2020-2021学年上海交通大学附属高中高一下学期期末摸底考试题英语试题 Word版含答案（无听力音频，无文字材料）
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上海大附属中2020-2021学年第二学期
高一英语摸底考
（满分150分,考试时间120分钟,答案一律写在网上阅卷答题纸上）
I. Listening Comprehension（25）
Section A
Directions: In Section A, you will hear ten short conversations between two speakers. At the end of each conversation, a question will be asked about what was said. The conversations and the questions will be spoken only once. After you hear a conversation and the question about it, read the four possible answers on your paper； and decide which one is the best answer to the question you have heard.
1. A. Job applicants. B. University students.
C. News reporters. D. Public speakers.
2. A. $36. B. $60. C. $ 24. D. $30.
3. A. Nervous. B. Excited. C. Surprised. D. Calm.
4. A. They can hardly find time to do exercise.
B. Both of them are fond of doing exercise.
C. Doing exercise is the last thing they'd like to do.
D. The woman disagrees to do exercise with the man.
5. A. Student and teacher. B. Guest and receptionist.
C. Customer and shop assistant. D. Daughter and father.
6. A. The Student Union. B. The Tutoring Service Center
C. Her professor's office. D. Her tutor's home
7. A. The coverage of newspapers B. The nature of humans.
C. The increase of crime rate. D. The impact of mass media.
8. A. Doctor Green is very busy on Mondays
B. Doctor Green forgot to put the man on the schedule.
C. An unexpected patient visited Doctor Green last Monday.
D. Patients can usually see Doctor Green on schedule.
9. A. She is disappointed with his decision.
B. She is crazy about going camping in the tropical jungle
C. She tries to persuade the man not to go with Jerry.
D. She suggests the man reconsider his plan.
10. A. Because he favors goods in physical stores.
B. Because he enjoys the offline shopping experience.
C. Because he doesn't have much money
D. Because he doesn't like the shopping festival.
Section B
Directions: In Section B, you will hear two short passages and one longer conversation, and you will be asked several questions on each of the passages and the conversation. The passages and the conversation will be read twice, but the questions will be spoken only once. When you hear a question, read the four possible answers on your paper and decide which one would be the best answer to the question you have heard.
Questions 11 through 13 are based on the following passage.
11. A. A number of giant rats are hidden in the fields or forests
B. Violent robbers may come out and hurt innocent civilians.
C. People may step onto a landmine（地雷）and get injured.
D. Other roads have a litter problem, which spoils good mood
12. A. It is a rare species of rat B. It has a good sense of smell.
C. It sacrifices its life to detect dangers D. It is terrified of explosive devices.
13. A. 13 minutes B. 30 minutes. C. 40 minutes. D. 4 days.
Questions 14 through 16 are based on the following passage.
14. A. It bans the sales of salty and unhealthy food.
B. Its residents lose altogether 100,000kg by 2020.
C. Everyone weighs himself on giant scales in public.
D. Local doctors make personalized diets for everyone.
15. A. Local people share healthy diet with each other.
B. Thousands of residents kick football to keep slim.
C. Local restaurants use olive oil to replace butter.
D. Government officials persevere in physical exercise.
16. A. Students are encouraged to walk or ride to school
B. Students are allowed to ride bicycles in school libraries.
C. Parents are offered devices to monitor children's walking time.
D. Fruits are provided for those who are addicted to online games.
Questions 17 through 20 are based on the following conversation.
17. A. Neither of them can find a suitable game.
B. They are both enthusiastic about games.
C. Good games cost a large amount of money.
D. They often go Dutch when buying gifts.
18. A. It includes fantasy role-playing.
B. It doesn't have an actual ending.
C. It is an expensive online game.
D. It is something like a racing game.
19. A. Players have opportunities to make new friends.
B. Players can have face-to-face communication
C. Players may be rewarded with delicious food.
D. Players can start the game at anytime they want.
20. A. Add variety to the recommended game.
B. Look around to find a cheaper online game.
C. Persuade the woman to change her mind.
D. Try to find an extraordinary online game.
II. Grammar and Vocabulary（40）
Section A
Directions: Beneath each of the following sentences there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one answer that best completes the sentence.
21. The very $19 billion_________ Facebook Inc. is paying for a smartphone application made jaws drop, even in Silicon Valley.（ ）
A. which B. what C. that D. whose
22. Technology giants are fighting for their future as consumers switch their loyalties from personal computers to mobile devices. By 2025, 5 billion people_________ to be carrying around the tiny computers in their pockets. （ ）
A. are expected B. will be expected
C. have been expected D. will have been expected
23. At first, Facebook investors did experience_________ analyst Arvind Bhatia called "sticker shock" after learning that Facebook planned to pay $19 billion for WhatsApp, a company that had declared it had no plans to make money any time soon. （ ）
A. what B. that C. which D. as
24. Online learning means you are responsible for your progress, so if you have a hard time_________ time wisely, you will have to problem-solve. （ ）
A. to use B. using C. to have used D. to using
25. Ceres remains the largest known asteroids（小行星）in the sky. It means almost 600 miles in diameter. By the end of the nineteenth century, several hundred other asteroids_________.（ ）
A. were identified B. had identified
C. have been identified D. had been identified
26. Tens of thousands of asteroids have since been discovered, with thousands more_________ each year. Asteroids are masses of rock and metal that orbit（绕轨道而行）the sun between Mars and Jupiter. （ ）
A. to be found B. found C. being found D. having been found
27. Scientists have found two sites_________ giant asteroids struck Earth millions of years ago. （ ）
A. what B. whose C. which D. where
28. Occasionally, small asteroids strike Earth. These cause little damage. Major collision, such as the one that_________ the dinosaurs, occur rarely--perhaps only once every 100 million years. （ ）
A. may have killed B. should have killed C. must have killed D. could have killed
29. _________ the chance of an asteroid striking the planet anytime soon is small, scientists continue to study the orbits of asteroids in the sky. （ ）
A. Because B. For C. Although D. Unless
30. They pay particularly close attention to the asteroids_________ paths are close to Earth, and have even landed a spacecraft on an NEA named Eros. （ ）
A. when B. whose C. which D. where
31. There's the medical bill for shots to keep the animal healthy. _________it's kept in the house 24 hours a day, a female must be given "preventive maintenance" a ten-to-twenty-dollar investment. （ ）
A. Because B. When C. Once D. Unless
32. There is currently no magic bullet to protect the brain, but one area that has been best researched and_________
we can say with reasonable confidence, "this will help." is mental activity. （ ）
A. with which B. in which C. about which D. without which
33. In fact, studies have found that people with higher cognitive reserve_________ do get dementia exhibit less severe symptoms even when they have more brain damage than those with lower cognitive reserve. （ ）
A. who B. which C. what D. they
34. Financed by taxes collected by the federal government, the WPA created millions of jobs by undertaking the construction of roads, bridges, airports and other public buildings. It kept workers in the job, thus_________ their skills and their self-respect. （ ）
A. to preserve B. preserving C. preserved D. to be preserving
35. Since arriving in space, the WISE telescope_________ the Earth, held by gravity in a polar orbit（this means it crosses close to the north and south poles with each lap（一圈）. （ ）
A. has circled B. had been circling C. had circled D. has been circling
36. These objects are "failed" stars—which means they are not massive enough to jump start the same kind of reactions_________ power stars such as the sun. Instead, brown dwarfs simply shrink and cool down. （ ）
A. whose B. which C. that D. as
37. Being a normal, healthy nineteen-year-old, Rhona was in the habit of falling asleep_________ her head touched her pillow and not wakening up again until her mother called her at seven-thirty. （ ）
A. each time that B. until C. before D. the moment
38. When she awoke that morning in the grey light of early dawn, she had no idea_________ had disturbed her. Then she imagined, or thought she imagined, a faint smell of smoke around her nostrils（鼻孔）. （ ）
A. What B. which C. that D. it
39. _________ was strange, though, was the very fact_________ she was wide awake and, according to her bedside clock, it was only a quarter to four. （ ）
A. It… that B. It…what C. What…that D. What…which
40. The clergyman often preaches his religion to the people_________ measure of your life will not be in what you accumulate, but what you_________.（ ）
A. where…pick up B. that…give away C. where…set aside D. that…live up to
Section B
Directions: Fill in each blank with a proper word chosen from the box. Each word can be used only once. Note that there is one word more than you need.
（A）
A. well-being B. individual C. considerately D. topping E. consumption
F. features G. deliver H. expanded I. assessed J. significantly
K. promoted
We all ream of living a long, happy life, but where are the happiest places in the world?
A new map of 151 countries has revealed exactly which parts of the globe 41 long and happy lives for their citizens. The results may surprise you, with Costa Rica, Colombia and Vietnam 42 the league. The UK 43 at position 44 higher than Germany（47）Spain（62）, Canada（65）, Australia（76）and the US（105）.
The map was made by the relocation website Movehub, using data from the latest Happy Planet Index（HPI）-a global measure of sustainable 44 .
The HPI measures life expectancy, the level of well-being experienced and ecological footprint. Each of the three aspects is given a traffic-light score based on thresholds for good（green）, middling （amber）and bad（red）performance. These scores are combined to an 45 six-color traffic light for the overall HPI score, where, to achieve bright green - the best of the six colors, a country would have to perform well on all three 46 components.
Experienced well-being: This was 47 using a question called the 'Ladder of Life’. This asks respondents to imagine a ladder, where 0 represents the worst possible life and 10 the best possible life, and report the step of the ladder they feel they currently stand on.
Life expectancy: Alongside experienced well-being, the Happy Planet Index includes a universally important measure of health -life expectancy. We used life expectancy data from the 2011 UNDP Human Development Report.
Ecological Footprint: The HPI uses the Ecological Footprint 48 by the environmental charity WWF as a measure of resource consumption. It is a per capita（人均）measure of the amount of land required to sustain a country's 49 pattern.
Two of the three main factors are directly about happiness. The third（Ecological footprint）is regarded as sustainable happiness. i.e. whether a country could sustain its citizens without any outside help. The idea is that if there was an incident which cut a country completely off from the outside world, or a country had to be completely self-sufficient, most of the developed world would be unable to do that.
The reason for some high-income nations to score 50 below other nations is the ecological footprint left on the planet. Mexicans and Canadians both appear to be happier than their US neighbor-most likely due to the country's ecological footprint.
（B）
A. profits B. flexibility C. capitalism D. guarantee E. retirement
F. lifetime G. inefficient H. category I. seniority J. contractual
K. teamwork
In Japan many workers for large corporations have a guarantee of lifetime employment. They will not be laid off during recessions or when the tasks they perform are taken over by robots. To some observers, this is 51 at its best, because workers are treated as people not things. Others see it as necessarily 52 and believe it cannot continue if Japan is to remain competitive with foreign corporations more concerned about 53 and less concerned about people.
Defenders of the system argue that those who call it inefficient do not understand how it really works. In the first place not every Japanese worker has the 54 of a lifetime job. The lifetime employment system includes only "regular employees". Many employees do not fall into this 55 , including all women. All businesses have many part-time and temporary employees. These workers are hired and laid off during the course of the business cycle just as employees in the United States are. These "irregular workers" make up about 10 percent of the nonagricultural work force. Additionally, Japanese firms maintain some 56 through the extensive use of subcontractors（分包单位）. This practice is much more common in Japan than in the United States.
The use of both subcontractors and temporary workers has increased markedly in Japan since the 1974-1975 recession. All this leads some to argue that the Japanese system is not all that different from the American system. During recessions Japanese corporations lay off temporary workers and give less business to subcontractors. In the United States, corporations lay off those workers with the least 57 . The difference then is probably less than the term " 58 employment" suggests, but there still is a difference. And this difference cannot be understood without looking at the values of Japanese society. The relationship between employer and employee cannot be explained in purely 59 terms. Firms hold on to the employees and employees stay with one firm. There are also practical reasons for not jumping from job to job. Most 60 benefits come from the employer. Changing jobs means losing these benefits. Also, teamwork is an essential part of Japanese production. Moving to a new firm means adapting to a different team and at least temporarily, lower productivity and lower pay.
Ⅲ. Reading comprehension（57）
Section A
Directions: For each blank in the following passage there are four words or phrases marked A, B, C and D. Fill in each blank with the word or phrase that best fits the context.
"Deep reading"—as opposed to the often superficial reading we do on the Web—is an endangered practice, one we ought to take steps to preserve as we would a historic building or a significant work of art. Its 61 would jeopardize（危及）the intellectual and emotional development of generations growing up online, as well as the perpetuation of a critical part of our 62 : the novels, poems and other kinds of literature that can be 63 only by readers whose brains, quite literally, have been trained to apprehend them.
Recent research in cognitive science, psychology and neuroscience has demonstrated that deep reading—slow, immersive, rich in sensory detail and emotional and moral complexity—is a distinctive experience, different in kind from the mere decoding of words. Although deep reading does not, strictly speaking, 64 a conventional book, the built-in limits of the printed page are uniquely conducive to the deep reading experience. A book's lack of hyperlinks, for example, 65 the reader from making decisions—Should I click on this link or not?—allowing her to remain fully immersed（使沉浸于）in the narrative.
That immersion is supported by the way the brain handles language rich in detail, allusion and metaphor: by creating a mental representation that draws on the same brain regions that would be 66 if the scene were unfolding in real life. The emotional situations and moral dilemmas that are the stuff of literature are also 67 exercise for the brain, propelling us inside the heads of 68 characters and even, studies suggest, increasing our real-life capacity for empathy（认同）.
None of this is likely to happen when we're 69 through website. Although we call the activity by the same name, the deep reading of books and the 70 -driven reading we do on the Web are very different, both in the 71 they produce and in the capacities they develop. A growing body of evidence suggests that online reading may be less 72 and less satisfying, even for the "digital 73 " for whom it is so familiar. Last month, for example, Britain's National Literacy Trust 74 the results of a study of 34,910 young people aged 8 to 16. Researchers reported that 39% of children and teens read daily using electronic devices, but only 28% read 75 materials every day. Those who read only on screen were three times less likely to say they enjoy reading very much and a third less likely to have a favorite book. The study also found that young people who read daily only on screen were nearly two times less likely to be above-average readers than those who read daily in print or both in print and on screen.
（ ）61. A. spread B. disappearance C. influence D. destruction
（ ）62. A. history B. tradition C. value D. culture
（ ）63. A. appreciated B. published C. produced D. renewed
（ ）64. A. provide B. require C. revise D. request
（ ）65. A. separates B. isolates C. protects D. frees
（ ）66. A. active B. passive C. collective D. positive
（ ）67. A. sustainable B. vigorous C. alert D. attentive
（ ）68. A. imaginative B. main C. fictional D. tragic
（ ）69. A. searching B. browsing C. staring D. watching
（ ）70. A. power B. information C. desire D. background
（ ）71. A. effect B. evidence C. experience D. argument
（ ）72. A. surprising B. imposing C. astonishing D. engaging
（ ）73. A. devices B. natives C. systems D. settlers
（ ）74. A. received B. rejected C. released D. confirmed
（ ）75. A. printed B. classified C. related D. collected
Section B
Directions: Read the following three passages. Each passage is followed by several questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D Choose the one that fits best according to the information given in the passage you have just read.
（A）
Last October I was on a diving holiday in the Philippines with seven other advanced divers. I dived off the boat slowly sinking to about 20m.
After nearly 45 minutes, the sound of my breathing was drowned out by a low rumble like an engine and I felt deep powerful vibrations（震动）as if a big boat with a propeller was passing overhead. The dive instructor's eyes were wide with confusion too. We both swam next to each other staying close to the side of the reef（礁石）. The situation felt sinister.
Then we were enveloped by clouds of white sand that mushroomed up around us. Could it be a giant turtle（海龟）racing past us? They are normally slow movers so this was very weird behavior. The vibration became so intense that I could feel it in my bones and then the sound turned into a deafening roar. Suddenly, a few meters below us, breaks began forming and the sand was sucked down. That's when I got what it was. The noise was the sound of the earth splintering open and grinding against itself.
The instructor and I held hands and looked into each other's eyes. I felt comforted by his presence. I was numb（麻木的）for terror but clear-headed. My body went on high alert, ready to react. But I have no power over whatever this is. The only option is to stay very still and let it do whatever it's going to do.
It took enormous willpower to resist the urge to swim to the surface, which is not sensible as situation on the surface at that time was ambiguous with potential threats pending. Soon we saw other divers.
The sound and vibration lasted only two or three minutes and when they stopped I heard the swoosh of sand falling over the seabed. We all held hands before resurfacing to avoid decompression sickness, which can be fatal. When up, it was a huge relief to see all the divers and we all shared incredulous looks before pulling out our breathing tools and shouting, "What was that?"
Back on the boat, we rushed to check the news and discovered we had witnessed a huge earthquake, measuring 7.2 on the Richter scale. It released more energy than 30 Hiroshima bombs. though it seemed that we were not at the epicenter（震中）. I was high and felt lucky surprisingly not because of my recent survival miracle, but to have experienced nature at its most stunning and its most frightening.
76. How did the author realize that they met with an earthquake? （ ）
A. By feeling the violent shake under the sea
B. By witnessing a normally-slow turtle quickly moving by
C. By seeing the seafloor crack
D. By checking the news and be informed of the event
77. Why didn't the author rise to the surface before the vibration stopped? （ ）
A. Because the instructor gestured him not to rise.
B. Because he was numb in body.
C. Because he could sense the unclear water situation.
D. Because he tried to avoid unexpected danger above
78. Which of the following statements is TRUE according to the passage? （ ）
A. At the beginning of the event, a big boat passed by causing big vibration.
B. All the divers used the reef as the protection against the violent vibration
C. I felt relieved as the instructor was experienced in handling situations like this
D. Powerless to fight nature, I was tame when under the water.
79. Why did the author feel fortunate on the boat? （ ）
A. Because he was not at the epicenter of the earthquake.
B. Because he finally survived a huge earthquake.
C. Because he could witness a rare natural phenomenon.
D. Because he didn't suffer from decompression sickness.
（B）
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Letter 1
January 28, 2018|3:31pm
I work for an e-commerce Website. If one of our merchandisers has a question or wants to make a correction, they e-mail the entire department. In my opinion, this is rude and unnecessary. It seems to me that mass e-mail is appropriate for good or neutral news, rather than making a correction. Do you agree? Moreover; if you were the recipient of the correction, how would you respond?
The only people who should be included in an e-mail are those who need to know or respond. Including everyone is rude and unprofessional as well as annoying to recipients. It's not like we don't have enough in our inbox already. I don't agree that e-mail is only for good or neutral news, however. Sometimes you need to alert people or create a record of bad news. But no one should use e-mail to blame other people. If you've got a problem with someone, pick up the phone or take it outside（for a coffee, not a fist fight…geez）. As for how to respond, e-mail is usually ineffective for resolving conflict. Have a conversation with the sender and explain why his or her approach isn't the best and what you recommend.
Letter 2
January 14, 2018|9:24 pm
It's the start of a new year and I believe it's time for a change. What's the best way to explain to a prospective employer that you are in need of something new without seeming flighty and without complaining about your current employer?
The new year is as good a time as any to take stock, but not the only reason for making a change. At least, that's not what you communicate to a prospective employer. Your reason for looking for a new job is less important to your new employer than why you want to work there. Needing a change might be the catalyst（催化剂）, but the job search is like dating, and you wouldn't ask someone out and explain you're just bored in your current relationship, right? At least I hope not, otherwise you're likely to be as lonely as Barry Manilow sounds when he sings "It's Just Another New Year's Eve".
80. What is discussed in the first letter? （ ）
A. How to ask questions in a polite way
B. How to respond to a false charge.
C. How to make a correction at work.
D. How to handle rude mass emails at work
81. According to Greg, expressing your dissatisfaction with your present job in an interview would be the same as______________.（ ）
A. talking about your family issues in public
B. complaining about your prior partner on a first date
C. demonstrating your qualifications to your new boss
D. bragging about your experience to your partner
82. It can be inferred that "go to greg" mainly offers advice on people's______________.（ ）
A. career choices B. social relationships
C. working problems D. health problems
（C）
International governments' inaction concerning sustainable development is clearly worrying but the proctive（主动出击的）approaches of some leading-edge companies are encouraging. Toyota, Wal-Mart, DuPont, M&S and General Electric have made tackling environmental wastes a key economic driver
DuPont committed itself to a 65% reduction in greenhouse gas emissions in the 10 years prior to 2010. By 2007, DuPont was saving $2.2 billion a year through energy efficiency, the same as its total declared profits that year. General Electric aims to reduce the energy intensity of its operations by 50% by 2015. They have invested heavily in projects designed to change the way of using and conserving energy.
Companies like Toyota and Wal-Mart are not committing to environmental goals out of the goodness of their hearts. The reason for their actions is a simple yet powerful realization that the environmental and economic footprints fit well together. When M&S launched its "Plan A" sustainability programme in 2007, it was believed that it would cost over ?200 million in the first five years. However, the initiative had generated ?105 million by 2011/12.
When we prevent physical waste, increase energy efficiency or improve resource productivity, we save money, improve profitability and enhance competitiveness. In fact, there are often huge "quick win" opportunities, thanks to years of neglect.
However, there is a considerable gap between leading-edge companies and the rest of the pack. There are far too many companies still delaying creating a lean and green business system, arguing that it will cost money or require sizable capital investments. They remain stuck in the "environment is cost" mentality. Being environmentally friendly does not have to cost money. In fact, going beyond compliance saves cost at the same time that it generates cash, provided that management adopts the new lean and green model.
Lean means doing more with less. Nonetheless, in most companies, economic and environmental continuous improvement is viewed as being in conflict with each other. This is one of the biggest opportunities missed across most industries. The size of the opportunity is enormous. The 3% Report recently published by World Wildlife Fund and CDP shows that the economic prize for curbing carbon emissions in the US economy is $780 billion between now and 2020. It suggests that one of the biggest levers for delivering this opportunity is "increased efficiency through management and behavioural change"-in other words, lean and green management.
Some 50 studies show that companies that commit to such aspirational goals as zero waste, zero harmful emissions, and zero use of non-renewable resources are financially outperforming their competitors. Conversely, it was found that climate disruption is already costing $1.2 trillion annually, cutting global GDP by 1.6%. Unaddressed, this will double by 2030.
83. What does the author say about some leading-edge companies? （ ）
A. They operate in accordance with government policies.
B. They take initiatives in handling environmental wastes.
C. They are key drivers in their nations' economic growth
D. They are major contributors to environmental problems.
84. What motivates Toyota and Wal-Mart to make commitments to environmental protection? （ ）
A. The goodness of their hearts.
B. A strong sense of responsibility.
C. The desire to generate profits
D. Pressure from environmentalists.
85. Why are so many companies reluctant to create an environment-friendly business system? （ ）
A. They are bent on making quick money
B. They do not have the capital for the investment.
C. They believe building such a system is too costly.
D. They lack the incentive to change business practices.
86. What is said about the lean and green model of business? （ ）
A. It helps businesses to save and gain at the same time
B. It is affordable only for a few leading-edge companies.
C. It is likely to start a new round of intense competition
D. It will take a long time for all companies to embrace it.
87. What is the finding of the studies about companies committed to environmental goals? （ ）
A. They have greatly enhanced their sense of social responsibility.
B. They do much better than their counterparts in terms of revenues
C. They have abandoned all the outdated equipment and technology.
D. They make greater contributions to human progress than their rivals
（D）
If you asked me to describe the rising philosophy of the day, I'd say it is data-ism. We now have the ability to gather huge amounts of data. This ability seems to carry with it certain cultural assumptions—that everything that can be measured should be measured; that data is a transparent and reliable lens that allows us to filter out emotionalism and ideology; that data will help us do remarkable things—like foretell the future.
Over the next years, I'm hoping to get a better grip on some of the questions raised by the data revolution: In what situations should we rely on intuitive pattern recognition and in which situations should we ignore intuition and follow the data? What kinds of events are predictable using statistical analysis and what sorts of events are not?
confess I enter this in a skeptical frame of mind, believing that we tend to get carried away in our desire to reduce everything to the quantifiable. But at the outset let me celebrate two things data does really well.
First, it's really good at exposing when our intuitive view of reality is wrong. For example, nearly every person who runs for political office has an intuitive sense that they can powerfully influence their odds of winning the election if they can just raise and spend more money. But this is largely wrong.
After the 2006 election, Sean Trende constructed a graph comparing the incumbent（在任者的）campaign spending advantages with their eventual margins of victory. There was barely any relationship between more spending and a bigger victory.
Likewise, many teachers have an intuitive sense that different students have different learning styles: some are verbal and some are visual； some are linear, some are "holistic"（整体的）. Teachers imagine they will improve outcomes if they tailor their presentations to each student. But there's no evidence to support this either.
Second, data can illuminate patterns of behavior we haven't yet noticed. For example, I've always assumed people who frequently use words like "I," "me," and "mine" are probably more self-centered than people who don't. But as James Pennebaker of the University of Texas notes in his book, The Secret Life of Pronouns, when people are feeling confident, they are focused on the task at hand, not on themselves. High-status, confident people use fewer "I" words, not more.
Our brains often don't notice subtle verbal patterns, but Pennebaker's computers can. Younger writers use more negative and past-tense words than older writers who use more positive and future tense words.
In sum, the data revolution is giving us wonderful ways to understand the present and the past. Will it transform our ability to predict and make decisions about the future? We'll see.
88. What do data-ists assume they can do? （ ）
A. Transform people's cultural identity
B. Change the way future events unfold
C. Get a firm grip on the most important issues.
D. Eliminate emotional and ideological bias.
89. What do people running for political office think they can do? （ ）
A. Use data analysis to predict the election result
B. Win the election if they can raise enough funds
C. Manipulate public opinion with favorable data.
D. Increase the chances of winning by foul means.
90. Why do many teachers favor the idea of tailoring their presentations to different students? （ ）
A. They think students prefer flexible teaching methods.
B. They will be able to try different approaches
C. They believe students' learning styles vary.
D. They can accommodate students with special needs.
91. What does James Pennebaker reveal in The Secret Life of Pronouns? （ ）
A. The importance of using pronouns properly
B. Repeated use of first-person pronouns by self-centered people.
C. Frequent use of pronouns and future tense by young people.
D. A pattern in confident people's use of pronouns.
92. Why is the author skeptical of the data revolution（ ）
A. Data may not be easily accessible
B. Errors may occur with large data samples
C. Data cannot always do what we imagine it can.
D. Some data may turn out to be outdated.
Section C
Directions: Read the following passage. Fill in each blank with a proper sentence given in the box. Each sentence can be used only once. Note that there are two more sentences than you need.
A. The sensors on a fully self-driving car require special care.
B. Ordu?a wouldn't reveal exactly how they' re washing the vehicles.
C. The most advanced cars on the planet require an old-fashioned handwashing.
D. Meanwhile, some companies, such as Cruise, are building sensor cleaning equipment into their vehicles.
E. There are a range of problems with putting a self-driving vehicle through a traditional car wash, experts say.
F. A self-driving vehicle's exterior needs to be cleaned even more frequently than a typical car because the sensors must remain free of obstructions.
Car washes have been automated for decades, but companies developing fully autonomous vehicles must rely on a human touch to keep their cars and trucks in working condition.
93 For example, soap residue or water spots could effectively "blind" an autonomous car. A traditional car wash's heavy brushes could jar the vehicle's sensors, disrupting their calibration and accuracy. Even worse, sensors, which can cost over $100.000. could be broken. 94 Dirt, dead bugs, bird droppings or water spots can impact the vehicle's ability to drive safely.
Avis, which has years of experience managing large fleets of rental cars, has been tasked with cleaning and refueling the self-driving van fleet of Waymo, the self-driving arm of Google's parent company. Avis modified three of its branches in the Phoenix area to tend to the Chrysler Pacifica vans. “There are special processes that definitely require a lot more care and focus, and you have to clean [the vans] quite often.”
95 But other self-driving car companies such as Toyota, Aptiv, Drive. AI and Uber described to CNN that they use microfiber cloths along with rubbing alcohol, water or glass cleaner for manual cleanings.
96 This should alleviate some need for manual cleaning. But because autonomous vehicles can have dozens of sensors, Seeva CEO Diane Lansinger doesn't imagine products like this will be able to clean every camera, radar or LIDAR, a laser sensor that most experts see as essential for self-driving vehicles.
IV. Phrases（2×9=18）
1.为老百姓提供花小钱买高质商品的机会
2.年轻时尽可能多学技能以备不时之需
3.有助于缓解城市交通拥挤
4.轻而易举获得教育、医疗和其他各种资源
5.上交质量远远不尽如人意的寒假作业
6.提醒自己在感到焦虑的时候放松
7.留下一张解释来龙去脉的纸
8.能否按时完成任务，拭目以待
9.采取比预期更有效的措施
V. Translation（3+3+4=10）
Directions: Translate the following sentences into English, using the words given in the brackets.
1.这个华裔物理学家费了九牛二虎之力才找到了他失散了几十年的兄弟。（trouble）
2.组委会规定, 2022年冬季奥运会吉祥物的设计要做到雅俗共享，老少皆宜。（It, appeal）
3.春节期间，货源充足，居民们可以随时在各大超市买到时令蔬果。（available）
参考答案
1-5 CAABB 6-10 BADDB 11-13 CBB 14-16 BCA 17-20 CABD
21-25 CAABD 26-30 BDACB 31-35 DCABD 36-40 CDACB
41. G 42. D 43. F 44. A 45. H 46. B 47.I 48. K
49. E 50. J 51. C 52. G 53. A 54. D 55. H 56. B
57. I 58. F 59. J 60. E
61-65 BDABD 66-70 ABCBB 71-75CDBCA 76-79 CDDC 80-82 DBC
83-87 BCCAB 88-92 DBCDC 93-96 EFBD
1.为老百姓提供花小钱买高质商品的机会
provide common people with a chance to buy high-quality goods at low prices
2.年轻时尽可能多学技能以备不时之需
learn more skills when you are young in case of unexpected needs
3.有助于缓解城市交通拥挤
help to ease traffic congestion in the city
4.轻而易举获得教育、医疗和其他各种资源
can easily have access to the resources of education, medicine and other kinds
5.上交质量远远不尽如人意的寒假作业
hand in homework whose quality is far from satisfactory
6.提醒自己在感到焦虑的时候放松
remind myself to take it easy when feeling anxious
7.留下一张解释来龙去脉的组
leave a piece of paper to explain what has happened
8.能否按时完成任务，拭目以待
remain to be seen whether all the tasks can be accomplished on time
9.采取比预期更有效的措施
take measures more effective than expected
1. The Chinese American physicist took great trouble to find his brother who had been lost for several decades.
2. It is ruled by the organizing committee that the design of the 2022 Winter Olympic mascot has to appeal to all ages and social groups.
3. During the Spring Festival, supplies are plentiful and seasonal fruits and vegetables are available to residents in major supermarkets at any time.
高一英语摸底考
（满分150分,考试时间120分钟,答案一律写在网上阅卷答题纸上）
I. Listening Comprehension（25）
Section A
Directions: In Section A, you will hear ten short conversations between two speakers. At the end of each conversation, a question will be asked about what was said. The conversations and the questions will be spoken only once. After you hear a conversation and the question about it, read the four possible answers on your paper； and decide which one is the best answer to the question you have heard.
1. A. Job applicants. B. University students.
C. News reporters. D. Public speakers.
2. A. $36. B. $60. C. $ 24. D. $30.
3. A. Nervous. B. Excited. C. Surprised. D. Calm.
4. A. They can hardly find time to do exercise.
B. Both of them are fond of doing exercise.
C. Doing exercise is the last thing they'd like to do.
D. The woman disagrees to do exercise with the man.
5. A. Student and teacher. B. Guest and receptionist.
C. Customer and shop assistant. D. Daughter and father.
6. A. The Student Union. B. The Tutoring Service Center
C. Her professor's office. D. Her tutor's home
7. A. The coverage of newspapers B. The nature of humans.
C. The increase of crime rate. D. The impact of mass media.
8. A. Doctor Green is very busy on Mondays
B. Doctor Green forgot to put the man on the schedule.
C. An unexpected patient visited Doctor Green last Monday.
D. Patients can usually see Doctor Green on schedule.
9. A. She is disappointed with his decision.
B. She is crazy about going camping in the tropical jungle
C. She tries to persuade the man not to go with Jerry.
D. She suggests the man reconsider his plan.
10. A. Because he favors goods in physical stores.
B. Because he enjoys the offline shopping experience.
C. Because he doesn't have much money
D. Because he doesn't like the shopping festival.
Section B
Directions: In Section B, you will hear two short passages and one longer conversation, and you will be asked several questions on each of the passages and the conversation. The passages and the conversation will be read twice, but the questions will be spoken only once. When you hear a question, read the four possible answers on your paper and decide which one would be the best answer to the question you have heard.
Questions 11 through 13 are based on the following passage.
11. A. A number of giant rats are hidden in the fields or forests
B. Violent robbers may come out and hurt innocent civilians.
C. People may step onto a landmine（地雷）and get injured.
D. Other roads have a litter problem, which spoils good mood
12. A. It is a rare species of rat B. It has a good sense of smell.
C. It sacrifices its life to detect dangers D. It is terrified of explosive devices.
13. A. 13 minutes B. 30 minutes. C. 40 minutes. D. 4 days.
Questions 14 through 16 are based on the following passage.
14. A. It bans the sales of salty and unhealthy food.
B. Its residents lose altogether 100,000kg by 2020.
C. Everyone weighs himself on giant scales in public.
D. Local doctors make personalized diets for everyone.
15. A. Local people share healthy diet with each other.
B. Thousands of residents kick football to keep slim.
C. Local restaurants use olive oil to replace butter.
D. Government officials persevere in physical exercise.
16. A. Students are encouraged to walk or ride to school
B. Students are allowed to ride bicycles in school libraries.
C. Parents are offered devices to monitor children's walking time.
D. Fruits are provided for those who are addicted to online games.
Questions 17 through 20 are based on the following conversation.
17. A. Neither of them can find a suitable game.
B. They are both enthusiastic about games.
C. Good games cost a large amount of money.
D. They often go Dutch when buying gifts.
18. A. It includes fantasy role-playing.
B. It doesn't have an actual ending.
C. It is an expensive online game.
D. It is something like a racing game.
19. A. Players have opportunities to make new friends.
B. Players can have face-to-face communication
C. Players may be rewarded with delicious food.
D. Players can start the game at anytime they want.
20. A. Add variety to the recommended game.
B. Look around to find a cheaper online game.
C. Persuade the woman to change her mind.
D. Try to find an extraordinary online game.
II. Grammar and Vocabulary（40）
Section A
Directions: Beneath each of the following sentences there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one answer that best completes the sentence.
21. The very $19 billion_________ Facebook Inc. is paying for a smartphone application made jaws drop, even in Silicon Valley.（ ）
A. which B. what C. that D. whose
22. Technology giants are fighting for their future as consumers switch their loyalties from personal computers to mobile devices. By 2025, 5 billion people_________ to be carrying around the tiny computers in their pockets. （ ）
A. are expected B. will be expected
C. have been expected D. will have been expected
23. At first, Facebook investors did experience_________ analyst Arvind Bhatia called "sticker shock" after learning that Facebook planned to pay $19 billion for WhatsApp, a company that had declared it had no plans to make money any time soon. （ ）
A. what B. that C. which D. as
24. Online learning means you are responsible for your progress, so if you have a hard time_________ time wisely, you will have to problem-solve. （ ）
A. to use B. using C. to have used D. to using
25. Ceres remains the largest known asteroids（小行星）in the sky. It means almost 600 miles in diameter. By the end of the nineteenth century, several hundred other asteroids_________.（ ）
A. were identified B. had identified
C. have been identified D. had been identified
26. Tens of thousands of asteroids have since been discovered, with thousands more_________ each year. Asteroids are masses of rock and metal that orbit（绕轨道而行）the sun between Mars and Jupiter. （ ）
A. to be found B. found C. being found D. having been found
27. Scientists have found two sites_________ giant asteroids struck Earth millions of years ago. （ ）
A. what B. whose C. which D. where
28. Occasionally, small asteroids strike Earth. These cause little damage. Major collision, such as the one that_________ the dinosaurs, occur rarely--perhaps only once every 100 million years. （ ）
A. may have killed B. should have killed C. must have killed D. could have killed
29. _________ the chance of an asteroid striking the planet anytime soon is small, scientists continue to study the orbits of asteroids in the sky. （ ）
A. Because B. For C. Although D. Unless
30. They pay particularly close attention to the asteroids_________ paths are close to Earth, and have even landed a spacecraft on an NEA named Eros. （ ）
A. when B. whose C. which D. where
31. There's the medical bill for shots to keep the animal healthy. _________it's kept in the house 24 hours a day, a female must be given "preventive maintenance" a ten-to-twenty-dollar investment. （ ）
A. Because B. When C. Once D. Unless
32. There is currently no magic bullet to protect the brain, but one area that has been best researched and_________
we can say with reasonable confidence, "this will help." is mental activity. （ ）
A. with which B. in which C. about which D. without which
33. In fact, studies have found that people with higher cognitive reserve_________ do get dementia exhibit less severe symptoms even when they have more brain damage than those with lower cognitive reserve. （ ）
A. who B. which C. what D. they
34. Financed by taxes collected by the federal government, the WPA created millions of jobs by undertaking the construction of roads, bridges, airports and other public buildings. It kept workers in the job, thus_________ their skills and their self-respect. （ ）
A. to preserve B. preserving C. preserved D. to be preserving
35. Since arriving in space, the WISE telescope_________ the Earth, held by gravity in a polar orbit（this means it crosses close to the north and south poles with each lap（一圈）. （ ）
A. has circled B. had been circling C. had circled D. has been circling
36. These objects are "failed" stars—which means they are not massive enough to jump start the same kind of reactions_________ power stars such as the sun. Instead, brown dwarfs simply shrink and cool down. （ ）
A. whose B. which C. that D. as
37. Being a normal, healthy nineteen-year-old, Rhona was in the habit of falling asleep_________ her head touched her pillow and not wakening up again until her mother called her at seven-thirty. （ ）
A. each time that B. until C. before D. the moment
38. When she awoke that morning in the grey light of early dawn, she had no idea_________ had disturbed her. Then she imagined, or thought she imagined, a faint smell of smoke around her nostrils（鼻孔）. （ ）
A. What B. which C. that D. it
39. _________ was strange, though, was the very fact_________ she was wide awake and, according to her bedside clock, it was only a quarter to four. （ ）
A. It… that B. It…what C. What…that D. What…which
40. The clergyman often preaches his religion to the people_________ measure of your life will not be in what you accumulate, but what you_________.（ ）
A. where…pick up B. that…give away C. where…set aside D. that…live up to
Section B
Directions: Fill in each blank with a proper word chosen from the box. Each word can be used only once. Note that there is one word more than you need.
（A）
A. well-being B. individual C. considerately D. topping E. consumption
F. features G. deliver H. expanded I. assessed J. significantly
K. promoted
We all ream of living a long, happy life, but where are the happiest places in the world?
A new map of 151 countries has revealed exactly which parts of the globe 41 long and happy lives for their citizens. The results may surprise you, with Costa Rica, Colombia and Vietnam 42 the league. The UK 43 at position 44 higher than Germany（47）Spain（62）, Canada（65）, Australia（76）and the US（105）.
The map was made by the relocation website Movehub, using data from the latest Happy Planet Index（HPI）-a global measure of sustainable 44 .
The HPI measures life expectancy, the level of well-being experienced and ecological footprint. Each of the three aspects is given a traffic-light score based on thresholds for good（green）, middling （amber）and bad（red）performance. These scores are combined to an 45 six-color traffic light for the overall HPI score, where, to achieve bright green - the best of the six colors, a country would have to perform well on all three 46 components.
Experienced well-being: This was 47 using a question called the 'Ladder of Life’. This asks respondents to imagine a ladder, where 0 represents the worst possible life and 10 the best possible life, and report the step of the ladder they feel they currently stand on.
Life expectancy: Alongside experienced well-being, the Happy Planet Index includes a universally important measure of health -life expectancy. We used life expectancy data from the 2011 UNDP Human Development Report.
Ecological Footprint: The HPI uses the Ecological Footprint 48 by the environmental charity WWF as a measure of resource consumption. It is a per capita（人均）measure of the amount of land required to sustain a country's 49 pattern.
Two of the three main factors are directly about happiness. The third（Ecological footprint）is regarded as sustainable happiness. i.e. whether a country could sustain its citizens without any outside help. The idea is that if there was an incident which cut a country completely off from the outside world, or a country had to be completely self-sufficient, most of the developed world would be unable to do that.
The reason for some high-income nations to score 50 below other nations is the ecological footprint left on the planet. Mexicans and Canadians both appear to be happier than their US neighbor-most likely due to the country's ecological footprint.
（B）
A. profits B. flexibility C. capitalism D. guarantee E. retirement
F. lifetime G. inefficient H. category I. seniority J. contractual
K. teamwork
In Japan many workers for large corporations have a guarantee of lifetime employment. They will not be laid off during recessions or when the tasks they perform are taken over by robots. To some observers, this is 51 at its best, because workers are treated as people not things. Others see it as necessarily 52 and believe it cannot continue if Japan is to remain competitive with foreign corporations more concerned about 53 and less concerned about people.
Defenders of the system argue that those who call it inefficient do not understand how it really works. In the first place not every Japanese worker has the 54 of a lifetime job. The lifetime employment system includes only "regular employees". Many employees do not fall into this 55 , including all women. All businesses have many part-time and temporary employees. These workers are hired and laid off during the course of the business cycle just as employees in the United States are. These "irregular workers" make up about 10 percent of the nonagricultural work force. Additionally, Japanese firms maintain some 56 through the extensive use of subcontractors（分包单位）. This practice is much more common in Japan than in the United States.
The use of both subcontractors and temporary workers has increased markedly in Japan since the 1974-1975 recession. All this leads some to argue that the Japanese system is not all that different from the American system. During recessions Japanese corporations lay off temporary workers and give less business to subcontractors. In the United States, corporations lay off those workers with the least 57 . The difference then is probably less than the term " 58 employment" suggests, but there still is a difference. And this difference cannot be understood without looking at the values of Japanese society. The relationship between employer and employee cannot be explained in purely 59 terms. Firms hold on to the employees and employees stay with one firm. There are also practical reasons for not jumping from job to job. Most 60 benefits come from the employer. Changing jobs means losing these benefits. Also, teamwork is an essential part of Japanese production. Moving to a new firm means adapting to a different team and at least temporarily, lower productivity and lower pay.
Ⅲ. Reading comprehension（57）
Section A
Directions: For each blank in the following passage there are four words or phrases marked A, B, C and D. Fill in each blank with the word or phrase that best fits the context.
"Deep reading"—as opposed to the often superficial reading we do on the Web—is an endangered practice, one we ought to take steps to preserve as we would a historic building or a significant work of art. Its 61 would jeopardize（危及）the intellectual and emotional development of generations growing up online, as well as the perpetuation of a critical part of our 62 : the novels, poems and other kinds of literature that can be 63 only by readers whose brains, quite literally, have been trained to apprehend them.
Recent research in cognitive science, psychology and neuroscience has demonstrated that deep reading—slow, immersive, rich in sensory detail and emotional and moral complexity—is a distinctive experience, different in kind from the mere decoding of words. Although deep reading does not, strictly speaking, 64 a conventional book, the built-in limits of the printed page are uniquely conducive to the deep reading experience. A book's lack of hyperlinks, for example, 65 the reader from making decisions—Should I click on this link or not?—allowing her to remain fully immersed（使沉浸于）in the narrative.
That immersion is supported by the way the brain handles language rich in detail, allusion and metaphor: by creating a mental representation that draws on the same brain regions that would be 66 if the scene were unfolding in real life. The emotional situations and moral dilemmas that are the stuff of literature are also 67 exercise for the brain, propelling us inside the heads of 68 characters and even, studies suggest, increasing our real-life capacity for empathy（认同）.
None of this is likely to happen when we're 69 through website. Although we call the activity by the same name, the deep reading of books and the 70 -driven reading we do on the Web are very different, both in the 71 they produce and in the capacities they develop. A growing body of evidence suggests that online reading may be less 72 and less satisfying, even for the "digital 73 " for whom it is so familiar. Last month, for example, Britain's National Literacy Trust 74 the results of a study of 34,910 young people aged 8 to 16. Researchers reported that 39% of children and teens read daily using electronic devices, but only 28% read 75 materials every day. Those who read only on screen were three times less likely to say they enjoy reading very much and a third less likely to have a favorite book. The study also found that young people who read daily only on screen were nearly two times less likely to be above-average readers than those who read daily in print or both in print and on screen.
（ ）61. A. spread B. disappearance C. influence D. destruction
（ ）62. A. history B. tradition C. value D. culture
（ ）63. A. appreciated B. published C. produced D. renewed
（ ）64. A. provide B. require C. revise D. request
（ ）65. A. separates B. isolates C. protects D. frees
（ ）66. A. active B. passive C. collective D. positive
（ ）67. A. sustainable B. vigorous C. alert D. attentive
（ ）68. A. imaginative B. main C. fictional D. tragic
（ ）69. A. searching B. browsing C. staring D. watching
（ ）70. A. power B. information C. desire D. background
（ ）71. A. effect B. evidence C. experience D. argument
（ ）72. A. surprising B. imposing C. astonishing D. engaging
（ ）73. A. devices B. natives C. systems D. settlers
（ ）74. A. received B. rejected C. released D. confirmed
（ ）75. A. printed B. classified C. related D. collected
Section B
Directions: Read the following three passages. Each passage is followed by several questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D Choose the one that fits best according to the information given in the passage you have just read.
（A）
Last October I was on a diving holiday in the Philippines with seven other advanced divers. I dived off the boat slowly sinking to about 20m.
After nearly 45 minutes, the sound of my breathing was drowned out by a low rumble like an engine and I felt deep powerful vibrations（震动）as if a big boat with a propeller was passing overhead. The dive instructor's eyes were wide with confusion too. We both swam next to each other staying close to the side of the reef（礁石）. The situation felt sinister.
Then we were enveloped by clouds of white sand that mushroomed up around us. Could it be a giant turtle（海龟）racing past us? They are normally slow movers so this was very weird behavior. The vibration became so intense that I could feel it in my bones and then the sound turned into a deafening roar. Suddenly, a few meters below us, breaks began forming and the sand was sucked down. That's when I got what it was. The noise was the sound of the earth splintering open and grinding against itself.
The instructor and I held hands and looked into each other's eyes. I felt comforted by his presence. I was numb（麻木的）for terror but clear-headed. My body went on high alert, ready to react. But I have no power over whatever this is. The only option is to stay very still and let it do whatever it's going to do.
It took enormous willpower to resist the urge to swim to the surface, which is not sensible as situation on the surface at that time was ambiguous with potential threats pending. Soon we saw other divers.
The sound and vibration lasted only two or three minutes and when they stopped I heard the swoosh of sand falling over the seabed. We all held hands before resurfacing to avoid decompression sickness, which can be fatal. When up, it was a huge relief to see all the divers and we all shared incredulous looks before pulling out our breathing tools and shouting, "What was that?"
Back on the boat, we rushed to check the news and discovered we had witnessed a huge earthquake, measuring 7.2 on the Richter scale. It released more energy than 30 Hiroshima bombs. though it seemed that we were not at the epicenter（震中）. I was high and felt lucky surprisingly not because of my recent survival miracle, but to have experienced nature at its most stunning and its most frightening.
76. How did the author realize that they met with an earthquake? （ ）
A. By feeling the violent shake under the sea
B. By witnessing a normally-slow turtle quickly moving by
C. By seeing the seafloor crack
D. By checking the news and be informed of the event
77. Why didn't the author rise to the surface before the vibration stopped? （ ）
A. Because the instructor gestured him not to rise.
B. Because he was numb in body.
C. Because he could sense the unclear water situation.
D. Because he tried to avoid unexpected danger above
78. Which of the following statements is TRUE according to the passage? （ ）
A. At the beginning of the event, a big boat passed by causing big vibration.
B. All the divers used the reef as the protection against the violent vibration
C. I felt relieved as the instructor was experienced in handling situations like this
D. Powerless to fight nature, I was tame when under the water.
79. Why did the author feel fortunate on the boat? （ ）
A. Because he was not at the epicenter of the earthquake.
B. Because he finally survived a huge earthquake.
C. Because he could witness a rare natural phenomenon.
D. Because he didn't suffer from decompression sickness.
（B）
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Letter 1
January 28, 2018|3:31pm
I work for an e-commerce Website. If one of our merchandisers has a question or wants to make a correction, they e-mail the entire department. In my opinion, this is rude and unnecessary. It seems to me that mass e-mail is appropriate for good or neutral news, rather than making a correction. Do you agree? Moreover; if you were the recipient of the correction, how would you respond?
The only people who should be included in an e-mail are those who need to know or respond. Including everyone is rude and unprofessional as well as annoying to recipients. It's not like we don't have enough in our inbox already. I don't agree that e-mail is only for good or neutral news, however. Sometimes you need to alert people or create a record of bad news. But no one should use e-mail to blame other people. If you've got a problem with someone, pick up the phone or take it outside（for a coffee, not a fist fight…geez）. As for how to respond, e-mail is usually ineffective for resolving conflict. Have a conversation with the sender and explain why his or her approach isn't the best and what you recommend.
Letter 2
January 14, 2018|9:24 pm
It's the start of a new year and I believe it's time for a change. What's the best way to explain to a prospective employer that you are in need of something new without seeming flighty and without complaining about your current employer?
The new year is as good a time as any to take stock, but not the only reason for making a change. At least, that's not what you communicate to a prospective employer. Your reason for looking for a new job is less important to your new employer than why you want to work there. Needing a change might be the catalyst（催化剂）, but the job search is like dating, and you wouldn't ask someone out and explain you're just bored in your current relationship, right? At least I hope not, otherwise you're likely to be as lonely as Barry Manilow sounds when he sings "It's Just Another New Year's Eve".
80. What is discussed in the first letter? （ ）
A. How to ask questions in a polite way
B. How to respond to a false charge.
C. How to make a correction at work.
D. How to handle rude mass emails at work
81. According to Greg, expressing your dissatisfaction with your present job in an interview would be the same as______________.（ ）
A. talking about your family issues in public
B. complaining about your prior partner on a first date
C. demonstrating your qualifications to your new boss
D. bragging about your experience to your partner
82. It can be inferred that "go to greg" mainly offers advice on people's______________.（ ）
A. career choices B. social relationships
C. working problems D. health problems
（C）
International governments' inaction concerning sustainable development is clearly worrying but the proctive（主动出击的）approaches of some leading-edge companies are encouraging. Toyota, Wal-Mart, DuPont, M&S and General Electric have made tackling environmental wastes a key economic driver
DuPont committed itself to a 65% reduction in greenhouse gas emissions in the 10 years prior to 2010. By 2007, DuPont was saving $2.2 billion a year through energy efficiency, the same as its total declared profits that year. General Electric aims to reduce the energy intensity of its operations by 50% by 2015. They have invested heavily in projects designed to change the way of using and conserving energy.
Companies like Toyota and Wal-Mart are not committing to environmental goals out of the goodness of their hearts. The reason for their actions is a simple yet powerful realization that the environmental and economic footprints fit well together. When M&S launched its "Plan A" sustainability programme in 2007, it was believed that it would cost over ?200 million in the first five years. However, the initiative had generated ?105 million by 2011/12.
When we prevent physical waste, increase energy efficiency or improve resource productivity, we save money, improve profitability and enhance competitiveness. In fact, there are often huge "quick win" opportunities, thanks to years of neglect.
However, there is a considerable gap between leading-edge companies and the rest of the pack. There are far too many companies still delaying creating a lean and green business system, arguing that it will cost money or require sizable capital investments. They remain stuck in the "environment is cost" mentality. Being environmentally friendly does not have to cost money. In fact, going beyond compliance saves cost at the same time that it generates cash, provided that management adopts the new lean and green model.
Lean means doing more with less. Nonetheless, in most companies, economic and environmental continuous improvement is viewed as being in conflict with each other. This is one of the biggest opportunities missed across most industries. The size of the opportunity is enormous. The 3% Report recently published by World Wildlife Fund and CDP shows that the economic prize for curbing carbon emissions in the US economy is $780 billion between now and 2020. It suggests that one of the biggest levers for delivering this opportunity is "increased efficiency through management and behavioural change"-in other words, lean and green management.
Some 50 studies show that companies that commit to such aspirational goals as zero waste, zero harmful emissions, and zero use of non-renewable resources are financially outperforming their competitors. Conversely, it was found that climate disruption is already costing $1.2 trillion annually, cutting global GDP by 1.6%. Unaddressed, this will double by 2030.
83. What does the author say about some leading-edge companies? （ ）
A. They operate in accordance with government policies.
B. They take initiatives in handling environmental wastes.
C. They are key drivers in their nations' economic growth
D. They are major contributors to environmental problems.
84. What motivates Toyota and Wal-Mart to make commitments to environmental protection? （ ）
A. The goodness of their hearts.
B. A strong sense of responsibility.
C. The desire to generate profits
D. Pressure from environmentalists.
85. Why are so many companies reluctant to create an environment-friendly business system? （ ）
A. They are bent on making quick money
B. They do not have the capital for the investment.
C. They believe building such a system is too costly.
D. They lack the incentive to change business practices.
86. What is said about the lean and green model of business? （ ）
A. It helps businesses to save and gain at the same time
B. It is affordable only for a few leading-edge companies.
C. It is likely to start a new round of intense competition
D. It will take a long time for all companies to embrace it.
87. What is the finding of the studies about companies committed to environmental goals? （ ）
A. They have greatly enhanced their sense of social responsibility.
B. They do much better than their counterparts in terms of revenues
C. They have abandoned all the outdated equipment and technology.
D. They make greater contributions to human progress than their rivals
（D）
If you asked me to describe the rising philosophy of the day, I'd say it is data-ism. We now have the ability to gather huge amounts of data. This ability seems to carry with it certain cultural assumptions—that everything that can be measured should be measured; that data is a transparent and reliable lens that allows us to filter out emotionalism and ideology; that data will help us do remarkable things—like foretell the future.
Over the next years, I'm hoping to get a better grip on some of the questions raised by the data revolution: In what situations should we rely on intuitive pattern recognition and in which situations should we ignore intuition and follow the data? What kinds of events are predictable using statistical analysis and what sorts of events are not?
confess I enter this in a skeptical frame of mind, believing that we tend to get carried away in our desire to reduce everything to the quantifiable. But at the outset let me celebrate two things data does really well.
First, it's really good at exposing when our intuitive view of reality is wrong. For example, nearly every person who runs for political office has an intuitive sense that they can powerfully influence their odds of winning the election if they can just raise and spend more money. But this is largely wrong.
After the 2006 election, Sean Trende constructed a graph comparing the incumbent（在任者的）campaign spending advantages with their eventual margins of victory. There was barely any relationship between more spending and a bigger victory.
Likewise, many teachers have an intuitive sense that different students have different learning styles: some are verbal and some are visual； some are linear, some are "holistic"（整体的）. Teachers imagine they will improve outcomes if they tailor their presentations to each student. But there's no evidence to support this either.
Second, data can illuminate patterns of behavior we haven't yet noticed. For example, I've always assumed people who frequently use words like "I," "me," and "mine" are probably more self-centered than people who don't. But as James Pennebaker of the University of Texas notes in his book, The Secret Life of Pronouns, when people are feeling confident, they are focused on the task at hand, not on themselves. High-status, confident people use fewer "I" words, not more.
Our brains often don't notice subtle verbal patterns, but Pennebaker's computers can. Younger writers use more negative and past-tense words than older writers who use more positive and future tense words.
In sum, the data revolution is giving us wonderful ways to understand the present and the past. Will it transform our ability to predict and make decisions about the future? We'll see.
88. What do data-ists assume they can do? （ ）
A. Transform people's cultural identity
B. Change the way future events unfold
C. Get a firm grip on the most important issues.
D. Eliminate emotional and ideological bias.
89. What do people running for political office think they can do? （ ）
A. Use data analysis to predict the election result
B. Win the election if they can raise enough funds
C. Manipulate public opinion with favorable data.
D. Increase the chances of winning by foul means.
90. Why do many teachers favor the idea of tailoring their presentations to different students? （ ）
A. They think students prefer flexible teaching methods.
B. They will be able to try different approaches
C. They believe students' learning styles vary.
D. They can accommodate students with special needs.
91. What does James Pennebaker reveal in The Secret Life of Pronouns? （ ）
A. The importance of using pronouns properly
B. Repeated use of first-person pronouns by self-centered people.
C. Frequent use of pronouns and future tense by young people.
D. A pattern in confident people's use of pronouns.
92. Why is the author skeptical of the data revolution（ ）
A. Data may not be easily accessible
B. Errors may occur with large data samples
C. Data cannot always do what we imagine it can.
D. Some data may turn out to be outdated.
Section C
Directions: Read the following passage. Fill in each blank with a proper sentence given in the box. Each sentence can be used only once. Note that there are two more sentences than you need.
A. The sensors on a fully self-driving car require special care.
B. Ordu?a wouldn't reveal exactly how they' re washing the vehicles.
C. The most advanced cars on the planet require an old-fashioned handwashing.
D. Meanwhile, some companies, such as Cruise, are building sensor cleaning equipment into their vehicles.
E. There are a range of problems with putting a self-driving vehicle through a traditional car wash, experts say.
F. A self-driving vehicle's exterior needs to be cleaned even more frequently than a typical car because the sensors must remain free of obstructions.
Car washes have been automated for decades, but companies developing fully autonomous vehicles must rely on a human touch to keep their cars and trucks in working condition.
93 For example, soap residue or water spots could effectively "blind" an autonomous car. A traditional car wash's heavy brushes could jar the vehicle's sensors, disrupting their calibration and accuracy. Even worse, sensors, which can cost over $100.000. could be broken. 94 Dirt, dead bugs, bird droppings or water spots can impact the vehicle's ability to drive safely.
Avis, which has years of experience managing large fleets of rental cars, has been tasked with cleaning and refueling the self-driving van fleet of Waymo, the self-driving arm of Google's parent company. Avis modified three of its branches in the Phoenix area to tend to the Chrysler Pacifica vans. “There are special processes that definitely require a lot more care and focus, and you have to clean [the vans] quite often.”
95 But other self-driving car companies such as Toyota, Aptiv, Drive. AI and Uber described to CNN that they use microfiber cloths along with rubbing alcohol, water or glass cleaner for manual cleanings.
96 This should alleviate some need for manual cleaning. But because autonomous vehicles can have dozens of sensors, Seeva CEO Diane Lansinger doesn't imagine products like this will be able to clean every camera, radar or LIDAR, a laser sensor that most experts see as essential for self-driving vehicles.
IV. Phrases（2×9=18）
1.为老百姓提供花小钱买高质商品的机会
2.年轻时尽可能多学技能以备不时之需
3.有助于缓解城市交通拥挤
4.轻而易举获得教育、医疗和其他各种资源
5.上交质量远远不尽如人意的寒假作业
6.提醒自己在感到焦虑的时候放松
7.留下一张解释来龙去脉的纸
8.能否按时完成任务，拭目以待
9.采取比预期更有效的措施
V. Translation（3+3+4=10）
Directions: Translate the following sentences into English, using the words given in the brackets.
1.这个华裔物理学家费了九牛二虎之力才找到了他失散了几十年的兄弟。（trouble）
2.组委会规定, 2022年冬季奥运会吉祥物的设计要做到雅俗共享，老少皆宜。（It, appeal）
3.春节期间，货源充足，居民们可以随时在各大超市买到时令蔬果。（available）
参考答案
1-5 CAABB 6-10 BADDB 11-13 CBB 14-16 BCA 17-20 CABD
21-25 CAABD 26-30 BDACB 31-35 DCABD 36-40 CDACB
41. G 42. D 43. F 44. A 45. H 46. B 47.I 48. K
49. E 50. J 51. C 52. G 53. A 54. D 55. H 56. B
57. I 58. F 59. J 60. E
61-65 BDABD 66-70 ABCBB 71-75CDBCA 76-79 CDDC 80-82 DBC
83-87 BCCAB 88-92 DBCDC 93-96 EFBD
1.为老百姓提供花小钱买高质商品的机会
provide common people with a chance to buy high-quality goods at low prices
2.年轻时尽可能多学技能以备不时之需
learn more skills when you are young in case of unexpected needs
3.有助于缓解城市交通拥挤
help to ease traffic congestion in the city
4.轻而易举获得教育、医疗和其他各种资源
can easily have access to the resources of education, medicine and other kinds
5.上交质量远远不尽如人意的寒假作业
hand in homework whose quality is far from satisfactory
6.提醒自己在感到焦虑的时候放松
remind myself to take it easy when feeling anxious
7.留下一张解释来龙去脉的组
leave a piece of paper to explain what has happened
8.能否按时完成任务，拭目以待
remain to be seen whether all the tasks can be accomplished on time
9.采取比预期更有效的措施
take measures more effective than expected
1. The Chinese American physicist took great trouble to find his brother who had been lost for several decades.
2. It is ruled by the organizing committee that the design of the 2022 Winter Olympic mascot has to appeal to all ages and social groups.
3. During the Spring Festival, supplies are plentiful and seasonal fruits and vegetables are available to residents in major supermarkets at any time.
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