初中语法一本通：名词

名词
（一）概述
名词是表示人、地方、事物或抽象概念名称的词，可以说名词是万物之名称。它们可以是：
人的名字 Li Ming, Tom
地方名称 China, London
职业称呼 teacher, doctor
物品名称 pencil, dictionary
行为名称 study, invention
抽象概念 history, grammar
（二）普通名词和专有名词
1．普通名词
凡不属于特定的人名、地名、事物名称或概念名称的名词，都属于普通名词。这类名词在所有的名词中占绝大多数。普通名词大致有以下四种类型：
1）个体名词
个体名词指作为个体而存在的人或物。可以指具体的人或物，例如：
He has two aunts.
他有两个姑姑。
Most classrooms have computers.
多数教室里都有电脑。
也可指抽象东西，例如：
We’ve lived here for twenty years.
我们在这里住了二十年了。
I had a dream last night
我昨晚做了一个梦。
个体名词有复数形式，如：weeks, problems;单数形式可以和a/an连用，如：a week, a problem, an old man.
2）集体名词
集体名词表示由个体组成的集体，下面是一些常见的集体名词：
family（家，家庭） army（军队） company（公司；全体船员） enemy（敌人） government（政府）
group（小组，团体） public（公众） team（队；组） police（警方）
作单数看待 作复数看待
His family isn't large. 他家人不多。 The government is planning to build a dam here. 政府打算在这里建一座水坝。 The public was unlikely to support it. 公众支持它的可能性不大。 His family are all music lovers. 他家的人都喜欢音乐。 The government are discussing the plan. 政府在讨论这个计划。 The public were deceived by the newspaper. 公众受到报纸的蒙骗。
集体名词有时作单数看待，有时作复数看待。一般说来，视为整体时作单数看待，想到它的成员时作复数看待：
例如：
有的集体名词通常用作单数，例如：
Our company is sending him to work in Berlin.
我们公司将派他去柏林工作。
有的集体名词多作复数看待。例如：
The police are looking for him.
警察正在找他。
3）物质名词
物质名词指无法分为个体的东西，我们学过的常见的物质名词有：
beer, cloth, coal, coffee, coke, cotton, ice, ink, jam, juice, meat, medicine, metal, milk, oil paper, rain, salad, salt, sand, snow, soup, steel, sugar, tea, water, wine, wood, wool等。
一般说来，物质名词是不可数折，因而没有复数形式。但有一些特殊情况：
a．有些物质名词可用作可数名词，表示“一份”，“一杯”：
Tree beers, please.
请来三杯啤酒。
A chocolate ice-cream for me.
给我一份巧克力冰淇淋。
b．有此物质名词可作可数名词，表示“一种”：
It was a special tea which tasted of orange blossoms.
这是一种特别的茶，有桔子花叶。
It was a delicious wine.
那是一种美味的红酒。
c．个别物质名词可用于复数形式或有特殊意义：
It was now the time of the spring rains.
现在是春天雨季的时候。
Here are the snows of last year.
这是去看的积雪。
d．抽象名词
抽象名词主要表示一些抽象概念，一般不可数，因此没有复形，前面也一般不加不定冠词a/an。常见的抽象名词有：
age, anger, beauty, childhood, death, duty, fear, fun, happiness, health, help, history, industry, joy, labour, love, luck, music, nature, peace, pleasure, power, safety, silence, sleep, time, training, travel, trust, truth, waste, weather, work, worth, youth等。
在多数情况下，这种名词常用于单数形式，不加任何冠词。例如：
safety first!
安全第一！
It’s wonderful weather.
天气好极了。
但有时也加定冠词the,或不定冠词a/an.
例如：
I shall never forget the beauty of that lake.
我永远不会忘记那个湖的美丽。
There’s a beauty in simplicity.
朴实之中有一种美。
2．专有名词
专有名词主要指人名、地名及某些类人和事物专有的名称。例如：
1）人名：Mary, Mrs Green, Zhanghua
2）地名：Beijing, West Lake
3）某类人的名称：Americans, Russians
4）某些抽象事物的名称：English, Chinese
5）月份、周日及节日名称：May, Saturday, Easter
6）书名、电影及诗歌的名称：Cone with the Wind
7）对家人等的称呼：Mum, Dad, Uncle Tom
专有名词的第一个字母要大写。
（三）可数名词和不可数名词
名词按其所表示的事物的性质分为可数与不可数名词两类。可数名词有复数形式，不可数名词一般没有复数形式。
单数 复数
a country a class a sheep a tomato countries classes sheep tomatoes
普通名词中的个体名词和集体名词一般是可数的，所以它们又可称为可数名词。可数名词单数往往要同不定冠词a或an连用，复数则要使用其复数形式。例如：
普通名词中的物质名词和抽象名词及专有名词一般是不可数的，这些名词又可称为不可数名词。不可数名词不能用不定冠词修饰，也不存在复数形式，如ice (冰)，water (水), rice (稻子)等。
在英语中个别名词既可以作不可数名词，又可以作可数名词。但由于用法不同，它们的意思往往也不大相同，对这些名词要特别注意。
例如
作不可数名词 作可数名词
glass 玻璃 paper 纸张 time 时间 work 消息 玻璃杯；镜子；眼镜 报纸；文件；考卷 次数；时代 单词；话语
一般说来，汉语和英语对某一个名词是否可数的看法基本上是一致的。但也有不少名词在汉语中常被用作可数名词，而在英语中却绝对是不可数名词，对这些名词也要特别注意，发如：fun ，work ，advice ，weather ，homework ，news ，money ，information ，bread ，hair )，chalk ，furniture 等。
（四）可数名词复数形式的构成
可数名词的复数形式通常是在单数形式后加-s或-es，现将其复数的一般构成方法及读音列表如下：
情况 构成方法 例词 读音
一般情况 在词尾加-s desk→desks map→maps -s在请辅音后发[s]音
day→days girl→girls -s在元音私浊畏音后发[z]
以s, x, ch, sh结尾的词 在词尾加-es bus →buses box→boxes watch→watches fish→fishes es发[iz]音
以辅音字母加y结尾的词 变y为I再加-es family→families factory→factories party→parties -ies发[iz]音
以元音字母y结尾的词 在词尾加-s day→days boy→boys key→keys -s发[z]音
以f或fe 结尾的词 变f或fe为v再加-es knife→knives life→lives wife→wives half→halves -ves发[vz]音
以辅音字母加o结尾的词 在词尾加-es potato→potatoes tomato→tomatoes hero→heroes -es发[z]音
以元音字母加o结尾的词 在词尾加-s radio→radios zoo→zoos -s发[z]音
少数以辅音字母加o结尾的名词变为复数时只加-s。如：photo→photos, piano→pianos 等。
有些以f结尾的名词变为复数时也只加-s。如：handkerchief→handkerchiefs, roof→roofs等。
英语中还有不少名词的复数形式是不规则的，必须把它们牢记在心。如：man→men, woman→women, Frenchman→Frenchmen, child→children, tooth→teeth, foot→feet, goose→geese, mouse→mice, sheep→sheep, deer→deer, fish→fish等。
（五）名词的所有格
在英语中，有些名词的词尾 可以加上’s，用来表示所有关系，这种结构称为名词的所有格。
1．名词所有格的构成
名词所有格的构成一般有以下三种情况：
1）如果名词是单数，只在词尾加’s。
例如：
the boy’s schoolbag 这男孩的书包
the worker’s shoes 这个二人的鞋
2）复数名词如果以s结尾，只加’（在s的右上角）即可
如：
the teachers’ office 老师们的办公室
the students’ classroom 学生们的教室
3）复数名词如果不以s结尾，则在词尾加’s
如：
Women’s Day 妇女节
the People’s Park 人民公园
2．名词所有格的用法
名词的所有格主要有以下五种用法：
1）表示人成动物与其他的人、动物或事物的所有关系。
例如：
He is Mary’s younger brother.
他是玛丽的弟弟。
They are reading Lei Feng’s Diaries.
他们在读雷锋的日记。
2）表示时间、距离、国家、城市等名词与其他事物的所有关系。
例如：
Our school is half an hour’s walk from here.
我们学校离这儿步行有半小时的距离。
Beijing is China’s capital.
北京是中国的首都。
3）表示无生命东西的名词的所有关系，一般使用与of构成的短语结构。
例如：
The front door of the house was painted red.
那屋子的前门被漆成了红色。
There is a map of the world on the front wall of our classroom.
我们教室前面的墙上有一幅世界地图。
4）名词所有格后面跟地点，往往要将地点名词省略。
例如：
My sister often goes to my uncle’s.
我的妹妹经常到我叔叔家去。
You look ill. You’d better go to the doctor’s.
你脸色不好，最好去看看病。
5）被名词所有格所修饰的词，如果前面已经提出到过，一般可以省略。
例如：
I am using my dictionary. You can use Tom’s.
我们字典我正在用，你可以用汤姆的。
Our bedroom is much larger than John and Dick’s.
我们的寝室比约翰私迪克的大得多，
（六）可数名词和不可数名词的数量表达
1．两种名词都有能修饰的数量词有：some, any, plenty of, a lot of, lots of等。
例如：
Please give me some paper.
请给我一些纸。
I don’t want to borrow any magazines.
我不想借什么杂志。
2．用来修饰可数名词的数量词有：many, several. hundreds of, a number of, a pair of, a few, few等。
例如：
You have made quite a few spelling mistakes in your composition.
你的俄文中有很多拼写错误。
Several days later, a group of students went to help the old man.
几天以后，一群学生去帮助了那位老人。
3．用来修饰不可数名词的数量词有：much, a great deal of, a bit of, a drop of, a piece of, quite a little, little,等。
例如：
I want a piece of red chalk.
我想要一支红粉笔。
Please give her a bit of bread.
请给她一点面包。
（七）名词的用法
1．作主语
例如：
The radio says that it may stop raining later.
广播说一会儿雨可能会停。
2．作表语
例如：
Class 3 were the winners.
三班获胜了。
3．作宾语
例如：
I told him a story.
我给他讲了个故事。
4．作宾语补足语
例如：
He named her Jenny.
他给她取名詹妮。
5．作定语
例如：
We are discussing the population problem.
我们正在讨论人口问题。
6．作状语
例如：
He sat here a long time.
他坐在这儿很久了。
7．与介词组成词组
例如：
I am working hard on my Chinese.
我正在努力学习汉语。
8．作介词宾语
例如：
Give the money to your sister.
把钱给你姐姐。
三、随堂监测A组
I. 写出下列名词的复数形式：
1. house _________ 2. village ___________ 3. map __________
4. orange _________ 5. bag ___________ 6. exercise ___________
7. brush __________ 8. family ___________ 9. bus ___________
10. city __________ 11. box ___________ 12. baby __________
13. class __________ 14. factory _________ 15. glass __________
16. dictionary __________ 17. watch _________ 18. woman _________
19. match __________ 20. man _________ 21. wish __________
22. German __________ 23. tomato _________ 24. policeman ___________
25. kilo __________ 26. human _________ 27. potato ___________
28. Chinese __________ 29. shelf __________ 30. Japanese __________
31. leaf ___________ 32. American __________33. life ___________
34. tooth __________ 35. wife ___________ 36. foot ___________
37. knife __________ 38. sheep __________ 39. half ___________
40. child __________
II. 将下列词组译成英语：
1、一群孩子 2、两箱子苹果
3、三篮子蔬菜 4、九块面包
5、十杯牛奶 6、五块肉
7、多种植物 8、一副眼镜
9、两块冰 10、三张纸
11、四瓶橘汁 12、五杯茶
13、六碗米饭 14、七袋米
15、八块木头 16、九块金属
III. 写出下列各词的名词形式：
1. work _________ 2. teach _________ 3. sing ________ 4. ill ___________
5. fight ___________ 6. invent ________ 7. wait ________ 8. woolen __________
9. win ____________ 10. thankful ________ 11. foreign _________ 12. cloudy ________
13. run __________ 14. dirty __________ 15. visit _________ 16. funny __________
17. wooden ________ 18. medical ________ 19. operate ________ 20. hot __________
21. invite __________22. worried ________ 23. build __________ 24. please ________
25. help _________ 26. safe _________ 27. die _________ 28. dangerous _______
29. draw ________ 30. noisy ________
四、随堂监测B组
Ⅳ. 选择填空：
1. I want to buy ________.
A. two bottles of ink B. two bottle of ink C. two bottle of inks D. two bottles of inks
2. They don’t have to do _______ today.
A. much homework B. many homeworks C. many homework D. much homeworks
3. The ______ of machine made us feel sick.
A. voice B. noise C. sound D. noises
4. The blouse is made of ________.
A. a wool B. these wood C. wools D. wool
5. There are three ______ and seven ______ in the picture.
A. cows, sheeps B. cows, sheep C. cow, sheep D. cow, sheeps
6. June 1 is _______.
A. children’s day B. children’s Day C. Children’s Day D. Children’s day
7. ______ room is next to their parents’.
A. Kate’s and Joan’s B. Kate’s and Joan C. Kate and Joan’s D. Kate and Joan
8. Miss Green is a friend of _______.
A. Mary’s mother’s B. Mary’s mother C. Mary mother’s D. mother’s of Mary
9. Tom is ______. He will come to see me.
A. my a friend B. a friend C. mine friend D. a friend of mine
10. Sheep _______ white and milk _______ also white.
A. is, are B. are, is C. is, is D. are, are
11. I’d like to have a glass of milk and _______.
A. two breads B. two pieces of breads
C. two pieces of bread D. two piece of bread
12. It’s a long ______ to Paris. It’s two thousand kilometers.
A. street B. road C. way D. end
13. Many ______ are singing over there.
A. woman B. women C. girl D. child
14. He bought _______.
A. two pairs of shoes B. two pair of shoes
C. two pairs of shoe D. two pair of shoe
15. Mr. White has three _______.
A. child B. children C. childs D. childrens
16. Beijing is one of the biggest _______ in the world.
A. citys B. city C. cityes D. cities
17. --- Where’s Mr. White --- He’s in _______.
A. the room 202 B. Room 202 C. the Room 202 D. room 202
18. Shops, hospitals and schools are all _______.
A. places B. homes C. rooms D. buildings
19. Every morning Mr. Smith takes a _______ to his office.
A. 20 minutes’ walks B. 20 minute’s walk C. 20-minutes walk D. 20-minute walk
20. ---Are these ______ --- No, they aren’t. They’re _______.
A. sheep, cows B. sheep, cow C. sheeps, cow D. sheeps, cows
21. There are many ______ in the fridge.
A. fish B. fruit C. eggs D. bread
22. --- Whose room is this --- It’s _______.
A. Li Ming B. Li Ming’s C. Li Mings D. Li Mings’
23. Here are ______ for you, Sue.
A. potatos B. some potatoes C. three tomatos D. some tomato
24. Here are some birthday cards with our best ______ for her.
A. wish B. hope C. wishes D. hopes
25. I always go to that ______ to buy food on Sunday.
A. shop B. park C. zoo D. garden
26. What’s the Chinese for “ PRC”
A. 中国人民解放军 B. 中华人民共和国 C. 联合国 D. 中国共产党
27. Sam gave Ann some _______ to look after Polly while he was away.
A. picture-books B. inventions C. instructions D. messages
28. --- Which of the following animals lives only in China --- The ________.
A. monkey B. elephant C. panda D. cat
29. ______ room is on the 5th floor.
A. Lucy and Lily B. Lucy and Lily’s C. Lucy’s and Lily D. Lucy’s and Lily’s
30. The third month of the year is _______.
A. March B. January C. February D. April
31. Mum, I’m quite thirsty. Please give me ________.
A. two orange B. two bottle of oranges
C. two bottles of orange D. two bottles of oranges
32. How wonderful! The ______ is made of _______.
A. house, glass B. house, glasses C. houses, glass D. houses, glasses
33. I met some ______ in the park and talked with them the other day.
A. Janpaneses B. American C. Chineses D. English
34. _______ is the best time for planting trees.
A. Summer B. Winter C. Spring D. Autumn
35. Tom was badly hurt in the match. They carried him to the ______ as quickly as possible.
A. bank B. post office C. shop D. hospital
36. There are two ______ in the room.
A. shelf B. shelfs C. shelfes D. shelves
37. There are seven ______ in a week.
A. years B. months C. days D. minutes
38. My father is a ______. He works in a hospital.
A. teacher B. doctor C. farmer D. writer
39. It’s very cold today. Why don’t you put on your ______
A. watch B. shirt C. sweater D. glasses
40. --- Excuse me, are you ______ --- Yes, I’m from ________.
A. Japan, Japanese B. China, Chinese C. England, English D. American, America
V. 各地中考题选编：
1. --- Where is Tom --- He’s left a ______ saying that he has something important to do.
A. excuse B. message C. exercise D. news
2. There is no ______ in the bus so we have to wait for another bus.
A. room B. a room C. rooms D. seats
3. --- Would you like some ______ --- Oh, yes. Just a little.
A. pears B. oranges C. sugar D. apples
4. You can find the following INSTRUCTIONS on _______. KEEP IN A COLD PLACE
A. food B. money C. clothes D. books
5. Mr. Green has lived in the _____ hotel since he came to China.
A. five-star B. five-stars C. five star’s D. five stars
6. She was born in Wuhan, but Beijing has become her second _______.
A. home B. family C. house D. place
7. --- What’s the _____ today --- It’s June 26.
A. day B. date C. time D. hour
8. English is spoken as a first language in ______.
A. the USA B. India C. Japan D. China
9. ______ comes from cows.
A. Wool B. Chicken C. Pork D. Milk
10. Which of the following does paper burn in
A. B. C. D.
11. Let the children go away. They’re making too much ______ here.
A. noise B. voice C. noisy D. sounds
12. ______ comes from sheep and some people like eating it.
A. Wool B. Pork C. Mutton D. Milk
13. --- Oh, there isn’t enough ______ for us in the lift.
--- It doesn’t matter, let’s wait for the next.
A. ground B. floor C. place D. room
14. _______ is the biggest city in China.
A. Beijing B. Shanghai C. Guangzhou D. Kunming
15. The Englishman Stephenson (史蒂芬孙), invented _______.
A. the ship B. the car C. the plane D. the train
A组
I. 1. houses 2. villages 3. maps 4. oranges 5. bags 6. exercises 7. brushes
8. families 9. buses 10. cities 11. boxes 12. babies 13. classes 14. factories
15. glasses 16. dictionaries 17. watches 18. women 19. matches 20. men 21. wishes
22. Germans 23. tomatoes 24. policemen 25. kilos 26. humans 27. potatoes
28. Chinese 29. shelves 30. Japanese 31. leaves 32. Americans 33. lives
34. teeth 35. wives 36. feet 37. knives 38. sheep 39. halves 40. children
II. 1. a group of children 2. two boxes of apples 3. three baskets of vegetables
4. nine pieces of bread 5. ten glasses of milk 6. five pieces of meat
7. many kinds of plants 8. a pair of glasses 9. two pieces of ice
10. three pieces of paper 11. four bottles of orange juice 12. five cups of tea
13. six bowls of rice 14. seven bags of rice 15. eight pieces of wood
16. nine pieces of medal
III. 1. worker 2. teacher 3. singer 4. illness 5. fighter 6. invention/inventor
7. waiter 8. wool 9. winner 10. thanks 11. foreigner 12. cloud
13. runner 14. dirt 15. visitor 16. fun 17. wood 18. medicine 19. operation
20. heat 21. invitation 22. worry 23. builder/building 24. pleasant 25. help
26. safety 27. death 28. danger 29. drawing 30. noise
B组
IV. 1—5 AABDB 6—10 CCADB 11—15 CCBAB 16—20 DBDDA
21—25 CBBCA 26—30 BCCBA 31—35 CADCD 36—40 DCBCD
V. 1—5 BACAA 6—10 ABADC 11—15 ACDBA
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