(共36张PPT)
人教版版
九年级
九年级中考英语总复习
动词
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一、动词概述
在英语中,每个句子都必须有一个动词来担当谓语,说明主语“是什么”或“做什么”,表示一种动作或一种状态的词叫动词。动词是一个句子的重心,因此从动词的变化可以看出该句是何种时态。所以,了解动词的时态,在英语学习中非常重要。
eg:I
am
her
brother.
(说明主语“是什么”表示一种状态)
我是她的弟弟。
She
studies
English
very
hard.
(说明主语“做什么”表示一种动作)
她学习英语很努力。
The
Moon
is
bright.(说明主语“是什么”表示一种状态)
月亮是明亮的。
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二、动词的分类
在英语中,动词可分为四种动词:行为动词、系动词、助动词、情态动词。
类别
特点
举例
行为动词
及物动词(vt.)
单宾动词
跟一个宾语
We
like
music.
我们热爱音乐。
双宾动词
跟二个宾语
I
tell
Mike
a
story.我给迈克讲个故事。
宾补动词
跟一个宾语带补语
He
made
me
laugh.
他让我笑。
不及物动词(vi.)
不能直接跟宾语
The
old
man
died
老人死了
系动词(link.v.)
跟表语
I
am
a
teacher.
我是一个老师。
助动词(aux.v.)
跟动词原形或过去分词
(无特殊意义)
She
has
had
my
lunch.我已经吃过早饭了。
情态动词(mod.v.)
跟动词原形
(表示说话者的态度)
You
must
study
hard.你必须努力学习。
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1、行为动词(实义动词)
行为动词是能独立作谓语的动词,我们日常接触的大量动词都是行为动词,又可称为实义动词,如read,
study,
run,
walk,
play等。按其句法作用可分为及物动词和不及物动词。按其持续性可分为延续性动词和短暂性动词。
?
不及物动词
不及物动词后无承受名词,自身意思完整,不能接宾语或者不用接宾语。不能接宾语是指物体发出的动作无法施加给承受者。不用接宾语是指动作能接宾语,但为了避免重复或不需强调,对宾语进行了省略,这种动词实际上即可以作及物动词,又可以作不及物动词。
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eg:The
old
woman
died.
(不能接,动作无法施加给承受者)
She
is
sleeping.
她正在睡觉。(不能接,动作无法施加给承受者)
My
mother
is
reading.
(不用接,不需强调,对宾语进行了省略)
我妈妈正在阅读。
My
friend
gave
me
a
gift,
but
I
didn't
accept.(不用接,避免重复,对宾语进行了省略)我朋友给了我一件礼物,但我没有接受。
补充:不及物动词如果需要接宾语,必须先加介词、副词等,使其变成及物的短语动词,它的作用等于一个及物动词。
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①
动词+介词
此类动词后面的宾语无论是名词还是代词,都只能放在介词后面,不能放在动词和介词之间
eg:Listen
to
me
carefully.
仔细听我讲。
He
doesn't
agree
with
me.
他不同意我。
She
is
looking
at
the
picture.
她正在看照片。
Zhu
Tao
always
laughs
at
his
brother.
朱涛总是嘲笑他的兄弟。
此类短语有很多,需要积累:
ask
for请求
care
for
照顾
care
about
关心
look
after
照顾
get
off下车
depend
on
依靠
think
of
考虑
die
from
死于
believe
in
信任
listen
to
听
look
at
看
go
over复习
arrive
at
到达
arrive
in到达
work
on
从事
come
across偶然碰到
laugh
at
嘲笑
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②
动词+副词
该类短语动词有时相当于及物动词,有时相当于不及物动词。当用作及物动词且其后的宾语是名词时,宾语可放在副词前,也可放在副词后;若宾语是代词,则只能放在动词和副词之间。
eg:He
turned
off
the
light
when
he
left.
当他离开时,他把灯关了。
He
picked
it
up
and
gave
it
to
me.
他把它捡起来并递给了我。
They
gave
the
names
of
the
winners
out.
他们说出了获胜者的名字。
此类短语有很多,需要积累:
put
on穿上;上演
put
aside放在一边
turn
in上交
put
down放下;写下
go
about四处走动
break
out
爆发
find
out
查出
pick
out
挑选
put
away收拾起来
ring
up打电话
go
back回去
look
around
环顾
set
up建立
look
through
浏览
break
in
打断
give
in屈服
run
away
跑掉
throw
away
扔掉
turn
off
关闭
give
up放弃
go
on继续
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③
动词+副词+介词
此类短语动词相当于及物动词,可以有自己的宾语。宾语只能放在介词之后。
eg:He
gets
along
well
with
his
classmates.
他与他的同学相处得很好。
We
ran
out
of
oil.
我们的油用完了
She
came
up
with
a
new
idea
.
她想出了一个新办法。
此类短语有很多,需要积累:
catch
up
with
赶上
run
out
of
用完
look
forward
to
期盼
get
away
from
摆脱
catch
up
with
跟上
go
on
with
继续
put
up
with
忍受
come
up
with提出,想出get
along
with
进展
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④
动词+副词+介词
eg:He
takes
pride
in
doing
a
job
well.
他因做好工作而自豪。
When
you
visit
a
museum,
you
should
pay
attention
to
the
instructions.
当你参观博物馆时,你应该注意说明书。
此类短语有很多,需要积累:
catch
hold
of
抓住
take
part
in
参加
take
the
place
of
替代
take
pride
in以…为骄傲
pay
attention
to
注意
make
use
of
利用
catch
sight
of突然看到
take
notice
of
注意到
show
interest
in
对…感兴趣
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及物动词
及物动词本身意义不完整,后面要跟一个名词或代词等作宾语才能使其意思完整。根据后跟宾语的情况,及物动词可分为单宾动词,双宾动词,宾补动词。(补充:所谓宾语就是一个动作的对象或动作的承受者就叫宾语。)
①
单宾动词
(动词+一个宾语)
单宾动词后有一个承受者,含义完整,无需添加其他补语。
eg:I
am
drawing
a
picture.
我正在画一幅画。
She
likes
music.
她喜欢音乐
Dick
is
watching
TV.
迪克正在看电视。
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注意:★
不要把动词之后的词一律视作宾语,从而将不及物动词误认为是单宾动词。
eg:She
stands
here(状语).
她站在这里。(不及物动词)
(这里的动词stand是由主语She发出的,且不可能有承受者(宾语),here在这里是副词,描述动作发生的地点,而不是承受动作,因而stand属于不及物动词,而here在这里充当了状语,而不是宾语。)
★
若是动词与名词之间出现了介词,那么这个动词属于不及物动词,而非单宾动词。
eg:I
go
to
the
library(状语).
我去图书馆。(不及物动词)
(这里的动词go由主语I发出且无受力对象,library并未承受go这一动作,因为不能说“图书馆被去了”,所以go是不及物动词,“to
the
library”属于介词短语,相当于副词在修饰动词go,充当了状语,而不是宾语。)
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②
双宾动词
(动词+间接宾语+直接宾语)
双宾动词后有两个承受者,一个是直接宾语,一个是间接宾语。直接宾语为动词直接涉及的事物;间接宾语往往指涉及的是人。间接宾语有时可放到后面去,由介词to或for引导,变成介词短语,介词短语冲当状语。
eg:I
tell
Mike
a
story.
我给迈克讲个故事。
She
teach
me
English.
她教我英语。
◆
能接以to引导的间接宾语的动词常见的有:bring,
give,
leave,
lend,
offer,
pass,
play,
read,
send,
show,
take,
teach,
tell,
write等。
eg:Could
you
lend
me(间宾)
your
dictionary(直宾)?+
请你把你的字典借我用下好吗?
=Could
you
lend
your
dictionary
to
me(状语)?
She
passed
him(间宾)
her
book(直宾).
她把书递给他。
=She
passed
her
book
to
him(状语).
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◆
能接以for引导的间接宾语的动词常见的有:build,
buy,
cook,
cut,
fetch,
find,
get,
keep,
make,
order,
save,
pick,
play,
sing,
take,
win,
write
等。
eg:My
mother
cooks
us(间宾)
breakfast(直宾)
every
day.
我妈妈每天给我们做早餐。
=My
mother
cooks
breakfast
for
us(状语)
every
day.
I'll
fetch
you(间宾)
a
chair(直宾).
我去给你拿一把椅子。
=I'll
fetch
a
chair
for
you(状语).
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③
宾补动词
(动词+宾语+宾补)
宾补动词后有一个受力名词,但是含义不完整需要补充,主要分为“使役动词”和“感官动词”两大类。一般翻译成“使”和“让”,若动词后只加名词,含义不完整。
eg:We
call
her
Linda.
我们叫她琳达。
I
find
the
girl
pretty.
我觉得这个女孩很漂亮。
She
painted
the
wall
white.
她把墙漆成白色。
I
consider
Mike
a
genius.
我认为迈克是个天才。
常见的感官使役动词有:
记忆口诀:一感:feel
二听:hear,listen
to
三让:make,let,have
五看:look
at,see,watch,notice,observe
使用口诀:感使动词真奇怪,to在句中象妖怪。主动句里它走开,被动句里它回来。动词let要除外,to词可来可不来。
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?
廷续性动词和短暂性动词
英语中,按动词延续的时间长短,可将动词分为延续性动词和短暂性动词。延续性动词,如:learn“学习”,work“工作”,play“玩耍”等。短暂性动词,即动作一开始便结束的动词,如:come“来”,go“去”,begin“幵始”,become“变成”,buy“购买”。延续性动词,就是可以想做多久就做多久的事情,只要你不累。短暂性动词就是一瞬间的事情。
当句子中出现“for+一段时间”,“since+从句”,“since+表示时间点的名词”,how
long等,这些时间状语的时候,不能使用短暂性动词,要使用延续性动词。多用于完成时。(口诀:看见since,for,how
long;廷续性动词不能忘)
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eg:His
grandfather
has
died
for
ten
years.
(×)
His
grandfather
has
been
dead
for
ten
years.
(√)
他的祖父已经去世十年了。
My
brother
has
joined
the
army
since
five
years
ago.
(×)
My
brother
has
been
in
the
army
since
five
years
ago.
(√)
我的兄弟自从五年前就在军队服役了。
How
long
has
the
film
begun?
(×)
How
long
has
the
film
been
on?
(√)
电影上映多久了?
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牢记:常见的短暂性动词对应的延续性动词
短暂性动词
延续性动词
put
on
穿上
wear
穿着
meet
遇见
know
认识
borrow
借来
keep
持有
buy
买
have
拥有
join
加入
be
in
在……里了
catch/get+病
得病
have+病
有病
leave
离开……
be
away
from
离开……了
come
to/go
toreach/arrive
in(at)
来,去,到达
be
in/at
在……
die
死
be
dead
死了的
start/begin
开始
be
on
进行了
finish/end
结束
be
over
结束了
open
打开
be
open
(adj.)
开着的
close
关闭
be
closed
(adj.)
关着的
marry
结婚
be
married
已婚的
go
back
to
/
return
to
返回
be
back
to
回来了
go
out
出去
be
out
在外面了
become
变成
be
是
fall
asleep/get
to
sleep
入睡
be
asleep
睡着的
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2、系动词
连系动词本身无动作含义,仅起到连接作用,主要分为“be动词”和“连系动词”两大类。be动词的三种形式是am/is/are,主要表达“状态”和“存在”,一般翻译为“是”或“在,有时不必译出。常说的“主系表”其实就是此类系动词。“连系动词”说白了就是在句中“可用be替换的词”,这类词可分为以下三类:
感觉类:feel,look,sound,taste,smell,seem,appear
变成类:become,come,go,get,grow,turn,fall
保持类:keep,stay,remain,continue,prove
eg:He
is
a
teacher.
他是一个老师。
Please
keep
healthy.
请保持健康。
she
looks
so
sad.
她看起来很伤心。
That
sounds
great.
那听起来很棒。
The
leaves
turned
yellow.
叶子变黄了。
口诀记忆:一是:be(am
is
are
was
were)一感:feel(感觉)三保持:keep,stay,remain五个起来:look(看起来),sound(听起来),smell(闻起来),taste(尝起来),feel(摸起来)好像:seem(似乎;好像)变了四:get(变得),become(变得),turn(变得),grow(变得)
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3、助动词
助动词本身并没有意义,它只是帮助主要动词构成谓语,表示疑问、否定、时态、语态等。英语中有些单词并不是固定的助动词,如动词be,
have,
do等在句子中与主要动词一起构成各种时态、语态、否定句、疑问句时,才担当起助动词的作用。
eg:It
is
made
in
China.(is是助动词,帮助主要动词made构成一般现在时的被动语态)
它是中国制造的。
I
haven't
had
my
breakfast
yet.(have是助动词,帮助had构成现在完成时的否定句)我还没吃早饭呢。
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4、情态动词
情态动词表示说话人对某一动作或状态的态度,认为“可能”
“应当”
“必要”等。情态动词有词义,但词义不完整,其后一定要跟不带to的动词不定式(即动词原形,
ought
to除外)。另外,情态动词没有人称和数的变化。
eg:He
can
speak
English.(主语是第三人称单数,也不能在can后加s)他会说英语。
He
speaks
English
well.(时态是一般现在时,主语是第三人称单数,动词speak后要加s)他英语说得很好。
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三、动词的基本形式
英语中动词有五种基本形式:动词原形、动词第三人称单数、动词现在分词、动词过去式、动词过去分词。
1、动词的第三人称单数。
变化规则
读法
例词
一般情况下直接加-s
s在清辅音后读/s/,在浊辅音或元音后读/z/;在t后读/ts/,在d后读/dz/。
see
sees
talk
talks
read
reads
get
gets
以“s,x,ch,sh”结尾的动词加-es
es读/iz/
watch
watches
wash
washes
fix
fixes
guess
guesses
部分“o”结尾的动词加-es
es读/z/
go
goes
do
does
以辅音字母加“y”结尾的,要先变“y”为“i”,再加-es,
es读/z/
study
studies
fly
flies
以元音字母加“y”结尾的,直接加-s
es读/z/
play
plays
say
says
不规则变化
/
have
has
be
is
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2、动词的现在分词。(直
去
双
少)
变化规则
例词
一般情况下直接加-ing
read
reading
jump
jumping
sleep
sleeping
以不发音字母e结尾的动词,去掉e再加-ing
take
taking
write
writing
wake
waking
以重读闭音节结尾且末尾只有一个辅音字母的动词,双写该辅音字母后再加-ing
run
running
swim
swimming
put
putting
少数几个以ie结尾的动词要变ie为y,再加-ing
die死亡
dying
lie躺下
lying
tie捆绑
tying
注意:以y结尾的动词变为现在分词时,y不变,直接加上-ing。
eg:play→playing
study→studying
fly→flying
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3、动词的过去式及过去分词。(直
去
双
改
特)
变化规则
例词
一般情况下直接加-ed
work
worked
jump
jumped
look
looked
以不发音字母e结尾的动词,直接加-d(去e加ed也可以)
like
liked
live
lived
use
used
以重读闭音节结尾且末尾只有一个辅音字母的动词,双写该辅音字母后再加-ed
stop
stopped
plan
planned
shop
shopped
以辅音字母加“y”结尾的动词,要先改“y”为“i”,再加-ed,以元音字母加“y”结尾的动词,直接加-ed
study
studied
carry
carried
play
played
注意:词尾-ed在清辅音后读/t/;在元音和浊辅音后读/d/;在辅音t,d后读/id/。
常用不规则动词过去式/过去分词(更多参见教科书不规则动词变化表)【特】
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四、动词的时态
时态是表示动作与时间相互关系的语法体系。正确使用时态是非常重要的。在中文里,可以用特定的词语,如:“现在”“将来”“过去”“正在”“经常”“了”“过”“己经”等来说明一个动作发生的时间,而动词本身词形并无变化。在英语中,则要用动词本身的词形变化或加助动词来表示动作发生的时间。
英文中将时间分为4类,即现在时、过去时、将来时、过去将来时,状态也分4类,即一般态、进行态、完成态、完成进行态。“4时”与“4态”交叉组合,共计16种时态。初中阶段最常用的时态有5种,即一般现在时、一般过去时、现在进行时、一般将来时和现在完成时。
Lead
in
一般态
完成态
进行态
完成进行态
现在时
一般现在时
现在完成时
现在进行时
现在完成进行时
过去时
一般过去时
过去完成时
过去进行时
过去完成进行时
将来时
一般将来时
将来完成时
将来进行时
将来完成进行时
过去将来时
一般过去将来时
过去将来完成时
过去将来进行时
过去将来完成进行时
★
下面以play为例,列表说明。
一般态
进行态
完成态
完成进行态
现在时
I
play.
I
am
playing.
I
have
played.
I
have
been
playing.
You
play.
You
are
playing.
You
have
played.
You
have
been
playing.
He
studies.
He
is
playing.
He
has
played.
He
has
been
playing.
We
play.
We
are
playing.
We
have
played.
We
have
been
playing.
They
play.
They
are
playing.
They
have
played.
They
have
been
playing.
Lead
in
一般态
进行态
完成态
完成进行态
过去时
I
played.
I
was
playing.
I
had
played.
I
had
been
playing.
You
played.
You
were
playing.
You
had
played.
You
had
been
playing.
He
played.
He
was
playing.
He
had
played.
He
had
been
playing.
We
played.
We
were
playing.
We
had
played.
We
had
been
playing.
They
played.
They
were
playing.
They
had
played.
They
had
been
playing.
将来时
I
shall
play.
I
shall
be
playing.
I
shall
have
played.
I
shall
have
been
playing.
You
will
play.
You
will
be
playing.
You
will
have
played.
You
will
have
been
playing.
He
will
play.
He
will
be
playing.
He
will
have
played.
He
will
have
been
playing.
We
shall
play.
We
shall
be
playing.
We
shall
have
played.
We
shall
have
been
playing.
They
will
play.
They
will
be
playing.
They
will
have
played.
They
will
have
been
playing.
Lead
in
五、易混动词词义辨析
1、spend,cost,take与pay
spend
主语(人)+spend
+时间/金钱+
on
sth.在某件事花费了多少时间或者金钱
主语(人)+spend
+
时间/金钱
+
(in)doing
sth.
cost
sth.costs
sb.money.
花费多少钱买了某物或为某物值多少钱
=doing
sth.costs
sb.money.
take
It
takes
sb.time
to
do
sth.
某人花了多少时间来做某件事情。
doing
sth.takes
sb.time.
做某件事情花了某人多少时间。
pay
sb
pay
some
money
for
sth
某人为某物支付多少钱
pay
for
sb.
替某人付钱
eg:She
spends
much
money
on
clothes.
她花费很多钱在(买)衣服上。
I
spent
the
whole
morning
(in)
helping
my
mother
clean
the
house.
我花了整个上午帮妈妈打扫房子。
It
takes
me
three
years
to
study
English.
学英语花了我三年时间。
=Studying
English
takes
me
three
years.
This
skirt
cost
me
120
yuan.
这条裙子花费了我120元。
=Buying
this
skirt
cost
me
120
yuan.
买这条裙子花了我120元。
I
paid
30
yuan
for
the
toy.
我支付了30元买这个玩具。
Wang
Li
paid
500
yuan
for
the
bike.
王丽花500元买了这辆自行车。
Don't
worry!
I'll
pay
for
you.
别担心,我会给你付钱的。
Lead
in
2、arrive,get与reach
arrive(in/at)
arrive为不及物动词,其后跟表示地点的副词here,
there,
home,abroad等
时,不需要加任何介词;其后跟地点名词时,则要加介词,即arrive
in
+大地点(国家、大城市等),arrive
at+小地点(镇、家、店等)
get(to)
get意为“到达”时,为不及物动词,其后跟表示地点的副词here,there,home等时,不需要加任何介词;其后跟地点名词时,则要加介词to,即“get
to十地点名词”
reach
及物动词,意为“到达”,其后直接跟地点名词。
eg:He
arrived
in
Jinan
yesterday.
他昨天就到济南了。
I
arrived
at
the
restaurant
an
hour
ago.
我一个小时前到达了这家餐馆。
When
do
you
get
to
school?
你什么时候到学校?
They
reached
London
last
night.
他们非晚到达了伦敦。
Lead
in
3、happen
与
take
place
happen
意为“发生;碰巧”,一般用于偶然或突发性事件,没有被动形式。
take
place
意为“发生;举行,举办”,一般指非偶然性事件的“发生”,即这种事件的发生一定有某种原因或事先安排好的,没有被动形式。
eg:A
traffic
accident
happened
to
him.
一场交通事故发生在他身上。
The
meeting
will
take
place
next
Friday.
会议将在下周五举行。
Lead
in
4、join,join
in,attend与take
part
in
join
一般加入组织或者团体这类由多人组成的群体,成为其中的一员,使用join,这个群体既可以是固定的,比如:党派、俱乐部(join
the
club),也可以是临时的,如辩论队等。后接名词或代词。
join
in
join
in
多指参加活动或者比赛,如“球赛、游戏”等。后接名词或动词-ing形式。
attend
attend的本意也有“参加,出席”的意思,通常指出席(参加)会议、婚礼、课程等,后常跟meeting、wedding或course等。
take
part
in
take
part
in和join
in用法比较相似,有时候也可以互换,可以指参加活动、比赛等团体性的活动,但是注意take
part
in不可以和join互换。
eg:I
want
to
join
the
art
club.
我想加入美术俱乐部。
My
younger
brother
wants
to
join
the
army.
我弟弟想参军。
May
I
join
in
the
game?
我可以参加这个游戏吗?
He
laughed
loudly,
and
his
friend
joined
in.
他大声笑了起来,他的朋友也跟着笑了。
Thousands
of
students
have
taken
part
in
the
demonstrations/?d?m?ns?tre???nz/.
数千名学生参加了示威活动。
They
wouldn't
let
me
take
part
in
their
game.
他们不让我参加他们的游戏。
He
attended
the
meeting
yesterday.
他昨天参加了会议。
Lead
in
5、speak,
say,
talk与tell
speak
speak的意思是“说话”,作不及物动词时,强调开始说话、发言的动作;作及物动词时,其后的宾语为某种语言。
say
say的意思是“说出、说过”,强调说话的内容,指有连贯性的说话,宾语多为所讲的内容。
talk
talk的意思是“谈话、谈论”,强调双方之间的谈话,一般用作不及物动词,常与介词to或with连用,表示“与……交谈”。而谈及到某人或者某事的时候,后接介词of或about。
tell
tell的意思是“讲述、告诉”,指把一件事情传达给别人或讲述一件事情、一个故事等,常作及物动词,后面接双宾语或复合宾语。
eg:Would
you
like
to
speak
at
the
meeting?
你要在会上发言吗?
He
speaks
Chinese
quite
well.
他汉语说得相当好。
May
I
speak
to
Miss
Wang?
我可以同王老师通话吗?
(此句常用于打电话时)
I
can
say
it
in
English.
我能用英语说它。
I
often
say
“hello”
to
her
with
a
smile.
我常笑着向她问好。
My
mother
wants
me
to
be
confident
when
I
talk
with
foreigners.
我妈妈想要我和外国人谈话时自信一些。
What
are
they
talking
about?
他们正在谈论什么呢?
Please
tell
us
something
about
yourself.
请告诉我们关于你自己的一些事情。
Dad
often
tells
me
to
save
water
in
our
daily
life.
Lead
in
6、dress,put
on,wear,in和have
on
dress
宾语通常是人,dress
sb.
意思是“给……穿衣服";get
dressed
“穿衣服”dress
oneself“某人自己穿衣服”
put
on
“穿上,戴上",强调穿、戴的动作,后接衣服、鞋帽等。
wear
"穿着;戴着”,强调状态,宾语可以是衣帽,也可以是饰品、奖章等
in
介词,后接表示衣服或颜色的词,着重于服装的款式或颜色,它所构成的短语只能作表语或定语。
have
on
have
on
意思是"穿着,戴着”
eg:My
son
is
now
able
to
dress
himself.
我儿子现在会自己穿衣服了。
Put
on
your
heavy
coat
if
you
are
going
out.
如果你要出去,穿上你的厚大衣。
You'd
better
wear
blue
or
black
pants
with
brown
shoes.
你最好穿蓝色或黑色裤子配棕色鞋子。
This
is
a
picture
of
a
young
man
in
a
black
coat.
这是一张穿着黑色外套的年轻人的照片。
I
will
have
on
black
pants
and
a
gray
shirt
tomorrow.
明天我会穿黑色的长裤和一件灰色的衬衫。
Lead
in
7、bring,take,carry,fetch
bring
意为“来,拿”带来”,指从别处带到说话处。
take
意为“带走,拿走”,指从说话处带到别处。
carry
意为“搬,带着,携带”,不表示动作的方向,强调随身携带。
fetch
意为“去拿来”,表示动作往返的过程。
eg:You'd
better
bring
your
tennis
bat
tomorrow.
你最好明天把你的网球拍带来。
It's
raining
outside.
Take
your
umbrella.外面正在下雨。带上雨伞。
The
box
is
too
heavy
for
me
to
carry.
这个箱子太重了,我搬不动。
I’ve
left
my
keys
in
the
meeting
room.
Please
fetch
them
for
me.
我把钥匙落在会议室了。请帮我取回来。
Lead
in
8、borrow,
lend,
keep
borrow
意为“借入”,为终止性动词。表示主语“借入”某物。
borrow
sth.
from
sb.
lend
意为“借出”,为终止性动词。表示主语“借出”某物。
lend
sth.
to
sb.
keep
意为“保存,借”,为持续性动词,表示“长时间地借”。
/
eg:Members
can
borrow
ten
books
from
the
library
at
one
time.
会员在图书馆每次可借10本书。
Can
you
lend
your
car
to
me
this
evening?
你今晚能把汽车借给我用一下吗?
You
may
keep
the
book
for
a
week,
but
you
can't
lend
it
to
others.
这本书你可以借阅一周,但是你不能把他借给别人。
https://www.21cnjy.com/help/help_extract.php中小学教育资源及组卷应用平台
人教版九年级中考英语总复习语法专题
动词讲义
一、动词概述
在英语中,每个句子都必须有一个动词来担当谓语,说明主语“是什么”或“做什么”,表示一种动作或一种状态的词叫动词。动词是一个句子的重心,因此从动词的变化可以看出该句是何种时态。所以,了解动词的时态,在英语学习中非常重要。
eg:I
am
her
brother.
我是她的弟弟。(说明主语“是什么”表示一种状态)
She
studies
English
very
hard.
她学习英语很努力。(说明主语“做什么”表示一种动作)
The
Moon
is
bright.
月亮是明亮的。(说明主语“是什么”表示一种状态)
二、动词的分类
在英语中,动词可分为四种动词:行为动词、系动词、助动词、情态动词。
类别
特点
举例
行为动词
及物动词(vt.)
单宾动词
跟一个宾语
We
like
music.
我们热爱音乐。
双宾动词
跟二个宾语
I
tell
Mike
a
story.我给迈克讲个故事。
宾补动词
跟一个宾语带补语
He
made
me
laugh.
他让我笑。
不及物动词(vi.)
不能直接跟宾语
The
old
man
died
老人死了
系动词(link.v.)
跟表语
I
am
a
teacher.
我是一个老师。
助动词(aux.v.)
跟动词原形或过去分词
(无特殊意义)
She
has
had
my
lunch.
我已经吃过早饭了。
情态动词(mod.v.)
跟动词原形
(表示说话者的态度)
You
must
study
hard.
你必须努力学习。
1、行为动词(实义动词)
行为动词是能独立作谓语的动词,我们日常接触的大量动词都是行为动词,又可称为实义动词,如read,
study,
run,
walk,
play等。按其句法作用可分为及物动词和不及物动词。按其持续性可分为延续性动词和短暂性动词。
?
不及物动词
不及物动词后无承受名词,自身意思完整,不能接宾语或者不用接宾语。不能接宾语是指物体发出的动作无法施加给承受者。不用接宾语是指动作能接宾语,但为了避免重复或不需强调,对宾语进行了省略,这种动词实际上即可以作及物动词,又可以作不及物动词。
eg:The
old
woman
died.
老人死了。(不能接,动作无法施加给承受者)
She
is
sleeping.
她正在睡觉。(不能接,动作无法施加给承受者)
My
mother
is
reading.
我妈妈正在阅读。(不用接,不需强调,对宾语进行了省略)
My
friend
gave
me
a
gift,
but
I
didn't
accept.(不用接,避免重复,对宾语进行了省略)
我朋友给了我一件礼物,但我没有接受。
补充:不及物动词如果需要接宾语,必须先加介词、副词等,使其变成及物的短语动词,它的作用等于一个及物动词。
①
动词+介词
此类动词后面的宾语无论是名词还是代词,都只能放在介词后面,不能放在动词和介词之间
eg:Listen
to
me
carefully.
仔细听我讲。
He
doesn't
agree
with
me.
他不同意我。
She
is
looking
at
the
picture.
她正在看照片。
Zhu
Tao
always
laughs
at
his
brother.
朱涛总是嘲笑他的兄弟。
此类短语有很多,需要积累:
ask
for请求
care
for
照顾
care
about
关心
look
after
照顾
get
off下车
depend
on
依靠
think
of
考虑
die
from
死于
believe
in
信任
listen
to
听
look
at
看
go
over复习
arrive
at
到达
arrive
in到达
work
on
从事
come
across偶然碰到
laugh
at
嘲笑
②
动词+副词
该类短语动词有时相当于及物动词,有时相当于不及物动词。当用作及物动词且其后的宾语是名词时,宾语可放在副词前,也可放在副词后;若宾语是代词,则只能放在动词和副词之间。
eg:He
turned
off
the
light
when
he
left.
当他离开时,他把灯关了。
He
picked
it
up
and
gave
it
to
me.
他把它捡起来并递给了我。
They
gave
the
names
of
the
winners
out.
他们说出了获胜者的名字。
此类短语有很多,需要积累:
put
on穿上;上演
put
aside放在一边
turn
in上交
put
down放下;写下
go
about四处走动
break
out
爆发
find
out
查出
pick
out
挑选
put
away收拾起来
ring
up打电话
go
back回去
look
around
环顾
set
up建立
look
through
浏览
break
in
打断
give
in屈服
run
away
跑掉
throw
away
扔掉
turn
off
关闭
give
up放弃
go
on继续
③
动词+副词+介词
此类短语动词相当于及物动词,可以有自己的宾语。宾语只能放在介词之后。
eg:He
gets
along
well
with
his
classmates.
他与他的同学相处得很好。
We
ran
out
of
oil.
我们的油用完了
She
came
up
with
a
new
idea
.
她想出了一个新办法。
此类短语有很多,需要积累:
catch
up
with
赶上
run
out
of
用完
look
forward
to
期盼
get
away
from
摆脱
catch
up
with
跟上
go
on
with
继续
put
up
with
忍受
come
up
with提出,想出
get
along
with
进展
④
动词+副词+介词
eg:He
takes
pride
in
doing
a
job
well.
他因做好工作而自豪。
When
you
visit
a
museum,
you
should
pay
attention
to
the
instructions.
当你参观博物馆时,你应该注意说明书。
此类短语有很多,需要积累:
catch
hold
of
抓住
take
part
in
参加
take
the
place
of
替代
take
pride
in以…为骄傲
pay
attention
to
注意
make
use
of
利用
catch
sight
of突然看到
take
notice
of
注意到
show
interest
in
对…感兴趣
?
及物动词
及物动词本身意义不完整,后面要跟一个名词或代词等作宾语才能使其意思完整。根据后跟宾语的情况,及物动词可分为单宾动词,双宾动词,宾补动词。(补充:所谓宾语就是一个动作的对象或动作的承受者就叫宾语。)
①
单宾动词
(动词+一个宾语)
单宾动词后有一个承受者,含义完整,无需添加其他补语。
eg:I
am
drawing
a
picture.
我正在画一幅画。
She
likes
music.
她喜欢音乐
Dick
is
watching
TV.
迪克正在看电视。
注意:★
不要把动词之后的词一律视作宾语,从而将不及物动词误认为是单宾动词。
eg:She
stands
here(状语).
她站在这里。(不及物动词)
(这里的动词stand是由主语She发出的,且不可能有承受者(宾语),here在这里是副词,描述动作发生的地点,而不是承受动作,因而stand属于不及物动词,而here在这里充当了状语,而不是宾语。)
★
若是动词与名词之间出现了介词,那么这个动词属于不及物动词,而非单宾动词。
eg:I
go
to
the
library(状语).
我去图书馆。(不及物动词)
(这里的动词go由主语I发出且无受力对象,library并未承受go这一动作,因为不能说“图书馆被去了”,所以go是不及物动词,“to
the
library”属于介词短语,相当于副词在修饰动词go,充当了状语,而不是宾语。)
②
双宾动词
(动词+间接宾语+直接宾语)
双宾动词后有两个承受者,一个是直接宾语,一个是间接宾语。直接宾语为动词直接涉及的事物;间接宾语往往指涉及的是人。间接宾语有时可放到后面去,由介词to或for引导,变成介词短语,介词短语冲当状语。
eg:I
tell
Mike
a
story.
我给迈克讲个故事。
She
teach
me
English.
她教我英语。
◆
能接以to引导的间接宾语的动词常见的有:bring,
give,
leave,
lend,
offer,
pass,
play,
read,
send,
show,
take,
teach,
tell,
write等。
eg:Could
you
lend
me(间宾)
your
dictionary(直宾)?请你把你的字典借我用下好吗?
=Could
you
lend
your
dictionary
to
me(状语)?
She
passed
him(间宾)
her
book(直宾).
她把书递给他。
=She
passed
her
book
to
him(状语).
◆
能接以for引导的间接宾语的动词常见的有:build,
buy,
cook,
cut,
fetch,
find,
get,
keep,
make,
order,
save,
pick,
play,
sing,
take,
win,
write
等。
eg:My
mother
cooks
us(间宾)
breakfast(直宾)
every
day.
我妈妈每天给我们做早餐。
=My
mother
cooks
breakfast
for
us(状语)
every
day.
I'll
fetch
you(间宾)
a
chair(直宾).
我去给你拿一把椅子。
=I'll
fetch
a
chair
for
you(状语).
③
宾补动词
(动词+宾语+宾补)
宾补动词后有一个受力名词,但是含义不完整需要补充,主要分为“使役动词”和“感官动词”两大类。一般翻译成“使”和“让”,若动词后只加名词,含义不完整。
eg:We
call
her
Linda.
我们叫她琳达。
I
find
the
girl
pretty.
我觉得这个女孩很漂亮。
She
painted
the
wall
white.
她把墙漆成白色。
I
consider
Mike
a
genius.
我认为迈克是个天才。
常见的感官使役动词有:
记忆口诀:一感:feel
二听:hear,listen
to
三让:make,let,have
五看:look
at,see,watch,notice,observe
使用口诀:感使动词真奇怪,
to在句中象妖怪。
主动句里它走开,
被动句里它回来。
动词let要除外,
to词可来可不来。
?
廷续性动词和短暂性动词
英语中,按动词延续的时间长短,可将动词分为延续性动词和短暂性动词。延续性动词,如:learn“学习”,work“工作”,play“玩耍”等。短暂性动词,即动作一开始便结束的动词,如:come“来”,go“去”,begin“幵始”,become“变成”,buy“购买”。延续性动词,就是可以想做多久就做多久的事情,只要你不累。短暂性动词就是一瞬间的事情。
当句子中出现“for+一段时间”,“since+从句”,“since+表示时间点的名词”,how
long等,这些时间状语的时候,不能使用短暂性动词,要使用延续性动词。多用于完成时。(口诀:看见since,for,how
long;廷续性动词不能忘)
eg:His
grandfather
has
died
for
ten
years.
(×)
His
grandfather
has
been
dead
for
ten
years.
(√)
他的祖父已经去世十年了。
My
brother
has
joined
the
army
since
five
years
ago.
(×)
My
brother
has
been
in
the
army
since
five
years
ago.
(√)
我的兄弟自从五年前就在军队服役了。
How
long
has
the
film
begun?
(×)
How
long
has
the
film
been
on?
(√)
电影上映多久了?
牢记:常见的短暂性动词对应的延续性动词
短暂性动词
延续性动词
put
on
穿上
wear
穿着
meet
遇见
know
认识
borrow
借来
keep
持有
buy
买
have
拥有
join
加入
be
in
在……里了
catch/get+病
得病
have+病
有病
leave
离开……
be
away
from
离开……了
come
to/go
to
reach/arrive
in(at)
来,去,到达
be
in/at
在……
die
死
be
dead
死了的
start/begin
开始
be
on
进行了
finish/end
结束
be
over
结束了
open
打开
be
open
(adj.)
开着的
close
关闭
be
closed
(adj.)
关着的
marry
结婚
be
married
已婚的
go
back
to
/
return
to
返回
be
back
to
回来了
go
out
出去
be
out
在外面了
become
变成
be
是
fall
asleep/get
to
sleep
入睡
be
asleep
睡着的
2、系动词
连系动词本身无动作含义,仅起到连接作用,主要分为“be动词”和“连系动词”两大类。be动词的三种形式是am/is/are,主要表达“状态”和“存在”,一般翻译为“是”或“在,有时不必译出。常说的“主系表”其实就是此类系动词。“连系动词”说白了就是在句中“可用be替换的词”,这类词可分为以下三类:
感觉类:feel,look,sound,taste,smell,seem,appear
变成类:become,come,go,get,grow,turn,fall
保持类:keep,stay,remain,continue,prove
eg:He
is
a
teacher.
他是一个老师。
Please
keep
healthy.
请保持健康。
she
looks
so
sad.
她看起来很伤心。
That
sounds
great.
那听起来很棒。
The
leaves
turned
yellow.
叶子变黄了。
★
常用的系动词词组
①
get/be
married
结婚
eg:What
did
you
do
before
you
got
married?
你结婚之前做什么工作?
Mary
has
been
married
for
five
years.
玛丽已经结婚5年了。
②
get/become
lost迷失,迷路
eg:Sorry,
I’m
late
for
the
meeting,
I
became/got
lost.
对不起,我开会迟到了,因为我迷路了。
The
little
girl
went
for
a
walk
and
got
lost.
小女孩出去散步,迷路了。
③
come
true实现
eg:Our
dream
has
come
true
at
last.
我们的梦想终于实现了。
What
Mary
had
hoped
all
came
true.
玛丽所希望的一切都实现了。
④
get
dressed穿衣服
eg:He
is
old
enough
to
get
dressed
himself.
他长大了,已经会自己穿衣服了。
After
Liu
Gang
got
dressed,
he
had
breakfast.
刘刚穿好衣服后,就吃早餐了。
?
seem/appear
to
be似乎是……,好像……
eg:The
student
seems
to
be
a
very
kind
and
thoughtful
person.
这个学生似乎是个善良且体贴的人。
They
appear
to
be
depressed,
not
lively.
他们看起来很沮丧,不活泼。
3、助动词
助动词本身并没有意义,它只是帮助主要动词构成谓语,表示疑问、否定、时态、语态等。英语中有些单词并不是固定的助动词,如动词be,
have,
do等在句子中与主要动词一起构成各种时态、语态、否定句、疑问句时,才担当起助动词的作用。
eg:It
is
made
in
China.(is是助动词,帮助主要动词made构成一般现在时的被动语态)
它是中国制造的。
I
haven't
had
my
breakfast
yet.(have是助动词,帮助had构成现在完成时的否定句)
我还没吃早饭呢。
4、情态动词
情态动词表示说话人对某一动作或状态的态度,认为“可能”
“应当”
“必要”等。情态动词有词义,但词义不完整,其后一定要跟不带to的动词不定式(即动词原形,
ought
to除外)。另外,情态动词没有人称和数的变化。
eg:He
can
speak
English.(主语是第三人称单数,也不能在can后加s)
他会说英语。
He
speaks
English
well.(时态是一般现在时,主语是第三人称单数,动词speak后要加s)
他英语说得很好。
三、动词的基本形式
英语中动词有五种基本形式:动词原形、动词第三人称单数、动词现在分词、动词过去式、动词过去分词。
1、动词的第三人称单数。
变化规则
读法
例词
一般情况下直接加-s
s在清辅音后读/s/,在浊辅音或元音后读/z/;在t后读/ts/,在d后读/dz/。
see
sees
talk
talks
read
reads
get
gets
以“s,x,ch,sh”结尾的动词加-es
es读/iz/
watch
watches
wash
washes
fix
fixes
guess
guesses
部分“o”结尾的动词加-es
es读/z/
go
goes
do
does
以辅音字母加“y”结尾的,要先变“y”为“i”,再加-es,
es读/z/
study
studies
fly
flies
以元音字母加“y”结尾的,直接加-s
es读/z/
play
plays
say
says
不规则变化
/
have
has
be
is
2、动词的现在分词。(直
去
双
少)
变化规则
例词
一般情况下直接加-ing
read
reading
jump
jumping
sleep
sleeping
以不发音字母e结尾的动词,去掉e再加-ing
take
taking
write
writing
wake
waking
以重读闭音节结尾且末尾只有一个辅音字母的动词,双写该辅音字母后再加-ing
run
running
swim
swimming
put
putting
少数几个以ie结尾的动词要变ie为y,再加-ing
die死亡
dying
lie躺下
lying
tie捆绑
tying
注意:以y结尾的动词变为现在分词时,y不变,直接加上-ing。
eg:play→playing
study→studying
fly→flying
3、动词的过去式及过去分词。(直
去
双
改
特)
变化规则
例词
一般情况下直接加-ed
work
worked
jump
jumped
look
looked
以不发音字母e结尾的动词,直接加-d(去e加ed也可以)
like
liked
live
lived
use
used
以重读闭音节结尾且末尾只有一个辅音字母的动词,双写该辅音字母后再加-ed
stop
stopped
plan
planned
shop
shopped
以辅音字母加“y”结尾的动词,要先改“y”为“i”,再加-ed,以元音字母加“y”结尾的动词,直接加-ed
study
studied
carry
carried
play
played
注意:词尾-ed在清辅音后读/t/;在元音和浊辅音后读/d/;在辅音t,d后读/id/。
常用不规则动词过去式/过去分词(更多参见教科书不规则动词变化表)【特】
常用不规则动词过去式【特】
把i变成a
begin-began
drink-drank
give-gave
sing-sang
sit-sat
swim-swam
把i变成o
drive-drove
find-found
ride-rode
win-won
write-wrote
后加-ought/aught
buy-bought
bring-brought
think-thought
teach-taught
后加-ew
draw-drew
fly-flew
know-knew
grow-grew
保持不变
cut-cut
hurt-hurt
let-let
put-put
read-read
后加-ould
can-could
will-would
shall-should
把o变成a
become-became
come-came
把eep变成ept
keep-kept
sleep-slept
sweep-swept
把字母改成oo
stand-stood
take-took
加一个字母
hear-heard
learn-learnt
learn-learned
少一个字母
meet-met
choose-chose
需要特殊记
am/is--was
are--were
go-went
do-did
fall-fell
feel-felt
have/has-had
leave-left
send-sent
speak-spoke
make-made
lose-lost
run-ran
say-said
see-saw
sell-sold
get-got
lie-lay
eat-ate
现在式
过去式
过去分词
现在式
过去式
过去分词
let让
let
let
lie躺
lay
lain
lose遗失
lost
lost
make
做
made
made
meet遇见
met
met
pay支付
paid
paid
read
读
read
read
rise上升
rose
risen
run跑
ran
run
say说
said
said
beat打,敲
beat
beaten
become成为
became
become
begin开始
began
begun
bite
咬
bit
bitten/bit
blow吹
blew
blown
break打破
broke
broken
bring携带
brought
brought
build建造
built
built
burn燃烧
burned/burnt
burned/burnt
buy买
bought
bought
catch捉
caught
caught
choose选择
chose
chosen
come来
came
come
drink
喝
drank
drunk
drive驾驶
drove
driven
eat吃
ate
eaten
fall落下
fell
fallen
feed喂
fed
fed
feel觉得
felt
felt
fight打架
fought
fought
find找
found
found
fly飞
flew
flown
forget
忘记
forgot
forgotten
forgive原谅
forgave
forgiven
get获得
got
gotten/got
give给
gave
given
go去
went
gone
grow生长
grew
grown
hang
挂
hung
hung
hear
听
heard
heard
hit击
hit
hit
hold
持
held
held
hurt伤害
hurt
hurt
keep保持
kept
kept
know知道
knew
known
lay放置
laid
laid
lead引导
led
led
learn学习
learned/learnt
learned/learnt
leave离开
left
left
lend借出
lent
lent
see看见
saw
seen
sell
售
sold
sold
send
送
sent
sent
shine照耀
shone/shined
shone/shined
shoot发射
shot
shot
sing唱歌
sang
sung
sit坐下
sat
sat
sleep睡觉
slept
slept
smell
嗅
smelt/smelled
smelt/smelled
speak
说
spoke
spoken
spell拼写
spelt/spelled
spelt/spelled
spend花费
spent
spent
stand站立
stood
stood
steal偷窃
stole
stolen
sweep扫除
swept
swept
swim游泳
swam
swum
swing摇摆
swung
swung
take拿,握
took
taken
teach
教
taught
taught
tear
撕
tore
torn
tell告诉
told
told
think
想
thought
thought
throw
投
threw
thrown
understand理解
understood
understood
wear
穿
wore
worn
win赢
won
won
write
写
wrote
written
四、动词的时态
时态是表示动作与时间相互关系的语法体系。正确使用时态是非常重要的。在中文里,可以用特定的词语,如:“现在”“将来”“过去”“正在”“经常”“了”“过”“己经”等来说明一个动作发生的时间,而动词本身词形并无变化。在英语中,则要用动词本身的词形变化或加助动词来表示动作发生的时间。
英文中将时间分为4类,即现在时、过去时、将来时、过去将来时,状态也分4类,即一般态、进行态、完成态、完成进行态。“4时”与“4态”交叉组合,共计16种时态。初中阶段最常用的时态有5种,即一般现在时、一般过去时、现在进行时、一般将来时和现在完成时。
一般态
完成态
进行态
完成进行态
现在时
一般现在时
现在完成时
现在进行时
现在完成进行时
过去时
一般过去时
过去完成时
过去进行时
过去完成进行时
将来时
一般将来时
将来完成时
将来进行时
将来完成进行时
过去将来时
一般过去将来时
过去将来完成时
过去将来进行时
过去将来完成进行时
★
下面以play为例,列表说明。
一般态
进行态
完成态
完成进行态
现在时
I
play.
I
am
playing.
I
have
played.
I
have
been
playing.
You
play.
You
are
playing.
You
have
played.
You
have
been
playing.
He
studies.
He
is
playing.
He
has
played.
He
has
been
playing.
We
play.
We
are
playing.
We
have
played.
We
have
been
playing.
They
play.
They
are
playing.
They
have
played.
They
have
been
playing.
过去时
I
played.
I
was
playing.
I
had
played.
I
had
been
playing.
You
played.
You
were
playing.
You
had
played.
You
had
been
playing.
He
played.
He
was
playing.
He
had
played.
He
had
been
playing.
We
played.
We
were
playing.
We
had
played.
We
had
been
playing.
They
played.
They
were
playing.
They
had
played.
They
had
been
playing.
将来时
I
shall
play.
I
shall
be
playing.
I
shall
have
played.
I
shall
have
been
playing.
You
will
play.
You
will
be
playing.
You
will
have
played.
You
will
have
been
playing.
He
will
play.
He
will
be
playing.
He
will
have
played.
He
will
have
been
playing.
We
shall
play.
We
shall
be
playing.
We
shall
have
played.
We
shall
have
been
playing.
They
will
play.
They
will
be
playing.
They
will
have
played.
They
will
have
been
playing.
五、动词短语
①
动词+介词
此类动词后面的宾语无论是名词还是代词,都只能放在介词后面,不能放在动词和介词之间
eg:Listen
to
me
carefully.
仔细听我讲。
He
doesn't
agree
with
me.
他不同意我。
She
is
looking
at
the
picture.
她正在看照片。
Zhu
Tao
always
laughs
at
his
brother.
朱涛总是嘲笑他的兄弟。
此类短语有很多,需要积累:
ask
for请求
break
into破门而入
care
for
照顾
care
about
关心
look
after
照顾
get
off下车
depend
on
依靠
think
of
考虑
die
from
死于
believe
in
信任
listen
to
听
look
at
看
go
over复习
arrive
at
到达
arrive
in到达
work
on
从事.
come
across偶然碰到
laugh
at
嘲笑
②
动词+副词
该类短语动词有时相当于及物动词,有时相当于不及物动词。当用作及物动词且其后的宾语是名词时,宾语可放在副词前,也可放在副词后;若宾语是代词,则只能放在动词和副词之间。
eg:He
turned
off
the
light
when
he
left.
当他离开时,他把灯关了。
He
picked
it
up
and
gave
it
to
me.
他把它捡起来并递给了我。
They
gave
the
names
of
the
winners
out.
他们说出了获胜者的名字。
此类短语有很多,需要积累:
put
on穿上;上演
put
aside放在一边
turn
in上交
put
down放下;写下
go
about四处走动
break
out
爆发
find
out
查出
pick
out
挑选
put
away收拾起来
ring
up打电话
go
back回去
look
around
环顾
set
up建立
look
through
浏览
break
in
打断
give
in屈服
run
away
跑掉
throw
away
扔掉
turn
off
关闭
give
up放弃
go
on继续
③
动词+副词+介词
此类短语动词相当于及物动词,可以有自己的宾语。宾语只能放在介词之后。
eg:He
gets
along
well
with
his
classmates.
他与他的同学相处得很好。
We
ran
out
of
oil.
我们的油用完了
She
came
up
with
a
new
idea
.
她想出了一个新办法。
此类短语有很多,需要积累:
catch
up
with
赶上
run
out
of
用完
look
forward
to
期盼
get
away
from
摆脱
catch
up
with
跟上
go
on
with
继续
put
up
with
忍受
come
up
with提出,想出
get
along
with
进展
④
动词+副词+介词
eg:He
takes
pride
in
doing
a
job
well.
他因做好工作而自豪。
When
you
visit
a
museum,
you
should
pay
attention
to
the
instructions.
当你参观博物馆时,你应该注意说明书。
此类短语有很多,需要积累:
catch
hold
of
抓住
take
part
in
参加
take
the
place
of
替代
take
pride
in以…为骄傲
pay
attention
to
注意
make
use
of
利用
catch
sight
of突然看到
take
notice
of
注意到
show
interest
in
对…感兴趣
⑤
be+形容词+介词
eg:Maybe
it
means
you
are
afraid
of
too
much
homework!
也许那意味着你害怕大量的作业!
She
is
satisfied
with
what
I
said.
她对我说的话感到满意。
此类短语有很多,需要积累:
be
proud
of
以……自豪
be
famous
for
因……出名
be
good
for对……有好处
be
amazed
at对……感到惊讶
be
full
of
装满……
be
angry
with
生……的气
be
interested
in
对……感兴趣
be
afraid
of
害怕……
be
filled
with
用……装满
be
pleased
with对……感到满意
⑥
动词+名词
eg:Why
don't
you
have
a
try?
你为什么不试一试呢?
Please
have
a
seat
and
make
yourself
at
home.
请坐下,不用客气。
此类短语有很多,需要积累:
go
boating去划船
go
skating去滑冰
go
cycling
骑车
go
shopping去购物
have
a
cold感冒
make
a
decision
做出决定
go
fishing去钓鱼
have
a
try
尝试
have
a
seat
坐下
背记:
learn
from……
向……学习
listen
to听……
look
after照顾,关照
look
around
参观
look
for
寻找
look
like看起来像
turn
round
转身
turn
to翻到……页,转向
wait
for等待
wake
up醒来
worry
about为……而担心
write
down写下来
begin
with
以……开始
catch
up
with
赶上
climb
up爬上去
come
back
回来
come
from
来自
come
on加油
come
out
开花
come
round
来,前来
cross
out画叉,删除
do
with
处理
fall
behind
落后
fall
off掉下,减少
fight
about为……斗争
find
out弄清楚
fly
away飞走
fly
up高飞
get
back回来,回到
get
off
the(bus)下(公交车)
get
on
the(bus)上(公交车)
get
out
of
(car)下(小汽车)
go
along沿着……走
go
on继续下去
go
out出去
go
over仔细检查
go
through经受,经历
grow
up长大
hear
of听说
hold
on
(for
a
moment)
稍等一下(打电话用语)
jump
into
跳入
laugh
at
嘲笑
look
over
检查,浏览
make
out
看岀,辨认岀
make
up化妆
move
away
移走
pass
on
sth.
to
sb.
传递某物给某人
pass
on传递(某物)
pay
for为……付钱
pick
up拾起来
pull
up拉上来
put
on
穿衣服,戴帽
sell
out卖完,卖光
send
for派人去请
send
up射出,发送
take
off脱掉;起飞
take
out
拿出
thanks
to多亏/由于/因为
turn
off
关上
turn
on
打开
六、易混动词词义辨析
1、spend,cost,take与pay
★
spend作动词,还可意为“花费”,常指花费时间或金钱。
spend的常用结构有:
?主语(人)+spend
+时间/金钱+
on
sth.
?主语(人)+spend
+
时间/金钱
+
(in)doing
sth.
在某件事情上花费了多少时间或者金钱
eg:She
spends
much
money
on
clothes.
她花费很多钱在(买)衣服上。
I
spent
the
whole
morning
(in)
helping
my
mother
clean
the
house.
我花了整个上午帮妈妈打扫房子。
★
take作动词,还可意为“花费”,常指花费时间。
take的常用结构有:
?
It
takes
sb.time
to
do
sth.
某人花了多少时间来做某件事情。
?
doing
sth.takes
sb.time.
做某件事情花了某人多少时间。
eg:It
takes
me
three
years
to
study
English.
学英语花了我三年时间。
=Studying
English
takes
me
three
years.
★
cost表达“值得,花费”,主语为“物”,
常用结构有:sth.costs
sb.money.
花费多少钱买了某物或为某物值多少钱
=doing
sth.costs
sb.money.
eg:This
skirt
cost
me
120
yuan.
这条裙子花费了我120元。
=Buying
this
skirt
cost
me
120
yuan.
买这条裙子花了我120元。
★
pay
表示“支付,付钱”,主语为“人”,
常用结构有:?
sb
pay
some
money
for
sth
某人为某物支付多少钱
?
pay
for
sb.
替某人付钱
eg:I
paid
30
yuan
for
the
toy.
我支付了30元买这个玩具。
Wang
Li
paid
500
yuan
for
the
bike.
王丽花500元买了这辆自行车。
Don't
worry!
I'll
pay
for
you.
别担心,我会给你付钱的。
注意:
⑴
当表示花费“金钱”时,spent、pay、和cost的句子可以互换。
eg:Lily
spent
50
yuan
on
the
schoolbag.
莉莉花了50元买了这个书包。
=
The
schoolbag
cost
Lily
50
yuan.
=
Lily
paid
50
yuan
for
the
schoolbag.
⑵
当表示花费“时间”时,spend句型可以和take句型互换。
eg:Jack
spends
two
hours
(
in
)doing
his
homework
every
day.
=
It
takes
Jack
two
hours
to
do
his
homework
every
day.
杰克每天花两个小时做作业。
2、arrive,get与reach
arrive(in/at)
arrive为不及物动词,其后跟表示地点的副词here,
there,
home,abroad等
时,不需要加任何介词;其后跟地点名词时,则要加介词,即arrive
in
+大地点(国家、大城市等),arrive
at+小地点(镇、家、店等)
get(to)
get意为“到达”时,为不及物动词,其后跟表示地点的副词here,there,home等时,不需要加任何介词;其后跟地点名词时,则要加介词to,即“get
to十地点名词”
reach
及物动词,意为“到达”,其后直接跟地点名词。
eg:He
arrived
in
Jinan
yesterday.
他昨天就到济南了。
I
arrived
at
the
restaurant
an
hour
ago.
我一个小时前到达了这家餐馆。
When
do
you
get
to
school?
你什么时候到学校?
They
reached
London
last
night.
他们非晚到达了伦敦。
3、happen
与
take
place
happen
意为“发生;碰巧”,一般用于偶然或突发性事件,没有被动形式。
take
place
意为“发生;举行,举办”,一般指非偶然性事件的“发生”,即这种事件的发生一定有某种原因或事先安排好的,没有被动形式。
eg:A
traffic
accident
happened
to
him.
一场交通事故发生在他身上。
The
meeting
will
take
place
next
Friday.
会议将在下周五举行。
4、join,join
in,attend与take
part
in
join,
join
in和take
part
in都有“加入,参加”的意思。
◆
join
一般加入组织或者团体这类由多人组成的群体,成为其中的一员,使用join,这个群体既可以是固定的,比如:党派、俱乐部(join
the
club),也可以是临时的,如辩论队等。后接名词或代词。
eg:I
want
to
join
the
art
club.
我想加入美术俱乐部。
He
joined
the
photography
club
last
week.
他上周加入了摄影俱乐部。
Mary
joined
the
debate
team.
玛丽加入了辩论队。
My
younger
brother
wants
to
join
the
army.
我弟弟想参军。
◆
join
in
多指参加活动或者比赛,如“球赛、游戏”等。后接名词或动词-ing形式。
eg:May
I
join
in
the
game?
我可以参加这个游戏吗?
He
laughed
loudly,
and
his
friend
joined
in.
他大声笑了起来,他的朋友也跟着笑了。
◆
take
part
in
take
part
in和join
in用法比较相似,有时候也可以互换,可以指参加活动、比赛等团体性的活动,但是注意take
part
in不可以和join互换。
eg:Thousands
of
students
have
taken
part
in
the
demonstrations/?d?m?ns?tre???nz/.
数千名学生参加了示威活动。
They
wouldn't
let
me
take
part
in
their
game.
他们不让我参加他们的游戏。
◆
attend的本意也有“参加,出席”的意思,通常指出席(参加)会议、婚礼、课程等,后常跟meeting、wedding或course等。
eg:He
attended
the
meeting
yesterday.
他昨天参加了会议。
5、speak,
say,
talk与tell
◆
speak的意思是“说话”,作不及物动词时,强调开始说话、发言的动作;作及物动词时,其后的宾语为某种语言。
eg:Would
you
like
to
speak
at
the
meeting?
你要在会上发言吗?
He
speaks
Chinese
quite
well.
他汉语说得相当好。
除了上面的两种用法,它也可以跟to连用,形成speak
to
sb.,表示“同某人说话”。
eg:May
I
speak
to
Miss
Wang?
我可以同王老师通话吗?
(此句常用于打电话时)
He
is
speaking
to
the
teacher.
他正在和老师说话。
◆
say的意思是“说出、说过”,强调说话的内容,指有连贯性的说话,宾语多为所讲的内容。
eg:I
can
say
it
in
English.
我能用英语说它。
I
often
say
“hello”
to
her
with
a
smile.
我常笑着向她问好。
有时say也与to连用,形成say
to
sb.,表示“对某人说?”。
eg:She
says
to
us,
“I
like
my
hometown”.
她对我们说,“我喜欢我的家乡”。
◆
talk的意思是“谈话、谈论”,强调双方之间的谈话,一般用作不及物动词,常与介词to或with连用,表示“与……交谈”。而谈及到某人或者某事的时候,后接介词of或about。
eg:My
mother
wants
me
to
be
confident
when
I
talk
with
foreigners.
我妈妈想要我和外国人谈话时自信一些。
What
are
they
talking
about?
他们正在谈论什么呢?
We
talked
about
this
problem
for
five
hours.
我们就这个问题谈了五个小时。
◆
tell的意思是“讲述、告诉”,指把一件事情传达给别人或讲述一件事情、一个故事等,常作及物动词,后面接双宾语或复合宾语。常用于以下结构:
tell
sb
sth
告诉某人某事
tell
sb
about
sth
告诉某人关于某事
tell
sb
(not)
to
do
sth
告诉某人(不要)去做某事
eg:He
told
me
his
hobby.
他告诉我他的爱好。
Please
tell
us
something
about
yourself.
请告诉我们关于你自己的一些事情。
Dad
often
tells
me
to
save
water
in
our
daily
life.
爸爸经常告诉我在日常生活中要节约用水。
Mum
told
me
not
to
ride
a
bike
quickly.
It's
too
dangerous.
妈妈告诉我不要快骑自行车,那太危险了。
6、dress,put
on,wear,in和have
on
dress
宾语通常是人,dress
sb.
意思是“给……穿衣服";get
dressed
“穿衣服”
dress
oneself“某人自己穿衣服”
put
on
“穿上,戴上",强调穿、戴的动作,后接衣服、鞋帽等。
wear
"穿着;戴着”,强调状态,宾语可以是衣帽,也可以是饰品、奖章等
in
介词,后接表示衣服或颜色的词,着重于服装的款式或颜色,它所构成的短语只能作表语或定语。
have
on
have
on
意思是"穿着,戴着”
eg:My
son
is
now
able
to
dress
himself.
我儿子现在会自己穿衣服了。
Put
on
your
heavy
coat
if
you
are
going
out.
如果你要出去,穿上你的厚大衣。
You'd
better
wear
blue
or
black
pants
with
brown
shoes.
你最好穿蓝色或黑色裤子配棕色鞋子。
This
is
a
picture
of
a
young
man
in
a
black
coat.
这是一张穿着黑色外套的年轻人的照片。
I
will
have
on
black
pants
and
a
gray
shirt
tomorrow.
明天我会穿黑色的长裤和一件灰色的衬衫。
7、bring,take,carry,fetch
bring
意为“来,拿”带来”,指从别处带到说话处。
take
意为“带走,拿走”,指从说话处带到别处。
carry
意为“搬,带着,携带”,不表示动作的方向,强调随身携带。
fetch
意为“去拿来”,表示动作往返的过程。
eg:You'd
better
bring
your
tennis
bat
tomorrow.
你最好明天把你的网球拍带来。
It's
raining
outside.
Take
your
umbrella.外面正在下雨。带上雨伞。
The
box
is
too
heavy
for
me
to
carry.
这个箱子太重了,我搬不动。
I’ve
left
my
keys
in
the
meeting
room.
Please
fetch
them
for
me.
我把钥匙落在会议室了。请帮我取回来。
8、borrow,
lend,
keep
borrow
意为“借入”,为终止性动词。表示主语“借入”某物。
borrow
sth.
from
sb.
lend
意为“借出”,为终止性动词。表示主语“借出”某物。
lend
sth.
to
sb.
keep
意为“保存,借”,为持续性动词,表示“长时间地借”。
/
eg:Members
can
borrow
ten
books
from
the
library
at
one
time.会员在图书馆每次可借10本书。
Can
you
lend
your
car
to
me
this
evening?
你今晚能把汽车借给我用一下吗?
You
may
keep
the
book
for
a
week,
but
you
can't
lend
it
to
others.
这本书你可以借阅一周,但是你不能把他借给别人。
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