2012年中考英语专题复习一 名词

2012中考英语专题复习一 名词
可数名词变复数
规则变化
直加-s
以-s,-x,-sh,-ch结尾的加-es
bus—buses,glass—glasses,class—classes,
box—boxes,fox—foxes,watch—watches,
brush—brushes,dish—dishes,wish—wishes，
peach—peaches.
以-f,-fe结尾的下列单词要把-f,-fe变为-v,再加-es
leaf—leaves,half—halves,self—selves,life—lives,
wife—wives,knife—knives,wolf—wolves,self—selves,
shelf—shelves,thief—thieves,life—lives,half—halves.
妻子(wife)拿起架子(shelf)上自己（self）生活（life）用的小刀(knife)要杀藏在半个（half）叶子(leaf)底下的贼（thief）和狼(wolf)
以辅音字母+y结尾的,变y为i再加-es
family—families,city—cities,lady—ladies,
baby—babies,comedy—comedies,party—parties,
factory—factories,duty—duties,century—centuries,
注：以元音字母(a,e,i,o,u) +y结尾的,直接加-s
boy—boys,key—keys
以-o结尾的下列单词要加上-es
Negro—Negroes,hero—heroes,tomato—tomatoes,potato—potatoes
黑人(Negro)吃土豆(potato),英雄(hero)吃西红柿(tomato)
注：piano--pianos
不规则变化
单复数同形
三动物:sheep(绵羊),deer(鹿),fish(鱼,or fishes,当鱼肉时是不可数)
三国人:Chinese(中国人),Japanese(日本人),Swiss(瑞士人)
变-a为-e型
man--men,woma—women,policeman—policemen,
policewoman—policewomen,
Englishman—Englishmen,
Englishwoman—Englishwomen,
Frenchman—Frenchmen,Frenchwoman—Frenchwomen
But:German--Germans
变-oo为-ee型
foot(脚)—feet,tooth(牙齿)—teeth,goose(鹅)—geese
以man,woman开头的合成词前后都变为复数
man teacher—men teachers,woman doctor—women doctors
一般合成词只将主体名词变为复数
girl friend—girl friends,
boy student—boy students,pen pal—pen pals
father-in-law----fathers-in-law
passer-by----passers-by
其他
child—children,mouse—mice
a thirteen-year-old boy
二.常以复数形式出现的成双成对的名词
glasses眼镜,chopsticks筷子,scissors剪刀,pants裤子,trousers裤子,stockings长筒袜,socks短袜,shorts短裤,jeans牛仔裤,shoes鞋
单复数意义不同:glass玻璃—glasses眼镜,work工作—works工事/工厂,time时间—times次数,paper纸—papers文件
三.集体名词当作整体看谓语动词用单数,当作每一个成员看谓语动词用复数
1， family,class,grade,group,team
His family is a happy one.
His family are watching TV now.
2，People(人们),police总是复数概念 five people/police
People/Police often work in the day.
People(民族)
The Chinese people is a hardworking and brave people.
The police have caught the thief.
There are two police watching TV.
clothes是衣服的总称，其前不可用a 或数词来修饰，可用some, these, those, many, few 等词修饰
名词所有格
名词所有格有两种表达方式：
一种是's所有格(一般表示人或有生命事物的名词所有格)
Kate's computer,our English teacher's dictionary
一种是of所有格（一般表示无生命的名词所有格）。
the window of the room
1.直接加-`s my father's car.
2.以-s结尾的复数可数名词直接加-` Teachers' Day Mothers` Day
3.不以-s结尾的复数可数名词仍要加-`s Children`s Day, Women`s Day, three hours' drive/walk(三小时的乘车/步行路程)
4.表示共同所有,加在最后一个名词上;表示分别的所有,在两个名词后分别加's，而且被修饰的名词用复数形式。
This is Kate and Jim`s desk.
Those are Kate`s and Jim`s desks.
5.of短语构成的名词所有格(of也表示……的)
a map of China,the windows of the room,the name of her cat,the story of the old kind woman
但是:the ticket to a ball game,the keys to the bike,an answer to the question
6.双重所有格
a friend of mine,two friends of Lily`s，a dictionary of my mother's
表示店铺、医院、诊所、住宅等时，常在名词后加's代表全称。
my uncle`s (house)-我叔叔家,St.Paul`s (church)-圣保罗大教堂
at the doctor's(在医生的诊所)
五.不可数名词量的表示法
1.a/an+容器/单位的单数+of+物质/不可数名词
a cup of tea, a bag of rice
a piece of news/information/advice/music/paper/meat/bread
2.数词(>1)+容器/单位的复数+of+物质/不可数名词
ten bottles of milk,five drops of ink,
另外:a pair of trousers(一条裤子),two pairs of shoes(两双鞋)