Unit 1 Great scientists Period 1 优秀教案（人教版必修5）

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英语
word版
英语
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英语
Unit
1　Great
scientists
Brief
Statements
Based
on
This
Unit
This
unit
centers
on
Great
scientists,
including
some
scientists
both
at
home
and
abroad
like
John
Snow
and
Copernicus.The
students
should
be
encouraged
to
practise
talking
about
these
scientists.
The
whole
unit
can
be
divided
into
seven
parts:
warming
up,
reading,
listening
and
speaking,
language
focusing,
reading
and
writing,
grammar,
and
assessment.
In
warming
up,
there
is
a
quiz
for
the
students
to
do,
which
will
arouse
the
students’
interest
in
knowing
about
the
famous
scientists
and
help
the
students
to
know
science
is
very
important
in
our
daily
life.
Group
discussion
and
brainstorming
will
be
used
in
this
period
to
help
the
students
to
communicate
with
each
other
using
their
previous
knowledge.
In
the
reading
passage,
the
students
will
learn
about
John
Snow,
who
defeats
“King
Cholera”,
and
get
a
general
idea
about
how
to
examine
a
new
scientific
idea.
This
will
help
the
students
to
form
their
own
attitude
towards
science.
In
learning
about
language,
the
students
are
encouraged
to
learn
the
following
words
and
expressions:
engine,
characteristic,
radium,
theory,
scientific,
examine,
conclude,
analyze
repeat,
defeat,
attend,
expose,
cure,
control,
absorb,
severe,
valuable,
blame,
immediately,
handle,
announce,
instruct,
virus,
construction,
contribute,
positive,
movement,
backward,
complete,
enthusiastic,
spin,
reject,
view,
steam
engine,
put
forward,
draw
a
conclusion,
in
addition,
link...to...,
be
strict
with,
lead
to,
make
sense,
point
of
view.
While
practising
using
the
language,
the
students
will
learn
about
Copernicus’
Revolutionary
Theory,
and
their
skills
of
reading,
speaking
and
writing
will
be
improved.
In
listening
and
speaking,
more
chances
will
be
given
to
the
students
to
learn
about
other
scientists
and
their
spirit.
The
students
are
encouraged
to
make
up
their
mind
to
make
contributions
to
science.
The
students
will
be
asked
to
write
a
letter
to
Copernicus
on
the
basis
of
the
understanding
of
the
text.
The
letters
are
sure
to
be
full
of
imagination
and
creativity.
Assessment
will
help
the
students
to
look
back
what
they
have
learned
and
focus
on
the
difficult
and
important
points.
So,
this
unit
will
be
divided
into
seven
periods
as
follows:
Period
1　Welcome
to
the
Unit
Period
2　Reading
Period
3　Listening
and
Speaking
Period
4　Reading
and
Writing
Period
5
Grammar
Period
6　Language
Focusing
Period
7　Assessment
Knowledge
aims:
Key
words
in
this
unit:
engine,
characteristic,
radium,
theory,
scientific,
examine,
conclude,
analyze,
repeat,
defeat,
attend,
expose,
cure,
control,
absorb,
severe,
valuable,
blame,
immediately,
handle,
announce,
instruct,
virus,
construction,
contribute,
positive,
movement,
backward,
complete,
enthusiastic,
spin,
reject,
view.
Key
phrases
in
this
unit:
put
forward,
know
about,
look
into,
in
addition,
prevent
sth.
from
doing,
lead
to,
make
sense,
punish
sb.
For,
suggest
doing
sth.
steam
engine,
draw
a
conclusion,
link...to...,
be
strict
with,
lead
to,
point
of
view.
Key
sentence
patterns:
1
But
he
became
inspired
when
he
thought
about
helping
ordinary
people
exposed
to
cholera.
2
He
got
interested
in
two
theories
explaining
how
cholera
killed
people.
3
Only
if
you
put
the
sun
there
did
the
movements
of
the
other
planets
in
the
sky
make
sense.
Grammar
in
this
unit:
Past
participle
used
as
attribute
and
predicative
Ability
aims:
1.
To
talk
about
great
scientists
and
their
great
achievements.
2.
To
guess
what
will
be
talked
about
in
the
listening
materials.
3.
To
improve
their
reading
skills.
4.
To
learn
to
use
past
participle
as
attribute
and
predicative.
Emotion
aims:
To
encourage
the
students
to
learn
about
some
great
scientists
and
their
great
achievements
and
how
science
helps
to
improve
our
society
and
change
our
life.
Meanwhile,
inspire
the
students
to
learn
from
the
scientists
and
form
their
positive
attitude
towards
science.
Period
1　Welcome
to
the
Unit
The
General
Idea
of
This
Period
The
unit
centers
on
“great
scientists”.
This
is
the
first
period
of
this
unit.
During
this
period,
the
students
should
be
encouraged
to
give
their
previous
knowledge
of
some
of
the
famous
scientists,
participate
in
the
activities
in
class
and
try
to
get
more
information
from
the
discussion.
They
will
take
part
in
different
forms
of
activities,
including
pair
work,
group
work,
competition,
and
quiz.
Group
competition
will
be
carried
out
all
through
the
class.
Words
and
expressions
in
this
unit
will
help
the
students
to
talk
about
the
topic
“great
scientists”.
So
at
the
beginning
of
this
period,
the
teacher
should
spend
some
time
training
the
students
to
read
them
and
help
the
students
pronounce
them
correctly.
The
students
are
encouraged
to
learn
the
new
words
in
groups
by
themselves,
using
dictionaries
and
other
reference
books.
Then
more
time
should
be
given
to
the
students
to
get
familiar
with
the
words
and
expressions.
Lastly,
several
sentences
will
be
given
to
the
students
to
help
them
to
know
how
to
use
some
of
the
phrases.
This
unit
is
about
“great
scientists”,
so
from
the
very
beginning,
the
teacher
can
encourage
the
students
talk
about
their
dreams
in
the
future.
Then
the
teacher
can
let
the
students
brainstorm
something
about
great
scientists.
The
students
are
free
to
say
anything
that
they
know.
The
students
will
be
quite
interested
in
this
topic.
This
activity
gives
the
students
a
chance
to
express
their
feelings
about
their
favorite
scientist.
At
the
same
time,
this
activity
can
stir
the
students’
enthusiasm
in
science.
Then
the
teacher
can
have
the
students
match
the
famous
scientists
with
their
discoveries,
inventions
or
theories,
making
sure
that
they
have
some
common
sense
about
some
world-famous
scientists.
Later
the
students
will
be
divided
into
several
groups,
describe
one
of
the
great
scientists
and
let
other
students
guess
who
he
or
she
is
talking
about.
In
this
way,
the
students
should
learn
to
organize
their
own
sentences
and
express
their
ideas
clearly.
After
that,
the
students
will
feel
comfortable
to
do
the
quiz
in
the
text.
The
students
should
be
encouraged
to
give
more
information
about
these
ten
scientists.
Meanwhile,
the
students’
interest
in
scientists
and
science
should
be
cultivated.
So
two
topic
discussion
questions,
as
well
as
the
practice
exercises
are
designed.
The
post-class
activities
are
designed
to
arouse
the
students’
interest
in
science
and
encourage
them
to
“DIY—do
it
yourself”
in
their
daily
life
if
they
have
some
doubt
in
some
areas.
Teaching
Important
Points
Have
the
students
discuss
great
scientists.
Encourage
the
students
to
hold
their
views
about
their
future
career.
Understand
and
learn
the
following
words
and
expressions:
engine,
characteristic,
radium,
theory,
scientific,
examine,
conclude,
analyse,
repeat,
defeat,
attend,
expose,
cure,
control,
absorb,
severe,
valuable,
blame,
immediately,
handle,
announce,
instruct,
virus,
construction,
contribute,
positive,
movement,
backward,
complete,
enthusiastic,
spin,
reject,
view,
steam
engine,
put
forward,
draw
a
conclusion,
in
addition,
link...to...,
be
strict
with,
lead
to,
make
sense,
point
of
view.
Teaching
Difficulties
What
can
we
learn
from
the
scientists?
What
should
we
do
in
our
daily
life
to
develop
our
interest
and
love
for
science?
Teaching
Aids
CAI
equipment
with
a
Multi-media
classroom
and
other
normal
teaching
tools.
Three
Dimensional
Teaching
Aims
Knowledge
Aims
Learn
something
about
some
famous
scientists
in
the
world.
Know
about
the
outstanding
discoveries,
inventions
and
theories
from
some
well-known
scientists.
Try
to
understand
and
learn
the
important
words
and
expressions.
Ability
Aims
Develop
the
students’
ability
of
speaking.
Encourage
the
students
to
give
more
information
about
the
great
scientists.
Emotional
Aims
Encourage
the
students
to
learn
more
about
the
great
scientists
and
learn
from
them.
Help
the
students
to
form
the
good
habit
in
learning
and
encourage
the
students
to
take
part
in
social
practice.
Help
the
students
to
realize
that
it
is
scientific
spirit
that
makes
those
scientists
successful.
Encourage
the
students
to
develop
their
love
for
science.
Teaching
Procedure
Step
1
Greeting
Teacher:
Hello,
everyone.
Teacher:
Hello,
Mr.../Ms...
Step
2
Lead
in
T:
I’m
very
glad
to
see
you
all
here.
After
a
long
holiday,
all
of
you
look
energetic
and
happy.
I
hope
that
we
will
work
hard
together
happily
all
through
the
year.
I
do
believe
that
a
bright
future
is
waiting
for
you.
We
are
sure
to
realize
our
dreams
in
the
near
future.
By
the
way,
I’d
like
to
know
what
you
would
like
to
be
in
the
future.
Let
me
share
your
dreams.
Anyone
who
gives
your
idea
will
get
a
star
for
your
group.
Ready?Go!
S:
I
admire
Yang
Liwei
very
much,
who
is
a
great
honour
to
our
motherland.
I’d
like
to
be
an
astronaut
like
him.
T:
Yeah,
the
spacecraft,
Shenzhou
V,
orbited
the
earth
14
times
in
21
hours,
making
China
the
third
country
to
have
successfully
sent
an
astronaut
into
space.
I
hope
you
will
realize
your
dream.
S:
I
want
to
be
a
doctor.
I
hope
I’ll
be
an
outstanding
one
and
be
expert
in
finding
cures
for
different
kinds
of
cancers.
T:
That’s
a
good
idea.
There
are
so
many
patients
with
cancers
in
the
world,
who
are
suffering
a
lot.
Thank
you!
S:
I
want
to
be
an
English
teacher
like
you.
For
one
thing,
I
like
English
very
much;
for
another,
you
are
not
only
strict
with
us
but
also
patient
with
us.
You
are
just
our
friends
and
maybe
more
than
our
friends
sometimes.
T:
I’m
really
glad
to
hear
that.
It’s
my
great
honor
to
be
your
friends
and
I
like
my
job
very
much.
S:
I’d
like
to
be
an
expert
in
environment.
You
see,
with
the
development
of
industry,
our
globe
is
seriously
polluted.
Dirty
water,
polluted
air,
and
loud
noise
make
our
living
conditions
worse.
I
think
we
should
leave
a
beautiful
world
to
the
next
generation.
T:
Yes,
someone
predicted
that
the
last
drop
of
water
in
the
world
would
be
the
tear
of
human
being’s.
I
think
all
of
us
should
pay
attention
to
our
environment,
and
make
our
contributions
to
improving
the
environment.
S:
I’m
so
interested
in
physics.
And
I
have
read
Stephen
Hawking’s
A
Brief
History
of
Time
twice.I
hope
I
will
be
a
scientist
like
him.
As
we
all
know,
the
development
of
our
society
will
go
hand
in
hand
with
the
development
of
science.
T:
Yeah,
I
can’t
agree
with
you
more.
Science
plays
an
important
part
in
the
development
of
our
society.
There
are
so
many
examples
in
the
history
of
human
beings.
Ss:
...　
T:
I’m
so
glad
to
share
your
dreams.
Your
ambition
and
careful
thoughts
really
leave
a
good
and
amazing
impression
on
me.
I
like
them.
In
this
unit,
you
will
learn
something
about
“Great
scientists”.
Maybe
you
will
know
what
you
need
in
your
efforts
to
realize
your
dreams
after
we
talk
about
some
world-famous
scientists.
Before
we
come
to
“Warming
up”,
I’d
like
you
to
come
to
the
new
words
in
this
unit,
which
will
help
you
to
learn
this
unit.
Step
3
Word
puzzles
T:
Open
your
books
and
turn
to
Page
92.Let’s
read
the
words
and
expressions
together.
(Let
the
students
read
the
words
and
expressions
together.
Help
them
pronounce
the
new
words
and
expressions
correctly.
Later
give
them
some
time
to
practise
reading
and
remember
some
easy
and
important
ones.
Give
more
help
to
those
who
are
poor
in
pronunciation.)
T:
Here
are
some
definitions
of
some
of
the
words
from
this
unit.Please
work
in
pairs
and
match
the
words
with
their
definitions.(group
competition)
Words　　
Definitions
or
explanations
A.
examine
1.general
principles
of
an
art
or
science
B.
repeat
2.say
or
do
again
C.
theory
3.at
once;
without
delay
D.
immediately
4.look
at...carefully
in
order
to
learn
about
or
from...
E.
complete
5.of
great
value,
worth
or
use
F.
valuable
6.having
all
its
parts;
whole;
finished
G.
announce
7.make
known
H.
control
8.come
or
bring
to
an
end
I.
positive
9.power
to
order
or
direct
J.
conclude
10.quite
certain
or
sure
T:
Now,
let’s
check
the
answers.
A—4,
B—2,
C—1,
D—3,
E—6,
F—5,
G—7,
H—9,
I—10,
J—8.
You
have
done
a
good
job.
I
will
give
you
some
more
minutes
to
go
over
all
the
words
and
expressions
and
then
fill
in
the
blanks
with
proper
forms
of
some
of
them
from
this
unit.
1.
“All
roads
lead
to
Rome,
”he
encouraged
me
after
I
failed
the
entrance
examination.
2.
This
sentence
doesn’t
make
any
sense.
3.
Our
English
teacher
is
not
only
strict
with
us
but
also
friendly
to
us.
4.
He
is
good-looking,
apart
from
his
nose.
5.
It
is
announced
that
the
spacecraft,
Shenzhou
Ⅵ,
landed
on
the
earth
successfully.
6.
It
is
not
Tom
but
you
who
are
to
blame.
7.
In
1995,
the
Chinese
government
put
forward
a
plan
for
“rejuvenating
the
nation
by
relying
on
science
and
education”.And
it
has
helped
Chinese
scientists
make
many
breakthroughs.
8.Have
you
drawn
any
conclusion
after
you
read
this
passage?
T:
Well
done.
So
much
for
the
learning
of
the
new
words
and
expressions.
Step
4
Brainstorming
T:
Now
let’s
come
to
the
title
of
this
unit
Great
scientists.
When
we
talk
about
great
scientists,
what
will
come
into
your
mind(s)?We
will
go
on
our
competition.
S1:
Madame
Curie,
who
got
two
Nobel
Prizes,
one
for
physics
and
the
other
for
chemistry,
is
really
outstanding
among
all
the
women
scientists.
S2:
It
reminds
me
of
the
great
inventor
named
Thomas
Alva
Edison
and
one
of
his
famous
sayings
“Genius
is
one
percent
inspiration
and
ninety-nine
percent
perspiration.”
S3:
Yes,
we
lead
a
better
life
now
with
the
help
of
science.
Without
Edison,
maybe
now
we
are
still
living
in
a
dark
world.
They
really
make
our
life
easier
and
more
comfortable.
S4:
I
also
think
of
one
of
the
quotes
from
Albert
Einstein,
“Imagination
is
more
important
than
knowledge.”
S5:
All
the
scientists
are
devoted
to
the
career
that
they
choose,
and
they
set
good
examples
to
us
in
our
work.
S6:
Take
all
the
scientists
for
example,
if
we
want
to
be
successful
in
the
future,
we
should
not
only
learn
something
from
our
textbooks,
but
also
take
part
in
social
practice
and
get
close
to
nature
to
learn
more
about
it.
S7:
I
like
plants
very
much.
I
just
think
of
the
two
key
scientists
in
the
field
of
botany,
Carl
Linnaeus
and
Joseph
Banks.
The
former
one
laid
the
foundation
for
the
classification
of
plants,
while
the
latter
one
also
made
great
contributions
to
the
development
and
direction
of
botany.
Ss:
...　
T:
I’m
glad
to
see
that
you
have
a
great
deal
of
previous
knowledge
of
famous
scientists
in
the
world.
Step
5
Previous
knowledge
T:
Now
let’s
match
some
of
the
great
scientists
with
their
famous
discoveries,
inventions
or
theories.
Let
me
see
who
is
the
quickest
in
mind
and
action
and
can
get
all
the
answers
correct.
Famous
scientists
Discoveries/Inventions/Theories
A.
Isaac
Newton
1.Evolution
(进化论)
B.
Charles
Darwin
2.Discovery
of
Radium（镭）
C.
Madame
Curie
3.Newton’s
Law
D.Albert
Einstein
4.Electric
bulb
E.
Thomas
Alva
Edison
5.Theory
of
Relativity
F.Nicolaus
Copernicus
6.Seismograph
G.Stephen
Hawking
7.A
Brief
History
of
Time
H.
Zhang
Heng
8.The
earth
moves
around
the
sun.
(Check
the
answers
with
all
the
students:
A—3,
B—1,
C—2,
D—5,
E—4,
F—8,
G—7,
H—6.)
T:
Since
you
have
a
better
understanding
of
some
of
the
great
scientists,
let’s
play
a
game.
Please
work
in
groups
and
describe
one
of
the
great
scientists,
and
then
let
other
students
guess
who
you
are
talking
about.
Group
1:
In
the
eighteenth
century,
there
lived
a
great
scientist
who
conducted
a
number
of
experiments
in
which
he
showed
what
electricity
is.
Once
he
did
a
famous
kite
experiment
on
a
stormy
day,
and
proved
that
lightening
and
electricity
are
the
same
thing.
S:
Benjamin
Franklin.
Group
2:
It
is
said
that
this
English
gentleman
was
sitting
in
his
garden
one
day
when
suddenly
he
was
hit
by
a
falling
apple.
The
story
is
probably
not
true,
but
this
man
did
mention
that
he
got
one
of
his
best-known
ideas
while
watching
apples
fall
from
a
tree.
His
name
makes
you
think
that
he
was
not
too
interested
in
old
things.
He
discovered
the
force
of
gravity,
and
he
drew
up
a
system
of
how
objects
move.
His
laws
for
motion
are
still
used
in
physics
today,
at
least
in
schools
and
universities.
S:
Sir
Issac
Newton.
Group
3:
Food
is
what
sets
this
great
mind
on
fire.
Rice,
to
be
exact.
This
great
mind
has
spent
most
of
his
life
looking
for
ways
to
help
farmers
grow
more
rice
so
that
all
of
us
will
have
enough
food
to
eat.
He
is
known
as
the
father
of
modern
rice,
but
because
of
his
long
friendship
with
all
the
farmers
in
China,
he
would
rather
be
known
as
“the
farmer”.
S:
Yuan
Longping.
Group
4:
He
was
born
on
8
January
1942
in
Oxford,
England.
He
has
worked
on
the
basic
laws
which
govern
the
universe.
He
showed
that
Einstein’s
General
Theory
of
Relativity
implied
space
and
time
would
have
a
beginning
in
the
Big
Bang
and
an
end
in
black
holes.
He
has
three
popular
books
published:
his
best
seller
A
Brief
History
of
Time,
Black
Holes
and
Baby
Universes
and
Other
Essays
and
most
recently
in
2001,
The
Universe
in
a
Nutshell.
S:
Stephen
Hawking.
Ss:
...
T:
Well
done.
Step
6
Quiz
T:
You
have
already
known
some
information
about
some
of
the
great
scientists.
Now
let’s
do
a
quiz,
trying
to
find
out
who
these
scientists
are.
Quiz
Questions
1.
Which
scientist
discovered
that
objects
in
water
are
lifted
up
by
a
force
that
helps
them
float?
2.
Who
wrote
a
book
explaining
how
animals
and
plants
developed
as
the
environment
changed?
3.
Who
invented
the
first
steam
engine?
4.
Who
used
peas
to
show
how
physical
characteristics
are
passed
form
parents
to
their
children?
5.
Who
discovered
radium?
6.
Who
invented
the
way
of
giving
electricity
to
everybody
in
large
cities?
7.
Who
was
the
painter
that
studied
dead
bodies
to
improve
his
painting
of
people?
8.
Who
invented
a
lamp
to
keep
miners
safe
underground?
9.
Who
invented
the
earliest
instrument
to
tell
people
where
earthquakes
happened?
10.
Who
put
forward
a
theory
about
black
holes?
Check
the
answers
with
the
students.
1.Archimedes　2.Charles
Darwin　3.James
Watt　4.Gregor
Mendel5.Madame
Curie6.Faraday　7.Leonardo
davinci　8.Humphrey
Davy9.Zhang
Heng10.Stephen
Hawking
T:
Please
work
in
groups
and
have
a
discussion
to
find
as
much
information
as
possible
about
these
ten
great
scientists.
(The
teacher
had
better
join
in
the
discussion
and
give
them
some
guidance
whenever
necessary.
After
the
discussion,
ask
some
students
to
give
a
short
report
about
what
the
group
have
discussed.)
(Refer
to
the
information
about
these
scientists
below,
and
various
answers
are
possible.)
Step
7
Practice
T:
Today
we
have
learned
a
lot
about
great
scientists
in
the
world.
We
can
learn
from
them
to
live
our
dreams.
And
we
teachers
are
too
willing
to
help
you.
In
your
opinion,
what
should
our
school
/teachers/students
do
to
tap
the
students’
potential?
S:
Our
school
should
give
the
students
more
chances
to
take
part
in
social
practice.
S:
Our
teachers
should
help
the
students
use
their
imaginations.
S:
We
students
should
solve
the
problems
on
our
own.
(Ask
more
students
to
give
their
opinions.
The
teacher
should
encourage
them,
join
them,
praise
them,
and
make
comments
on
their
ideas.)
Step
8
Discussion
(Group
Competition)
T:
Your
ideas
are
so
wonderful
and
amazing.
I
admire
them
very
much.
Now
let’s
come
to
our
topic.
Topic
1:
What
can
you
learn
from
these
scientists?
Topic
2:
What
qualities
should
we
have
to
be
a
successful
man?
(Give
the
students
several
minutes
to
have
a
discussion.
Then
let
them
have
a
group
competition.)
Step
9
Summing
up
T:
In
this
period,
we
have
talked
a
lot
about
great
scientists.
You
have
a
lot
of
previous
knowledge
and
you
are
full
of
imagination
and
creativity.
Those
scientists
set
good
examples
to
us.
And
I
think
all
of
us
are
happy
about
learning
more
of
them.
After
class,
it’s
better
to
read
some
books
about
them
and
you
can
surf
the
Internet
to
get
more
information.
And
I’d
like
you
to
make
a
“Scientists
Album”
in
the
following
week.
The
Design
of
the
Writing
on
the
Blackboard
Unit
1　Great
scientists
Period
1　Welcome
to
the
Unit
Brainstorming
Research
and
Activities
DIY
　　
1.Cover
a
glass
of
water
with
a
piece
of
thick
paper.
Put
one
hand
on
the
paper
and
turn
the
glass
upside
down.
Slowly
take
your
hand
away.
What
happens?
Why?
2.Fill
one
glass
with
fresh
water
and
another
glass
with
salt
water.
Put
an
ice
cube
in
each
glass.
What
happens?
Why?
3.Find
out
as
many
famous
sayings
from
those
scientists
as
possible.
Reference
for
Teaching
1.Charles
Darwin
was
born
in
Shrewsbury
(shropshire)
to
a
moderately
wealthy
family
with
a
strong
intellectual
heritage.
His
grandfather,
Erasmus
Darwin,
was
a
physician,
poet
and
biologist
who
laid
some
of
the
groundwork
for
the
grandson’s
revolutionary
ideas.
Charles
attended
Christ’s
College
at
Cambridge
with
initial
thoughts
of
entering
the
clergy,
but
soon
took
up
studies
in
biology,
zoology
and
geology.
From
1831
to
1836,
he
served
as
a
naturalist
aboard
the
HMS
Beagle
on
its
scientific
mission
to
South
America
and
the
Pacific.
Back
in
England,
he
published
a
series
of
scientific
treatises
which
established
his
reputation
as
one
of
the
prominent
thinkers
of
his
day.
From
1842
onwards,
he
lived
on
a
country
estate
in
Kent
and
pursued
his
studies
among
its
gardens
and
livestock.
By
1844,
he
had
written
the
initial
draft
of
his
groundbreaking
treatise
on
evolution
and
natural
selection.
However,
he
left
this
work
unpublished
for
several
years,
preferring
to
refine
and
elaborate
its
core
ideas.
In
1858,
he
read
a
forthcoming
paper
by
a
fellow
scientist
Alfred
Russell
Wallace
whose
thesis
closely
paralleled
Darwin’s
own
unpublished
ideas,
an
event
which
pushed
Darwin
to
go
public
with
his
own
research.Both
Wallace’s
and
Darwin’s
papers
were
presented
to
the
Linnean
Society
in
a
famous
July,
1858
meeting.
Darwin
published
The
Origin
of
Species
by
Means
of
Natural
Selection
in
1859,
sparking
decades
of
contentious
debate
which
ultimately
led
to
the
universal
scientific
recognition
of
Darwin’s
thesis.
In
later
years,
he
developed
his
ideas
further
in
monographs
on
different
types
of
plant
and
animal
life.
Notes:
Shrewsbury:
什鲁斯伯里[英国英格兰西部城市]
physician:
内科医生
(注意区分physicist,
物理学家)
revolutionary:
创新的
HMS:
（英国）皇家海军舰船
(Her/His
Majesty’s
Ship)
treatises:
论文
2.Stephen
William
Hawking
was
born
on
8
January
1942
(300
years
after
the
death
of
Galileo)
in
Oxford,
England.
His
parents’
house
was
in
north
London,
but
during
the
Second
World
War
Oxford
was
considered
a
safer
place
to
have
babies.
When
he
was
eight,
his
family
moved
to
St
Albans,
a
town
about
20
miles
north
of
London.
At
eleven
Stephen
went
to
St
Albans
School,
and
then
on
to
University
College,
Oxford,
his
father’s
old
college.
Stephen
wanted
to
do
Mathematics,
although
his
father
would
have
preferred
medicine.
Mathematics
was
not
available
at
University
College,
so
he
did
Physics
instead.
After
three
years
and
not
very
much
work
he
was
awarded
a
first
class
honours
degree
in
Natural
Science.
Stephen
then
went
on
to
Cambridge
to
do
research
in
Cosmology,
there
being
no-one
working
in
that
area
in
Oxford
at
the
time.
His
supervisor
was
Denis
Sciama,
although
he
had
hoped
to
get
Fred
Hoyle
who
was
working
in
Cambridge.
After
gaining
his
Ph.D.
he
became
first
a
Research
Fellow,
and
later
on
a
Professorial
Fellow
at
Gonville
and
Caius
College.
After
leaving
the
Institute
of
Astronomy
in
1973
Stephen
came
to
the
Department
of
Applied
Mathematics
and
Theoretical
Physics,
and
since
1979
has
held
the
post
of
Lucasian
Professor
of
Mathematics.
The
chair
was
founded
in
1663
with
money
left
in
the
will
of
the
Reverend
Henry
Lucas,
who
had
been
the
Member
of
Parliament
for
the
University.It
was
first
held
by
Isaac
Barrow,
and
then
in
1663
by
Isaac
Newton.
Stephen
Hawking
has
worked
on
the
basic
laws
which
govern
the
universe.With
Roger
Penrose
he
showed
that
Einstein’s
General
Theory
of
Relativity
implied
space
and
time
would
have
a
beginning
in
the
Big
Bang
and
an
end
in
black
holes.
These
results
indicated
it
was
necessary
to
unify
General
Relativity
with
Quantum
Theory,
the
other
great
Scientific
development
of
the
first
half
of
the
20th
Century.
One
consequence
of
such
a
unification
that
he
discovered
was
that
black
holes
should
not
be
completely
black,
but
should
emit
radiation
and
eventually
evaporate
and
disappear.
Another
conjecture
is
that
the
universe
has
no
edge
or
boundary
in
imaginary
time.
This
would
imply
that
the
way
the
universe
began
was
completely
determined
by
the
laws
of
science.
His
many
publications
include
The
Large
Scale
Structure
of
Spacetime
with
G
F
R
Ellis,
General
Relativity:
An
Einstein
Centenary
Survey,
with
W
Israel,
and
300
Years
of
Gravity,
with
W
Israel.Stephen
Hawking
has
two
popular
books
published:
his
best
seller
A
Brief
History
of
Time,
and
his
later
book,
Black
Holes
and
Baby
Universes
and
Other
Essays.
Professor
Hawking
has
twelve
honorary
degrees,
was
awarded
the
CBE
in
1982,
and
was
made
a
Companion
of
Honour
in
1989.He
is
the
recipient
of
many
awards,
medals
and
prizes
and
is
a
Fellow
of
The
Royal
Society
and
a
Member
of
the
US
National
Academy
of
Sciences.
Stephen
Hawking
continues
to
combine
family
life
(he
has
three
children
and
one
grandchild),
and
his
research
into
theoretical
physics
together
with
an
extensive
programme
of
travel
and
public
lectures.
3.Humphry
Davy,
a
woodcarver’s
son,
was
born
in
Penzance
in
1778.
After
being
educated
in
Truro,
Davy
was
apprenticed
to
a
Penzance
surgeon.In
1797
he
took
up
chemistry
and
was
taken
on
by
Thomas
Beddoes,
as
an
assistant
at
his
Medical
Pneumatic
Institution
in
Bristol.Here
he
experimented
with
various
new
gases
and
discovered
the
anesthetic
effect
of
laughing
gas
(nitrous
oxide).
Davy
published
details
of
his
research
in
his
book
Researches,
Chemical
and
Philosophical
(1799).This
led
to
Davy
being
appointed
as
a
lecturer
at
the
Royal
Institution.He
was
a
talented
teacher
and
his
lectures
attracted
large
audiences.
In
1806
Davy
published
On
Some
Chemical
Agencies
of
Electricity.
The
following
year
he
discovered
that
the
alkalis
and
alkaline
earths
are
compound
substances
formed
by
oxygen
united
with
metallic
bases.
He
also
used
electrolysis
to
discover
new
metals
such
as
potassium,
sodium,
barium,
strontium,
calcium
and
magnesium.
Davy
was
now
considered
to
be
Britain’s
leading
scientist
and
in
1812
was
knighted
by
George
Ⅲ.With
his
assistant,
Michael
Faraday,
Davy
travelled
abroad
investigating
his
theory
of
volcanic
action.
In
1815
Humphry
Davy
invented
a
safety
lamp
for
use
in
gassy
coalmines,
allowing
deep
coal
seams
to
be
mined
despite
the
presence
of
firedamp
(methane).This
led
to
some
controversy
as
George
Stephenson,
working
in
a
colliery
near
Newcastle,
also
produced
a
safety
lamp
that
year.
Both
men
claimed
that
they
were
first
to
come
up
with
this
invention.
One
of
Davy’s
most
important
contributions
to
history
was
that
he
encourage
manufacturers
to
take
a
scientific
approach
to
production.His
discoveries
in
chemistry
helped
to
improve
several
industries
including
agriculture,
mining
and
tanning.Sir
Humphry
Davy
died
in
1829.
4.Leonardo
da
Vinci(b.1452,
Vinci,
Republic
of
Florence
[now
in
Italy]—d.May
2,
1519,
Cloux,
Fr.),
Italian
painter,
draftsman,
sculptor,
architect,
and
engineer
whose
genius,
perhaps
more
than
that
of
any
other
figure,
epitomized
the
Renaissance
humanist
ideal.His
Last
Suppe
(1495-1497)
and
Mona
Lisa
(1503-1506)
are
among
the
most
widely
popular
and
influential
paintings
of
the
Renaissance.His
notebooks
reveal
a
spirit
of
scientific
inquiry
and
a
mechanical
inventiveness
that
were
centuries
ahead
of
his
time.
5.Madam
Curie
is
a
French
professor
of
physics.She
was
born
in
Poland
in
1867.In
1891
she
went
to
study
in
Paris
University
because
at
that
time
women
were
not
admitted
to
universities
in
Poland.When
she
was
studying
in
Paris,
she
lived
a
poor
life,
but
she
worked
very
hard.In
1895
she
married
Pierre
Curie,
and
then
they
worked
together
on
the
research
into
radioactive
matter.They
discovered
two
kinds
of
radioactive
matter—polonium
and
radium.In
1904
she
and
her
husband
were
given
the
Nobel
Prize
for
physics.In
1906
Pierre
died,
but
Marie
went
on
working.She
received
a
second
Nobel
Prize
for
Chemistry
in
1911.So
she
became
the
first
scientist
in
the
world
to
win
two
Nobel
Prizes.
6.James
Watt:
British
engineer
and
inventor
who
made
fundamental
improvements
in
the
steam
engine,
resulting
in
the
modern,
high-pressure
steam
engine
(patented
1769).
7.Gregor
Mendel
was
an
Austrian
botanist
and
founder
of
the
science
of
genetics.Through
years
of
experiments
with
plants,
chiefly
garden
peas,
he
discovered
the
principle
of
the
inheritance
of
characteristics
through
the
combination
of
genes
from
parent
cells.
8.Archimedes:
Greek
mathematician,
engineer,
and
physicist.Among
the
most
important
intellectual
figures
of
antiquity,
he
discovered
formulas
for
the
area
and
volume
of
various
geometric
figures,
applied
geometry
to
hydrostatics
and
mechanics,
devised
numerous
ingenious
mechanisms,
such
as
the
Archimedean
screw,
and
discovered
the
principle
of
buoyancy.
9.Michael
Faraday
(September
22,
1791—August
25,
1867)
was
a
British
scientist(a
physicist
and
chemist)
who
contributed
significantly
to
the
fields
of
electromagnetism
and
electrochemistry.
He
also
invented
the
earliest
form
of
the
device
that
was
to
become
the
Bunsen
burner,
which
is
used
almost
universally
in
science
laboratories
as
a
convenient
source
of
heat.
Michael
Faraday
was
one
of
the
great
scientists
in
history.Some
historians
of
science
refer
to
him
as
the
greatest
experimentalist
in
the
history
of
science.It
was
largely
due
to
his
efforts
that
electricity
became
a
viable
technology.The
SI
unit
of
capacitance,
the
farad(symbol
F)
is
named
after
him.
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