(共30张PPT)
人教版版
九年级
九年级中考英语总复习
连词
Lead
in
一、连词的定义与分类
连词是虚词,起着连接词与词、短语与短语、句子与句子的作用,所以连词不能独立担任句子的成分。根据两句话地位的不同分为并列连词与从属连词两大类。并列连词表明连接的前后两句话地位是相等的,而从属连词则是让后一句的句子“降级”为“大个单词”,成为前一句的一部分,从而体现主句与从句的关系。简单来说,并列连词前后是两句话,而从属连词前后视为一句话。
eg:Tom
can
speak
English
and
I
can
speak
French.
(并列连词,前后是两句话)
汤姆会说英语,我会说法语。
I
think
that
you
are
right.
我认为你是对的。
(从属连词,前后视为一句话)
Lead
in
并列连词:
并列关系:
and(和);both…and…(两者…都);
not
only…but
also…(不仅…而且)
转折关系:
but(但是);yet(然而);while(然而);not…but…(不是…而是)
选择关系:
or(或者);either…or…(不是…就是);neither…nor…(既不…也不)
因果关系:
so(所以);for(因为);because(因为)
从属连词+句子=从句
名词性从句
宾语从句,主语从句
表语从句,同位语从句
形容词性从句
定语从句
副词性从句
状语从句
Lead
in
二、并列连词
1、and的用法
eg:I
like
basketball,
football
and
table
tennis.
我喜欢篮球、足球和乒乓球。
Brother
and
I
went
to
the
bookstore
yesterday.
我和哥哥昨天去了书店。
?
and的基本用法
and意为“和”“而且”,用来连接对等关系的词与词、短语与短语、句子与句子。
eg:He
stood
up
and
put
on
his
hat.
他站起来,戴上帽子。(and连接两个动词短语)
I
went
to
the
Summer
Palace
and
he
went
to
Tiananmen
Square.(and连接两个句子)
我去了颐和园,他去了天安门。
注意:如果是连接三个或三个以上的单词或词组,and一般放在最后一个单词或词组前。and在译成中文时,不一定要翻译岀“和”来。
eg:He
often
gets
up
at
7,
has
breakfast
at
7:30,
leaves
home
at
7:45
and
reaches
school
at
8.
他经常七点起床,七点半吃早饭,七点四十五分离开家,八点到学校。
Lead
in
?
and的特殊用法
and用在祈使句中,句型为“祈使句+and+简单句”相当于if引导的条件句“If
you……;you’ll……”。表语义上的顺承关系。
eg:Work
hard,
and
you
will
be
successful.=If
you
work
hard,
you
will
be
successful.
努力工作,你就会成功。/
如果你努力工作,你会成功的。
Hurry
up,
and
you’ll
catch
the
bus.=If
you
hurry
up,
you’ll
catch
the
bus.
快点儿,你就会赶上公共汽车。/
如果你快点儿,就会赶上公共汽车。
Lead
in
2、or的用法
eg:Is
Li
Ming
from
Beijing
or
from
Shanghai?
李明来自北京还是来自上海?
He
never
smokes
or
drinks.
他从不吸烟,也不喝酒。
?
or的基本用法:
or意为“或者;还是”,用于两者之中选择一个。
eg:Tom
or
I
am
right.
汤姆或者我是对的。
You
can
eat
apple,
or
you
can
eat
pear.
你可以吃苹果,也可以吃梨。
?
or的特殊用法
or用在祈使句中,句型为“祈使句+or+简单句”相当于if引导的条件句“If
you
don’t……;you
will……”。表转折关系,意为“否则;要不然”
eg:Come
on,
or
you'll
be
late
for
school.
快点,否则你上学要迟到了。
=If
you
come
on,
you
won’t
be
late
for
school.
如果你快点,上学就不会迟到了。
=If
you
don’t
come
on,
you'll
be
late
for
school.
如果你不快点,上学就会迟到了。
Study
hard,
or
you'll
fail
in
the
exam.
好好学吧,否则你就会考试不及格。
=If
you
don't
study
hard,
you'll
fail
in
the
exam.
如果你不努力学习,就会考试不及格。
=If
you
study
hard,
you
won’t
fail
in
the
exam.
如果你努力学习,你就不会考试不及格。
Lead
in
3、but的用法
eg:He
is
old,
but
he
looks
very
young.
他年纪大了,但他看起来很年轻。
They
came
here
not
for
money
but
for
life.
他们到这儿来,不是为了钱,而是为了生活。
?
but的基本用法
but意为“但是,然而,可是”,连接两个句法作用相同的单词、短语或句子。
eg:I
like
this
book,
but
it's
too
expensive.
我喜欢这本书,但太贵了。
He
is
young,
but
very
experienced.
他虽年轻,但经验很丰富。
?
although/though连词,意为“虽然;尽管”,引导让步状语从句是。不能与but在同一个句子中使用。
eg:Although
my
grandpa
is
old,
he
looks
very
strong
and
healthy.
虽然我的爷爷老了,但他看上去很健壮。
Although
it
rained,
the
boys
still
played
outside.
=
It
rained,
but
the
boys
still
played
outside.
尽管天下雨了,但是那些男孩儿仍在外面玩耍。
Lead
in
?
but可以作介词
but作转折连词以外,but还可用作介词,意为“除……之外”。如果but前有实义动词do,does或did时,but后若接动词不定式应省略to;but前无实义动词do,does或did时,but后若接动词不定式应带to。
eg:There
was
nothing
much
to
do
in
the
evening
but
read.
晚上除了看书没什么事可做的。
I
have
no
choice(选择)
but
to
arrive
late.
我除了迟到。我别无选择。
What
can
you
do
but
play
games?
你除了玩游戏还能做什么?
Lead
in
4、so的用法
so作连词,意为“所以,因此”,后面接的句子表示结果。
eg:I
didn't
have
any
money
for
a
taxi,
so
I
walked
back
to
the
hotel.
我没有钱打车,所以我走回旅馆。
It
was
late,
so
I
went
home.
天色不早了,因此我回家了。
5、for的用法
for作连词,意为“因为,由于”,后面的分句通常表示一种推断性的原因,是对前一分句的补充。此时for连接的分句不能放在句首。
eg:We
listened
eagerly,
for
he
brought
news
of
my
families.
我们热切地听着,因为他带来了我家人的消息。
The
leaves
of
the
trees
are
falling,
for
it's
already
autumn.
树的叶子在落下,因为已经是秋天了。
Lead
in
6、both……and……的用法
both……and……
意为“……和……都;既……又……”,通常用来连接两个并列的句子成分。both……and……连接两个并列主语时,谓语动词通常用复数形式。其反义词为neither……nor……,意为“既不……也不……”。
eg:Both
Tom
and
Jim
are
my
good
friends.
汤姆和吉姆都是我的好朋友。
Jane
can
both
speak
and
write
French.
简既会说也会写法语。
Both
he
and
his
brother
enjoy
playing
computer
games.
他和他的哥哥都喜欢玩电脑游戏。
Lead
in
7、either……or……的用法
either……or……主要用于表示选择,其意为“要么……要么……”,“或者……或者……”,用于连接两个性质相同的词或短语。
eg:You
can
have
either
this
one
or
that
one.
你拿这个或那个都可以。
You
must
either
go
at
once
or
wait
till
tomorrow.
你要么马上走,要么等到明天。
We
can
finish
the
work
either
this
week
or
next
week.
不是这星期就是下星期我们就可完成这项工作。
?
either……or……连接两个成分作主语时,谓语动词通常与其靠近的主语保持一致。(就近远侧)
eg:Either
you
or
I
am
to
go.
你或我必须有人去。
Either
he
or
you
are
right.
要么他对,要么你对。
Lead
in
?
either……or……除可连接两个词或短语外,有时也可连接两个句子。
eg:Either
you
must
improve
your
work
or
I
shall
dismiss
you.
要么你改进工作,要么我就辞退你。
Either
you’ll
leave
this
house
or
I’ll
call
the
police.
你要是不离开这座房子,我就叫警察来。
?
either……or……的否定式可以是not
either……or……,也可以是neither……nor……。
eg:He
didn’t
either
write
or
phone.=
He
neither
wrote
nor
phoned.
他既没写信又没打电话。
Either
you
or
he
isn't
right.
你和他都不对。
I
don't
want
to
visit
either
Tianjin
or
Shanghai.
天津和上海我都不想游览。
注意:either……or……用于选择两者之中的一者,但有时候也用于在三者之中作出选择。
eg:You
can
have
either
coffee,
tea
or
juice.
你可以要咖啡、茶或者果汁。
Lead
in
8、neither……nor……的用法
?
neither……nor……主要用于否定两者,其意为“既不……也不……”,用于连接两个性质相同的词或短语。
eg:It
was
neither
cold
nor
wet.
天气既不冷也不潮湿。
He
neither
drinks
nor
smokes.
他既不喝酒,也不抽烟。
I
want
neither
fame
nor
wealth.
不着我既不求名也不求利。
He
neither
speaks
French,
nor
understands
it.
他既不会讲法语,也听不懂法语。
?
用于连接两个成分作主语时,谓语动词通常与靠近的那个主语保持一致。(就近远侧)
eg:Neither
he
nor
I
speak
a
foreign
language.
他和我都不会说外语。
Neither
you
nor
he
was
selected
for
the
job.
你和他都没有被选上做这个工作。
He
can
neither
read
nor
write.
他既不会读也不会写。(nor前后的词性必须一致)
Lead
in
9、not
only……but
also……的用法
not
only……but
also……该表达的意思是“不但……而且……”,用于连接两个对等的成分。
?
主要用于连接两个对等的成分;若连接两个成分作主语,其后谓语动词与靠近的主语保持一致。(就近远侧)
eg:Not
only
the
students
but
also
their
teacher
is
enjoying
the
film.
不仅学生们在欣赏这部影片,他们的老师也在欣赏这部影片。
Not
only
their
teacher
but
also
the
students
are
enjoying
the
film.
不仅老师在欣赏这部影片,他的学生们也在欣赏这部影片。
Lead
in
?
not
only……but
also……
中的also通常可以省略,或换成too,
as
well(要置于句末)。
eg:He
not
only
washed
the
car,
but
polished
it
too(as
well).
他不仅冲洗汽车,而且还擦拭了它。
◆
有时甚至连but
also一并省略掉。
eg:Justice
must
not
only
be
done;
(but
also)
it
must
be
seen
to
be
done.
正义不但必须伸张,而且要让人看到正义得到了伸张。
She
not
only
entered
the
competition—she
actually
won
it!
她不但参加了竞赛—而且居然获胜了!
?
not
only……but
also……句型可以和
as
well
as
互换。
not
only
A
but
also
B
=
B
as
well
as
A,但前者强调的重点B在but
also之后;后者强调的重点B在as
well
as之前。英译汉时,要先译as
well
as后面的词。
eg:The
child
is
not
only
healthy
but
also
lively.
这孩子不仅健康而且活泼。
=The
child
is
lively
as
well
as
healthy.
这孩子既健康又活泼。
It
concerns
not
only
me
but
also
you.
这不仅关系到我,也关系到你。
=It
concerns
you
as
well
as
me.
这件事不但与我有关,而且也与你有关。
Lead
in
三、从属连词
从属连词将句子变为“从句”,所谓从句可以看成一个“大单词”,既然是“大单词”就要有词性,根据语言表达的需要,从句共有三种词性,即名词、形容词、副词。因而就有了名词性从句、形容词性从句、副词性从句,
每种词性可在句中充当不同的成分,其中名词可充当句子的5种成分——主语、宾语、主补(表语)、宾补、同位语;形容词可充当3种成分——定语、主补(表语)、宾补;副词可充当1种成分——状语。以上所列成分,宾补是没有从句形式的,主补改名表语归入名词性从句。因而从成分角度命名,名词性从句包含四种,即主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句、同位语从句;形容词性从句只有一种,即定语从句;副词性从句只有一种,即状语从句。
Lead
in
1、引导宾语从句的从属连词
引导宾语从句的连接词有很多,连接后面的从句要用陈述语序。
从属连词:that,
whether,
if
连接代词:what,
who,
whose,
whatever,
whichever,
whoever等。
连接副词:when,
where,
why,
how等。
eg:We
promise
whoever
attends
the
party
a
chance
to
have
a
photo
taken
with
the
movie
star.
我们许诺,任何参加这个聚会的人都有跟那个电影明星合影的机会。
I
truly
believe
that
beauty
comes
from
within.
我确信美来自内在。
We
must
find
out
when
Karl
is
coming,
so
we
can
book
a
room
for
him.
我们必须弄清楚卡尔什么时候来,以便我们可以为他预订房间。
Lead
in
2、引导定语从句的从属连词
引导定语从句的关系词有关系代词和关系副词。关系代词和关系副词放在先行词及定语从句之间起连接作用,同时又作定语从句的重要成分。
关系代词:that,which,who(宾格whom,所有格whose),as等。
关系副词:where,when,why等。
eg:The
girl
who
often
helps
me
with
my
English
is
from
England.
经常在英语方面帮助我的那个女孩是英国人。
Such
people
as
were
mentioned
by
him
were
honest.
被他提到的这样的人是诚实的。
Mary
likes
music
that
is
quiet
and
gentle.
玛丽喜欢轻柔的音乐。
The
coat(that)I
put
on
the
desk
is
blue.
我放在桌子上的那件外套是蓝色的。
The
building
which
stands
near
the
train
station
is
a
supermarket.
位于火车站附近的那座大楼是一家超市。
Lead
in
3、引导状语从句的从属连词
?
引导时间状语从句的从属连词
①
表示“当……时候”或“每当”的时间连词。主要有:when,while,as,whenever
eg:He
jumped
up
when
the
phone
rang.
电话铃响时他吓了一跳。
We
listened
while
the
teacher
read.
老师朗读时我们听着。
The
phone
rang
just
as
I
was
leaving.
我正要离开,电话铃就响了起来。
补充:在when引导的时间状语从句中,其谓语动词可以是延续性的,也可以是非延续性的,可与主句中的谓语动词同时发生,也可在其后发生。在while引导的时间状语从句中,其谓语动词只能是延续性的,而且也只能与主句中的谓语动词同时发生或存在。
Lead
in
②
表示“在……之前(或之后)”的时间连词。主要有:before,after
eg:Turn
the
lights
off
before
you
leave.
离开前请关灯。
He
started
the
job
soon
after
he
left
the
university.
他大学毕业后就开始做这份工作。
③
表示“自从”或“直到”的时间连词。主要有:since,until,till
eg:He
has
lived
here
since
he
got
married.
他结婚后就一直住在这儿。
Most
men
worked
until/till
they’re
65.
大多数男人工作到65岁。
④
表示“一……就”的时间连词。主要的有as
soon
as,the
moment,the
minute,the
second,the
instant,immediately,directly,instantly,once,no
sooner……than,hardly……when等。
eg:Tell
him
the
news
as
soon
as
you
see
him.
你一见到他就把这消息告诉他。
I
recognized
her
the
moment
(that)
I
saw
her.
我一看到她就认出她来了。
I
want
to
see
him
the
minute
(that)
he
arrives.
他一到来我就要见他。
I
went
home
directly
I
had
finished
work.
我一干完活就回家了。
Once
he
arrives,
we
can
start.
他一来我们就可以开始。
Lead
in
?
引导原因状语从句的从属连词
引导原因状语从句的从属连词有:because因为;as因为,由于;since既然,由于等。
eg:I
study
English
because
it
is
useful
for
my
work.我学英语因为它对我的工作有好处。
Because
it
was
the
rain
we
took
a
taxi.
由于下雨他叫了一辆出租车.
As
you're
sorry,
I'll
forgive
you.
既然你悔悟了,我就原谅你。
As
you
can’t
drive
you
must
go
by
bus.由于你不能开车,你得坐公共汽车去。
Since
we've
no
money
we
can't
buy
a
new
car.
因为我们没钱,(所以)没法买新车。
You
may
take
this
book
since
I
have
read
it.这本书你可以拿去看,因为我已经看过了。
Lead
in
?
引导条件状语从句的从属连词
①
if意为“如果”,引导条件状语从句
在if引导的条件句中,如果从句表示将来要发生的事情,从句用一般现在时态,主句用一般将来时态,即“主将从现”原则。
eg:If
it
rains
tomorrow,
I
will
stay
at
home.
如果明天下雨,我就呆在家里。
If
you
want
to
lose
weight,
you
must
eat
less
meat.
你如果想减肥,必须少吃肉。
注意:If在宾语从句中翻译为“是否”;If在条件状语从句中翻译为“如果”。
eg:I
want
to
know
if
he
is
a
teacher.
我想知道他是不是老师。(“是否”)
I’ll
go
to
see
you
if
I
am
free
next
week.
如果我下周有空,我就去看你。(“如果”)
②
unless
(=
if……not
)意为“如果不,除非……,否则……”,引导条件状语从句
unless引导的条件句中,如果从句表示将来要发生的事情,从句用一般现在时态,主句用一般将来时态,也遵循“主将从现”原则。
eg:He
will
not
come
unless
he
is
invited.
除非被邀请,否则他是不会来的。
You’ll
fail
the
exam
unless
you
study
hard.=You’ll
fail
the
exam
if
you
don't
study
hard.
除非你努力学习,否则你考试会不及格。
Lead
in
③
so/as
long
as意为“只要”,引导条件状语从句
so
long
as和as
long
as都表示“只要”,两者没有太大的区别。依然遵循“主将从现”原则。
eg:As
long
as
you
don't
lose
heart,
you
will
succeed.你只要不灰心就会成功。
You
can
read
my
new
book
as
long
as
you
don't
keep
it
too
long.
你可以看我的新书,只要你别读太久了。
Lead
in
?
引导结果状语从句的从属连词
①
so……that……意为“如此……以至于……”,引导结果状语从句。
其结构形式:so
+
形容词/副词+
that从句
so
+形容词+a/an+可数名词单数形式+that从句
so
+many
/much
/few
/little+名词+that从句
eg:He
is
so
tired
(that)
he
can't
carry
the
heavy
bag.
他如此地疲劳以至于他拿不动这个沉重的包裹。
Mike
is
so
honest
a
worker
that
we
all
believe
in
him.
迈克是一个如此诚实我们都相信他。
I
earned
so
little
money
that
I
couldn't
support
my
family.
我挣这么少的钱,以至于我养不起家庭。
Lead
in
②
such……that……意为“如此……以至于……”,引导结果状语从句
其结构形式:such
+a/an+形容词+可数名词单数形式+that从句
such
+形容词+可数名词复形式/不可数名词+that从句
such
+a
lot
of
/lots
of
+名词+从句
eg:Mike
is
such
an
honest
worker
that
we
all
believe
in
him.
迈克是一个如此诚实我们都相信他。
It
is
such
fine
weather
that
we
all
want
to
go
to
th
park.
天气如此晴好,以至于我们都想去公园。
She
is
such
a
good
student
that
we
all
like
her.
她是如此好的学生以至于我们都喜欢她。
Lead
in
注意:
◆
当名词前面有many,much,few,little等表示数量多少的限定词时,应该用so,而不能用such。
eg:There
was
so
many
people
in
the
hall
that
it
was
too
noisy.
大厅里人太多,太吵了。
◆
当单数名词前有形容词时,既可用so,也可用such,但不定冠词的位置有所不同。
eg:Paris
is
such
a
wonderful
place
that
a
lot
of
people
come
to
visit
it
every
year.
=Paris
is
so
wonderful
a
place
that
a
lot
of
people
come
to
visit
it
every
year.
巴黎是一个如此美妙的地方,每年都有很多人来参观。
Lead
in
?
引导让步状语从句的从属连词
引导让步状语从句的从属连词。比较常见的有although/though,even
though/even
if,whether……or……等。
eg:She
kept
on
working
although
she
was
tired.
她虽疲劳但仍继续工作。
Though
he
is
poor,
he's
still
happy.
虽然他很穷,他仍然很快乐。
I
like
her
even
though
she
can
be
annoying.
尽管她有时很恼人,但我还是喜欢她。
Even
if
I
have
to
walk
all
the
way
Ill
get
there.
即使我得一路走着去,我也要走到那里。
Whether
we
help
him
or
not,
he
will
fail.
不论我们帮助他与否,他都将失败。
注意:while和when除用于引导时间状语从句外,有时也可引导让步状语从句,其意为“尽管”“虽然”。
eg:While
the
work
was
difficult,
it
was
interesting.
虽然工作有难度,但很有趣。
She
stopped
when
she
ought
to
have
continued.
尽管她应该继续下去,她却停住了。
Lead
in
◆
另外,以-ever结尾的连词如however,whatever,whoever,whenever,wherever等也可引导让步状语从句,其用法相当于no
matter……。
eg:Keep
calm,
whatever
happens.
不论出什么事都要保持镇静。
Whoever
telephones,
tell
them
I’m
out.
不管是谁打电话,都说我出去了。
Whichever
day
you
come,
I’ll
be
pleased
to
see
you.
无论你哪天来,我都欢迎。
However
much
he
eats,
he
never
gets
fat.
无论他吃多少,他都不发胖。
Whenever
you
come,
you
are
welcome.
你什么时候来,我们都欢迎。
Wherever
he
goes,
I’ll
go.不管他去哪里,我也去。
https://www.21cnjy.com/help/help_extract.php中小学教育资源及组卷应用平台
人教版九年级中考英语总复习语法专题
连词讲义
一、连词的定义与分类
连词是虚词,起着连接词与词、短语与短语、句子与句子的作用,所以连词不能独立担任句子的成分。根据两句话地位的不同分为并列连词与从属连词两大类。并列连词表明连接的前后两句话地位是相等的,而从属连词则是让后一句的句子“降级”为“大个单词”,成为前一句的一部分,从而体现主句与从句的关系。简单来说,并列连词前后是两句话,而从属连词前后视为一句话。
并列连词:and,or,but,so,for,both……and……,either……or……,neither……nor……,not
only……but
also……
等都是并列连词。
从属连词:that,when,till,until,after,before,since,because,if,whether,though,although,so……that……,so
that,in
order
that,as
soon
as,as……as等都是从属连词。
eg:Tom
can
speak
English
and
I
can
speak
French.
(并列连词,前后是两句话)
汤姆会说英语,我会说法语。
I
think
that
you
are
right.
我认为你是对的。(从属连词,前后视为一句话)
并列连词:连接的前后两句话地
位是相等的
并列关系:
and(和);both…and…(两者…都);
not
only…but
also…(不仅…而且)
转折关系:
but(但是);yet(然而);while(然而);
not…but…(不是…而是)
选择关系:
or(或者);either…or…(不是…就是);
neither…nor…(既不…也不)
因果关系:
so(所以);for(因为);because(因为)
从属连词+句子=从句
名词性从句
宾语从句,主语从句,表语从句,同位语从句
形容词性从句
定语从句
副词性从句
状语从句
二、并列连词
1、and的用法
eg:I
like
basketball,
football
and
table
tennis.
我喜欢篮球、足球和乒乓球。
Brother
and
I
went
to
the
bookstore
yesterday.
我和哥哥昨天去了书店。
?
and的基本用法
and意为“和”“而且”,用来连接对等关系的词与词、短语与短语、句子与句子。
eg:He
stood
up
and
put
on
his
hat.
他站起来,戴上帽子。(and连接两个动词短语)
I
went
to
the
Summer
Palace
and
he
went
to
Tiananmen
Square.(and连接两个句子)
我去了颐和园,他去了天安门。
注意:如果是连接三个或三个以上的单词或词组,and一般放在最后一个单词或词组前。and在译成中文时,不一定要翻译岀“和”来。
eg:He
often
gets
up
at
7,
has
breakfast
at
7:30,
leaves
home
at
7:45
and
reaches
school
at
8.
他经常七点起床,七点半吃早饭,七点四十五分离开家,八点到学校。
?
and的特殊用法
and用在祈使句中,句型为“祈使句+and+简单句”相当于if引导的条件句“If
you……;you’ll……”。表语义上的顺承关系。
eg:Work
hard,
and
you
will
be
successful.=If
you
work
hard,
you
will
be
successful.
努力工作,你就会成功。/
如果你努力工作,你会成功的。
Hurry
up,
and
you’ll
catch
the
bus.=If
you
hurry
up,you’ll
catch
the
bus.
快点儿,你就会赶上公共汽车。/
如果你快点儿,就会赶上公共汽车。
2、or的用法
eg:Is
Li
Ming
from
Beijing
or
from
Shanghai?
李明来自北京还是来自上海?
He
never
smokes
or
drinks.
他从不吸烟,也不喝酒。
?
or的基本用法
or意为“或者;还是”,用于两者之中选择一个。
eg:Tom
or
I
am
right.
汤姆或者我是对的。
You
can
eat
apple,
or
you
can
eat
pear.
你可以吃苹果,也可以吃梨。
?
or的特殊用法
or用在祈使句中,句型为“祈使句+or+简单句”相当于if引导的条件句“If
you
don’t……;you
will……”。表转折关系,意为“否则;要不然”
eg:Come
on,
or
you'll
be
late
for
school.
快点,否则你上学要迟到了。
=If
you
come
on,
you
won’t
be
late
for
school.
如果你快点,上学就不会迟到了。
=If
you
don’t
come
on,
you'll
be
late
for
school.
如果你不快点,上学就会迟到了。
Study
hard,
or
you'll
fail
in
the
exam.
好好学吧,否则你就会考试不及格。
=If
you
don't
study
hard,
you'll
fail
in
the
exam.
如果你不努力学习,就会考试不及格。
=If
you
study
hard,
you
won’t
fail
in
the
exam.
如果你努力学习,你就不会考试不及格。
补充:or疑问句的读法,or前面的部分用升调,后面的部分用降调。
3、but的用法
eg:He
is
old,
but
he
looks
very
young.
他年纪大了,但他看起来很年轻。
They
came
here
not
for
money
but
for
life.
他们到这儿来,不是为了钱,而是为了生活。
?
but的基本用法
but意为“但是,然而,可是”,连接两个句法作用相同的单词、短语或句子。
eg:I
like
this
book,
but
it's
too
expensive.
我喜欢这本书,但太贵了。
He
is
young,
but
very
experienced.
他虽年轻,但经验很丰富。
?
although/though连词,意为“虽然;尽管”,引导让步状语从句是。不能与but在同一个句子中使用。
eg:Although
my
grandpa
is
old,
he
looks
very
strong
and
healthy.
虽然我的爷爷老了,但他看上去很健壮。
Although
it
rained,
the
boys
still
played
outside.=
It
rained,
but
the
boys
still
played
outside.
尽管天下雨了,但是那些男孩儿仍在外面玩耍。
?
but可以作介词
but作转折连词以外,but还可用作介词,意为“除……之外”。如果but前有实义动词do,does或did时,but后若接动词不定式应省略to;but前无实义动词do,does或did时,but后若接动词不定式应带to。
eg:There
was
nothing
much
to
do
in
the
evening
but
read.
晚上除了看书没什么事可做的。
I
have
no
choice(选择)
but
to
arrive
late.
我除了迟到。我别无选择。
What
can
you
do
but
play
games?
你除了玩游戏还能做什么?
4、so的用法
so作连词,意为“所以,因此”,后面接的句子表示结果。
eg:I
didn't
have
any
money
for
a
taxi,
so
I
walked
back
to
the
hotel.
我没有钱打车,所以我走回旅馆。
It
was
late,
so
I
went
home.
天色不早了,因此我回家了。
5、for的用法
for作连词,意为“因为,由于”,后面的分句通常表示一种推断性的原因,是对前一分句的补充。此时for连接的分句不能放在句首。
eg:We
listened
eagerly,
for
he
brought
news
of
my
families.
我们热切地听着,因为他带来了我家人的消息。
The
leaves
of
the
trees
are
falling,
for
it's
already
autumn.
树的叶子在落下,因为已经是秋天了。
6、both……and……的用法
both……and……
意为“……和……都;既……又……”,通常用来连接两个并列的句子成分。both……and……连接两个并列主语时,谓语动词通常用复数形式。其反义词为neither……nor……,意为“既不……也不……”。
eg:Both
Tom
and
Jim
are
my
good
friends.
汤姆和吉姆都是我的好朋友。
Jane
can
both
speak
and
write
French.
简既会说也会写法语。
Both
he
and
his
brother
enjoy
playing
computer
games.他和他的哥哥都喜欢玩电脑游戏。
7、either……or……的用法
either……or……主要用于表示选择,其意为“要么……要么……”,“或者……或者……”,用于连接两个性质相同的词或短语。
eg:You
can
have
either
this
one
or
that
one.
你拿这个或那个都可以。
You
must
either
go
at
once
or
wait
till
tomorrow.
你要么马上走,要么等到明天。
We
can
finish
the
work
either
this
week
or
next
week.
不是这星期就是下星期我们就可完成这项工作。
?
either……or……连接两个成分作主语时,谓语动词通常与其靠近的主语保持一致。(就近远侧)
eg:Either
you
or
I
am
to
go.
你或我必须有人去。
Either
he
or
you
are
right.
要么他对,要么你对。
?
either……or……除可连接两个词或短语外,有时也可连接两个句子。
eg:Either
you
must
improve
your
work
or
I
shall
dismiss
you.
要么你改进工作,要么我就辞退你。
Either
you’ll
leave
this
house
or
I’ll
call
the
police.
你要是不离开这座房子,我就叫警察来。
?
either……or……的否定式可以是not
either……or……,也可以是neither……nor……。
eg:He
didn’t
either
write
or
phone.=
He
neither
wrote
nor
phoned.
他既没写信又没打电话。
Either
you
or
he
isn't
right.
你和他都不对。
I
don't
want
to
visit
either
Tianjin
or
Shanghai.
天津和上海我都不想游览。
注意:either……or……用于选择两者之中的一者,但有时候也用于在三者之中作出选择。
eg:You
can
have
either
coffee,
tea
or
juice.
你可以要咖啡、茶或者果汁。
8、neither……nor……的用法
?
neither……nor……主要用于否定两者,其意为“既不……也不……”,用于连接两个性质相同的词或短语。
eg:It
was
neither
cold
nor
wet.
天气既不冷也不潮湿。
He
neither
drinks
nor
smokes.
他既不喝酒,也不抽烟。
I
want
neither
fame
nor
wealth.
不着我既不求名也不求利。
He
neither
speaks
French,
nor
understands
it.
他既不会讲法语,也听不懂法语。
?
用于连接两个成分作主语时,谓语动词通常与靠近的那个主语保持一致。(就近远侧)
eg:Neither
he
nor
I
speak
a
foreign
language.
他和我都不会说外语。
Neither
you
nor
he
was
selected
for
the
job.
你和他都没有被选上做这个工作。
He
can
neither
read
nor
write.
他既不会读也不会写。(nor前后的词性必须一致)
?
neither……nor……本身就是全否定,故不能再加not。
eg:Neither
you
nor
I
am
right.
(√)你和我都不对。
Neither
you
nor
I
am
not
right.
(×)
9、not
only……but
also……的用法
not
only……but
also……该表达的意思是“不但……而且……”,用于连接两个对等的成分。
eg:She
likes
not
only
music
but
also
sport.
她不但喜欢音乐而且喜欢运动。
The
place
was
not
only
cold,
but
also
damp.
那个地方不但很冷而且很潮湿。
We
go
there
not
only
in
winter,
but
also
in
summer.
我们不仅冬天去那儿,而且夏天也去。
?
主要用于连接两个对等的成分;若连接两个成分作主语,其后谓语动词与靠近的主语保持一致。(就近远侧)
eg:Not
only
the
students
but
also
their
teacher
is
enjoying
the
film.
不仅学生们在欣赏这部影片,他们的老师也在欣赏这部影片。
Not
only
their
teacher
but
also
the
students
are
enjoying
the
film.
不仅老师在欣赏这部影片,他的学生们也在欣赏这部影片。
?
not
only……but
also……
中的also通常可以省略,或换成too,
as
well(要置于句末)。
eg:He
not
only
washed
the
car,
but
polished
it
too(as
well).他不仅冲洗汽车,而且还擦拭了它。
◆
有时甚至连but
also一并省略掉。
eg:Justice
must
not
only
be
done;
(but
also)
it
must
be
seen
to
be
done.
正义不但必须伸张,而且要让人看到正义得到了伸张。
She
not
only
entered
the
competition—she
actually
won
it!
她不但参加了竞赛—而且居然获胜了!
?
not
only……but
also……句型可以和
as
well
as
互换。
not
only
A
but
also
B
=
B
as
well
as
A,但前者强调的重点B在but
also之后;后者强调的重点B在as
well
as之前。英译汉时,要先译as
well
as后面的词。
eg:The
child
is
not
only
healthy
but
also
lively.
这孩子不仅健康而且活泼。
=The
child
is
lively
as
well
as
healthy.
这孩子既健康又活泼。
It
concerns
not
only
me
but
also
you.
这不仅关系到我,也关系到你。
=It
concerns
you
as
well
as
me.
这件事不但与我有关,而且也与你有关。
三、从属连词
从属连词将句子变为“从句”,所谓从句可以看成一个“大单词”,既然是“大单词”就要有词性,根据语言表达的需要,从句共有三种词性,即名词、形容词、副词。因而就有了名词性从句、形容词性从句、副词性从句。
每种词性可在句中充当不同的成分,其中名词可充当句子的5种成分——主语、宾语、主补(表语)、宾补、同位语;形容词可充当3种成分——定语、主补(表语)、宾补;副词可充当1种成分——状语。以上所列成分,宾补是没有从句形式的,主补改名表语归入名词性从句。因而从成分角度命名,名词性从句包含四种,即主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句、同位语从句;形容词性从句只有一种,即定语从句;副词性从句只有一种,即状语从句。
1、引导宾语从句的从属连词
引导宾语从句的连接词有很多,连接后面的从句要用陈述语序。
从属连词:that,
whether,
if
连接代词:what,
who,
whose,
whatever,
whichever,
whoever等。
连接副词:when,
where,
why,
how等。
eg:We
promise
whoever
attends
the
party
a
chance
to
have
a
photo
taken
with
the
movie
star.
我们许诺,任何参加这个聚会的人都有跟那个电影明星合影的机会。
I
truly
believe
that
beauty
comes
from
within.
我确信美来自内在。
We
must
find
out
when
Karl
is
coming,
so
we
can
book
a
room
for
him.
我们必须弄清楚卡尔什么时候来,以便我们可以为他预订房间。
2、引导定语从句的从属连词
引导定语从句的关系词有关系代词和关系副词。关系代词和关系副词放在先行词及定语从句之间起连接作用,同时又作定语从句的重要成分。
关系代词:that,which,who(宾格whom,所有格whose),as等。
关系副词:where,when,why等。
eg:The
girl
who
often
helps
me
with
my
English
is
from
England.
经常在英语方面帮助我的那个女孩是英国人。
Such
people
as
were
mentioned
by
him
were
honest.
被他提到的这样的人是诚实的。
Mary
likes
music
that
is
quiet
and
gentle.
玛丽喜欢轻柔的音乐。
The
coat(that)I
put
on
the
desk
is
blue.
我放在桌子上的那件外套是蓝色的。
The
building
which
stands
near
the
train
station
is
a
supermarket.
位于火车站附近的那座大楼是一家超市。
3、引导状语从句的从属连词
?
引导时间状语从句的从属连词
①
表示“当……时候”或“每当”的时间连词。主要有:when,while,as,whenever
eg:He
jumped
up
when
the
phone
rang.
电话铃响时他吓了一跳。
We
listened
while
the
teacher
read.
老师朗读时我们听着。
The
phone
rang
just
as
I
was
leaving.
我正要离开,电话铃就响了起来。
补充:在when引导的时间状语从句中,其谓语动词可以是延续性的,也可以是非延续性的,可与主句中的谓语动词同时发生,也可在其后发生。在while引导的时间状语从句中,其谓语动词只能是延续性的,而且也只能与主句中的谓语动词同时发生或存在。
②
表示“在……之前(或之后)”的时间连词。主要有:before,after
eg:Turn
the
lights
off
before
you
leave.
离开前请关灯。
He
started
the
job
soon
after
he
left
the
university.
他大学毕业后就开始做这份工作。
③
表示“自从”或“直到”的时间连词。主要有:since,until,till
eg:He
has
lived
here
since
he
got
married.
他结婚后就一直住在这儿。
Most
men
worked
until/till
they’re
65.
大多数男人工作到65岁。
④
表示“一……就”的时间连词。主要的有as
soon
as,the
moment,the
minute,the
second,the
instant,immediately,directly,instantly,once,no
sooner……than,hardly……when等。
eg:Tell
him
the
news
as
soon
as
you
see
him.
你一见到他就把这消息告诉他。
I
recognized
her
the
moment
(that)
I
saw
her.
我一看到她就认出她来了。
I
want
to
see
him
the
minute
(that)
he
arrives.
他一到来我就要见他。
I
went
home
directly
I
had
finished
work.
我一干完活就回家了。
Once
he
arrives,
we
can
start.
他一来我们就可以开始。
⑤
表示“上次”、“下次”、“每次”等的时间连词。主要的有every
time(每次),each
time(每次),(the)
next
time(下次),any
time(随时),(the)
last
time(上次),the
first
time(第一次)
eg:Last
time
I
saw
him,
he
looked
ill.
上次我见到他的时候,他好像有病。
Next
time
you’re
in
London
come
and
visit
us.
你下次来伦敦过来探望我们。
Do
look
me
up
next
time
you’re
in
London.
你下次到伦敦来,一定来找我。
Every
time
I
call
on
him,
he
is
out.
我每次去访问他,他都不在。
You
can
call
me
any
time
you
want
to.
你随时都可以给我打电话。
注意:every
time,
each
time,
any
time前不用冠词,(the)
next
time,
(the)
last
time中的冠词可以省略,而the
first
time中的冠词通常不能省略。
?
引导原因状语从句的从属连词
引导原因状语从句的从属连词有:because因为;as因为,由于;since既然,由于等。
eg:I
study
English
because
it
is
useful
for
my
work.我学英语因为它对我的工作有好处。
Because
it
was
the
rain
we
took
a
taxi.
由于下雨他叫了一辆出租车.
As
you're
sorry,
I'll
forgive
you.
既然你悔悟了,我就原谅你。
As
you
can’t
drive
you
must
go
by
bus.由于你不能开车,你得坐公共汽车去。
Since
we've
no
money
we
can't
buy
a
new
car.
因为我们没钱,(所以)没法买新车。
You
may
take
this
book
since
I
have
read
it.这本书你可以拿去看,因为我已经看过了。
?
引导条件状语从句的从属连词
①
if意为“如果”,引导条件状语从句
在if引导的条件句中,如果从句表示将来要发生的事情,从句用一般现在时态,主句用一般将来时态,即“主将从现”原则。
eg:If
it
rains
tomorrow,
I
will
stay
at
home.
如果明天下雨,我就呆在家里。
If
you
want
to
lose
weight,
you
must
eat
less
meat.
你如果想减肥,必须少吃肉。
注意:If在宾语从句中翻译为“是否”;If在条件状语从句中翻译为“如果”。
eg:I
want
to
know
if
he
is
a
teacher.
我想知道他是不是老师。(“是否”)
I’ll
go
to
see
you
if
I
am
free
next
week.
如果我下周有空,我就去看你。(“如果”)
②
unless
(=
if……not
)意为“如果不,除非……,否则……”,引导条件状语从句
unless引导的条件句中,如果从句表示将来要发生的事情,从句用一般现在时态,主句用一般将来时态,也遵循“主将从现”原则。
eg:He
will
not
come
unless
he
is
invited.
除非被邀请,否则他是不会来的。
You’ll
fail
the
exam
unless
you
study
hard.=You’ll
fail
the
exam
if
you
don't
study
hard.
除非你努力学习,否则你考试会不及格。
③
so/as
long
as意为“只要”,引导条件状语从句
so
long
as和as
long
as都表示“只要”,两者没有太大的区别。依然遵循“主将从现”原则。
eg:As
long
as
you
don't
lose
heart,
you
will
succeed.你只要不灰心就会成功。
You
can
read
my
new
book
as
long
as
you
don't
keep
it
too
long.
你可以看我的新书,只要你别读太久了。
?
引导结果状语从句的从属连词
①
so……that……意为“如此……以至于……”,引导结果状语从句。
其结构形式:so
+
形容词/副词+
that从句
so
+形容词+a/an+可数名词单数形式+that从句
so
+many
/much
/few
/little+名词+that从句
eg:He
is
so
tired
(that)
he
can't
carry
the
heavy
bag.
他如此地疲劳以至于他拿不动这个沉重的包裹。
Mike
is
so
honest
a
worker
that
we
all
believe
in
him.
迈克是一个如此诚实我们都相信他。
I
earned
so
little
money
that
I
couldn't
support
my
family.
我挣这么少的钱,以至于我养不起家庭。
②
such……that……意为“如此……以至于……”,引导结果状语从句
其结构形式:such
+a/an+形容词+可数名词单数形式+that从句
such
+形容词+可数名词复形式/不可数名词+that从句
such
+a
lot
of
/lots
of
+名词+从句
eg:Mike
is
such
an
honest
worker
that
we
all
believe
in
him.
迈克是一个如此诚实我们都相信他。
It
is
such
fine
weather
that
we
all
want
to
go
to
th
park.
天气如此晴好,以至于我们都想去公园。
She
is
such
a
good
student
that
we
all
like
her.
她是如此好的学生以至于我们都喜欢她。
注意:
◆
当名词前面有many,much,few,little等表示数量多少的限定词时,应该用so,而不能用such。
eg:There
was
so
many
people
in
the
hall
that
it
was
too
noisy.
大厅里人太多,太吵了。
◆
当单数名词前有形容词时,既可用so,也可用such,但不定冠词的位置有所不同。
eg:Paris
is
such
a
wonderful
place
that
a
lot
of
people
come
to
visit
it
every
year.
=Paris
is
so
wonderful
a
place
that
a
lot
of
people
come
to
visit
it
every
year.
巴黎是一个如此美妙的地方,每年都有很多人来参观。
?
引导让步状语从句的从属连词
引导让步状语从句的从属连词。比较常见的有although/though,even
though/even
if,whether……or……等。
eg:She
kept
on
working
although
she
was
tired.
她虽疲劳但仍继续工作。
Though
he
is
poor,
he's
still
happy.
虽然他很穷,他仍然很快乐。
I
like
her
even
though
she
can
be
annoying.
尽管她有时很恼人,但我还是喜欢她。
Even
if
I
have
to
walk
all
the
way
Ill
get
there.
即使我得一路走着去,我也要走到那里。
Whether
we
help
him
or
not,
he
will
fail.
不论我们帮助他与否,他都将失败。
◆
另外,以-ever结尾的连词如however,whatever,whoever,whenever,wherever等也可引导让步状语从句,其用法相当于no
matter……。
eg:Keep
calm,
whatever
happens.
不论出什么事都要保持镇静。
Whoever
telephones,
tell
them
I’m
out.
不管是谁打电话,都说我出去了。
Whichever
day
you
come,
I’ll
be
pleased
to
see
you.
无论你哪天来,我都欢迎。
However
much
he
eats,
he
never
gets
fat.
无论他吃多少,他都不发胖。
Whenever
you
come,
you
are
welcome.
你什么时候来,我们都欢迎。
Wherever
he
goes,
I’ll
go.不管他去哪里,我也去。
注意:while和when除用于引导时间状语从句外,有时也可引导让步状语从句,其意为“尽管”“虽然”。
eg:While
the
work
was
difficult,
it
was
interesting.
虽然工作有难度,但很有趣。
She
stopped
when
she
ought
to
have
continued.
尽管她应该继续下去,她却停住了。
21世纪教育网
www.21cnjy.com
精品试卷·第
2
页
(共
2
页)
21世纪教育网(www.21cnjy.com)