人们的推崇。(
popular)
2.寒暑假期间,我们学校的各类体育设施向市民开放。(
access)
3.智能手机给人们生活带来了许多便捷,但其负面影响不容小觑。(
despite)
4.我们坚信:一个更加和谐的社会将会建成,人民安居乐业,物质和精神方面都将得到满足。(
where)
Guided
Writing
假设你家所在的小区物业公司计划将现有的网球场改建为停车场，
以解决停车问题，
特此征求住户的意见。你决定写一封信给小区物业表达你的想法。
信的内容必须包括：1）你是否同意这种做法；
2）同意或不同意的理由。
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
(?http:?/??/?www.21cnjy.com?/??)
1
One
day,
a
poor
boy
(?http:?/??/?www.21cnjy.com?)
who
was
trying
to
pay
his
way
through
school
by
selling
goods
door
to
door
found
that:
he
only
had
one
clime
left.
He
was
hungry
so
he
decided
to
beg
for
a
meal
at
the
next
house.2·1·c·n·j·y
However,
he
lost
(?http:?/??/?www.21cnjy.com?)
his
nerve
when
a
lovely
young
woman
opened
the
door.
Instead
of
a
meal
he
asked
for
a
drink
of
water.
She
thought
he
looked
hungry
so
she
brought
him
a
large
glass
of
milk.
He
drank
it
slowly,
and
then
asked，“How
much
do
I
owe
you?”
“You
don’t
o
(?http:?/??/?www.21cnjy.com?)we
me
anything,”
she
replied.
“Mother
has
taught
me
never
to
accept
pay
for
a
kindness.”
He
said,
“Then
I
thank
you
from
the
bottom
of
my
heart.
”
As
Howard
Kelly
left
that
house,
he
not
only
felt
stronger
physically,
but
it
also
increased
his
faith
in
God
and
the
human
race.
He
was
about
to
give
up
and
quit
before
this
point.
Years
later
the
young
(?http:?/??/?www.21cnjy.com?)
woman
became
critically
ill.
The
local
doctors
were
baffled.
They
finally
sent
her
to
the
big
city,
where
specialists
could
be
called
in
to
study
her
rare
disease.
Dr.
Howard
Kelly,
now
famous,
was
called
in
for
the
consultation.
When
he
heard
the
name
of
the
town
she
came
from,
a
strange
light
filled
his
eyes.
Immediately,
he
rose
and
went
down
through
the
hospital
hall
into
her
room.
Dressed
in
his
doctor
(?http:?/??/?www.21cnjy.com?)’s
gown
he
went
in
to
see
her.
He
recognized
her
at
once.
He
went
back
to
the
consultation
room
and
determined
to
do
his
best
to
save
her
life.
From
that
day
on,
he
gave
special
attention
to
her
case.
After
a
long
str
(?http:?/??/?www.21cnjy.com?)uggle,
the
battle
was
won.
Dr.
Kelly
requested
the
business
office
to
pass
the
final
bill
to
him
for
approval.
He
looked
at
it
and
then
wrote
something
on
the
side.
The
bill
was
sent
to
her
room.
She
was
afraid
to
open
it
because
she
was
positive
that
it
would
take
the
rest
of
her
life
to
pay
it
off.
Finally
she
looked,
and
the
note
on
the
side
of
the
bill
caught
her
attention.
She
read
these
words...
“Paid
in
full
with
a
glass
of
milk.
(Signed)
Dr.
Howard
Kelly”
Tears
of
joy
fl
(?http:?/??/?www.21cnjy.com?)ooded
her
eyes
as
she
prayed
silently，“Thank
you,
God.
Your
love
has
spread
through
human
hearts
and
hands.”
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
2
There
are
now
m
(?http:?/??/?www.21cnjy.com?)any
products
and
services
on
the
market
which
are
similar
in
content
though
produced
by
different
companies.
It
is
vital,
therefore,
for
a
company
to
distinguish
itself
from
its
competitors
by
having
a
strong
company
image
which
is
immediately
recognizable.
Logos
are
part
of
(?http:?/??/?www.21cnjy.com?)this
image.
They
are
symbols
which
often
include
a
name
or
initials
to
identify
a
company.
The
logo
establishes
a
visual
identity
for
the
company,
just
as
different
groups
of
young
people
express
their
identity
through
hairstyles
and
clothes.
All
groups
from
all
cultures
and
throughout
the
ages
have
used
colors
and
symbols
to
show
their
identity.
In
different
cu
(?http:?/??/?www.21cnjy.com?)ltures,
different
colors
carry
different
meanings.
Some
colors
may
be
connected
with
coldness
in
one
culture
and
with
warmth
in
another;
some
colors
represent
life
in
one
culture
but
death
in
another.
International
companies
have,
therefore,
to
make
sure
that
their
logos
will
not
be
misunderstood
in
different
countries.
The
logos
of
large
(?http:?/??/?www.21cnjy.com?)
international
companies
are
instantly
recognizable
throughout
the
world.
One
of
the
most
famous
logos
is
that
of
Coca-Cola.
The
design
of
the
words
“Coca-Cola”
has
not
changed
since
1886,
although
the
surrounding
design
has
been
changed
from
time
to
time.
Many
companies
have,
over
the
years,
renewed
their
logos
to
fit
in
with
contemporary
design
and
to
present
more
powerful
pany
logos
can
be
emotive
and
can
inspire
loyalty
by
influencing
the
subconscious.
Some
logos
include
an
idea
of
the
product:
the
steering
wheel
in
the
Mercedes
logo,
for
example,
and
the
aero
plane
tail
of
Alitalia.
Logos
are
used
on
packaging
and
brochures
as
well
as
on
the
product
itself.
They
may
also
appear
in
newspapers
or
on
television
as
part
of
an
advertising
campaign,
Companies
need
to
have
a
strong
corporate
identity.
The
logo
helps
to
promote
this
image
and
to
fix
it
in
the
minds
of
the
consumers.
Logos,
therefore,
need
to
be
original
and
to
have
impact
and
style.
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
3
African
elephan
(?http:?/??/?www.21cnjy.com?)ts
are
in
trouble.
Their
numbers
have
fallen
violently
from
as
many
as
ten
million
a
hundred
years
ago
to
as
few
as
400,000
today.
Losses
are
largely
from
poaching（偷猎）
for
the
illegal
ivory
trade,
and
also
because
of
the
smaller
living
space
for
elephants,
as
people
open
up
land
for
farming
and
development.
Killing
some
elephants
(?http:?/??/?www.21cnjy.com?)
to
help
save
the
species
is
one
suggested
strategy
for
preserving
them.
Here’s
the
thinking:
Invite
rich
hunters
to
pay
generous
fees
to
shoot
specified
numbers
of
elephants,
and
use
that
money
as
sources
for
various
conservations.
Some
people
claim
(?http:?/??/?www.21cnjy.com?)
that
trophy
hunting
can
provide
generous
financial
support
for
people
to
conserve
and
restore
wild
elephant
numbers,
protect
wildlife
from
poaching,
and
to
help
give
local
communities
a
boost
in
economy.
Doing
that,
the
theory
goes,
poor
villagers
won’t
need
to
poach
elephants
to
feed
their
families.
To
look
into
the
new
(?http:?/??/?www.21cnjy.com?)business
closely,
the
trophy
hunting
industry
does
not
provide
significant
benefits
to
the
communities
where
it
occurs.
Across
Africa,
there
are
only
about
15,000
hunting-related
jobs
created
by
the
business—a
tiny
number,
especially
considering
that
the
six
main
game-hunting
countries
alone
have
a
population
of
nearly
150
million.
Besides
that,
it
i
(?http:?/??/?www.21cnjy.com?)s
true
the
total
income
from
trophy
hunting
is
substantial.
Take
an
unnamed
area
for
example,
the
total
income
to
wild
conservancies
from
trophy
hunting,
amounted
to
$165,000.
Six
years
later,
this
is
expected
to
increase
almost
tenfold
to
$1,330,000.
Yet
after
various
kinds
of
processing
fees
and
expenses
are
reduced,
the
local
communities
make
an
average
of
only
ten
cents
a
hectare
(25
cents
an
acre)
from
trophy
hunting.
The
return
is
so
small
that
it
justly
explains
locals’
lack
of
interest
in
preserving
hunting
areas
and
their
continued
poaching.www.21-cn-jy.com
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