第二节 利用行文手段解题
授课提示:对应学生用书第21页
一、依据词汇线索解题
词汇线索主要包括代词线索和词汇复现两种情况。
【典例1】 (2019·高考全国卷Ⅱ·片段)...You
also
need
to
judge
the
quality
and
depth
of
your
motivation.This
is
quite
important,because
it
is
directly
related
to
your
commitment.There
are
times
when
your
heart
is
not
in
your
work.__38__
So,slow
down
and
think
what
you
really
want
to
do
at
that
moment.Clarity(清晰)of
thoughts
can
help
you
move
forward....A.This
can
affect
your
work.C.However,this
should
not
discourage
you.G.Without
motivation,you
can
neither
set
a
goal
nor
reach
it.
【解题】 前面提到“有些时候你的心不在你的工作上”,由此可知这会影响到你的工作,故选A。此处的代词this指代的就是前面的一整句话。再根据原文中so后提出的解决方案,可以确定答案。
【策略】代词主要是为避免重复,用于指代前面提到的人或物,有时也用于指代前面提到的名词或概念。巧妙利用这样的指代关系可以有效地帮助我们做出正确的选择。代词指代一定要注意两种情况,一是选项中的代词要特别关注,二是挖空后面的句子中的代词要特别关注。
【典例2】 (2020·高考全国卷Ⅱ·片段)Emoji(表情符号)and
Workplace
CommunicationIn
Asia,messaging
platforms
are
growing
rapidly,with
users
in
the
hundreds
of
millions,both
at
work
and
play.__36__.It's
been
reported
that
76
percent
of
employees
in
some
western
countries
are
using
emojis
at
work....B.Even
a
formal
email
can
seem
cold
and
unfriendlyC.Sending
smiling
faces
to
colleagues
may
seem
strangeD.The
popularity
of
these
platforms
is
spreading
globally
【解题】 根据空前一句可知,信息平台在亚洲增长很快,而空后提到据报道,在一些西方国家,76%的员工在工作中使用表情符号,故可判断选项D承上启下。空格前后的说明都是空格处表达含义的例子说明。另外,空前一句中的platforms与选项D中的platforms相呼应,空前一句中的in
Asia和空后一句中的in
some
western
countries与选项D中的globally相呼应。
【策略】词汇复现指相同词汇的重复使用、同义词和近义词的复现或同一范畴词的复现。英语的线性思维表现为第一句话的宾语往往是第二句的主语,或者前后句有相同或重叠的词语。这种前后句语义的衔接常以句子中关键词(常为名词、动词、形容词)的同义词、近义词(组)或反义词(组)复现的方式来实现。解题时可以利用这些词作为解题线索。
二、依据逻辑关系解题
【典例1】 (2020·高考全国卷Ⅲ·片段)...__37__Some
people
register
a
list
of
things
they
want
or
need
for
their
new
home
at
a
local
store
or
stores.Some
common
things
people
will
put
on
a
gift
registry
include
kitchen
tools
like
knives
and
things
like
curtains.Even
if
there
isn't
a
registry,a
good
housewarming
gift
is
something
to
decorate
the
new
house
with,like
a
piece
of
art
or
a
plant....B.It
is
traditional
to
bring
a
gift
to
a
housewarming
party.C.You
can
also
bring
food
or
drinks
to
share
with
the
other
guests.D.If
you're
lucky
enough
to
receive
gifts,keep
them
in
a
safe
place.
【解题】 空格位于第二段句首,结合本段内容可知,空格处应与聚会时所带礼物有关,故“带礼物去乔迁聚会是传统”。先提出应该带礼物,后面讲述如何选礼物等。故选B。此处属于总分关系。
【典例2】 (2019·高考全国卷Ⅰ·片段)Is
Fresh
Air
Really
Good
for
You?...__40__While
the
sun's
rays
can
age
and
harm
our
skin,they
also
give
us
beneficial
Vitamin
D.To
make
sure
you
get
enough
Vitamin
D—but
still
protect
your
skin—put
on
sunscreen
right
as
you
head
outside.It
takes
sunscreen
about
fifteen
minutes
to
start
working,and
that's
plenty
of
time
for
your
skin
to
absorb
a
day's
worth
of
Vitamin
D.B.So
what
are
you
waiting
for?C.Being
in
nature
refreshes
us.D.Another
side
benefit
of
getting
fresh
air
is
sunlight.
【解题】 空后说,虽然阳光会使我们的皮肤衰老并受到伤害,但阳光也能带来有益的维生素D,这应该与上一句之间是转折关系,故空处应填呼吸新鲜空气附带的好处,因此D项符合语境,且选项D中的sunlight与空后的the
sun's
rays相呼应。
【策略】文章由段落组成,围绕中心话题展开。各段、句之间形成一定的语义逻辑关系,有总分、并列、递进、转折、对比、解释、例证、因果关系等。“七选五”阅读理解的解题策略之一就是理清这些关系,并据此选出正确答案。我们要熟记常见的逻辑关系的标识词。1.表示转折关系:however,though,yet,on
the
contrary等;2.表示因果关系:so,therefore,thus,as
a
result等;3.表示顺序:at
first,then,later,after,finally等;4.表示并列与递进关系:and,what's
more,not
only...but
also,firstly,secondly等;5.表示列举:some...others,the
second...,the
third...,for
one
thing...for
another等。
授课提示:对应学生用书第23页
A
(2020·邯郸二模)Chefs
typically
toss(抛)the
frying
food
into
the
air
from
deep,rounded
pans
or
woks
before
catching
it
again.Launching
rice
and
its
fixings
allows
a
chef
to
cook
it
over
really
hot
flames
without
burning.At
times,temperatures
in
a
pan
can
reach
1,200
Celsius
dagree.__1__
Scientists
found
that
the
chefs
relied
on
a
specific
pattern
of
motion.And
they
repeated
those
motions
about
three
times
a
second.__2__At
the
same
time
the
wok
was
rocked
to
and
fro.The
chefs
used
the
edge
of
the
stovetop
as
a
fulcrum(支点)on
which
to
balance
as
they
rocked
it.
Cooks
use
similarly
complex
patterns
of
movement
to
cook
up
other
foods.__3__
Scientists
used
a
computer
to
simulate(模仿)the
tracks
of
rice
that
would
occur
in
a
wok
moved
in
various
ways.Along
the
way,the
scientists
hit
on
some
key
cooking
tips.The
rocking
and
sliding
motions
shouldn't
be
done
at
the
same
time.__4__Also,the
wok's
movements
should
repeat
rapidly.Moving
the
wok
even
faster
could
launch
the
rice
higher.That
might
allow
cooking
at
higher
temperatures
and
perhaps
a
quicker
meal.
__5__Chefs
at
Chinese
restaurants
can
struggle
with
shoulder
pain,studies
have
shown.Rapidly
shaking
their
heavy
woks
could
be
part
of
the
problem.One
solution
might
be
a
stir?frying
robot.It
could
be
built
based
on
their
new
found
results
to
take
the
weight
off
chefs'
shoulders.
A.But
faster
shaking
may
be
hard
on
a
cook.
B.To
make
fried
rice
like
a
professional,use
science.
C.If
they
are,the
rice
won't
mix
well
and
could
burn.
D.Each
repetition
included
sliding
a
wok
back
and
forth.
E.Cooking
is
hard
work
that
needs
patience
and
perseverance.
F.The
high
temperature
helps
create
the
tastiest
stir?fried
food.
G.They
will
turn
the
pan
quickly,for
instance,to
get
smooth,flat
egg
cakes.
[语篇解读] 这是一篇说明文,科学家对厨师炒菜时向空中抛菜的动作进行了研究,发现了其中的科学道理。
1.解析:根据F选项中的the
high
temperature可知,F选项与上文提到的高温属于同一话题。
答案:F
2.解析:根据D选项中的关键词repetition可知,D选项与上句中的repeated属于同一话题,顺理成章。
答案:D
3.解析:G选项中的for
instance是对上句中use
similarly
complex
patterns的例证。
答案:G
4.解析:根据空处前一句“The
rocking
and
sliding
motions
shouldn't
be
done
at
the
same
time.”及C选项中的if
they
are可推断,这个省略句的完整形式是“If
they
are
done
at
the
same
time,the
rice
won't
mix
well
and
could
burn.”。
答案:C
5.解析:上段提到摇晃炒锅可以炒出好吃的菜。而本段主要讲述厨师的劳累。由此判断上下段之间为转折关系。
答案:A
B
(2020·河北六校联考)You've
probably
wrestled
with
how
to
best
protect
your
important
files.And
you're
torn
between
picking
up
an
external(外部的)hard
drive
and
relying
on
one
of
the
many
cloud
services
available
today.__1__Here
are
several
reasons
to
choose
it.
It's
offline.Cloud
services
are
online?only.__2__This
isn't
the
case
with
an
external
hard
drive,of
course.Cloud
services
require
a
lot
of
faith
in
the
fact
that
you'll
have
an
“always
on”
connection,anywhere
and
anytime—even
while
flying
the
friendly
skies.
__3__Some
portable
drives,like
the
My
Passport
from
WD,hold
up
to
5
terabytes(万亿字节)of
data.If
you're
a
digital
lover
who
downloads
and
stores
a
ton
of
music,movies,TV
shows
and
photos,you'll
need
more
capacity(容量)than
what
free
cloud
storage
solutions
offer.
Data
backups
are
easy.While
most
cloud
services
offer
an
auto?backup
feature,so
do
many
hard
drives
today.SanDisk's
ibi,the
Smart
Photo
Manager,for
example,wirelessly
backs
up
and
organizes
photos
and
videos
stored
on
computers,smartphones
and
tablets(via
an
app),social
media
accounts,and
cloud
services,too.__4__
It's
safer.While
cloud
storage
protects
your
data
from
local
threats,like
fire
or
flood,it
doesn't
mean
you're
home
free.__5__And
it
doesn't
mean
your
data
can't
be
hacked
either.However,using
a
hard
drive,you
won't
have
any
of
the
worries.
A.You're
guaranteed
ample
storage.
B.It's
particularly
convenient
to
store.
C.I
strongly
advise
that
you
choose
a
cloud
service.
D.It's
not
impossible
for
one
to
guess
your
password.
E.Actually
an
external
hard
drive
has
more
advantages.
F.Sending
files
to
a
hard
drive
is
also
faster
than
to
the
cloud.
G.So
you
could
be
without
your
data
if
having
no
Internet
connection.
[语篇解读] 本文是一篇说明文。文章主要说明了使用外置硬盘保护重要文件的好处。
1.解析:考查承上启下句。前面提到“你在买外置硬盘和依靠当今可利用的众多云服务中的一种之间左右为难”,后面提到“下面是选择它的几个原因”,故本空应是作者对选择外置硬盘还是云服务的建议,再结合后面四段对外置硬盘的优点的介绍可知,作者建议选择外置硬盘,故E项“事实上,外置硬盘优点更多”符合语境。
答案:E
2.解析:考查细节支撑句。根据前一句“Cloud
services
are
online?only.”可知,云服务只能是在线使用,故G项“因此,如果没有网络连接,你就没有数据”符合语境。
答案:G
3.解析:考查段落主旨句。此处为小标题。根据下文中的“hold
up
to
5
terabytes
of
data”和“you'll
need
more
capacity
than
what
free
cloud
storage
solutions
offer”可知,本段主要介绍了外置硬盘具有充足的储存能力,故A项符合语境。
答案:A
4.解析:考查细节支撑句。本段说明外置硬盘的好处之一——备份数据很容易。F项意为“文件传输到硬盘上也比上传到云端快”,也是对小标题的解释说明。
答案:F
5.解析:考查细节支撑句。根据前一句“While
cloud
storage
protects
your
data
from
local
threats,like
fire
or
flood,it
doesn't
mean
you're
home
free.(虽然云存储可以保护你的数据免受像火或洪水等本地威胁,但这并不意味着你就可以高枕无忧了)”和后面的“And
it
doesn't
mean
your
data
can't
be
hacked
either.”可知,本空也应是介绍使用云服务存在的安全问题,故D项“别人猜出你的密码也不是不可能的”符合语境。
答案:D
词汇积累:Para.1:wrestle
with奋力对付,努力处理
She
had
spent
the
whole
day
wrestling
with
the
problem.
她一整天都在绞尽脑汁处理这个问题。
be
torn
between
A
and
B左右为难
I
was
torn
between
my
parents
and
my
friend.
我在父母和朋友之间左右为难。
PAGE【题型总览】
年份
卷别
体裁
主题语境
文章结构
选项特征
设空位置
段首
段中
段尾
2020
卷Ⅰ
说明文
人与自我——自我接纳
总—分
完整句
1
3
1
卷Ⅱ
说明文
人与社会——表情符号与职场交流
并列式
残缺句+完整句
1
4
0
卷Ⅲ
说明文
人与社会——乔迁聚会
总—分
完整句
2
2
1
2019
卷Ⅰ
说明文
人与自我——健康
总—分
完整句
2
3
0
卷Ⅱ
议论文
人与自我——有动力的方法
总—分
完整句
1
4
0
卷Ⅲ
说明文
人与自我——建立健康有益的互动交流
总—分
完整句
1
3
1
2018
卷Ⅰ
说明文
人与自我——家庭装饰
总—分
残缺句+完整句
1
3
1
卷Ⅱ
说明文
人与自我——晨练的好处
总—分—总
完整句
2
2
1
卷Ⅲ
说明文
人与社会——对舞蹈的看法
总—分
完整句
2
2
1
【命题趋势】
1.文体以说明文为主;主题语境以人与自我和人与社会为主;文章结构以总—分为主;设空以段中句为主。
2.文章结构清晰,逻辑性强;设空句主要有:主旨概括句、承上启下句、注释说明句。
3.考查方向有两个,一是宏观把握文章布局和结构的能力,二是微观明确信息间关联性的能力。
【备考方案】
1.广泛阅读,尤其是内容贴近生活、贴近时代的“关爱自我、关注社会、关心环境”型材料。
2.培养和提升语篇理解能力、逻辑思辨能力,树立“语篇框架(脉络)”意识。
【解题流程】
第1步:读全文——速读全文,把握大意
第2步:看位置——看题目位于段首、段中还是段尾
段首句通常为主旨句或承上启下句。主旨句常以段落小标题或主题句的形式出现;承上启下句能够将上段和本段的内容连贯起来。
段尾句通常为总结句或承上启下句。总结句用以总结本段内容,常含有总结性词语;承上启下句能够将本段与下一段的内容连贯起来。
段中句要考虑前后的逻辑关系,通常考查过渡句和细节支撑句。注意所选选项要在语境方面能够与原文无缝衔接。做题时要特别注意体现时间、原因、方式、转折等逻辑关系的语篇标志词(关联词)和共同的核心词,如first,second,third或also,further,similarly等表示并列或递进关系;however,nevertheless等表示转折或让步关系;as
a
result,thus,so/such...that等表示因果关系;for
example,such
as等用来举例。
第3步:找关联——寻找题目前后在词汇、意义上的联系
在找词汇关联时,主要通过观察空格前后有没有同一个词、同/近/反义词出现,代词指代是否统一等方面来判定。
第4步:思逻辑——思考题目前后在行文上的逻辑关系
第5步:析选项——分析选项的特征,带入所在文中的位置,通过词汇关联、逻辑关系做出判定
第一节 利用位置关系解题
授课提示:对应学生用书第19页
从写作手法上看,三种位置关系的句子在文中的作用不尽相同,我们根据近3年高考试题设题的规律,找出对应的解题方法。
段首题 先看文章结构→再看本段内容
1.段首题考查的两种情况
段落主旨句(小标题)
承上启下句
2020
全国卷Ⅰ(T37)
全国卷Ⅲ(T37)
全国卷Ⅱ(T40)
全国卷Ⅲ(T38)
2019
全国卷Ⅰ(T37)
全国卷Ⅰ(T40)
全国卷Ⅱ(T37)
2018
全国卷Ⅱ(T39)
全国卷Ⅱ(T40)
全国卷Ⅲ(T36)
2.段首题解题的思维流程
【典例】 (2020·高考全国卷Ⅰ·片段)A
Few
Tips
for
Self?Acceptance...·__37__
Do
not
follow
the
people
who
make
you
feel
not?good?enough.Why
do
you
follow
them?Are
you
hoping
that
eventually
you
will
feel
empowered
because
your
life
is
better
than
theirs?Know
that
your
life
is
your
own;you
are
the
only
you
in
this
world.·Forgive
yourself
for
mistakes
that
you
have
made...D.Remember,you
are
only
human.E.Set
an
intention
for
self?acceptance.F.Stop
comparing
yourself
with
others.
【解题】 设空处位于本段段首。根据本段中的关键词句“Do
not
follow
the
people
who
make
you
feel
not?good?enough.”和“your
life
is
better
than
theirs”可推知,本段应与“将自己和他人比较”有关。故F项能够概括本段主要内容,符合语境。
【策略】1.判断是不是段落主题句(1)根据段落一致性原则认真阅读空格后内容,从词汇及句意两个方面判断其中的某个选项是否可以涵盖该段主旨。(2)着重阅读挖空后面的第一、二句,确定相关信息词。阅读时要学会瞻前顾后,注重逻辑关系的一致性。2.判断是不是承上启下句除第一段之外的其他段落段首设题时也有可能是承上启下句(第二段段首设题时该情况最常见),这时需要在熟悉上一段(段尾)内容的前提下,结合该段的其余内容,分析所选的答案是否能够将两个段落连贯起来。3.利用平衡原则对于有特殊标识的文章(如加黑、数字排序或其他特殊标识)做出选择时要充分利用与其他段落的平衡原则,如:是不是祈使句(如上文),平衡部分的主语是不是具有统一性等。有时这种关系也会体现在段落内部。
段尾题 先看前文→考虑段落主旨→再看后文
1.段尾题考查的两种情况
承上启下句
细节支撑类
2020
全国卷Ⅰ(T39)
全国卷Ⅲ(T39)
2019
全国卷Ⅲ(T39)
2018
全国卷Ⅰ(T40)
全国卷Ⅱ(T37)
虽然近3年全国卷没有出现句尾的承上启下句,但从语篇的结构与发展来说,这点绝对是不可忽略的。
2.段尾题解题的思维流程
【典例】 (2020·高考全国卷Ⅰ·片段)A
Few
Tips
for
Self?Acceptance...·Recognize
all
of
your
strengths.Write
them
down
in
a
journal.Begin
to
train
your
brain
to
look
at
strength
before
weakness.List
all
of
your
accomplishments
and
achievements.You
have
a
job,earned
your
degree,and
you
got
out
of
bed
today.__39__·Now
that
you've
listed
your
strengths,list
your
imperfections...A.Feeling
upset
again?C.Nothing
is
too
small
to
celebrate.E.Set
an
intention
for
self?acceptance.
【解题】 本段的主题是“意识到自己所有的优点”。根据上文中的“List
all
of
your
accomplishments
and
achievements.You
have
a
job,earned
your
degree,and
you
got
out
of
bed
today.”可知,此处表示所列的成就中,即使是那些看似微不足道的小事,也是我们生活中的成就。结合选项可知,C项与上文为顺承关系,符合语境。
【策略】1.判断是不是承上启下类:此类题目直接承接上下文,并非概括或总结性语句,解题时要根据其与该段落的逻辑关系及下文的内容(尤其是下一段的开头句)来确定答案。2.判断是不是细节支撑类:用来支撑主题的句子称为细节支撑句。与主题句相比,细节支撑句更具体,往往是事实、分析、举例、引用的一部分。解答此类题目要充分利用前后句代词的指代关系、逻辑关系及时间先后关系。3.判断是不是总结收尾类:
通常是结论、概括性语句。注意在选项中查找表示结果、结论、总结等的关联词,如therefore,so,as
a
result,thus,hence,in
short,to
sum
up,to
conclude,in
a
word等。
段中题 先看空前再看空后→空前一句、空后一句及空格句逻辑关系最重要
1.段中题考查的两种情况
依前句
依后句
依前句和后句
2020
全国卷Ⅰ(T40)
全国卷Ⅱ(T37,38,39)
全国卷Ⅰ(T38)
全国卷Ⅱ(T36)
全国卷Ⅰ(T36)全国卷Ⅲ(T36,40)
2.段中题解题的思维流程
【典例1】 (2020·高考全国卷Ⅰ·片段)A
Few
Tips
for
Self?Acceptance...·Forgive
yourself
for
mistakes
that
you
have
made.We
are
often
ashamed
of
our
shortcomings,our
mistakes
and
our
failures.__38__You
will
make
mistakes,time
and
time
again.Rather
than
getting
caught
up
in
how
you
could
have
done
better,why
not
offer
yourself
a
compassionate(有同情心)response?“That
didn't
go
as
planned.But,I
tried
my
best.”...D.Remember,you
are
only
human.E.Set
an
intention
for
self?acceptance.G.When
does
the
comparison
game
start?
【解题】 本段的主题是“原谅自己犯下的错误”。设空处前讲到我们经常对自己的缺点、错误和失败感到羞愧;设空处后提到人会不断地犯错误,犯错是一件很正常的事。结合选项可知,D项在此处起到承上启下的作用,符合语境。
【典例2】 (2020·高考全国卷Ⅱ·片段)Emoji(表情符号)and
Workplace
Communication...In
any
given
office,employees
can
range
from
age
22
to
70
and
beyond,and
finding
common
ground
in
communication
style
can
be
a
challenge.__38__.While
the
younger
generations
prefer
to
communicate
visually,for
those
used
to
working
with
traditional
tools
like
email,it
may
feel
like
a
learning
curve(曲线).The
good
news
is
that
it's
simple
to
learn
and
can
be
worth
the
effort....D.The
popularity
of
these
platforms
is
spreading
globallyE.Giving
employees
the
tools
enables
them
to
communicate
honestlyG.An
easy
way
to
bring
all
work
generations
together
is
with
a
chat
platform
【解题】 设空前面一句提到,在任何一个办公室,员工年龄从22岁到70岁不等,在交流方式方面找到共同点是很难的。设空处顺承上句,表示“使工作中的各代人聚在一起的简单的方法就是用一个聊天平台”。故选G。
【策略】1.判断段中句是段落主题句还是主题句的展开句,段中句多数情况属于主题句的展开句。2.根据空格前后信息词与选项匹配度圈定部分待选选项,匹配度越高入选的可能性越大。3.分析空格前后的逻辑关系及内容的连贯性,特别注意句间的逻辑手段。其特点主要以转折手法引出主题句,或者用承上启下的过渡句,也可能是补充前文具体的事实、事例或说明。
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