2021年中考复习人教版第二篇第二部分第26讲名词课件（59张PPT）

第26讲 名 词
第二部分 语法
近几年的中考题涉及名词的各个方面，如：专有名词、可数名词和不可数名词，名词的单、复数，名词的所有格以及名词的其他用法。
一、名词的分类
名词可分为普通名词和专有名词。
1. 普通名词：表示某一类人或事物，某种物质或抽象概念的名称。普通名词又可分为：
（1）个体名词：表示人或事物的个体。如： doctor, cat, flower, apple 等。
（2）集体名词：表示一群人或一些事物的总称。如： family, furniture, team, class 等。
（3）物质名词：表示无法分为个体的物质。如： water, milk, ink, juice 等。
（4）抽象名词：表示动作、状态、品质等抽象概念的名词。如： love, safety, kindness, life, happiness 等。
2. 专有名词：表示具体个人、事物、地方、团体或机构所专有的名称，其开头字母要大写，前面一般不加冠词。如： Karl Marx（卡尔·马克思）, China。 但由普通名词构成的专有名词前须加定冠词。如： the Great Wall, the Chinese Communist Party（中国共产党）等。
此外，有些专有名词以复数的形式出现，但作为单数使用。如： the United States, the United Nations（联合国）等。
二、名词的数
英语中的名词可分为可数名词和不可数名词。个体名词和集体名词一般是可数名词，有单、复数之分。物质名词和抽象名词属于不可数名词，通常只有单数形式。不可数名词不能直接和不定冠词、数词以及many, a few, several等词连用。
1. 规则变化的名词的复数变化形式。
续表
续表
2.不规则变化的名词的单复数变化形式。这一类型的名词要靠大家平时多写多记。
（1）有规律可循。例如：
foot—feet tooth—teeth
man—men mouse—mice
policeman—policemen child—children
Frenchman—Frenchmen boy student—boy students
注意：下列名词、合成名词的单复数变化形式
American—Americans German—Germans
passer-by—passers-by brother-in-law—brothers-in-law
（2）单复数同形。例如： Chinese—Chinese, Japanese—Japanese, deer—deer, sheep—sheep, fish—fish。
（3）前后两个名词都要用复数形式。例如： woman doctor—women doctors, man teacher—men teachers。
（4）有些名词本身就以 s 结尾，但并非复数概念。例如： news, maths, politics, physics。
特别注意：名词作定语时，一般用其单数形式。例如： a girl student, two girl students。但 man, woman 作定语修饰单数名词时，用其单数形式；修饰复数名词时，用其复数形式。例如： a man teacher, three men teachers。
三、名词的格
1. 有生命的东西的名词所有格，一般在词尾加“’s ”。
This is my mother’s handbag. 这是我妈妈的手提包。
That’s Mary’s English dictionary.那是玛丽的英语字典。
2. 以 s 或 es 结尾的名词末尾只加“’ ” 。有些表示时间、距离、国家、城镇等无生命的事物的名词，也可以加“’s ”构成所有格。
It’s only twenty minutes’ walk. 这只是步行20分钟的路程。
Who won the girls’ 100-metre race? 谁赢了女子100米赛跑?
3. 不以 s 或 es 结尾的复数名词，末尾仍要加“’s ” 。
Where’s the People’s Hospital, please? 请问人民医院在哪儿?
June 1st is Children’s Day. 六月一日是儿童节。
4. 表示两者或多个人共同拥有的人或物时，只需在并列名词的最后一个名词词尾加“’s”。若表示各自拥有时，则每个名词后均加“’s”。试比较：
Lily and Lucy’s mother is a teacher. 莉莉和露西的母亲是教师。
Jim’s and Tom’s mothers are both teachers. 吉姆的母亲和汤姆的母亲都是教师。
5. 有些名词，如诊所、家、店铺等名词所有格加“’s”后，可以省去表示相关处所的名词。如： the doctor’s（诊所），Mr. White’s（怀特先生家），the book-seller’s（书店）。例如：
I was at Mrs. Hunt’s just now. 刚才我在汉特太太家里。
It happened not far from the doctor’s. 这件事发生在离诊所不远的地方。
6. of 所有格主要表示无生命的东西。例如： a map of China。
{5FD0F851-EC5A-4D38-B0AD-8093EC10F338}考点盘点
1. 名词辨析 2. 可数名词及其单复数 3. 不可数名词
4. 名词所有格 5. 专有名词
命题聚焦
名词辨析：以语境类名词辨析为主，涉及含抽象名词的固定搭配以及近义名词辨析。
名词的数：主要考查不可数名词及量的表达、可数名词单复数的变化。
名词所有格：主要考查’s所有格和专有名词所有格。
例1 Look! There are some on the table.
A. bananas B. orange
C. water
(2020年广西柳州市中考题)
【解析】 本题考查名词的数的用法。根据谓语动词 are 可知空格处要填可数名词复数形式，选项中只有 bananas 符合要求。故答案选 A。
?
例2 —Becky doesn’t often eat breakfast.
—Too bad. She doesn’t realize the of breakfast.
A. secret B. hobby
C. result D. importance
(2020年广西贵港市中考题)
【解析】 本题考查名词词义辨析。 secret “秘密”；hobby “爱好”；result “结果”；importance “重要性”。根据答语“Too bad.(太糟糕了)”可推断此处表示 “她没有意识到早餐的重要性”，要用名词 importance。故答案选 D。
?
例3 People can reduce pollution by riding bicycles.
A. water B. air
C. light D. soil
(2020年广西北部湾经济区Ⅱ卷中考题)
【解析】 本题考查名词词义辨析。 water “水”；air “空气”；light “光线”；soil “土地”。根据 by riding bicycles(通过骑自行车)可推断，人们是通过骑自行车来减少空气污染，要用名词 air。故答案选 B。
?
例4 Wuhan, one of the most important in China, is famous for the Yellow Crane Tower.
A. cities B. citys
C. city
(2020年湖北恩施州中考题)
【解析】 本题考查名词的复数构成。“one of+the+形容词最高级+名词复数”是形容词最高级的固定搭配，意为“最……之一”。 city 以辅音字母加 y 结尾，变复数时，要把 y 变为 i 再加-es，即 cities。句意：武汉是中国最重要的城市之一，它以黄鹤楼而闻名。故答案选 A。
?
例5 About 200 went to see the Asian Fashion Show last night.
A. German B. Australian
C. Chinese D. American
(2020年贵州黔南州中考题)
【解析】 本题考查名词的复数构成。根据空格前基数词200可知，此处应填名词复数形式。German—Germans，Australian—Australians，American—Americans，选项中只有 Chinese 是单复数同形，符合题目要求。句意：大约有200名中国人去看了昨晚的亚洲时装表演。故答案选 C。
?
例6 Look at the big and clean room. It’s .
A. Lucy’s and Lily’s B. Lucy and Lily’s
C. Lucy’s and Lily
(2020年黑龙江龙东地区中考题)
【解析】 本题考查名词所有格的用法。两个名词共同所有，用 “A and B’s+名词的单数形式”来表示。如果指分别所有，要在两个人名后分别加“’s”，即 “A’s and B’s +名词的复数形式”。根据上文中 room 为可数名词单数形式可知，房间为两人共有，所以要在第二个人名后加“’s”。 句意：看那间又大又干净的房间。它是露西和莉莉的。故答案选 B。
?
例7 —Peter, how far is it from your home to school?
—It’s only five walk.
A. minute B. minutes
C. minute’s D. minutes’
(2020年四川内江市中考题)
【解析】 本题考查名词所有格的用法。使用“’s”所有格的名词通常是表示人和动物的名词。但有些表示时间、距离、国家、城镇等无生命事物的名词也可以用“’s”所有格。根据句中 five 可知，其后名词须用复数形式，其所有格直接在 minutes 后加“’”即可。 five minutes’ walk 意为 “五分钟的路程”。故答案选 D。
?
例8 During the pandemic(疫情) many in our city went to Hubei Province as volunteers.
A. woman doctor B. woman doctors
C. women doctors
(2020年湖南郴州市中考题)
【解析】 本题考查名词作定语的用法。名词作定语时，一般用其单数形式。但要注意，当 man, woman 作定语修饰单数名词时，用其单数形式；当其修饰复数名词时，则要与后面的可数名词一起变复数。根据句中 many 可知, 空格处名词须用复数形式，表示“许多女医生”应该用 many women doctors。句意：在疫情期间，我市许多女医生到湖北做志愿者。故答案选 C。
?
例9 —What else do we need to make cold beef?
— .
A. Two spoons salt. B. Two spoons of salts.
C. Two spoons of salt.
(2019年四川自贡市中考题)
【解析】 本题考查不可数名词。 salt 是不可数名词，没有复数形式。不可数名词可以借助相当于汉语中的量词的名词来表达数量，结构为“数词+名词+of”。根据句中 two 可知，名词 spoon 应用复数，所以表示“两勺盐”应该是 two spoons of salt。句意：——我们还需要什么做冷牛肉？——两勺盐。故答案选 C。
?
1. I don’t know how to make a speech in public. Can you give me some ?
A.water B. money
C. food D. advice
(2020年重庆市 B 卷中考题)
2. —In China, we use red paper for hongbao because red means good luck.
—That’s interesting! I want to know all the Chinese .
A.traditions B. sentences
C. notices D. problems
(2020年天津市中考题)
?
?
3. —Tara, what’s your favorite ?
—Orange. Half of my dresses are orange.
A.fruit B. drink
C.color
(2020年贵州安顺市中考题)
4. Lucy’s father works in No. 1 Hospital. He is a .
A.teacher B. doctor
C.postman D. policeman
(2020年浙江温州市中考题)
?
?
5. —Is that your father？
—No, he is my ．He is my father’s twin brother.
A. brother B. grandpa
C. uncle D. cousin
(2020年甘肃金昌市中考题)
6. As the saying goes, “Where there is a will, there is a .”
A. wish B. road
C. way D. key
(2020年山东日照市中考题)
解析：“Where there is a will, there is a way.”意为“有志者，事竟成”，是一句谚语。
?
?
7. —The teenagers clean up the city parks every Saturday.
—Sometimes small things can make a .
A.promise B. conversation
C. difference D. discussion
(2020年湖北宜昌市中考题)
解析： make a difference 意为“有关系，有影响”，是固定搭配。
?
8. —According to a recent survey, many students have poor eyesight (视力).
—In my opinion,reading on mobile phones too often is the of having poor eyesight.
A.cost B. result
C.cause
(2020年黑龙江哈尔滨市中考题)
?
9. Miss Gao often advises we should search for some on the Internet about science.
A.instruction B. introduction
C. information D. invention
(2020年辽宁阜新市中考题)
10. —Everyone should stick to his dream.
—Yes. A life without a dream is like a bird without , which can’t fly.
A. wings B. water
C. clouds D. food
(2020年甘肃天水市中考题)
?
?
11. —Jim, I have in finishing so much work.
—Don’t worry. I can help you.
A. ability B. success
C.experience D. difficulty
(2020年辽宁丹东市中考题)
12. It’s dangerous for us to give too much about ourselves on the Internet.
A.messages B. suggestions
C. preparation D. information
(2020年四川凉山州中考题)
解析： have difficulty in doing sth. 意为“做某事有困难”，是固定搭配。
?
?
13. —What’s your brother’s ?
—It’s about 1 .75 meters. He’s the tallest in his class.
A.age B. address
C.weight D. height
(2020年湖北襄阳市中考题)
14. Watching The Legend of Luo Xiaohei is a good to relax when you’re tired.
A.rule B. choice
C.question D. skill
(2020年江苏盐城市中考题)
?
?
15. While she was in Milan, she developed a for fine art.
A.way B. relation
C.taste D. habit
(2020年内蒙古包头市中考题)
16. We usually know about the history of a city in the .
A.museum B. factory
C. bank D. hospital
(2020年吉林长春市中考题)
解析：此处 taste 意为“品味”。句意：她在米兰时培养了美术方面的鉴赏力。
?
?
17. I don’t care how many words there are in your article, but the of it really matters.
A. ability B. size
C. quality D. energy
(2020年江苏苏州市中考题)
?
18. Lily is a friend of .
A. Mary’s mother’s B. Mary’s mother’s of
C. Mary mother’s D. mother’s of Mary
(2020年甘肃天水市中考题)
解析：此处用了双重所有格“of+-’s 所有格”结构；表达“玛丽的母亲的……”用 Mary’s mother’s，故答案选 A。
?
19. —It’s easy to travel from Beijing to Shanghai by taking the high-speed railway.
—Yes, it’s about .
A.eight hours ride B. eight hour’s ride
C.eight-hours ride D. eight hours’ ride
(2020年西藏自治区中考题)
20. Spending too much playing computer games is bad for your .
A.time; eye B. time; eyes
C.times; eyes
(2020年湖南怀化市中考题)
?
?
21. Mike doesn’t have enough money, so he can only afford .
A. a bread B. too much bread
C. a piece of bread
(2020年湖南岳阳市中考题)
22. —Hey, Alicia! Have you got used to Chinese food?
—Yes! But I am still learning to use as a Chinese does.
A.forks B. chopsticks
C.knives
(2020年广东深圳市中考题)
?
?
23. —Have you reminded your father about Grandmother’s birthday party?
—Yes, I’ve left him a(an) .
A.magazine B. article
C.message
(2020年广东深圳市中考题)
24. With the help of Ms. White, I’ve made great in my spoken English.
A. mistake B. decision
C.progress
(2020年黑龙江牡丹江、鸡西地区中考题)
?
?
25. Mr. Huang is an excellent English teacher who has over 20 years’ teaching .
A.experience B. information
C.knowledge
(2020年海南省中考题)
26. A factory will be built for the of this type of new energy car.
A.position B. population
C.production D. pronunciation
(2020年江苏常州市中考题)
?
?
27. —What’s your favorite ?
—Journey to the West. The Monkey King can make 72 changes to his shape and size.
A.color B. book
C.food D. bag
(2020年湖北十堰市中考题)
28. You’ll have to get your parents’ if you want to go on the trip.
A.achievement B. announcement
C.agreement D. advertisement
(2020年江苏扬州市中考题)
?
?
29. —Many mothers smiled from ear to ear when they got the news that children could go back to school.
—That’s true. It is the that they had been looking forward to.
A. day B. period
C.vacation D. festival
(2020年山东东营市中考题)
?
30. —Why didn’t Lucy come to your birthday party last night?
—She said that she had a headache, but that was only a(n) . I saw her playing on the playground just now.
A.result B. matter
C.excuse D. expression
(2020年四川攀枝花市中考题)
解析：由下文“我看见她在操场上玩”可知上文 “她说头疼”是一个“借口”。
?
31. —I like best.
—So do I. I take singing classes every weekend.
A.music B. physics
C.maths
(2020年福建省中考题)
32. In a restaurant, people usually choose food and drinks from the .
A. book B. menu
C.newspaper D. magazine
(2020年河北省中考题)
?
?
33. An electronic is a smart guide. It can lead us to the place we want to go to.
A. eye B. map
C.book D. dictionary
(2020年山东东营市中考题)
?
34. —We have entered a world where robot operations become true with 5G technology.
—Hard to believe! Scientists are full of which leads to great changes in our life.
A.attraction B. invention
C.position D. contribution
(2020年江苏泰州市中考题)
解析： attraction“吸引”；invention“发明”；position“位置”；contribution“贡献”。根据句意“我们已经进入了一个使用5G 技术实现机器人操作的世界”可推知是科学家们的“贡献”使我们的生活发生了巨大变化，应用名词 contribution。
?
35. —Do you know Liu Hui finally entered a top school?
—Certainly. That’s the of his hard work.
A. habit B. suggestion
C.result D. decision
(2020年湖北孝感市中考题)
36. —Can I help you, madam?
—Yes. I’d like some .
A.pears B. banana
C.milks
(2020年湖南邵阳市中考题)
?
?
37. The students got much from these books.
A.ideas B. stories
C. pictures D. information
38. It is too late. I’m afraid we have no but to take a taxi home.
A.choice B. problem
C.advice D. chance
?
?
39. —What can I do for you?
—I’d like two .
A.glass of orange B. glasses of oranges
C.glass of oranges D. glasses of orange
40. —How did you put together the model car so well?
—It’s easy. I just followed the .
A.instruments B. instructions
C.invitation D. inventions
?
?
41. —Are those the books?
—No, they are books.
A.man teacher’s; Tom’s and Jim B. men teacher’s; Tom and Jim’s
C.man teachers’; Tom’s and Jim D. men teachers’; Tom’s and Jim’s
解析： man 和 woman 修饰复数名词时，也要变为复数形式。所有格形式中，表示两人共同所有，在后一个名词加’s；表示两人分别所有时，则两个名词都要加’s。综合选项可知，只有 D 项符合要求。
?
1. Helen, please give me three . I want to make fruit salad.
A.potatoes B. onions
C.carrots D. apples
(2020年广西河池市中考题)
2. There is some on the table. Would you like to drink?
A.milk B. beef
C.bread D. pizza
(2020年广西贺州市中考题)
?
?
3. Helen sings every day. It seems that she likes very much.
A. sports B. music
C.fruit D. vegetables
(2020年广西百色市中考题)
4. Tony’s father is a .
A. teachers B. doctors
C. driver
(2020年广西桂林市中考题)
?
?
5. The online shop sells shoes at a very good price.
A. child B. child’s
C. children D. children’s
(2020年广西梧州市中考题)
解析： children 是 child 的复数形式，需特殊记忆，其所有格形式直接在单词后加’s。
?
6. You can see the in our faces when we talk about the great achievements of China in the past 70 years.
A.pride B. doubt
C.regret D. ability
(2020年广西贵港市一模试题)
7. Your is really helpful. I think I’ll take it.
A.advice B. secret
C.duty D. purpose
(2020年广西北部湾经济区模拟试题)
?
?
8. —How do the British people usually start a ?
—They start it with subjects like weather and holidays.
A.conversation B. discussion
C.introduction D. instruction
(2020年广西河池市二模试题)
解析： start a conversation 意为“开始一次对话”，由答语可知英国人通常从天气和节日等话题开始一段交谈。
?
9. I’m not hungry at all because I have just had much .
A. bread B. pears
C.eggs
(2019年广西柳州市中考题)
10. I’d like some and .
A.banana; tomato B. bananas；tomato
C.bananas；tomatoes D. banana；tomatoes
(2019年广西百色市中考题)
?
?
11. —The air is very fresh in our city. There is less than before.
—Yes. The government has taken action to protect the environment.
A.wood B. pollution
C.noise D. water
(2019年广西贵港市中考题)
12. Americans always use to have meals while Chinese use chopsticks.
A.knife B. bowl
C.forks
(2019年广西桂林市中考题)
?
?
13. —Can I help you, madam?
—Yes. ， please.
A.Two pair of socks B. Two pairs of socks
C.Two pairs of sock D. Two pair of sock
(2019年广西玉林市中考题)
14. June 1st is Day. My sister is happy on that day every year.
A.Women’s B. Father’s
C.Teachers’ D. Children’s
(2019年广西河池市中考题)
?
?
15. —It’s so hot today. Would you like something to drink?
—Yes. I would like some .
A.rice B. dumplings
C.water D. beef
(2018年广西贺州市中考题)
16. The woman in a hat is aunt.
A.Jack and John B. Jack’s and John
C. Jack’s and John’s D. Jack and John’s
(2018年广西北部湾经济区六市同城中考题)
?
?
17. There are two beautiful in the picture.
A.womans B. women
C.woman D. womens
(2018年广西百色市中考题)
?