2021年中考复习人教版第二篇第三部分第39讲定语从句课件43张

第39讲 定语从句
第三部分 句法
一、定语从句的概念
在复合句中修饰名词或代词的从句叫作定语从句。被定语从句所修饰的这个名词或代词叫作先行词。定语从句必须放在先行词之后。
二、定语从句的分类
根据定语从句与先行词的关系，定语从句可分为两类：限制性定语从句与非限制性定语从句。限制性定语从句紧跟先行词，主句与从句的关系十分密切，它们之间不用逗号隔开，从句不能去掉，如果去掉从句，句子的意思就不完整；而非限制性定语从句与主句的关系不太密切，对主句起补充说明的作用，与主句之间有逗号隔开，如去掉从句，句子的意思仍完整。
限制性定语从句与非限制性定语从句的区别如下：
1. 在书写形式上限制性定语从句紧跟主句，非限制性定语从句和主句通常有逗号隔开。例如：
She is a woman who has won three medals.
She is a woman, who likes art very much.
2. 限制性定语从句对先行词有限制修饰的作用，使得先行词具有区别于其他同类事物的特点，而非限制性定语从句是对先行词起补充说明的作用。例如：
It is the book I bought yesterday. 这是我昨天买的那本书。
This is Sally, who likes sports very much. 这是莎莉，她非常喜欢运动。（补充说明莎莉的爱好）
3. 限制性定语从句对先行词具有限定性，非限制性定语从句体现先行词的唯一性。例如：
I have a cousin whose father is a computer engineer. 我有一个爸爸当计算机工程师的堂兄。（我的堂兄可能不止一个）
I have a cousin, whose father is a computer engineer. 我有一个堂兄，他爸爸是计算机工程师。（我只有一个堂兄）
4. 语法的区别，非限制性定语从句不能用 that 引导。例如：
Last Sunday, I saw a very good movie, which is about Long March. 上星期天，我看了一部非常好的电影，是关于长征的。（这个句子是非限制性定语从句，所以不能用 that 引导）
三、定语从句的引导词
引导定语从句的词有关系代词 that，which，who， whom，whose 和关系副词 when， where， why。关系代词或关系副词放在先行词和定语从句之间，既起连接作用，同时又在定语从句中充当一定的成分。例如：
The novel which you bought yesterday was very interesting. 你昨天买的那本小说很有趣。
在这个句子中，novel 是先行词，which 是引导词，连接主句和从句，同时又在从句中充当动词 bought 的宾语。
四、关系代词的用法
定语从句可分为由关系代词引导的定语从句和由关系副词引导的定语从句。初中阶段一般只要求掌握由关系代词引导的定语从句。
关系代词引导的定语从句：关系代词所替代的先行词是人或物的名词或代词，并在句中充当主语、宾语、定语等成分。关系代词在定语从句中作主语时，从句谓语动词的人称和数要和先行词保持一致。
1. who 只能指人，在定语从句中既可作主语，也可作宾语，作主语时不能省略，作宾语时可以省略。例如：
The foreigner who speaks good Chinese is from Canada. 那个中文讲得很好的外国人来自加拿大。（who 作主语，不能省略）
Who is the girl （who）Lingling is talking to？正在和玲玲谈话的那个女孩是谁？（第二个 who 在从句中作宾语，可以省略）
2. whom 也指人，在定语从句中只能作宾语，可以省略，也可用 who 来代替，但如果放在介词后面，只能用 whom, 且不能省略。例如：
The person to whom you just talked is Mr. Li. 刚才跟你讲话的那个人是李先生。
3. whose 既可指人，也可指物，作定语，表示“……的”。例如：
Daming interviewed an artist whose name is known all over the country. 上周，大明采访了一位全国知名的艺术家。
Do you like the book whose cover is blue? 你喜欢那本蓝色封面的书吗？
4. which 指物，在定语从句中既可作主语，也可作宾语，作宾语时可以省略，但如果放在介词后面就不能省略。例如：
Football is a game which is liked by most boys. 足球是大多数男孩所喜欢的运动。
The room in which I live is very warm. 我住的那个房间很暖和。
5. that 既可指人，也可指物；既可作主语，也可作宾语，作宾语时可以省略。例如：
The man that/who is speaking at the meeting is my teacher. 那个在会上发言的人就是我的老师。
Is this the boy （that/who/whom）you met yesterday? 这就是你昨天遇见的那个男孩吗？
The letter （that/which）I received yesterday was from my pen friend in Australia. 昨天我收到的那封信是我澳大利亚的笔友写给我的。
6. that 和 which 的区别。
关系代词 that 用于引导定语从句，修饰代表人或物的先行词，可以充当定语从句中的主语、宾语、表语。当先行词是事物的时候，that 和 which 一般可以互换，但在下列情况下不能互换：
（1）只能用 that，不能用 which 的情况：
①先行词是不定代词或者先行词被不定代词修饰时，只能用 that。
②先行词被序数词、形容词的最高级，以及 the only，the very，the last 等词修饰时。
③先行词既有人又有物时，关系代词只能用 that。
④句中已经出现 which，为了避免重复，关系代词不用 which 而用 that。
⑤主句是 there be 结构，修饰主语的定语从句用 that。
（2）只能用 which 作先行词的情况：在介词后面时，或者先行词为 that，those 时，只能用 which。
{5FD0F851-EC5A-4D38-B0AD-8093EC10F338}考点盘点
定语从句
命题聚焦
主要考查定语从句关系代词that，which的用法以及定语从句中谓语动词的形式。
例1 —Do you know the boy got the first prize in the talent show?
—Of course. He’s my new neighbor.
A. whose B. whom
C. which D. who
(2020年广西贵港市中考题)
【解析】 四个选项都是关系代词，whose 的先行词既可以是人也可以是物，在定语从句中作定语；whom 指人，在定语从句中作宾语；which 指物，在定语从句中作主语或宾语；who 指人，在定语从句中作主语或宾语。此句的先行词是 the boy，在定语从句中作主语，因此关系代词要用 who。句意：——你认识那个在才艺表演中获得一等奖的男孩吗？——当然。他是我的新邻居。故答案选 D。
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例2 Our teacher told us a funny story made us laugh.
A. when B. which
C. who D. whom
(2020年广西北部湾经济区Ⅱ卷中考题)
【解析】 when 是关系副词，先行词为时间名词，在定语从句中作状语；which 是关系代词, 指物，在定语从句中作主语或宾语；who 是关系代词，指人，在定语从句中作主语或宾语；whom 是关系代词，指人，在定语从句中作宾语。此句的先行词为 story，指物，且在定语从句中作主语，因此关系代词可以用 that 或 which。句意：老师给我们讲了一个让我们发笑的有趣故事。故答案选 B。
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例3 I like teachers classes are interesting and creative.
A. which B. who
C. whom D. whose
(2020年广西梧州市中考题)
【解析】 四个选项都是关系代词，which 指物，在定语从句中作主语或宾语；who 指人，在定语从句中作主语或宾语；whom 指人，在定语从句中作宾语；whose 的先行词既可以是人也可以是物，在定语从句中作定语。句中的先行词是 teachers，指人，可排除 A 项；分析句子结构可知，关系代词在定语从句中作定语，修饰 classes，因此填 whose。故答案选 D。
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例4 —What are they talking about?
—They are talking about the greatest inventions have made a big difference to our daily life.
A. which B. who
C. that
(2020年黑龙江哈尔滨市中考题)
【解析】 先行词是 inventions(发明)，指物，且在定语从句中作主语，排除 B 项；先行词前面有形容词的最高级 the greatest 修饰。当先行词指物，而且被序数词或形容词最高级修饰时，关系代词只能用 that。句意：——他们在谈论什么?——他们正在谈论对我们日常生活产生重大影响的最伟大的发明。故答案选 C。
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例5 The house in Lu Xun used to live is now a museum.
A. which B. where
C. that
(2020年黑龙江牡丹江、鸡西地区中考题)
【解析】 which 是关系代词, 指物，在定语从句中作主语或宾语；如果 which 在从句中作“不及物动词＋介词”的介词宾语，注意介词要保留，介词常放在 which 之前，也可放在原来的位置。 where 是关系副词，在定语从句中的先行词是地点名词，在从句中作状语。 that 是关系代词，指人或物，在定语从句中作主语或宾语。分析句子结构可知，先行词 the house 在定语从句中作宾语；live 是不及物动词，不能直接接宾语，要在关系代词前加介词 in 构成介宾结构，而介词后只能用关系代词 which，不能用 that。句意：鲁迅过去住过的房子现在是博物馆。故答案选 A。
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例6 —What are you doing?
—We are talking about the books and writers we like.
A. that B. which
C. who D. whom
(2019年贵州铜仁市中考题)
【解析】 that 引导定语从句，指人或物；which 引导定语从句，指事物；who 引导定语从句，指人；whom 引导定语从句，指人。先行词既有人也有物时，关系代词只能用 that。句中先行词 the books and writers(书和作家)，既有人又有物，所以只能用关系代词 that。句意：——你们在做什么？——我们在谈论我们喜欢的书和作家。故答案选 A。
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例7 —Have you got ready for the soccer game?
—Yes. I’ve done everything I can to win the game.
A. who B. that
C. which
(2019年黑龙江哈尔滨市中考题)
【解析】 everything 是先行词且为不定代词，所以关系代词只能用 that。句意：——你准备好参加足球比赛了吗？——是的，我已经做了我能做的一切以赢得比赛。故答案选 B。
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例8 —Tomorrow is Father’s Day. What’s your surprise for your father?
—The first thing I will do is to make a card for him.
A. who B. where
C. whose D. that
(2019年湖北黄冈市中考题)
【解析】 当先行词被序数词或形容词最高级修饰时，关系代词用 that。句中先行词 thing 前面有序数词 first 修饰，因此定语从句必须用 that 引导。句意：——明天就是父亲节了。你给你父亲的惊喜是什么？ ——我要做的第一件事就是为他做一张卡片。故答案选 D。
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例9 I like the city the people are really kind and friendly.
A. that B. which
C. where D. who
(2018年甘肃兰州市中考题)
【解析】 that，which，who 均为关系代词，在定语从句中作主语或宾语；where 是关系副词，它的先行词是地点名词，并在定语从句中作状语。句中的先行词为 the city，是地点名词；分析句子结构可知定语从句中缺少地点状语，因此填关系副词 where。句意：我喜欢这个城市，那里的人们非常善良和友好。故答案选 C。
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1. —Do you know the old man wears glasses on TV?
—Of course. He’s Zhong Nanshan.
A. who B. whom
C. which D. \
(2020年四川内江市中考题)
2. —Do you know the girl is giving the speech?
—Of course. She is my best friend, Meimei.
A. which B. who
C. whom D. what
(2020年湖北黄冈市中考题)
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3. Is this the museum you visited last year?
A. who B. that
C. whom D. in which
(2020年辽宁阜新市中考题)
4. Zhong Nanshan is a medical expert saves lives and is always honest.
A. which B. who
C. what D. whose
(2020年吉林长春市中考题)
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5. —Have you heard of the basketball team won the NBA championship last year?
—Of course, it’s my favorite basketball team-Toronto Raptors.
A. whose B. which
C. who
(2020年四川自贡市中考题)
6. The nurse is looking after the old man is Tom’s sister.
A. which B. who
C. what
(2020年四川甘孜州中考题)
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7. In difficult times, there are always national heroes step up and bring people hope.
A. whom B. which
C. who
(2020年贵州安顺市中考题)
8. —Do you like this beautiful song?
—Yes. I like the songs I can sing along with.
A. that B. who
C. what
(2020年湖南怀化市中考题)
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9. Du Fu is a great Chinese poet has become popular with many people around the world.
A. which B. whom
C. who
(2020年福建省中考题)
10. The book cover has a beautiful picture is Lily’s.
A. which B. whose
C. that
(2020年四川成都市中考题)
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11. —We teenagers should look up to the people have made great achievements to our country, like Yuan Longping.
—I think so.
A. who B. what
C. which D. whose
(2020年湖北十堰市中考题)
12. —Do you know her?
—Of course. She is a beautiful girl has made many videos to show a traditional Chinese way of life.
A. whose B. where
C. which D. who
(2020年山东滨州市中考题)
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13. We all like comedies make us relaxed.
A. who B. that
C. whom
(2020年黑龙江绥化市中考题)
14. This is the CD I bought last year.
A. who B. that
C. whom
(2020年吉林省中考题)
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15. Treasure Island is the most novel I have read.
A. interesting;which B. interesting;that
C. interested;that
(2020年黑龙江龙东地区中考题)
16. We’ ll never forget those lost their lives for our country.
A. who B. which
C. whom
(2020年青海省中考题)
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17. Would you please tell me about the plan you made you leave?
A. who; after B. what; when
C. which; while D. that; before
(2020年黑龙江大庆市中考题)
解析：先行词 plan 指物，在定语从句中作宾语，所以可以用 which 或 that 引导，排除 A、B 两项；while 后跟延续性动词，表示动作正在进行，所以排除 C 项。
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18. Parasite(《寄生虫》) became the first non-English best movie has won Oscars in history.
A. that B. which
C. who
(2020年黑龙江牡丹江市中考题)
解析：指物的先行词前有最高级或序数词修饰时，只能用 that，不能用 which。
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19. I’ll never forget the story .
A. that cheers me up B. who cheers me up
C. what cheers me up
(2019年湖南岳阳市中考题)
20. Success always belongs to those have tried their best to make their dreams come true.
A. who B. whom
C. whose D. which
(2019年四川眉山市中考题)
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21. The charities have helped more children with the money people raised.
A. who B. what
C. where D. which
(2019年江苏淮安市中考题)
22. I’ve read all the books were borrowed from the school library.
A. who B. which
C. that D. \
解析：先行词 books 前有不定代词 all 修饰，所以只能用 that，不能用 which。
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23. The museum we’ll visit next week is not far from here.
A. who B. where
C. what D. which
24. He’s the most humorous speaker I have ever heard.
A. that B. whom
C. whose D. which
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25. The girl talked about the women and books interested her greatly in school.
A. who B. what
C. that D. which
26. The number of the people who cars increasing.
A. owns; is B. own; is
C. own; are D. owns; are
解析：先行词是 the women and books，既有人又有物，所以关系代词只能用 that。
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1. The girl is wearing a blue dress is my sister.
A. whom B. which
C. who
(2020年广西柳州市中考题)
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2. Success will belong to those never say “impossible”.
A. which B. who
C. what D. whose
(2020年广西北部湾经济区模拟试题)
解析：根据句意“成功属于那些从不说‘不可能’的人”可知此处不定代词 those 指的是人，故关系代词填 who。
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3. I’m a football fan. I’m interested in everything is about World Cup.
A. that B. who
C. where
(2020年广西柳州市一模试题)
4. —Jack usually helps others with English and we like him very much.
—I agree. A student is always helping others is worth being loved.
A. whom B. which
C. who D. whose
(2020年广西河池市二模试题)
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5. —Do you like National Treasure, the weekly TV show on CCTV？
—Sure. It’s a great cultural TV show has been very popular in China.
A. who B. whom
C. which D. what
(2019年广西梧州市中考题)
6. —Who got the first-ever Friendship Medal(友谊勋章) of China?
—It’s Putin everyone knows so well in the world.
A. whom B. what
C. which D. whose
(2018年广西玉林市中考题)
解析：此处先行词指人，且作定语从句谓语动词 knows 的宾语，故填关系代词 whom。
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7. This is the most exciting match I have ever watched.
A. who B. which
C. that
(2018年广西柳州市中考题)
8. I will never forget the people help me a lot in my life.
A. whose B. when
C. which D. who
(2017年广西贺州市中考题)
解析：先行词 match 前有形容词最高级修饰，所以关系代词用 that。
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9. Mr. Smith was the only one of the writers invited to the meeting.
A. who was B. who were
C. which was
(2016年广西柳州市中考题)
10. I have a pen pal mother works in Beijing University.
A. whose B. which
C. who D. whom
(2016年广西百色市中考题)
解析：此处先行词 writers 被 the only one of 修饰，谓语动词要用单数形式，故答案选 A。
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