(共8张PPT)
第 13讲 特殊句式
这种句型中，祈使句通常表示一种条件，祈使句和陈述句之间的连词常常是命题的热点。其连词分两类：
1. and, then, and then 意思是“就，那么，才”，表示按照祈使句说的去做，会产生顺应的结果。
“祈使句＋陈述句”句型
2. or, or else, otherwise 意思是“否则，要不，不然的话”，表示不按照祈使句说的去做，则会产生相反的结果。
Come early, and you'll catch the first bus.
→If you come early, you'll catch the first bus.
→Coming early, you'll catch the first bus.
→Come early, or you won't catch the first bus.
“祈使句＋陈述句”句型
1．反意疑问句的陈述部分含有由un ， im ， in ， dis 等否定意义的前缀构成的词语时，陈述部分要视为肯定含义，问句部分用否定形式。
Your father is unhappy,_isn't_he？(不能用is he？)
反意疑问句
2. 陈述部分用must (may, might) ＋ have ＋ v． ed表示推测时，若句中带有明显的过去时间状语，问句部分动词用过去时形式。陈述部分用must (may, might) ＋ have ＋ v． ed表示推测时，若句中没有过去时间状语，问句部分动词用现在完成时形式。
He might have forgotten his pen in the classroom yesterday, didn't_he (不用mightn't he？/ hasn't he？)
You must have worked there a year ago, didn't_you？(不用mustn't you？/haven't you？)
反意疑问句
代替性省略：“so”可代替某些动词后的宾语从句，但绝不能用it或that。这些常用的动词有believe, be afraid, expect, hope, imagine, suppose, I'm sure等；not代替的是否定意义的宾语从句。但是I'm afraid, I hope, I'm sure 后跟否定的宾语从句时，只有一种形式，即I'm afraid not, I hope not, I'm sure not. 而I expect/ imagine/ suppose/think 的否定式有两种，即I expect / imagine/ suppose/think not 或I don't imagine/ suppose/think so.
— Can Emily do this work
— I think so. — I think not (I don't think so.)
省略句
常见情况有：
1. only＋状语(或状语从句)为标志词放在句首时；
2. 含有否定意义的副词为标志词放在句首时；
3. 结果状语从句把“so＋形容词/副词”放在句首或者“such＋形容词＋名词”放在句首， 则主句的谓语动词要部分倒装；that 从句不变；
倒装句
4. so /neither/nor 为标志词放在句首时；
(1)表示前面所说的肯定情况也适合于另一人或物。句式如下：
so ＋ be 或助动词或情态动词，主语。
(2)表示前面所说的否定情况也适合于另一人或物。句式如下：
neither (nor) ＋ be 或助动词/情态动词，主语。
5. 虚拟条件句省略if 时，将标志词had, should, were 放在句首。
倒装句(共13张PPT)
第 2 讲 名词
1. Anyway, I can't cheat him－it's against all my ______. (2011浙江卷)
A. emotions B. principles
C. regulations D. opinions
【答案及解析】1. B 考查名词的辨析。句意为“不管怎样，我不能欺骗他——这违反我的原则。”emotion情绪；principle原则，准则；regulation规定，规则；opinion意见。
2. The school advisers help you talk through your problems but they don't give you any direct ______. (2010浙江卷)
A. solution B. target
C. measure D. function
【答案及解析】2. A 分析四个选项：solution解决方法；target目标；measure措施；function功能。根据句意：学校的建议者们帮助你分析问题，但是他们不会给你直接的解决方法。
3. The system has been designed to give students quick and easy ______ to the digital resources of the library. (2009浙江卷)
A. access B. passage
C. way D. approach
【答案及解析】3. A 句意为“设计这个系统的目的是给同学们提供快速且容易使用图书馆电子资源的机会。”give sb. access to sth. 或have access to sth. 是固定词组，表示“有接近或使用某物的机会或权利”。
名词分为可数(有单、复数形式)和不可数名词(只有单数形式)。
【熟记】
1. 可数名词单数变复数的规则；
2. 不规则变化形式。
(1) 单复数形式相同：
Chinese, Japanese, deer, sheep等。
名词的数
(2) 不规则变化：
man →men, woman →women, goose →geese, foot →feet, tooth →teeth, child →children, mouse →mice, ox →oxen等。
注意：German →Germans。
(3) 复合名词的复数形式：
editor in chief→editors in chief,daughter in law→daughters in law, grown up→grown ups, woman teacher→women teachers, man driver →men drivers
名词的数
名词的所有格在句中表示所有关系，作定语用。
1.有生命名词的所有格一般在词尾加上“‘”或“’s”。如：Tom‘s bike, Engles’s (Engles‘) works, Women’s Day, the editor in chief‘s office。
2. 如果一个事物为两个人共有，只在后一个名词的词尾加“'s”，如果不是共有，就要在两个名词的词尾都加上“'s”。如：Tom and Mike's room (共有)，Tom's and Mike's rooms (不共有)。
名词的所有格
3. 表示时间、距离、国家、城市的无生命名词，可以在词尾加“'s”或“'”表示所有格，如：today's papers, ten minutes' walk。
4. 表示店铺或某人的家时，常在名词所有格之后省去shop, house, home。如：the tailor's。
5. 无生命名词的所有格通常用of短语来表示。如：the window of the room。
名词的所有格
6. 表示有生命的名词有时也可用of短语来表示所有关系，尤其当该名词带有较长的定语时。如：the teachers of the No. 1 Middle School。
7. 双重所有格结构前的被修饰名词通常指整体中的部分或一个，双重所有格只能用于有生命的名词，这个名词是确定的。被修饰名词前有不定冠词、指示代词、疑问代词、不定代词或数词等限定词时，一般只能用双重所有格。如：an old friend of my uncle's, a daughter of Mrs. Green's, the house of one of my friends。
名词的所有格
表材料、地点、用途、性质，泛指时间、整体等普通名词可以作定语，一般用单数形式。
stone figures(石像)，paper money(纸币)，country music(乡村音乐)，river bank(河岸)，school gate(校门口)，traffic lights(交通灯)，summer holidays(暑假)，evening dress(晚礼服)。
但在个别情况下，也有需用复数的。
sports meet(运动会)，the United States government(美国政府)，students reading room(学生阅览室)，goods train(货车)，two men doctors(两个男医生)。
名词的普通格作定语
注意以下几组名词单复数问题：
1. 物质名词一般不用复数形式，但有些物质名词要用复数形式来表示不同的类别，如：
fishes(各种鱼)，fruits(各种水果)，steels(各种钢材)。
2. 物质名词表示数量时，一般用表示数量的短语来表示。如：
a cup of tea, three bags of apples, four pieces of bread。
易错易混点
3. 有些抽象名词的复数形式表示不同的含义。如：
work(工作)→ works(著作)
arm(手臂)→arms(军火)
glass(玻璃)→glasses(眼镜)
cloth(布)→clothes(衣服)
4. 定冠词加上姓氏的复数形式，表示全家人或夫妇二人；姓氏的复数形式前不加冠词，则表示若干个姓××的人。如：the Smith史密斯夫妇或史密斯一家， three Wangs 3个姓王的。
易错易混点
5. 只用作单数的复数形式的名词。如：physics, mathematics, news, the United States。
6. 有些名词形似单数，但实为复数。如：police, people, cattle。
7. 有些名词如被看作整体时就作单数用，如被看作组成该集体的各个成员时就作复数用。如：class, family, couple, audience, government, public。
易错易混点(共16张PPT)
第 1 讲 冠词
1. Experts think that ______ recently discovered painting may be ______ Picasso. (2011浙江卷)
A. the; 不填 B. a; the
C. a; 不填 D. the; a
【答案及解析】1. D 考查冠词在语境中的用法。句意为“专家认为，最近发现的油画可能是毕加索的作品。”the painting特指最近发现的油画；a Picasso意为a Picasso's painting，泛指毕加索的一件作品，有one的含义。
2. Many lifestyle patterns do such ______ great harm to health that they actually speed up ______ weakening of the human body. (2010浙江卷)
A. a; / B. /; the
C. a; the D. /; /
【答案及解析】2. B 句意：许多生活方式对人类的健康有害，他们加速了人类身体的衰退。“对……有害”是固定短语“do harm to”，名词前无冠词；之后的weakening是动词加 ing形式，是一个抽象名词，当表达一种概念、状况时需要加上the。
3. I don't understand what the engineer means, but I've got ______ rough idea of ______ project plan. (2009浙江卷)
A. the; a B. 不填； the
C. the; 不填 D. a; the
【答案及解析】3. D 句意：我不明白那个工程师的意思，但我已大致了解了这个项目的计划。have a rough idea是固定词组，意为“大致了解”，而plan在本句中表示特指，故用定冠词the。
1. 表示上文提到过的人或事物。如：
I have bought a book. The book is very useful.
2. 用于说话人与听话人心中都有数的人或事物。如：
Close the window, please.
3. 用于表示世界上独一无二的事物之前。如：
the sun, the moon, the earth, the world等。
4. 用于表示方位的名词之前。如：
the east, the right
5. 用于序数词或形容词的最高级之前。如：
the first, the tallest
定冠词的基本用法
6. 用于形容词之前，使其名词化。如：
the sick, the wounded
7. 用于由普通名词构成的专有名词之前。如：
the United States, the United Nations
8. 用于江河、海洋、海峡、山脉、群岛、建筑物等名词之前。如：
the Changjiang River, the East Lake
9. 用于复数姓氏之前，表示“夫妇”或“全家”。如：
the Smiths
定冠词的基本用法
10. 用于西洋乐器名词前。如：
play the piano, play the violin
11. 用于发明物前。如：
The compass was invented in China.
12. 用于年代名词前。如：
He lived in the countryside in the 1970s.
13. 用于固定词组中。如：
in the morning (afternoon, evening), on the other hand, at the same time
定冠词的基本用法
1. 泛指一个。如：
There is a book on the table.
2. 指人或事物的某一种类。如：
His father is a driver.
3. 指某一个人或事物，但不具体说明。如：
My sister was saved by a PLA man in the fire.
4. 用于某一些表示重量、长度、时间等单位前，表示“每一”。如：
We have meals three times a day.
不定冠词的基本用法
5. 表示同样的。如：
They are of an age.
6. 表数量，相当于one，但语意较弱。如：
There is a pen and two books on the desk.
7. 使抽象名词具体化。如：
The little girl is a help to her mother.
8. 固定搭配。如：
as a matter of fact, in a hurry
不定冠词的基本用法
1. 表示总称的复数名词之前。如：
Children love cartoons.
2. 不含普通名词的专有名词前。如：
We are studying English.
3. 名词前有指示代词、物主代词、不定代词或名词所有格修饰时。如：
I like this picture.
I do not have any money.
As time went on, Einstein's theory proved to be correct.
不用冠词的情况：
4. 季节、月份、星期等名词前，一般不用冠词。如：
She likes spring most.
5. 称呼语前不用冠词。如：
What shall I do next, Mother
6. 三餐饭前不用冠词。如：
What did you have for lunch
7. 节假日前不用冠词。如：
People give gifts to each other on Christmas Day.
不用冠词的情况：
8. 球类和棋类运动的名称前不用冠词。如：
She is fond of playing basketball.
9. 在一些成对出现的短语中不用冠词。如：
arm in arm(手挽手); hand in hand(手牵手);
side by side(肩并肩); day and day(日日夜夜)；
young and old(老老少少);
from door to door(挨门挨户);
from beginning to end(从头到尾);
from morning till night(从早到晚)等。
不用冠词的情况：
1. 抽象名词具体化时，被具体化的名词可能会与a/an连用。如：
a heavy rain一场大雨
a surprise一件怪事
a pleasure一件乐事
a success / failure一个成功的或失败的人，一件成功的或失败的事
易错易混点
2. 形容词比较级前用the表示“两者中较……的”，而形容词比较级前用a/an则表示“再/更……”。 形容词最高级前用the表示“三者或三者以上中最……的”， 而形容词最高级前用a/an时无比较含义。如：
Which is the_larger country, Canada or Australia
If there were no exams, we should have a_much_happier_time at school.
It is a_most_useful book. ( a very useful book)
He is the_most_diligent_student in this class.
易错易混点
3. “the ＋序数词”表示排序， “a/an ＋序数词”则表示“再一、又一”之意。序数词修饰动词事实上已成为副词，这时要用零冠词。如：
Can you give me a_second_chance,_please？(another chance)
He was only 5 years old when I first saw him.
4. 表示世界上独一无二的事物时一般用the修饰，但如果此类名词已有修饰成分，也可能加a/an。如：all over the_world,_ a peaceful world。
易错易混点
5. “零冠词 ＋ 单数名词＋ as/though ＋ 主语＋谓语”， 意为“虽然/尽管……但是……”。考生易犯带上冠词的错误。如：
Hero as he is, he has some shortcomings.
Young man as he is, he has seen much of the world.
6. 牢记高考中常见的纯不可数名词，它们是：weather, fun, space, advice, word(置于句首相当于news), progress, information, news。以上这些词不能与不定冠词连用。如：
Beyond the stars, the astronaut saw nothing but space.
易错易混点(共19张PPT)
第 10 讲 定语从句
1. English is a language shared by several diverse cultures, each of ______ uses it somewhat differently. (2011浙江卷)
A. which B. what
C. them D. those
【答案及解析】1. A 考查非限制性定语从句。从逗号可以看出。前面主句不缺成分，故后面部分一定为状语或定语从句，根据句意可以判断出后面是定语从句，cultures即先行词，排除B(并非名词性从句)、C(代词，引导从句不当)、D(副词，词不达意)。
2. A bank is the place ______ they lend you an umbrella in fair weather and ask for it back when it begins to rain. (2011浙江卷)
A. when B. that
C. where D. there
【答案及解析】2. C 考查定语从句。主句主系表结构俱全，后面一定是起修饰作用的定语或状语从句，从句意可知是定语从句，且先行词即place。而从句也不缺成分，因此用连接副词where在从句中代替place充当状语。
3. The settlement is home to nearly 1,000 people, many of ______ left their village homes for a better life in the city. (2010浙江卷)
A. whom B. which
C. them D. those
【答案及解析】3. A 考查定语从句引导词。由many之后的逗号和选项特征可知，此处是主从句关系，排除C、D项。由于先行词是“1,000 people”，表示人，故用whom。句意为：这里居住着将近1000人，他们中的许多人都背井离乡去城市追求更好的生活了。
4. I have reached a point in my life ______ I am supposed to make decisions of my own. (2009浙江卷)
A. which B. where
C. how D. why
【答案及解析】4. B 考查定语从句，先行词是a point，且在从句中作地点状语，故用where。
1. 关系代词有：that，which，who，whom，whose。
在定语从句中作主语、宾语和表语，whose作定语。代人的有：who，whom，whose，that；代物的有：that，which，whose。如：
That is the person(whom/who/that) you want to see. (whom，who，that代人，在定语从句中作宾语，可省略)
A dictionary is a useful book which(＝that) tells us the meaning of words. (which或that代物，在定语从句中作主语)
定语从句与引导词
2. 关系副词有：when(指时间)，where(指地点)，why(指原因)，在定语从句中作状语。如：
Would you suggest a time(when) we can have a talk？(when可省略)
The house where they live is not very large.
This is the reason why he did not come to the meeting.
定语从句与引导词
注意：不是所有表时间的先行词都用when引导定语从句，不是所有表地点的先行词都用where引导定语从句。如：
We'll visit the factory which(＝that) makes radios.
(which或that在定语从句中作主语，where不可作主语，故不可用。)
They still remember the happy days(which/that) they spent in Beidaihe.
(which或that在定语从句中作spent的宾语，when不可作宾语，故不可用。)
定语从句与引导词
1. 限制性定语从句和主句之间不用逗号分开，修饰主句中的某一个名词或名词词组或代词；
2. 非限制性定语从句常用逗号和主句隔开，可以修饰主句中的某一个词，也可修饰整个句子。
限制性定语从句与非限制性定语从句
3. 非限制性定语从句不能用that引导，引导非限制性定语从句的关系词不能省略。
Li Ping's father, who_works_in_a_factory,_is an engineer.
He tore up my photo, which_made_me_very_angry. (which指代主句内容，指他撕毁我照片这件事。)
He is good at physics, as is known to us all. (as指代主句内容，指他物理很好这件事。)
限制性定语从句与非限制性定语从句
1. which可以引导非限制性定语从句，指代前面主句中讲到的整件事。引导的从句不能放在句首。
She didn't come yesterday, which made me very angry.
2. as也可以引导非限制性定语从句，来指代整件事，引导的从句可放在句首也可放在句中，有“正如”的意思。
As is known to all, Taiwan is part of China.
He came in time, as we expected.
。
which与as 引导非限制性定语从句的区别
注意：在as is known to all, as we all know，as is expected, as is mentioned above, as it is这类结构中as不可换为which。
which与as 引导非限制性定语从句的区别
1. 只用that引导的场合
(1)当先行词既包括人又包括物时：
He talked about the_men_and_the_books that attracted him.
(2)指物的先行词被any, every, only, very, all, no等修饰时：
These are the very points that interest me.
(3)指物的先行词被序数词或形容词最高级修饰时：
The first_ step that we are to take is very difficult.
只用that引导和不用that引导的场合
(4)先行词是指物的不定代词all，little，few，much及everything，anything，nothing等时：
There is still much that can be done about it.
(5)先行词是who时：
Who that have seen him does not like him
(6)为了避免重复时：
They secretly built up a small factory which produced things that could cause pollution.
只用that引导和不用that引导的场合
(7)先行词在句中作表语而且关系代词在定语从句中也作表语时：
Shanghai is not the city that it used to be.
只用that引导和不用that引导的场合
1. “介词＋关系代词”用法
(1)介词的确定应依据定语从句中短语的习惯性搭配，如：
Who is the girl with whom you just shook_hands？(shake hands with…是习惯性搭配)
(2)介词常受先行词的制约(即介词和先行词的搭配)，如：
He built a telescope through which he could study the skies. (through which 即study through the telescope)
易错易混点
(3)当关系代词作“动词＋介词”固定短语的宾语时， 此时固定短语中的介词不能拆开移到关系代词前。如：
This is the watch which you're looking_for.
He is a kind of man whom you can safely depend_on.
易错易混点
2. 几个名词后的引导词
(1) situation, stage, case, point，occasion等要注意具体情况具体分析，作主语、宾语、表语用that/which；作状语用where/when/介词＋ which。
Can you imagine a situation where/in_which you can use the word？(状语)
There is one point that I must insist on. (宾语)
易错易混点
(2) way(方式，方法)后常用in which或that或how引导定语从句，也可省略。
Do you know the_way (in which/that/how) he worked out the problem
(3)“the same＋名词”，“such＋名词”，“as＋名词”后通常用as引导定语从句。
I have the same dictionary as you (have).
Such a book as you bought is not worth buying.
易错易混点(共21张PPT)
第 5讲 代词
1. Since people are fond of humor, it is as welcome in conversation as ______ else.(2011浙江卷)
A. anything B. something
C. anywhere D. somewhere
【答案及解析】1. C 考查不定代词。句意为“人们喜爱幽默，所以，在谈话中或者别的什么地方的幽默都受人欢迎。”疑问副词anywhere与else连用，表示“除了in conversation”的其他任何地方，表示场合的。而anything和something是表示超越场合的事物。
2. ______ that's important is that you are doing your best and moving in the right direction. (2010浙江卷)
A. One B. All
C. Everything D. Anything
【答案及解析】2. B 句意：重要的是你正在尽全力并且朝着正确的方向前行。分析四个选项的意思，从而判断此处选择all意思最合适。即all that ＝ what, 相当于 What's important is that…
3. — I've read another book this week.
— Well, may be ______ is not how much you read but what you read that counts.(2009浙江卷)
A. this B. that
C. there D. it
【答案及解析】3. D 考查强调句型。后半句句意：可能不是你读了多少，而是你读的内容才重要。
1．both, either, neither
都表两者范围，在句中作主语、宾语、定语。both可作同位语，意为“两者都”；either 表“两者中任一个”； neither表“两者都不”。
常考不定代词的辨析
2．any, none, all
表三者或三者以上范围，any 表任何一个、一些(不可数或复数概念，用于否定句、疑问句或条件从句中)；none 表三者或三者以上中的哪一个都不；all 整个的，所有的(三者或三者以上以及不可数)。
eg. This book is a good seller，so you can buy it at any shop in Beijing.
None of us are/is perfect.
All of the village was flooded.
常考不定代词的辨析
3．no one, nobody, none, nothing
no one，nobody表没有人，nothing 指没有什么事物；none 兼指人和物。none 着眼于数量概念，特指“人或物一个也没有，一点儿也没有”。
— How many people are there in the hall
— None.
— Who wants to go with him
— No one (Nobody).
— What can you see in the bottle — Nothing.
— Is there any water in it？— None.
常考不定代词的辨析
4. another, the other, the other＋复数名词(或the others), other (或other ＋复数名词)
another 表三者或三者以上范畴中的任一个，与数词连用，表“再有”；the other 表两者中的另外那个，特指；the other＋复数名词(或the others)，另外那些，表示其余所有的人或物，用于特指；others (或other＋复数名词)另一些，表示剩下的人或物中的另一些，泛指。
常考不定代词的辨析
【例题】 — I don't like this, show me another one.
— If you want to change for a double room, you'll have to pay ______ $15.
A. another B. other
C. more D. each
【答案】A
常考不定代词的辨析
1．人称代词
(1)分清主格和宾格形式。
(2)注意约定俗成的用法。
— Who is it — It's me.
(3)使用we 和you 泛指一般人。
(4)使用she代表国家、船只、月亮、大地等。
China is a great country. She has a long history。
(5)并列主语或宾语中顺序是：you, he (she) and I; we, you and they。
人称、物主、反身、指示代词的用法
2．物主代词
名词性物主代词——在句中作主语、宾语、表语、补足语，构成双重所有格：a friend of mine。
形容词性物主代词——只能起定语作用， my friend。
人称、物主、反身、指示代词的用法
3．反身代词
(1)在句中作宾语、表语和同位语；
(2)单复数的确定；
(3)在一些语境中的特殊含义。
eg. Make yourself at home.
不要拘礼；请随便吧。
Don't get nervous, help yourself to what you like.
别紧张，喜欢吃什么就吃什么。
Have you enjoyed yourself today
你今天玩得愉快吗？
人称、物主、反身、指示代词的用法
4．指示代词
(1)this, that, these, those
①在句子中作主语、宾语、表语和定语。
②this (these)一般指时间和空间上较近的人或物，而that (those)常指时间和空间上较远的人或物。
人称、物主、反身、指示代词的用法
③this (these)一般指后面要讲到的事物，而that (those)常指前面讲到的事物。
eg. What he told me is this: he wanted to go to Beijing.
He didn't come. That is why he didn't know.
④that, those 常用来指代前面提到过的某个名词。
eg. The oil output in 2011 was higher than that of 2010. (that 代替oil output)
人称、物主、反身、指示代词的用法
(2)such
①such引起倒装句，谓语的数取决于后面主语的数。
eg. Such is my answer. / Such are our people.
人称、物主、反身、指示代词的用法
②作定语，注意和so 的区别，尤其是在so…that…， such…that…句型中。
eg. I have never seen such beautiful flowers. (复数名词前，不可用so)
I have never seen such a great film. (也可为so great a film)
We have such beautiful weather today that we should go out for an outing. (不可数名词前，不可用so)
There are so many people in the hall that it's hard for me to find him. (在数量概念的many，much，little, few 之前，不可用such )
人称、物主、反身、指示代词的用法
it 的用法
1. it的指代作用
John likes playing ping pong. He always does it in the afternoon. (指代上下文提到的事物)
It is getting warmer and warmer. (指天气)
It's very quiet at the moment. (指环境)
2. 作形式主语和形式宾语
(1)作形式主语，代替由不定式、动名词或从句表示的真正主语。
易错易混点
It's important for us to learn a second language. It's no use talking to him.
It's known to all that the earth goes around the sun.
(2)作形式宾语，代替由不定式、动名词或从句表示的真正宾语。
We feel it our duty to help others.
He made it clear that he would leave the city.
3. 强调结构
It is (was) ＋被强调部分＋that (或who)＋句子的其余部分
易错易混点
注意： 在强调结构中，如被强调部分为时间状语或地点状语，其后的连接词也绝不能为when 或where，而应用that。在复习中，一定要注意句式的不同。
It was in Shanghai that I bought the guitar. (that引起强调句)
It was Shanghai where I bought the guitar. (where引起定语从句)
易错易混点
It was twelve o'clock when we arrived there. (when引起时间状语从句)
It was at twelve o'clock that we arrived there. (that 引起强调句)
易错易混点
4. it, one, that 的区别
one 用以指代同类事物中的任一个。
that 特指性强，指代可数与不可数名词。
it指代上文提过的同一事物。
【例题】(1)— Why don't we take a little break
— Didn't we just have ______？
A. it B. that C. one D. this
(2)The Parkers bought a new house but ______will need a lot of work before they can move in.
A. they B. it C. one D. which
【答案】 (1) C (2) B
易错易混点(共17张PPT)
第 11 讲 名词性从句
1. It is uncertain ______ side effect the medicine will bring about, although about two thousand patients have taken it. (2010浙江卷)
A. that B. what
C. how D. whether
【答案及解析】1. B 考查主语从句引导词。句意：这种药将会带来什么样的副作用还不确定，虽然已有大约两千人在吃这种药。it为形式主语，______ side effect the medicine will bring about为真正的主语。还原句子： the medicine will bring about______ side effect，side effect前缺少一个修饰词，故用what。
2. — Is there any possibility ______ you could pick me up at the airport
— No problem. (2009浙江卷)
A. when B. that
C. whether D. what
【答案及解析】2. B 考查同位语从句的引导词。句意为：“你有可能到机场来接我吗？”“没问题。”you could pick me up at the airport是possibility的具体内容，故是同位语。又因这个从句不缺任何句子成分，故用that引导。
名词性从句相当于名词，可分别作主句的主语、表语、宾语和同位语。因此，名词性从句分为主语从句、表语从句、宾语从句和同位从句。
1．连接代词：who, whose, whom, what, which。有词义，在从句中充当成分，如主语、表语、宾语或定语等。
2．连接副词：when, where, why, how。有词义，在从句中充当成分，作状语。
3．连接词：that, whether, if, as if。that 无词义，在从句中不充当成分，有时可省略；if (whether), as if虽有词义，但在从句中不充当成分。
引导名词性从句的连接词
注意：名词性从句的语序———陈述语序
他是怎么成功的仍然是个谜。
How was he successful is still a puzzle. (×)
How he was successful is still a puzzle. (√)
引导名词性从句的连接词
1．主语从句在复合句中作主语。如：
Who_will_go is not important.
2．用it作形式主语，主语从句放在句末。如：
It doesn't matter so much whether_you_will_come_or_not.
3．that引导主语从句时，不能省略。如：
That_he_suddenly_fell_ill_last_week made us surprised.
主语从句的用法
1．表语从句在复合句中作表语，位于系动词之后。如：
The question was who_could_go_there.
2．引导表语从句的连接词that有时可省去。
My idea is (that)_we_can_get_more_comrades_to_help_in_the_work.
表语从句的用法
1．宾语从句在复合句中作宾语。引导宾语从句的连词that一般可省略。如：
I hope (that) everything is all right.
2．介词之后的宾语从句，不可用which或if连接，要分别用what或 whether。如：
I'm interested in whether you've finished the work.
宾语从句的用法
同位语从句在句中作某些抽象名词的同位语，说明该名词的具体内容。这类抽象名词有：
同位语从句的用法
I have no idea when he will be back.
The fact that he had not said anything surprised everybody.
1．whether与if的区别
(1)只能用if的情况
①宾语从句是否定句时，只用if，不用whether。 如：
I wonder if it doesn't rain.
②引导条件从句时，只能用if，而不能用whether。如：
Please come to see me if_you_have_time.
易错易混点
(2)只能用whether的情况
①用if 会引起误解，就要用whether。如：
Please let me know whether you want to go.
(此句如果把whether改成if，容易当成条件句理解)
②宾语从句中的whether 与or not直接连用，就不能换成if；不直接连用，可换。如：
I don't know whether_or_not the report is true.
I don't know whether/_if the report is true or not.
易错易混点
③介词后的宾语从句要用whether引导。whether 可与不定式连用。whether也可引导主语从句、表语从句、同位语从句，还可引导让步状语从句，以上均不能换成if。如：
It depends on_whether we have enough time.
They don't know whether_to_go there.
易错易混点
2．名词性从句中主句和从句的主谓一致
(1)主语从句作主语相当于单数第三人称作主语，谓语动词用单数。
(2)如果由and 连接两个或两个以上的主语从句作主语时，谓语动词用复数。
(3)由两个或多个连接词引导一个主语从句，谓语动词用单数。
When_they_will_start_and_where_they_go have not been decided yet.
When_and_where the party will be held has not been decided yet.
易错易混点
3. 疑问词 ＋ ever 和 no matter ＋ 疑问词的区别
(1)疑问词 ＋ ever可引导名词性从句，在主从句中要充当一定的成分。如：
Whoever breaks the rule must be punished. (作主语)
(2)疑问词 ＋ ever还可引导让步状语从句。如：
Whoever breaks the rule, he must be punished.
(3)no matter ＋ 疑问词只能引导让步状语从句。
No_matter_who breaks the rule, he must be punished.
易错易混点
4. 同位语从句和定语从句的区别
定语从句是先行词的修饰语，它不涉及先行词的具体内容。定语从句中that起连接作用，且充当句子成分，作宾语时可省略。
同位语从句表明中心词的具体内容。that在同位语从句中不作任何成分，只起连接作用，无具体含义，且不可省略。如：
We expressed the hope that_they_had_expressed.
(定语从句)
We expressed the hope that_they_would_come_to
China_again. (同位语从句)
易错易混点
5. it作形式主语的常用句型
It is possible/important/necessary/clear/true that…很可能/重要的是/必要的是/很清楚/很对……
It is said/ reported/believed that…据说/据报道……
It has been announced/declared that…已经通知/宣布……
It seems/appears/happens…that似乎/显然、明显/碰巧……
It is no wonder that…并不奇怪/无疑……
It's a pity/a shame/a good idea/a fact/common knowledge (众所周知)/a common saying… (俗话说……)
易错易混点(共23张PPT)
第 3 讲 形容词和副词
1. The professor could tell by the ______ look in Maria's eyes that she didn't understand a single word of his lecture. (2011浙江卷)
A. cold B. blank
C. innocent D. fresh
【答案及解析】1. B 考查形容词的辨析。句意为“根据Maria茫然的眼神，这位教授能够看出她对他所讲的内容连一个字也没有听懂。”cold冰冷的；blank空虚的，茫然的；innocent无辜的；fresh新鲜的。根据后面didn't understand可知。
2. I've been writing this report ______ for the last two weeks, but it has to be handed in tomorrow. (2011浙江卷)
A. finally B. immediately
C. occasionally D. certainly
【答案及解析】2. C 考查副词的辨析。句意为“在过去的两周里，我时断时续地写这个报告，可是这个报告明天就得交了。”finally最终地；immediately立即，马上；occasionally偶尔地；certainly肯定地。根据but it has to be handed in tomorrow可知。
3. My schedule is very ______ right now, but I'll try to fit you in. (2011浙江卷)
A. tight B. short
C. regular D. flexible
【答案及解析】3. A 考查形容词的辨析。句意为“现在我的日程很紧凑，但我会尽力把你安排进去的。”tight (安排)紧凑的， 紧密的；short简短的，短缺的， 不够；regular有规律的， 定期的，符合规定的；flexible柔韧的，灵活的，可变通的。
4. I have been convinced that the print media are usually more ______ and more reliable than television.(2010浙江卷)
A. accurate B. ridiculous
C. urgent D. shallow
【答案及解析】4. A accurate 精确的；ridiculous可笑的，滑稽的；urgent紧急的；shallow浅的，肤浅的。句意：我确信印刷媒体常常会比电视更准确、更可靠。
5. Do you think shopping online will ______ take the place of shopping in stores？(2010浙江卷)
A. especially B. frequently
C. merely D. finally
【答案及解析】5. D especially 特别，尤其；frequently经常； merely仅仅； finally最终。句意：你认为网上购物最终会代替商场购物吗？
6. Playing on a frozen sports field sounds like a lot of fun. Isn't it rather risky, ______？(2010浙江卷)
A. though B. also
C. either D. too
【答案及解析】6. A 根据句意：在冰场上玩耍听起来很有趣。然而会不会有危险呢？前后两句之间是明显的转折关系，所以选择though。
7. John is very ______， if he promises to do something he'll do it. (2009浙江卷)
A. independent B. confident
C. reliable D. flexible
【答案及解析】7. C 考查形容词辨析。independent独立的；confident自信的；reliable可靠的；flexible灵活的。
8．It took ______ building supplies to construct these energy saving houses. It took brains, too. (2009浙江卷)
A. other than B. more than
C. rather than D. less than
【答案及解析】8. B 句意：建造这些节能型的房子需要的远远不止是建材，也需要脑子。本题考查四个相似短语。other than 除了……； more than超过……；远远不止；rather than而不是……； less than… 少于……
9. ______， the pay isn't attractive enough, though the job itself is quite interesting. (2009浙江卷)
A. Generally speaking B. On the contrary
C. In particular D. To be honest
【答案及解析】9. D 句意：实话说，虽然工作本身蛮有意思的，但工资没有什么吸引力。generally speaking一般来说，总的来说； on the contrary 恰恰相反；in particular 尤其，特别；to be honest 实话说，老实说。
10. In the good care of the nurses, the boy is ______ recovering from his heart operation. (2009浙江卷)
A. quietly B. actually
C. practically D. gradually
【答案及解析】10. D 句意：在护士们的精心照料下，这个男孩从心脏手术中逐渐恢复过来。quietly静静地；actually事实上地；practically 实际地；gradually 逐步地。
几个特殊的形容词和副词的比较级和最高级
比较级和最高级的常用句型
1．形容词在句中作定语时的位置：
形容词作定语，一般放在所修饰名词的前面。但在下列情况下，形容词要放在所修饰词的后面作后置定语：
(1)形容词修饰由some ， any ， no ， every ， 与one, body, thing (where) 等构成的复合不定代词(副词)时。 eg. Is there anything_interesting
(2)少数以a 开头的形容词，如：awake, alive, asleep作定语时。
eg. He was the only boy awake_at the time of earthquake.
形容词和副词的位置与功能
(3)形容词短语作定语时。
eg. He carried a basket full_of_stones on his back.
(4)形容词比较级前可以用表示数量或程度的词修饰，常用的有： even, much, far, a little, a bit, no, twice, three times, etc.
eg. This car is far_cheaper_than that one.
This park is four_times bigger than that park.
形容词和副词的位置与功能
(5)by far 用于强调，意为“……得多”，“最……”，“显然”等，可修饰形容词或副词的比较级和最高级，通常置于其后；若比较级或最高级前有冠词，则可置于其前或其后。如：
It's quicker by_far to go by train.
乘火车要快得多。
He's by_far_the_cleverer student.
他是个聪明得多的孩子。 。
形容词和副词的位置与功能
2．副词在句中的位置：
(1)多数副词位于谓语动词之后，如有宾语则位于宾语之后，但如宾语太长时也可置于宾语之前。
eg. She runs fast.
He went to school early.
They discussed carefully_the proposals which were raised at the meeting.
形容词和副词的位置与功能
(2)程度副词通常位于所修饰的词之前或之后，不能出现在句首。
eg. The boy seems quite happy.
(3)频度副词通常位于行为动词之前，系动词、助动词和情态动词之后。
eg. They often come to see us.
We have always lived in this house.
形容词和副词的位置与功能
1. 某些以 ly 结尾的词是形容词而不是副词。如：
friendly, lively, lovely, lonely, likely, deadly, orderly 等。
易错易混点
2. 有些副词有两种形式，一个与形容词同形，一个以 ly 结尾，但它们的含义是不同的。以 ly 结尾的词表较为抽象的含义，而与形容词同形的副词则表较为具体的概念。
wide / high / deep (具体的意义)宽/高/深
widely / highly / deeply(抽象意义)广泛地/高度地/深深地
close 靠近地 — closely 密切地、仔细地
late迟的 — lately最近、近来
dead死的 — deadly极其、非常
bad坏的 — badly非常地、恶劣地
易错易混点
most十分、非常，最多(大)的 — mostly主要地、绝大多数地、多半
eg. He is highly praised for what he has done. (高度地)
He can see a bird flying high in the sky. (飞得高，具有可见性)
易错易混点
3. 注意多个形容词(含其他起形容词作用的词)前置定语的顺序。常用的顺序为：
限定词＋外观描绘性词＋形状＋年龄(新旧)＋颜色＋国籍＋材料＋名词。
可用“县(限定词)官(外观)行(形状)令(年龄新旧)宴(颜色)国(国籍)材(材料)”谐音记忆。
eg. a beautiful white Japanese military jeep一辆漂亮的白色的日本军用吉普车
易错易混点
4. 形容词作表语。一定要注意系动词的出现情况。这是一个高考热点问题。
常见系动词有：be
变化系动词： become, get, turn, grow, go
保持系动词： keep, remain, stay
感官系动词： look, smell, taste, feel, sound, appear, seem, prove, etc.
5. 形容词作状语，表状况、原因、结果等。这也是应注意的一点。
He went to bed, _cold_and_hungry.
易错易混点(共16张PPT)
第 4 讲 介词
1. I always wanted to do the job which I'd been trained ______. (2011浙江卷)
A. on B. for
C. by D. of
【答案及解析】1. B 本题考点为介词与动词的搭配。句意为“我总想从事我一直以来为此被训练的工作。”还原定语从句部分，应该是“I'd been trained for the job”。 train作动词意为“训练”，介词for表目的。
2. I guess we've already talked about this before but I'll ask you again just ______. (2010浙江卷)
A. by nature B. in return
C. in case D. by chance
【答案及解析】2. C 考查介词短语的辨析。句意为“我觉得我们以前已经谈论过这件事情了，但是以防万一，我还是再问你一次吧。”by nature天生地，天然地；in return作为回报；in case以防万一；by chance偶然地，碰巧。
介词又叫前置词，是一种虚词。介词分为三种：
简单介词，如at, in, on, beside, to, for等；
短语介词，即由两个以上的词组成的短语，如in front of, because of, instead of等；
二重介词，如until after, from behind等。
介词的种类
介词不能独立在句中作成分，介词后必须与名词、代词或动名词构成介词短语在句中充当一个成分，表示人、物、事件等与其他人、物、事件等之间的关系。
1．作定语：The book _on_the_table is mine.
2．作状语：We have breakfast at_seven._(表时间)
They were late for meeting because_of the heavy rain. (表原因)
They started the machine by_pressing the button. (表方式)
介词的句法功能
3．作表语：My dictionary is in_the_bag.
4．作宾语补足语：I found him in_the_office.
介词的句法功能
1．表示时间的at, in, on
at表示片刻的时间，如：at 8 o'clock，常用词组有：at noon, at night, at midnight, at the end of, at that time, at the beginning of, at the age of, at Christmas等。
in表示一段时间，如：in the morning/ afternoon/ evening, in October, in 1998, in summer, in the past, in the future等。
on总是跟日子有关，如： on Monday, on Christmas morning, on May Day, on a warm morning等。
主要介词区别
2．表示时间的since和from
since表示从过去到现在的一段时间的过程，常与现在完成时连用。from表示从时间的某一点开始，一般多与现在时、过去时、将来时连用。如：
I hope to do morning exercises from_today.
We have not seen each other since_1995.
主要介词区别
3. between和 among
一般说来，between表示两者之间，among用于三者或三者以上的中间。如：
You are to sit between your father and me.
He is always happy among his classmate
主要介词区别
4．表示“用”的in, by和with
with用于有形的工具，或身体某些器官等的方面，其后的名词多被冠词或物主代词等修饰。而in常用于表示材料、方式、方法、度量、单位、语言、声音等。by后接名词且名词前常没有修饰词，名词用原形。如：
He is writing a letter with_a_pen.
He wrote the letter in_pencil._
We measured it in_pounds. (按磅计算)
Tell me the story in_English.
by hand靠手工 by ship乘船 by air乘飞机
主要介词区别
5．as和 like
as作“作为”、“以……地位或身份”解。如：Let me speak to you as a father. (事实是父亲)
like作“像……一样”解。如：Let me speak to you like a father. (事实上不是父亲)。
6．in front of 和in the front of
in front of ＝ before，是“在……前面”的意思(不在某物内)；in the front of则是“在……前部”的意思(在某物内)。如：There is a desk in front of the blackboard.
The boy sat in the front of the car.
主要介词区别
1. 表示时间的in和after
两者都表示“在(某个时间)之后”，区别在于in表示“在(一段时间)之后”，而after则表示“在(某一具体时间点)之后”，in短语和将来时态连用，after短语和过去时态或将来时态连用。如：
We'll be back in three days.
After seven the rain began to fall.
注意：after有时也可以表示在一段时间之后(常用在过去时里)。如：
After two months he returned.
易错易混点
2. 表示地理位置的in, on, to
in表示在某范围内，on指与什么毗邻，to指在某环境范围之外。如：
Changchun is in the northeast of China.
Mongolia is on_the north of China.
Japan is to the east of China.
3. 表示“穿过……”的through和across
through表示从内部通过；across则表示从一端至另一端在表面上的通过。如：
Water flows through the pipe.
The old man walked across the street.
易错易混点
4. besides, except, but, except for
besides指“除了……还有，再加上”。如：All went out besides me.
except指“除了，减去什么”。如：All went out except me.
but与except意思近似，表示“除了……外”，经常用在no, all, nobody, anywhere, everything等和其他疑问词后面。如：
I never saw him reading anything_but the newspaper.
易错易混点
except for表示“除……以外”，跟except的区别在于其后跟的词与前面所提到的不是同一类别。如：
His diary is good except_for a few spelling mistakes.
易错易混点
5. for与of用于不定式复合结构
(1) It is＋adj. ＋of sb. to do sth. ＝ sb. ＋be＋adj. ＋to do sth.
当形容词说明不定式逻辑主语的性质、特征时，用of。常见的此类形容词有：kind, good, nice, clever, stupid, foolish, considerate, polite, impolite, cruel等。
(2) It is＋adj. ＋for sb. to do sth.
当形容词说明不定式的性质时用for。常见的此类形容词有：possible, impossible, important, necessary等。如：
It is quite important for us to protect our environment.
易错易混点(共25张PPT)
第 12 讲 状语从句
1. One Friday, we were packing to leave for a weekend away ______ my daughter heard cries for help. (2011浙江卷)
A. after B. while
C. since D. when
【答案及解析】1. D 考查状语从句的连词。题干的前面是一个完整的句子。we were packing to leave for a weekend away为主句，时态为过去进行时，故排除选项A、C；连词后面的句子一定是从句，时态为一般现在时，故排除B。
【答案及解析】意思是“……当我女儿听到呼救声时，我们正在打包准备外出度周末。”本题也可以从when的用法去分析：when作并列连词时，其意义为“就在那时，这时”，相当于and at this/that time，常用于下列句型中：
Sb. was doing sth.
Sb. was about to do sth.
Sb. had just done sth. when sth. happened.
2. — How about camping this weekend, just for a change
— OK, ______ you want. (2010浙江卷)
A. whichever B. however
C. whatever D. whoever
【答案及解析】2. C 本题考查让步状语从句的引导词。句意：“这个周末野营怎么样，来点新鲜的？”“好啊，按你的意思办吧！”句子缺少宾语，故用whatever。原句相当于：Whatever you want, I will do it.
在句子中修饰谓语(或其他动词)、形容词、副词或是整个句子的从句叫状语从句。状语从句可以用来表示时间、地点、原因、目的、结果、条件、方式、比较、让步等。
表示时间的状语从句的引导词很多，根据意义和主从句之间的时间关系，又可分类如下：
1. 表示同时性， 即主从句的谓语动作同时发生或几乎同时发生。
其连词有：when (当……的时候), while(当……的时候), as(当……的时候), as soon as(一……就……), once(一旦……)等。
时间状语从句
2. 表示先时或后时，即主句的谓语动作发生在从句之前或之后。
主要连词有：after (在……后), before (在……之前), when (＝after)等。
3. 表示习惯性、经常性，即从句描述的不是一次性动作，而是经常发生的习惯性动作。
主要连词有every time(每次), each time(每次), whenever(每当)等。
时间状语从句
4. 表示持续性或瞬间性。
主要连词有：since(自从), ever since(自从), until(直到……才/为止), till(直到……才/为止)等。
时间状语从句
5. 有些单词或词组也可引导时间状语从句。
the time(当……的时刻), the moment(当……的时刻), by the time(到……时候为止), next time(下次), the first time(第一次……的时候), the last time(上次……的时候)，immediately(一……就……), instantly(一……就……), directly(一……就……)等词或词组以及hardly /scarcely…when…（刚……就……), no sooner…than…(刚……就……)。
时间状语从句
例句:When I came into the office, the teachers were having a meeting.
He started as_soon_as he received the news.
Once you see him, you will never forget him.
No_sooner had I gone to bed than I went to sleep.
时间状语从句
原因状语从句表示原因或理由。表示原因的状语从句可以由as(由于), because(因为), since(既然), now (that)(既然), considering that(顾及到), seeing that(由于)等连词引导。
He is disappointed because_he didn't get the position.
As it is raining, I will not go out.
Now_that you mention it, I do remember.
原因状语从句
引导地点状语从句的连词是where 和wherever等。
Sit wherever you like.
Make a mark where you have a question.
地点状语从句
引导目的状语从句最常用的词(组)是so, so that, in order that, in case(以防，以免), for fear that(以便)等， 从句中常常使用一些情态动词，如：can, could, may, might, should等。
Speak clearly, so_that they may understand you.
目的状语从句
结果状语从句是表示事态结果的从句，通常主句是原因，从句是结果。引导结果状语从句的连词有：that, so that(从句中不带情态动词), so…that…(如此……以致……), such…that…(如此……以致……)等。
She was ill, so_that she didn't attend the meeting.
She is such a good teacher that everyone admires her.
结果状语从句
表示条件的状语从句可以由if(如果), unless(除非), in case(万一), so /as long as(只要), as/ so far as(就……而言), on condition that(条件是……), suppose(假设), supposing(假设)(仅用在问句中)等词或词组引导。一般情况下当主句是将来时的时候，从句要用一般现在时。
条件状语从句
注意：条件从句中的if 不能用whether替换。
If he is not in the office, he must be out for lunch.
You can go swimming on_condition_that ( ＝ if ) you don't go too far away from the river bank.
If he had come a few minutes earlier, he could have seen her.
条件状语从句
让步状语从句由although(尽管), though(尽管), however(无论怎样), whatever(无论什么), whoever(无论谁), whomever(无论谁), whichever(无论哪个), whenever(无论何时), wherever(无论哪里), whether(是否), no matter (who, what, where, when, etc.) (无论……), even if(即使), even though(即使)等词引导。
让步状语从句
注意：as引导的让步状语从句一般是倒装的。
Though he is a child, he knows a lot.
Child as he is, he knows a lot.
Whatever_(_＝_No_matter_what_) you say, I'll never change my mind.
让步状语从句
方式状语从句常由as, as if (though), the way, rather than等引导。
You must do the exercise as I show you.
He acted as_if nothing had happened.
方式状语从句
比较状语从句常用than, so (as)…as…， the more… the more…等引导。
I have made a lot more mistakes than_you have.
The_busier he is, the_happier he feels.
比较状语从句
使用状语从句时要注意的几个问题
1．时态问题
在时间和条件(有时也在方式、让步等)从句中，主句是一般将来时，从句通常用一般现在时表示将来。
We'll go outing if it doesn't_rain tomorrow.
易错易混点
2．状语从句的省略
有些时间、地点、条件、方式或让步从句，如果从句的主语与主句主语一致(或虽不一致，是it)，从句的谓语又包含动词be，就可省略从句中的“主语 ＋ be”部分。
When (he was) still a boy of ten, he had to work day and night.
If (you are) asked you may come in.
If (it is) necessary I'll explain to you again.
易错易混点
3．注意区分不同从句
引导的是什么从句，不仅要根据连词，还要根据句子结构和句意来判断。以where为例，能引导多种从句。
You are to find it where you left it. (地点状语从句)
Tell me the address where he lives. (定语从句，句中有先行词)
I don't know where he came from. (宾语从句)
Where he has gone is not known yet. (主语从句)
This place is where they once hid. (表语从句)
易错易混点
4. before的几种用法
It will be a year before we meet again. (才……) (一段时间＋before)
The boy had left before I could thank him. (还来不及……就……)
5. when, while, as
(1)while 表时间，从句需用延续性动词，不用瞬间动词；
(2)when 表时间，从句既可用延续性动词，又可以用瞬间动词；
易错易混点
(3)as 表时间，与when 相似，但侧重强调主、从句动作同点或同段进行，可用延续性动词的一般过去式表示过去进行时。
(4)when, while 后还可以接分词短语。when 作并列连词，表示一个动作在发生时，另一个动作接着发生，这时就不能用while, as。
I was walking on the street when suddenly someone patted me on the shoulder.
(5)while 作并列连词，表示两种情况对比。
He was playing the guitar while his sister was watching TV.
易错易混点(共17张PPT)
第 7 讲 动词的时态和语态
1. The manager was worried about the press conference his assistant______in his place but, luckily, everything was going on smoothly. (2011浙江卷)
A. gave B. gives
C. was giving D. had given
【答案及解析】1. C 考查动词的时态。句意为“经理担心着他的助手代替他所举办的新闻发布会。
【答案及解析】幸运的是，一切进展顺利。”经理担心的时候正是助手举办新闻发布会之时，过去进行时表示过去某时正在进行的动作。易误选A项，gave表示过去的动作发生过，这与后面everything was going on smoothly不符，因为事情还在进展中。
2. If you plant watermelon seeds in the spring, you ______ fresh watermelon in the fall.(2010浙江卷)
A. eat B. would eat
C. have eaten D. will be eating
【答案及解析】2. D 句意：如果你在春天种下西瓜种子，你会在秋天吃到新鲜的西瓜。可以判断这是真实的条件从句，会发生的事情，所以选择will be eating表将来。
3. For many years, people ______ electric cars. However, making them has been more difficult than predicted. (2010浙江卷)
A. had dreamed of B. have dreamed of
C. dreamed of D. dream of
【答案及解析】3. B 句意：许多年来，人们都一直梦想着电动汽车。然而，制造它们比想象中要难得多。由此推断此处的梦想从过去到现在。目前，市场上已经有了电动汽车，所以应用现在完成时。
4. Over the past decades, sea ice ______ in the Arctic as a result of global warming.(2009浙江卷)
A. had decreased B. decreased
C. has been decreasing D. is decreasing
【答案及解析】4. C 句意：在过去的几十年中，由于全球变暖，北冰洋的海冰一直在减少。
5. — What do you think of the movie
— It's fantastic.The only pity is that I ______ the beginning of it.(2009浙江卷)
A. missed B. had missed
C. miss D. would miss
【答案及解析】5. A 根据语境，“错过电影开头”这一动作发生在过去，故用过去时。
动词是表示动作和状态的词。动词有时态、语态和语气三种形式的变化。
1．动词按其能否独立作谓语而分为：“谓语动词”和“非谓语动词”两种。
2．动词的四种基本形式：动词原形、过去式、过去分词和现在分词。
动词的分类
3．动词按其构成动词词组的作用可分为：实义动词、连系动词、情态动词和助动词。
(1)实义动词分为及物动词和不及物动词。还可分为持续性动词和瞬间动词；
(2)连系动词有两种：一种表特征或状态，另一种表状态变化过程。
动词的分类
时态和语态
主动语态(Active Voice )：在主动语态中，主语是动作的执行者。如：
The student wrote a song.
被动语态(Passive Voice): 在被动语态中，主语是动作的承受者。如：
A song was written by the student.
主动语态和被动语态
主动语态变被动语态三步骤：
1. 原来的主语变为宾语，其前加“by”；
2. 原来的(直接)宾语提前作主语；
3. 动词变为被动 be ＋ 过去分词(be要变化)
如： Millions_of_people will watch the_final_match_on TV.
→The final match will be watched on TV by millions of people.
主动语态和被动语态
1. 被动语态介词固定搭配不能省略。如：
He has thought_of a way of solving the problem.
→A way of solving the problem has been thought_of.
2. break out/ happen/ take place/ arrive/ become/ die/ disappear, etc. 不及物动词没有被动语态。如：
The accident which happened yesterday surprised me.
易错易混点
3. 主动语态表示被动的若干情形。
(1)某些连系动词用主动表被动，如：look, sound, smell, taste, prove, feel。
This kind of cloth feels soft.
My advice proved to be wrong.
(2)当open, close, shut, lock, move等用作不及物动词且表示主语的某种属性时，通常用主动形式表示被动意义。他们通常与can't, won't等连用。
The door won't shut.
易错易混点
(3)当read, write, wash, sell, clean, cook, burn, draw, cut, wear等词与well, easily, quickly 等副词连用时，常用主动表被动。
The cloth washes well.
The poem reads smoothly.
(4)某些表示开始和结束的动作(begin, start, finish, end, etc. )，当主语是物且不强调动作的执行者时，可用主动表被动。
The play ended at ten o'clock.
易错易混点
4. 非谓语动词主动表被动的情况。
(1)不定式to blame, to let用作表语时，通常用主动表被动。
Who is to blame 该怪谁呢？
The house is to let. 此屋出租。
(2)在“be ＋形容词＋to do”结构中的不定式通常用主动表被动。
The question is difficult to answer.
易错易混点
(3)不定式用于某些动词的(have, have got, get, want, need)宾语后作定语时，当不定式逻辑主语和句子的主语一致时就用主动表被动，若不一致，则需用被动。
I have a letter to post. (自己寄)
I have a letter to be posted. (请别人寄)
易错易混点(共30张PPT)
第 8 讲 非谓语动词
1. Bats are surprisingly long lived creatures, some ______ a life span of around 20 years. (2011浙江卷)
A. having B. had
C. have D. to have
【答案及解析】1. A 考查独立主格结构。句意为“令人惊讶的是，蝙蝠是长寿的动物，有些能活20年左右。”had和have是谓语动词形式，题中没有连词，无法并存两个句子。to have表将来；having表伴随。
2. Even the best writers sometimes find themselves ______ for words. (2011浙江卷)
A. lose B. lost
C. to lose D. having lost
【答案及解析】2. B 考查非谓语动词。句意为“甚至最优秀的作家有时也会发现他们难以用文字表达自己。”lose是及物动词，A、C、D项都是主动式，空格后没有lose的宾语，故用过去分词lost当形容词用，作find themselves的宾语补足语。
3. If they win the final tonight, the team are going to tour around the city______by their enthusiastic supporters. (2011浙江卷)
A. being cheered B. be cheered
C. to be cheered D. were cheered
【答案及解析】3. C 考查非谓语动词。句意为“如果他们赢了今晚的决赛，队员们将会巡游全城，接受热心支持者的欢呼。”A项being cheered正在进行；B项be cheered是谓语原形；D项were cheered也是谓语，但句中已有谓语are going to；C项to be cheered表示将来，同时也表示被动。
4. The experiment shows that proper amounts of exercise, if ______ regularly, can improve our health. (2010浙江卷)
A. being carried out B. carrying out
C. carried out D. to carry out
【答案及解析】4. C 考查if条件句的省略。
【答案及解析】本句的主语是the experiment，谓语动词是shows, that引导宾语从句，宾语从句的主干是：proper amounts of exercise can improve our health, if ______ regularly是插入的条件从句，其完整形式是：if it is carried out regularly，省略了it is。整个句意为：这项实验表明，适当的运动，如果有规律地进行，有利于我们的身体健康。
5. The traffic rule says young children under the age of four and ______ less than 40 pounds must be in a child safety seat. (2010浙江卷)
A. being weighed B. to weigh
C. weighed D. weighing
【答案及解析】5. D 考查非谓语动词。宾语从句中的主干为：young children must be in a child safety seat。under the age of four and ______ less than 40 pounds用于修饰宾语从句主语children。
【答案及解析】动词weigh与名词children是主动关系，所以选择weighing。句意：交通法则规定4岁以下并且体重不超过40磅的幼儿必须坐在幼儿安全座上。
6. There is a great deal of evidence ______ that music activities engage different parts of the brain. (2009浙江卷)
A. indicate B. indicating
C. to indicate D. to be indicating
【答案及解析】6. B 考查非谓语动词。此处是indicating 短语作evidence的后置定语，其中that music activities…the brain是动语indicate的宾语从句。
动词不定式、分词(现在分词，过去分词)和动名词统称为非谓语动词。现代英语将现在分词和动名词合为一大类叫做v. ing形式。动词不定式、过去分词及v. ing形式在句中均不能作谓语用，所以叫做非谓语动词。非谓语动词形式多样，应用广泛，且在句中起着很活跃的作用，也是语法项目中的重点和难点。
1．动词不定式的形式变化
动词不定式的要点
2.动词不定式的基本用法
(1)作主语：To help each other is good. 动词不定式能起名词、形容词和副词的作用，可在句中作主语、表语、宾语补足语、定语和状语用。(动词不定式作主语时，一般可用it作形式主语，而将作主语的动词不定式置于句末)，如：
It is good to help each other.
(2)作表语：
My job is to drive them to the power station every day.
动词不定式的要点
(3)作宾语：
①作及物动词的宾语，如：
She wishes to be a musician.
②作某些形容词的宾语：这类形容词一般有glad, sorry, afraid, pleased, determined, willing, eager, anxious, ready, sure等，如：
I am determined to give up smoking.
③当动词不定式之前有疑问词时，就可作介词的宾语，如：
Can you give us some advice on what to do next
动词不定式的要点
(4)作宾语补足语，如：
Tell the children not to play on the street.
如果句中的谓语动词为see, hear, watch, notice, have, make, let等，作宾语补足语的动词不定式须将to省去，如：
I saw a little girl run across the street.
(5)作定语：须位于被其修饰的名词或代词之后，如：Is this the best way to help him
动词不定式的要点
(6)作状语：
①目的状语：
Every morning he gets up very early to read English.
②结果状语：
They lived to see the liberation of their home town.
他们活到亲眼见到了他们家乡的解放。
动词不定式的要点
1． ing的形式
动词 ing形式的要点
2. ing形式的基本用法
(1)作主语：Seeing is believing. 眼见为实。
(2)作表语：Her job is washing and cooking.
(3)作宾语：①作及物动词的宾语。
She likes drawing very much.
②作某些短语动词的宾语。
Mary is thinking of going back to New York.
动词 ing形式的要点
③ do＋限定词(my, some, any, the等)＋v. ing，表示“做……事”之意，如：
do some cleaning打扫卫生
do some shopping购物
④作介词的宾语：
Her sister is good at learning physics.
⑤作形容词worth, busy等的宾语：
This book is well worth reading.
动词 ing形式的要点
(4)作定语：
The sleeping child is only five years old.
(5)作宾语补足语：
We can see steam rising from the wet clothes.
可以带有这种复合宾语的动词有see, watch, hear, observe, feel, find, have, keep等。
动词 ing形式的要点
(6)作状语：
①时间状语：
Seeing Tom, I couldn't help thinking of his brother.
分词在句中作时间状语时，其前一般可加when或while，如：
When crossing street, you must be careful.
②原因状语：
Being ill, he didn't go to school yesterday.
③方式或伴随状语：
Mary stood at the school gate waiting for Betty.
动词 ing形式的要点
1. 作定语：如果是一个单词，就位于其修饰的名词之前；如果是分词短语，就位于其修饰的名词之后。如：The stolen car was found by the police last week.
2. 作表语：表示其逻辑主语所处的状态，其逻辑主语就是句中的主语，如：The glass is broken.
3. 作宾语补足语：过去分词作宾语补足语时，句中的宾语就是其逻辑主语，如：
When I opened the door, I found the ground covered by fallen leaves.
过去分词的要点
4. 作状语：相当于一个状语从句，该结构的逻辑主语一般都是主句的主语，是过去分词所表示意义的逻辑宾语。为了使作状语的过去分词意义更加明确，常在分词前加when, if, while, though, as等连词，如：
Given more time/ If given more time, we could have done it better.
(we是该结构的逻辑主语，是give的逻辑宾语。)
过去分词的要点
1．疑问词 ＋ 动词不定式：疑问代词和疑问副词后可加动词不定式构成不定式短语，在句中可作主语、表语或宾语，如：
How_to_prevent_them_from_swimming_in_this_river is a problem.
2．动词不定式的否定式：由not ＋ 动词不定式构成，如：
It's wrong of you not_to_attend the meeting.
易错易混点
3．v. ing形式与动词不定式在句中作主语、表语、宾语时的区别。
v． ing形式：表示抽象或泛指的动作。
不定式：表示具体某一次的动作。
She likes playing the piano, but she doesn't want to_play it today.
易错易混点
4．v. ing形式与动词不定式在句中作定语的区别。
v． ing形式：动作与谓语动词所表示的动作同时发生。
不定式：动作发生在谓语动词所表示的动作之后。
The girl writing_a_letter_there can speak English very well.
I have three letters to_write.
易错易混点
5．v. ing形式与动词不定式在作宾语补足语时的区别。
(1)不定式作宾补时，其动作一般发生在谓语动词所表示的动作之后，如：
I have told them to_come again tomorrow.
(2)在see, watch, hear, feel等之后，如果用v. ing形式作宾补，表示其动作正在进行中，而用不带to的不定式作宾补时，不定式所表示的动作是一个动作的过程，如：I hear her singing in the room. 我听见她正在屋里唱歌。
I hear her sing in the room. 我听见她在屋里唱过歌。
易错易混点
6．v. ing形式与动词不定式在句中作状语的区别。
v． ing形式：表示时间、原因、方式或伴随情况。
不定式：作目的或结果状语。
Not_receiving his letter, I wrote to him again.
I looked into the window to_see what was going on inside.
易错易混点
7．v. ing形式与过去分词的区别：
(1)语态不同：v. ing形式表示主动概念，及物动词的过去分词表示被动概念。
an inspiring speech鼓舞人心的演说；
the inspired audience受鼓舞的听众
(2)时间关系不同：现在分词所表示的动作一般是正在进行中的动作，而过去分词所表示的动作，往往是已经完成的动作，如：
the changing world正在变化的世界
the changed world已经变化了的世界
易错易混点
8．独立主格结构：有时v. ing和过去分词在句中也有自己的独立的主语，这种独立的主语一般为名词或代词，和v. ing还有过去分词构成独立主格结构。该结构在句中一般只作状语。
独立主格中是使用v. ing还是过去分词，则要根据它们的主语和其所表示的动作的主动或被动关系来定，如：
The_bell_ringing,_we all stopped talking.
.
易错易混点
注意：①独立结构中的being或having been常可省去，如：
The_meeting_(being)_over,_all left the room.
②作伴随状语的独立结构常可用with短语来代替， 如：
She read the letter, tears rolling down her cheeks.
＝ She read the letter with_tears_rolling_down her cheeks.
易错易混点(共27张PPT)
第 9 讲 情态动词与虚拟语气
1. — How's your new babysitter
— We ______ask for a better one. All our kids love her so much. (2011浙江卷)
A. should B. might
C. mustn't D. couldn't
【答案及解析】1. D 考查情态动词的用法。句意为“——你的新保姆怎么样？”“——找不到更好的了。我们的孩子们都很喜欢她。”should应该；might可能，可以；mustn't禁止；couldn't不可能。
2. Had I known about this computer program, a huge amount of time and energy ______.(2010浙江卷)
A. would have been saved B. had been saved
C. will be saved D. was saved
【答案及解析】2. A 考查虚拟语气。根据句子的倒装特征判断此处是省略了if的虚拟语气，原形是：If I had known about this computer program, a huge amount of time and energy ______. 句意为：如果我早知道这个电脑程序，就可以节省大量的时间和精力了。
3. “You ______ have a wrong number，” she said. “There's no one of that name here.”(2010浙江卷)
A. need B. can
C. must D. would
【答案及解析】3. C 考查情态动词。情态动词如果表示非常肯定的推测要用must。句意为：“你肯定打错电话了，”她说，“我们这里没有一个叫那个名字的人。”
4. The doctor recommended that you ______ swim after eating a large meal.(2009浙江卷)
A. wouldn't B. couldn't
C. needn't D. shouldn't
【答案及解析】4. D 考查虚拟语气。根据句子中的recommended(推荐)可知，从句应用“should ＋ 动词原形” 表示虚拟，且此句为否定句。
1. 情态动词不能独立作谓语，其后接动词原形。
2. 情态动词没有人称和数的变化。
3. 情态动词一般没有时态的变化。
4. 情态动词接动词原形表描述现在或将来发生的动作或状态(modal verb＋ be / do, modal verb ＋ be doing)，情态动词接动词不定式的完成式表描述过去发生的动作或状态(modal verb ＋ have done)。
情态动词的基本用法
情态动词
1. can, could
(1)表能力(＝be able to)。
(2)表许可＝may。
(3)表客气的请求，could比can更委婉。
(4)表推测，仅用于否定句和问句。
(5)(表示可能、许可)能够……；可以……
常考情态动词的用法
情态动词
(6)can't / couldn't ＋v. ＋ too ＋adj. / adv. 再怎么……也不过分
can't / couldn't but＋v. 只好，不得不
can't help doing禁不住做……
can't help but do不能帮助做……
2. may, might
(1)表允许，许可＝can。
You may go home now, Susan.
苏珊，你现在可以回家了。
常考情态动词的用法
情态动词
(2)表可能性，may比might可能性更大。
(3)may / might as well ＋ v. 还是……好
You may as well wait till Tuesday and go on a fast train.
你还是等到星期二乘快车走为好。
(4)表祝愿，祈求。
May you succeed！祝你成功！
(5)(用于让步状语从句中)即使；无论。
Whatever he may say，I don't believe him.
无论他说什么，我都不相信他的话。
常考情态动词的用法
情态动词
3. must
(1)(表示义务、必要性、命令)必须，得，要。
You must do as you are told.
你必须按照吩咐去做。
(2)表强烈的劝告。
(3)表把握性很大的推测。
(4)must not表禁止，不允许。
Cars mustn't be parked here.
此处禁止停车。
常考情态动词的用法
情态动词
(5)must的一般疑问句的否定回答用needn't或don't have to。
(6)(表固执，不满等)偏偏，硬要，偏要表示与说话人愿望相反及不耐烦。
Our three year old boy must do the opposite to what we ordered.
我们3岁的儿子很固执，要他向东，他偏向西。
(7)(表必然性)必定。
Everyone must die.
每个人都必定会死。
常考情态动词的用法
情态动词
4. shall
(1)用于第一、三人称表征求意见，请求指示。
Shall she go to the concert with us this evening
今晚请她和我们一起去看演唱会吗？
(2)用于第二、三人称， 表示说话人的命令、强制、允诺、威胁或决心等， 多见于法律条文等文件中。
Don't worry。You shall get the answer this very afternoon. (允诺)
He shall be sorry one day. I tell you.
我告诉你，他早晚有一天会后悔的。(警告)
常考情态动词的用法
情态动词
5. should
(1)(表惊讶、遗憾)竟然；居然。
It's a pity that he should resign.
可惜他竟然辞职了。
(2)(用于条件状语从句中)一旦；万一。
Should you change your mind, let us know. (＝If you should change your mind，…)
你一旦改变主意，就通知我们。
常考情态动词的用法
情态动词
(3)(用于表示命令、建议、请求的动词后面的that从句中，且should可省略)应该；必须。
I suggested that he (should) change his mind.
我建议他改变主意。
6. will /would
(1)表请求，would用疑问句多与you连用比will更委婉，客气。
(2)表习惯性或反复性的动作，will指现在，would指过去的习惯＝used to。
(3)表意愿或固执坚持，事情作主语表固有的性质。
常考情态动词的用法
情态动词
1. 情态动词表推测：
对肯定情况的推测：
must be /do(现在或将来)must be doing(说话时正在进行)must have p．p. (已发生的或状态)
对否定情况的推测：
can /could not be /do(现在或将来)
can't /couldn't be doing(正在发生的动作)
can /could not have p．p. (过去的动作或状态)——把握性很大
情态动词的特殊用法
情态动词
may be/do(现在或将来)may be doing(说话时正在发生动作)
may have p．p. (已发生的动作或状态)
may not be/do(现在或将来)
may not be doing(说话时正在发生动作)
may not have p．p. (过去已发生的动作或状态)——把握性其次
might be/do(现在或将来)
might be doing(说话时正在发生动作)
情态动词的特殊用法
情态动词
might have p．p. (过去的动作或状态)
might not be/do(现在或将来)
might not be doing(说话时正在发生动作)
might not have p．p. (过去的动作或状态)—把握性不大
情态动词的特殊用法
情态动词
2. 情态动词的完成式：
(1) could have done 本来能够做而实际上未做
(2) might have done 本来可以做而实际上未做
(3) should / ought to have done 本来应该做而实际上未做
(4) ought not to have done /shouldn't have done 本来不应该做而实际上做了
(5) needn't have done 本来不必要做而实际上做了
情态动词的特殊用法
情态动词
if 虚拟条件句的形式
虚拟语气
if 虚拟条件句的形式
虚拟语气
注意：有时条件从句中的动作和主句中的动作发生的时间不一致(表示错综时间的虚拟语气)，这时动词的形式要根据它所表示的时间加以调整。如：
If you had_listened_to the doctor, you would_be_all right now.
如果你当初听了医生的话，身体现在就好了。(从句动作指过去，主句动作指现在)
1. 省略连词if，将were, had或should提至主语前。如：
Were I you (If I were you), I would not do it.
我要是你，就不做这事。
2. 用介词短语代替条件状语从句。如：
Without_air,_there would be no living things.
如果没有空气的话，就不会有生物了。
But_for_your_help，I couldn't have done it.
要是没有你的帮助，我就不可能完成这件事。
if 虚拟条件句的转化
虚拟语气
3. 假设的情况有时可以通过上下文或其他方式表现出来。如：
I was busy that day. Otherwise I would have gone there with them.
我那天很忙，否则，我就和他们一起去那儿了。(如果我那天不忙的话，我就……)
I would_have_finished the work, but I have been ill.
我本来该完成这项工作的，但我生病了。(如果我没生病的话，我就会完成……)
if 虚拟条件句的转化
虚拟语气
4. 省去条件从句成主句。如：
You could have washed your clothes yourself.
你本可以自己洗衣服的。
If my grandmother were with me!
如果我的祖母与我在一起多好啊！
if 虚拟条件句的转化
虚拟语气
1. can可以作“有时候会……”解，意思是平时或大部分时间不是这样子，只是偶尔发生的事情。如：
The climates of East China can_be pretty cold in winter. 华东地区冬天的气候有时会相当冷。
2. 在“It is important (strange，natural，necessary)that…”这类句型里，that所引导的主语从句中的谓语动词常用 “should＋动词原形”结构，表示某事是“重要”、“奇怪”、“自然”、“必要”等意义。如：
It is important that every member (should)_inform himself of these rules.
重要的是每个成员知道这些规则。
易错易混点
3. 在动词wish后的宾语从句中：
(1)表示对现在情况的虚拟：从句动词用过去式或过去进行式(be动词一般用were)。如：
I wish I knew the answer to the question.
我希望知道这个问题的答案。(可惜不知道)
(2)表示对过去情况的虚拟：从句动词常用“had＋过去分词”。如：
I wish (wished) I hadn't_spent so much money.
我后悔不该花那么多钱。
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(3)表示对将来的主观愿望：谓语动词形式为“would＋动词原形”。如：
I wish it would_stop raining.
但愿雨能停止。
4. 在suggest，demand，order，propose，insist，command，request，desire等动词后的宾语从句中，谓语动词用“should ＋ 动词原形”，表示建议、要求、命令等。如：
I demand that he (should)_answer me immediately.
我要求他立刻答复我。
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5. 在“It is time (that)…”句型中，定语从句的谓语动词常用虚拟语气表示将来，动词形式一般用过去式，意思是“是该干某事的时候了”。如：
It's (high) time we did our homework.
是我们该做作业的时候了。
6. if only 要是……就好了。相当于I wish…(与wish 后的虚拟语气类似)，如：
If only you hadn't_told him the news.
易错易混点(共23张PPT)
第 14 讲 情景交际
1. 感谢与应答
感谢：Thank you very much. / Thanks a lot. / Many thanks.
应答： That's all right. / Thanks for helping me. / You're welcome. / That's OK. / Not at all.
It's my pleasure. / Don't mention it. / It's nothing. / Think nothing of it. / Forget it.
一、日常交际应答语
2. 道歉与应答
道歉： I'm sorry. / I'm sorry to trouble you. / I'm sorry to have kept you waiting.
应答： It doesn't matter. / It's not important. / That's/It's nothing. / Not at all. /Never mind.
That's all right. / Forget it. / That's OK. / No problem. / Not to worry.
一、日常交际应答语
3. 劝告、建议与应答
劝告和建议：
I think you ought to…我想你应该……
If I were you, I'd…如果我是你，我会……
It might be a good idea if you…如果你……这倒是个好主意。
Have you ever thought of…？ 你是否想过要……？
I recommend that…我建议……
I strongly advise you to…我极力主张你……
一、日常交际应答语
You really ought to…你的确应该……
Personally, I think you'd better…依我看，你最好……
Why not do…？ 为什么不……？
Why don't you do…？ 你为什么不……？ I suggest that…我建议……
What about doing…？ ……怎么样？
How about doing…？ ……怎么样？
一、日常交际应答语
Shall we…？ 我们去……好吗？
Let's…， shall we 让我们去……好吗？
You need (to)…你需要……
肯定的应答： Good idea. / That's great. / Sounds great. / It sounds great. / That's fine. /Why not
否定的应答：I'd love to，but… / I'm afraid… / It's an idea，but…
一、日常交际应答语
4. 请求与应答
请求： May I…？ / Can I / Could I…？ / Do you mind if I…
肯定的应答： With pleasure. / Certainly(Of course) / Sure，go ahead. / Yes，help yourself.
Of course not，go ahead(回答Do you mind if I…的请求).
否定的应答：I'm afraid not. / Better not. / I'd rather you didn't.
一、日常交际应答语
5. 应答对方的要求
肯定的：All right. / I will.
否定的：No way. / Forget it.
— Do remember to call me up when you arrive. —I will.
— I think you should phone Jenny and say sorry to her.
—No way. It was her fault.
一、日常交际应答语
6. 邀请与应答
邀请： Would you like to…？ / Why don't we…？
肯定的应答： That would be fine. / That's very kind of you. /All right. /Yes，I'd love to.
否定的应答：I'd love to，but… / Sorry，I can't. / I'm afraid I can't.
一、日常交际应答语
7. 祝愿、祝贺与应答
祝愿、祝贺： Good luck! / Best wishes to you. /Have a nice/good time/journey. /Congratulations!
Happy New Year! / Merry Christmas! / Happy birthday to you.
应答： Thank you! / The same to you. / You，too. / Happy New Year！(Merry Christmas！)
一、日常交际应答语
8. 鼓励、赞扬与应答
鼓励、赞扬： Very good. / Well done. /Wonderful. /Excellent. /Keep trying. /You can do it.
应答： Thank you. / OK. /I'll try it again.
一、日常交际应答语
9. 提供帮助与应答
主动提供帮助时：Can I help you /What can I do for you /Would you like me to help you
Do you want me to… / Let me…
需要别人帮助时：Yes，please. / Thank you for your help/ Thanks.
不需要别人帮助时：No，thank you./ Thank you all the same. / That's very kind of you, but…
一、日常交际应答语
1. 表示惊奇：Really / How come？(何以会……？) / What a surprise! /Good heavens!
2. 表示同情： I'm sorry to hear that. / What a pity! / That's really unlucky. / Bad luck.
3. 表示安慰： Don't worry. / Don't be afraid. / Take your time. / Take it easy.
Make yourself at home. / It's quite all right. / It'll be OK.
4. 表示鼓励： Come on. / Cheer up. / You can do it. / You will make it.
二、情感态度的表达
5. 表示同意： I quite agree. / I couldn' t agree more. / Exactly. /Certainly. /Absolutely.
That's a good idea. / No problem. / I think so.
6. 表示不同意： Not really. / Not Exactly. / I don't quite agree. /I don't think so. / I'm afraid not.
7. 表示不在乎： So what / Who cares
二、情感态度的表达
解答情景交际题时要做到“四忌”
一忌上词下用
上词下用指的是答句部分沿用了题干句子的重点词、信息词，按表层意思似乎合情合理，但往往为错误的“虚像”，需经进一步分析后才能确定正确选项。如：
用“I don't”应答“Don't forget to come to my birthday party tomorrow”，
用“Don't be sorry”回答“I'm sorry I broke your mirror”，
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用“Don't be sorry”回答“I'm sorry I broke your mirror”，
用“No thanks”回答“Thank you ever so much for the book you sent me.”
避免“上词下用”的误区，一是确认题目涉及的交际功能项目，二是确认句子上下文语境，三是确认正确的话语方式。
易错易混点
【例题】 — I wonder if I could use your telephone.
— ______.
A. I wonder how B. I don't wonder
C. Sorry, it's out of order D. No wonder, here it is.
【答案及解析】 C 尽管该题中反复出现“wonder”一词，但通过仔细审题可确定其考查的功能项目为征求对方意见，问句相当于“Could I use your telephone？”综合语境和话题的分析，正确的答话方式一般为“Of course you can”(肯定)或“Sorry，you can't”(否定)，也只有C项(抱歉，它坏了)符合题意，A、B、D项均属典型的“上词下用”现象，而且D项中的“No wonder”意思为“难怪”，更是和题干内容相差甚远。
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二忌中文思维
与上词下用比较，这一误区更具迷惑性，因为无论按题目内容或是按思维方式来考虑，都非常符合中国学生的习惯。显然，掌握英汉两种语言和文化之间的相同和相异之处，对于准确解题至关重要。考生解题失误之一是按汉语的表达方式和结构去套英语，去选答案，这属于语言知识的“负迁移”。
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【例题】 — Do you think it's going to rain over the weekend
— ______.
A. I don't believe B. I don't believe it
C. I believe not so D. I believe not
【答案及解析】 D 以Do you think…？这样的句子来提问，用D项来回答表示否定，显然不符合中文的表达习惯，这也正是许多考生选了A、B、C项的原因。另一个更常见的失误是套用中国文化模式。违背英语国家的思维方式和文化习俗，这属于文化方面的“负迁移”。
易错易混点
三忌直接回绝
这主要是指在对方要求得到帮助，提出请求或邀请时，回答过于直接，不够委婉，尽管从语义角度分析是没毛病的，但不符合英语国家的交际习惯。“请求”方面的问话有May I…？/Can I…？/I wonder if I could…/Do you mind if I…？等，“邀请”方面的问话有Will you…？/Would you like to…？/I'd like to invite to…等。在作否定回答时，为了表示礼貌和委婉，通常要用一些委婉词，如but，I'm afraid, I'm sorry, thanks, please, had better等。
易错易混点
【例题】 — I didn't know this was a one way street, officer.
— ______
A. That's all right. B. I don't believe you.
C. How dare you say that D. Sorry, but that's no excuse.
【答案及解析】 D 许多考生有可能选B、C项，这是没有注意到西方人生活、工作中交往的必要礼节，答话时过于生硬，没有顾及他人感情，而正确答案D项正是在充分考虑到说话双方的身份，彼此之间的关系以及说话人的立场和态度的基础上做出的选择。
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四忌答非所问
答非所问的错误比较容易察觉，如果问话与答话的内容风马牛不相及的话，考生可以迅速排除。但有时双方会话内容有所关联，仔细推敲才发现其实答语并不切题。最典型的例子是With pleasure和It's a pleasure。前者一般在事前回答，表示“非常愿意”。后者一般在事后回答，表示“不用客气”。
易错易混点
【例题】 — Sorry, I couldn't come to the party. I was sick that day.
— ______.
A. I don't know that B. That's all right
C. Yes, we'll have another party
D. No, the party wasn't held
【答案及解析】 B A、C和D三项均明显地答非所问，与问句无关；只有B项能够作出直接的答复。
易错易混点(共19张PPT)
第 6 讲 动词和动词短语
1. The school isn't the one I really wanted to go to, but I suppose I'll just have to ______ it. (2011浙江卷)
A. make the best of B. get away from
C. keep an eye on D. catch up with
【答案及解析】1. A 考查短语动词的辨析。句意为“这所学校并不是我原来真正想去的，但我现在想尽量好好利用它了。”make the best of充分利用，尽量好好去做；get away from逃离；keep an eye on照看，留心； 注意；catch up with追上，赶上。
2. He decided that he would drive all the way home instead of ______ at a hotel for the night. (2011浙江卷)
A. putting down B. putting off
C. putting on D. putting up
【答案及解析】2. D 考查短语动词的辨析。句意为“他决定一路驾车回家，不在旅馆留宿。”put down放下，平定， 镇压，记下；put off推迟；put on穿上，戴上，上演，假装，增加；put up举起，建立，张贴，投宿。
3. The majority of people in the town strongly ______ the plan to build a playground for children. (2010浙江卷)
A. consider B. support
C . confirm D. submit
【答案及解析】3. B 考查动词辨析。consider考虑，思考，认为等；support支持，拥护，维持；confirm证实，确认；submit使屈服，使经受。句意：镇上的大多数人都积极地拥护为孩子们建造运动场的计划。
4. After that, he knew he could ______ any emergency by doing what he could to the best of his ability. (2010浙江卷)
A. get away with B. get on with
C. get through D. get across
【答案及解析】4. C 考查与get相关的短语辨析。get away with侥幸逃脱；get on with与……友好相处；get through接通，顺利通过，完成；get across被理解，越过。句意：经过那件事之后，他明白了他能尽一切可能去顺利解决任何突发情况。
5. The good thing about children is that they ______ very easily to new environments. (2009浙江卷)
A. adapt B. appeal
C. attach D. apply
【答案及解析】5. A 考查动词搭配。adapt to适应；appeal to吸引；attach to系在……上面；apply to申请。句意：孩子们的一个优点是……
动词的辨析
动词是高考考查的重点，无论是单项填空、完形填空还是短文改错题型中，动词辨析的比重都很大，并有逐年增加的趋势。动词辨析主要指：
1．词形相近的动词之间的辨析。如：lie, lay; hanged, hung; rise, raise; sit, seat等。
2．意义相近的动词之间的辨析。如：borrow, lend; speak, say, talk; hope, wish等。
动词的辨析
3．动词与其他词形相近、意义相似的词的辨析。如：advise, advice; cost, worth; pass, past 等。
4．意义不同但容易混淆的动词的辨析。如：explain, say; discover, invent; uncover, find等。
5．某些常用动词的习惯用法的辨析。如：ask, give, call, make, get, keep, want, see, hear等。
6．某些常用动词短语的辨析。如：give in, give up; turn on, turn off, turn down, turn up等。
动词的辨析
动词短语是指动词和介词、副词或名词的习惯搭配。需掌握以下要点：
1．根据动词短语的不同特点，掌握其运用规律。
(1)动词＋副词(不及物)
Harry turned_up after the party when everyone had left.
哈里在晚会后人们都已离去时才出现。
动词短语的要点
(2)动词＋副词(及物)
Please turn every light in the house off.
请把房子里的每一盏灯都关掉。
动词短语的要点
注意：①如果宾语较长，就应避免把副词同动词分开。如：
She turned_off all the lights which had been left on.
她关掉了所有还在亮着的灯。
②如果宾语是人称代词，只能放在动词和副词之间。如：She gave them away.
她把它们送人了。
动词短语的要点
(3)动词＋介词(及物)
I'm looking_for my glasses.
我在找我的眼镜。
注意：①当它跟宾语时，不能把介词放在宾语后面。
②动词短语可以放在句子或从句末尾。如：
She's got more work than she can cope_with.
她的工作多得使她应付不了。
动词短语的要点
(4)动词＋副词＋介词
I look_forward_to seeing you soon.
我盼望不久就能见到你。
注意：“动词＋介词”、“动词＋名词＋副词”、“动词＋副词＋介词”，这三种搭配都是及物的，如变成被动语态，不可漏掉介词。如：
In this way both grain and vegetable can be well looked after. (不能漏掉after)
这样一来，粮食和蔬菜都能兼顾了。
动词短语的要点
2．熟悉同一动词和不同介词或副词、不同动词和同一介词或同一副词搭配在意义上的差异。
(1)同一动词和不同介词搭配时，意义上的差异。如：
①hear from收到……的来信，hear of听说。
②look after照料，look at看，look for寻找。
动词短语的要点
(2)同一动词和不同副词搭配时，意义上的差异。如：
①ring back回电话 ring off挂断电话
ring up打电话
②put away放好，收起 put on穿上，上演
put up挂起，举起
(3)不同动词和同一介词搭配时，在意义上的差异。如：
look for寻找 ask for请求
wait for等候 send for派人去叫
动词短语的要点
(4)不同动词和同一副词搭配时，在意义上的差异。如：
①break out发生，爆发 carry out进行，开展
go out熄灭 hand out分发
let out放出 look out当心
sell out卖完 set out出发
take out取出 work out算出
②break down坏了 come down落下来
get down下车 take down取下
write down写下
动词短语的要点
1. lay(放), lie(躺)与lie(说谎)：这三个易混动词构成见下表：
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2. rise和raise：rise是不及物动词，其过去式是rose，过去分词是risen，而raise是及物动词，是规则动词。
3. hang的用法：hang有两个意思：一为“悬挂”，是不规则动词，过去式、过去分词都是hung；二为“绞刑”，是规则动词，其过去式、过去分词都是hanged。
4．sit与seat：seat为及物动词时是作“容纳”讲，sit只是表示一动作。seat表示“就座”时要用be seated 或用seat oneself。如：They were seated at their desks.或I seated myself in the armchair.
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5. win与beat：win作“胜、赢”讲时其后应接a game, an argument, a battle, a prize, a contest, a race, a bet等，但不能接人，如果接人则有另外的含义。如：I have won him. 即我已说服他了，我赢得了他的好感。而beat是及物动词，意为“击败、胜过”，直接接人、队。
6. lost, gone与missing：作补足语时意为“丢失、不见了”，可以用lost, gone，但要用 miss时则不能用missed, 而要用missing。
易错易混点
