2020-2021学年人教版（2019）高中英语选择性必修2：Unit1 Science and Scientists 单元水平测试
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| 名称 | 2020-2021学年人教版（2019）高中英语选择性必修2：Unit1 Science and Scientists 单元水平测试 |  | |
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| 资源类型 | 教案 | ||
| 版本资源 | 人教版（2019） | ||
| 科目 | 英语 | ||
| 更新时间 | 2021-03-21 13:26:36 | ||
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文档简介
第一单元水平测试
时间：120分钟 满分：150分
英语听力
第一节(共5小题；每小题1.5分，满分7.5分)
听下面5段对话。每段对话后有一个小题，从题中所给的A、B、C三个选项中选出最佳选项。听完每段对话后，你都有10秒钟的时间来回答有关小题和阅读下一小题。每段对话仅读一遍。
Text 1
M：It's so beautiful! It's white all over.
W：Yes. Let's go and make a snowman when it stops snowing.
1．What's the weather like now?
A．Fine. B．Rainy.
C．Snowy.
答案：C
Text 2
M：Lucy, go and do your homework now.
W：OK, Dad. But can I finish this book first? There are a few pages left.
2．What is Lucy doing?
A．Reading a book. B．Doing homework.
C．Writing a story.
答案：A
Text 3
W：It's already 3：25 now. Let's go inside.
M：There are still five minutes left before the movie begins. Lily will be here any minute now.
W：I don't want to miss the beginning. I'll go first.
3．When does the movie begin?
A．At 3：25. B．At 3：30.
C．At 3：35.
答案：B
Text 4
W：Could you pass me an apple?
M：Sorry, but there are only two pears and one banana left.
4．What does the woman want to eat?
A．An apple. B．A banana.
C．A pear.
答案：A
Text 5
W：Where is your father?
M：He was in his study just now. But he has gone to the garage.
5．Where is the man's father probably now?
A．In his study. B．In the garage.
C．In his room.
答案：B
第二节(共15小题；每小题1.5分，满分22.5分)
听下面5段对话或独白。每段对话或独白后有几个小题，从题中所给的A、B、C三个选项中选出最佳选项。听每段对话或独白前，你将有时间阅读各个小题，每小题5秒钟；听完后，各小题将给出5秒钟的作答时间。每段对话或独白读两遍。
听第6段材料，回答第6、7题。
Text 6
W：Do I need to wear special boots for horse?riding lessons?
M：Yes, everyone does. You must also wear a hat. We have some good ones at the riding school, so don't worry about that.
W：Oh, good. My father bought me a hat last week, but it's not comfortable.
M：And it's also a good idea to wear some gloves.
W：That's OK. I've got some gloves. My sister had some boots, but they don't fit me. I'll have to go to the shops and get some. Can I wear my jeans?
M：Jeans are fine.
6．Why won't the woman wear her own hat?
A．It is uncomfortable. B．It doesn't fit her.
C．It is old.
答案：A
7．What will the woman do?
A．Try on her sister's gloves.
B．Buy a pair of boots.
C．Change her jeans.
答案：B
听第7段材料，回答第8至10题。
Text 7
W：Excuse me. Can you tell me if there is a gas station around here?
M：Yeah. There are a few. The closest one is only a couple of blocks away, but it's a little expensive. The cheapest one is about two miles from here.
W：Well, I think I should just go for the closest one!
M：OK. Just go straight until you see the first traffic lights up there. Take a left turn, and go down one block. You'll see the gas station near a post office.
W：OK. I should be able to make it.
8．How far is it from here to the cheapest gas station?
A．About two miles. B．About five miles.
C．A couple of blocks away.
答案：A
9．Which one will the woman go to finally?
A．The cheapest one. B．The closest one.
C．The more expensive one.
答案：B
10．Where should the woman take a left turn?
A．At the gas station. B．At the post office.
C．At the first traffic lights.
答案：C
听第8段材料，回答第11至13题。
Text 8
W：Henry, are you ready for the beach?
M：Yes, Kelly! Here I am!
W：Henry, I can hardly see you. You look like you're wearing the sheet of a king?size bed.
M：I need to protect my skin. I'm allergic to the sun.
W：We could have gone to a swimming pool!
M：No! I don't even like to swim! I just want to take a long walk while I hear the waves and smell the salt in the air.
W：How can you smell anything when you've covered your entire face?
M：Let's just get in the car. We only have one day off. I don't want to waste a second.
W：Didn't you hear the new manager? We have two days off.
M：What? Oh, great! Two days by the sea!
W：Tomorrow's supposed to rain. I'm going to stay home.
M：Suit yourself. Rain or shine, I'm going back to the beach.
W：Ryan is using my car tomorrow. I can't give you another ride.
M：I'll bike there.
W：I never knew you liked the beach so much.
M：It's not generally something I talk about at the office. I'm just too busy.
W：I never knew you were so sensitive to the sun either.
M：That's why I have curtains in my office.
11．What will Henry do at the beach?
A．Go swimming. B．Go walking.
C．Go biking.
答案：B
12．What is the relationship between the speakers?
A．Colleagues. B．Classmates.
C．Manager and customer.
答案：A
13．Why won't Kelly go to the beach tomorrow?
A．It will rain.
B．She has to work.
C．She is sensitive to the sun.
答案：A
听第9段材料，回答第14至17题。
Text 9
M：There is a brilliant drawing and writing competition in this magazine, Anna.
W：What do you have to draw, Greg?
M：A monster ... something strange that lives on the moon or something.
W：So do you have to write about the monster too?
M：Yes. The monster's age isn't important, but you have to choose a name for it.
W：And should it be big?
M：You don't have to write about how big it is ...
W：OK.
M：But you do have to say what special things it can do.
W：OK. How many words can you write?
M：You have to write more than 50 but less than 150.
W：Aren't you too old to draw monsters. Greg? You're fourteen!
M：I know! But the competition is for 13?to?15?year?olds.
W：OK. Who will choose the winner? A cartoon artist?
M：No, a writer ... and there'll be a photograph of the winner in the magazine.
W：Wow! What's the first prize? Not cinema tickets again.
M：It's much better than that—$50 to spend in Super Store.
W：Oh! That's useful. I need pencils, pens and a new school bag. Perhaps I'll enter the competition, too!
14．What does the man think is important about the monster?
A．Its age. B．Its size.
C．Its name.
答案：C
15．How old is the man?
A．13 years old. B．14 years old.
C．15 years old.
答案：B
16．Who will choose the winner?
A．A cartoon artist. B．A writer.
C．A photographer.
答案：B
17．What is the first prize?
A．Cinema tickets. B．A new school bag.
C．$50 to spend in Super Store.
答案：C
听第10段材料，回答第18至20题。
Text 10
Female Scientists Who Have Changed the World
There are still hundreds of relatively?unknown women who have changed the world with their research throughout history.
Tiera Guinn
This 21?year?old scientist hasn't yet graduated from college, but Tiera Guinn's already doing rocket science. The MIT senior is helping build a rocket for the United States that could be one of the biggest and most powerful ever made. She's an aerospace major with high credit points who also works as a Rocket Structural Design and Analysis Engineer for the Space Launch System that aerospace company Boeing is building for the US.
Elizabeth Blackwell
Elizabeth Blackwell, who was born in Bristol, England in 1821, was the first woman to graduate from medical school in the United States, became an activist for poor American women's health, and went on to found a medical school for women in England.
Jane Goodall
The most famous primate scientist in history, Jane Goodall was known for her work with chimps and as a champion of animal rights. And Goodall wasn't just working in a lab; she climbed trees and imitated the behavior of chimps in Tanzania to gain their trust and study them in their natural habitat.
18．What is Tiera Guinn's greatest achievement?
A．She entered the best university of the world.
B．She has been learning the newest rocket science.
C．She has helped build a big and powerful rocket.
答案：C
19．What is Elizabeth Blackwell famous for in history?
A．She was the first woman with the advanced education.
B．She was a pioneer of the women's health in the US and the UK.
C．She founded the first women's school in the United Kingdom.
答案：B
20．Who made a great contribution to the animal?protection movement?
A．Tiera Guinn. B．Jane Goodall.
C．Elizabeth Blackwell.
答案：B
第一部分 阅读(共两节，满分50分)
第一节(共15小题；每小题2.5分，满分37.5分)
阅读下列短文，从每题所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中选出最佳选项。
A
Much of today's science of physics is based on Newton's discovery of the three laws of motion and his theory of gravity. Newton said, “If I saw further than other men, it was because I stood on the shoulders of giants.” One was the great Italian scientist, Galileo. Another was the Polish scientist Nicholas Copernicus, who had begun a scientific revolution. It led to a completely new understanding of how the universe worked. Galileo continued and expanded the work of Copernicus. Newton built on the ideas of these two scientists and others. He found and proved the answers for which they searched.
Issac Newton was born in Woolsthorpe, England, on December 25th, 1642. He was born early and no one expected him to survive. He lived until he was 84. His father died before he was born. His mother married again. He lived with his grandma on the family farm.
As a boy, he liked to make things. He also decided to find a different way to measure the speed of the wind. On a windy day, he measured how far he could jump with the wind at his back. Then he measured how far he could jump with the wind in his face. From the difference between the two jumps, he made his own measure of the strength of the wind. Strangely, Newton became a much better student after a boy kicked him in the stomach. The boy was one of the best of the students in the school. Newton decided to get even with him by getting higher marks than the boy kicking him. Newton became the top student at the school very soon.
篇章导读：本文是一篇记叙文。文章主要讲述了有关牛顿三大理论来源及对牛顿的简介。
1．As a boy, what was Newton like?
A．He was too weak to survive.
B．He was determined to study math.
C．He liked to find out new ways to solve problems.
D．He tended to study math on the family farm.
答案：C 细节理解题。根据第三段前两句“As a boy, he liked to make things. He also decided to find a different way to measure the speed of the wind.”可以看出牛顿小时候喜欢找出解决问题的新方法。故选C。
2．We can know from the text that the theories of Newton, Galileo, and Copernicus focus on .
A．how the universe works
B．the three laws of motion
C．a scientific revolution
D．the theory of gravity
答案：A 细节理解题。根据第一段第四、五、六句“Another was the Polish scientist Nicholas Copernicus, who had begun a scientific revolution. It led to a completely new understanding of how the universe worked. Galileo continued and expanded the work of Copernicus.”可知，牛顿、伽利略和哥白尼的理论关注的是宇宙如何运作。故选A。
3．Which of the following can be the best title for the passage?
A．One of the history's greatest scientists
B．Issac Newton—History's greatest scientist
C．One of the world's greatest scientists, Issac Newton
D．Issac Newton and his laws
答案：C 标题判断题。阅读全文，根据文章内容可知，本文主要讲述了世界上最伟大的科学家之一——牛顿。故选C。
B
James Gross, a psychology professor at Stanford University, has a 13?year?old daughter who loves math and science. “It hasn't occurred to her yet that's unusual，” he says. “But I know in the next couple of years, it will.”
She's already being pulled out of class to do advanced things with a couple of other kids, who are guys. And as someone who studies human emotion for a procession, Gross says, “I know as time goes on, she will feel increasingly lonely as a girl who's interested in math and science, and be at risk of narrowing her choices in life before finding out how far she could have gone.”
Gross' concern clearly shows what has been a touchy subject in the world of science for a long time: Why are there still so few women in science, and how might that affect what we learn from research?
Women now make up half the national workforce, earn more college and graduate degrees than men, and by some estimates represent the largest single economic force in the world. Yet the gender gap in science persists, to a greater degree than in other professions, particularly in high?end, math?intensive fields such as computer science and engineering.
According to US Census Bureau statistics, women in fields commonly referred to as STEM (science, technology, engineering, mathematics) made up 7 percent of that workforce in 1970, a figure that had jumped to 23 percent by 1990. But the rise essentially stopped there. Two decades later, in 2011, women made up 26 percent of the science workforce.
篇章导读：本文是一篇说明文。文章讲述了长期以来科学界一直存在的一个敏感话题：为什么科学界的女性仍然如此之少，而这又会如何影响我们从研究中获得的知识呢？
4．According to James Gross, in the near future his daughter may .
A．become a great scientist
B．feel lonely and have fewer choices
C．be pulled out of class with some guys
D．learn math and science better and better
答案：B 推理判断题。根据第二段中的“I know as time goes on, she will feel increasingly lonely as a girl who's interested in math and science, and be at risk of narrowing her choices in life before finding out how far she could have gone.”可知，随着时间的推移，作为一个对数学和科学感兴趣的女孩，她会感到越来越孤独，有可能会限制她在生活中的选择。故选B。
5．We can learn from the text that .
A．women are cleverer than men in college
B．men represent the largest single economic force
C．women make up more than 50% of the national workforce
D．the number of women graduating from college is larger than that of men
答案：D 推理判断题。根据第四段中的“Women now make up half the national workforce, earn more college and graduate degrees than men”可知，现在女性占全国劳动力的一半，比男性获得更多的大学和研究生学位，由此可推断出大学毕业的女性比男性的数量多，故选D。
6．How does the author develop the last paragraph?
A．By providing examples.
B．By making comments.
C．By following time order.
D．By explaining the process.
答案：C 推理判断题。根据最后一段中的“According to ... made up 7 percent ... in 1970, ... jumped to 23 percent by 1990 ... Two decades later, in 2011, women made up 26 percent ...”可知，1970年女性构成这个领域劳动力的7%,1990年攀升到23%,2011年占据了26%。由此可知作者是以时间为顺序来展开最后一段的，故选C。
7．Which of the following is the best title for the text?
A．Why It Is Important to Get More Women Into Science
B．James Gross, Confusion About His daughter
C．Situation of Women in the Whole Country
D．Future of Women in the Workforce
答案：A 标题判断题。通读全文可知本文主要讲述了长期以来科学界一直存在的一个现象：科学界的女性较少。分析文章可知大学毕业的女性多于男性，但在高端的数学密集领域非常少。这更说明这一领域需要更多的女性。分析选项中可知A项符合题意，故选A。
C
(2019·全国卷Ⅱ)Bacteria are an annoying problem for astronauts. The microorganisms (微生物) from our bodies grow uncontrollably on surfaces of the International Space Station, so astronauts spend hours cleaning them up each week. How is NASA overcoming this very tiny big problem? It's turning to a bunch of high school kids. But not just any kids. It is depending on NASA HUNCH high school classrooms, like the one science teachers Gene Gordon and Donna Himmelberg lead at Fairport High School in Fairport, New York.
HUNCH is designed to connect high school class?rooms with NASA engineers. For the past two years, Gordon's students have been studying ways to kill bacteria in zero gravity, and they think they're close to a solution (解决方案). “We don't give the students any breaks. They have to do it just like NASA engineers，” says Florence Gold, a project manager.
“There are no tests，” Gordon says. “There is no graded homework. There almost are no grades, other than‘Are you working towards your goal？’ Basically, it's ‘I've got to produce this product and then, at the end of the year, present it to NASA.’ Engineers come and really do an in?person review, and ... it's not a very nice thing at times. It's a hard business review of your product.”
Gordon says the HUNCH program has an impact (影响) on college admissions and practical life skills. “These kids are so absorbed in their studies that I just sit back. I don't teach.” And that annoying bacteria? Gordon says his students are emailing daily with NASA engineers about the problem, readying a workable solution to test in space.
＋9mm]篇章导读：本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了美国一所中学与NASA合作的联合科研项目，解决国际空间站中的细菌问题。
8．What do we know about the bacteria in the International Space Station?
A．They are hard to get rid of.
B．They lead to air pollution.
C．They appear in different forms.
D．They damage the instruments.
答案：A 推理判断题。根据第一段第二句可知，来自我们身体的微生物在太空站的表面增长得很快，宇航员每周得花很长时间清理它们，由此断定太空站里的细菌很难清除，故答案为A。
9．What is the purpose of the HUNCH program?
A．To strengthen teacher?student relationships.
B．To sharpen students' communication skills.
C．To allow students to experience zero gravity.
D．To link space technology with school education.
答案：D 细节理解题。根据第二段第一句可知，HUNCH项目的目的是把学校教育与航天技术联系在一起，故答案为D。
10．What do the NASA engineers do for the students in the program?
A．Check their product. B．Guide project designs.
C．Adjust work schedules. D．Grade their homework.
答案：A 细节理解题。根据第三段最后两句可知，NASA工程师亲自检查那些高中学生的产品，故答案为A。
11．What is the best title for the text?
A．NASA: The Home of Astronauts
B．Space: The Final Homework Frontier
C．Nature: An Outdoor Classroom
D．HUNCH: A College Admission Reform
答案：B 标题判断题。本文主要介绍了一个项目：把高中的教室教学与太空的研究联系起来，使学生们得到NASA工程师们的指导。因此在选标题时既要有太空，还要有学生，选项B将其完美地结合了起来，故答案为B。
D
(2020·广西柳州市高三上学期摸底考试)Dr Nancy Roman, born in 1925, who was celebrated as a pioneer for female scientists and had advanced the launch of the Hubble Space Telescope, died on Dec. 25, 2018.
When Nancy Roman asked for permission to take a second algebra (代数) course in high school, a teacher demanded to know “what lady would take mathematics instead of Latin”. In college, a professor admitted that he often tried to prevent women from majoring in physics but Nancy stuck to it. And after receiving Doctor's degree in astronomy, she found a professional home at NASA (美国宇航局). In 1959, Dr Roman became the first chief of astronomy at NASA headquarters, a role that made her one of the agency's first female leaders.
Dr Roman spent much of her career helping develop, fund and promote technology that would help scientists see more clearly beyond Earth's atmosphere. But her most well?known work was perhaps leading to design the Hubble Space Telescope, the first major telescope to be sent into space for the purpose of gathering photographs and data from the universe. She was, therefore, named as “the mother of Hubble”.
“She made it possible to get the early telescope up into space to learn what needed to be learned，” said science historian Bob Zimmerman, “and her hard?nosed nature helped get the telescope built.”
The telescope did not launch until 1990, a little more than a decade after Dr Roman retired, but when it did, its photographs of the universe thrilled the world. “I am glad，” she once told Science, “I ignored the people who told me that I could not be an astronomer.”
篇章导读：本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了美国天文学家Nancy Roman(南希·罗曼)传奇的一生。 文章旨在告诉我们坚持自己的梦想，你一定会成为你想成为的那个人！
12．What can we conclude from the teacher's reaction to Nancy Roman's application for taking a second algebra course?
A．The teacher doubted it.
B．The teacher didn't care about it.
C．The teacher accepted it at once.
D．The teacher was strongly against it.
答案：A 推理判断题。根据第二段第一句可知在中学时当Nancy Roman请求批准再参加代数课程时，一位老师要求知道“哪个女士会选择数学而不是拉丁语？”可推知老师持怀疑的态度，故选A。
13．What was the most famous achievement of Nancy Roman's work?
A．She was one of the founders of NASA.
B．She proved the black hole really existed.
C．She was the first female astronomer in the world.
D．She led to design the Hubble Space Telescope.
答案：D 细节理解题。根据第三段第二句“但是她最著名的工作也许是带领设计哈勃空间望远镜，这是第一个被送入太空的大型望远镜，目的是从宇宙中收集照片和数据。”可知选D。
14．When did Dr Nancy Roman probably retire?
A．In 1969. B．In 1979.
C．In 1990. D．In 2000.
答案：B 推理判断题。根据最后一段中的“The telescope did not launch until 1990, a little more than a decade after Dr Roman retired”(这种望远镜直到1990年才发射升空，在 Roman博士退休后的十多年)可推知选B。
15．What can we learn from Dr Nancy Roman's words in the last paragraph?
A．She was very proud of what she had done for the country.
B．She thought highly of the people who hadn't believed her.
C．She was delighted to have become an astronomer in spite of the prejudice on her.
D．She had hard?nosed nature and never cared about other people's opinions.
答案：C 推理判断题。根据最后一段中的“I ignored the people who told me that I could not be an astronomer.”(我不在乎那些告诉我不能成为天文学家的人。)可推知选C。
第二节(共5小题；每小题2.5分，满分12.5分)
阅读下面短文，从短文后的选项中选出可以填入空白处的最佳选项。选项中有两项为多余选项。
If someone tells you to remember a phone number or address, it feels like an easy task at first. You repeat the numbers to yourself, either aloud or in your mind. But after just a few seconds you might find yourself starting to doubt your own memory. 16 Thus, it will try to throw away information that seems old or irrelevant. There are ways of helping our minds retain (记住) information, however, and in this activity you will explore ways that we lose and keep memories.
Short?term, or working memory, is a way of describing most people's abilities to store a small amount of information for a brief period of time in a readily accessible form. 17 People don't have to stop and think to remember something in short term memory.
18 Such techniques include visualizing (观察) the information in a surprising way or linking pieces of information together so that one reminds you of the other. In the case of visualizing information, this could be as simple as remembering you parked your car on the fifth floor in the D section by picturing five dogs sitting in your car! 19 If you need to purchase cereal (谷物), milk, fruit, cheese and eggs, you could imagine the cereal in a bowl, with milk pouring over it and pieces of fruit on top. Then imagine cracking an egg over everything, and it's full of melted cheese! These may seem simple or even silly. 20 In this activity you'll test the recall of a few friends or family members, and learn a few tricks for improving memory!
A．There are many techniques for improving memory.
B．Our brain is always seeking new and useful information.
C．Short?term memory has a short duration but is quickly and easily accessed.
D．In addition, linking information could help you remember your grocery list.
E．Retaining that information over longer periods of time becomes difficult yet.
F．Your short?term memory has a limited amount of space to store information.
G．However, they are proved to be good ways for improving memory by scientists.
篇章导读：本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了一个关于记忆的科学项目。
16．B 根据空后“Thus, it will try to throw away information that seems old or irrelevant.”(因此，它将试图丢弃那些看起来过时或无关紧要的信息。)可知，我们的大脑总是在寻找新的、有用的信息。故选B。
17．C 根据空后“People don't have to stop and think to remember something in short term memory.”(人们不需要停下来，想在短期记忆中记住一些东西。 )可知，短期记忆的持续时间很短，但很快就能被访问。故选C。
18．A 根据空后“Such techniques include visualizing (观察) the information in a surprising way or linking pieces of information together so that one reminds you of the other.”(这些技术包括以一种令人惊讶的方式可视化信息或将信息链接在一起，目的是让你想起了另一个。)可知，有许多提高记忆的技术。故选A。
19．D 根据空后“If you need to purchase cereal (谷物) milk, fruit, cheese and eggs, you could imagine the cereal in a bowl, with milk pouring over it and pieces of fruit on top.”(如果你需要购买谷物、牛奶、水果、奶酪和鸡蛋，你可以想象一个碗里的谷物，牛奶倒在上面，上面有水果。)可知，此外，链接信息可以帮助你记住你的购物清单。故选D。
20．G 根据空前“Then imagine cracking an egg over everything, and it's full of melted cheese! These may seem simple or even silly.”(这些看起来很简单，甚至有些愚蠢。)可知下句应该是与上句转折的内容，G项“然而，事实证明，它们是科学家提高记忆力的好方法。”符合语境。故选G。
第二部分 语言运用(共两节，满分30分)
第一节(共15小题；每小题1分，满分15分)
阅读下面短文，从每题所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中选出可以填入空白处的最佳选项。
Do you think you have what it takes to be a successful
scientist? A successful scientist is generally a good observer. He makes full 21 of the facts he observes. He doesn't accept ideas which are not 22 on obvious facts, and therefore refuses to accept authority as the only reason for truth. He always checks ideas 23 and makes experiments to prove them.
The rise of modern science may perhaps be considered to 24 as far back as the time of Roger Bacon, the wonderful philosopher of Oxford, who lived between the years 1214 and 1292. He was probably the first in the middle ages to 25 that we must learn science by observing and experimenting on the things around us, and he himself 26 many important truths.
Galileo (15641642), however, who lived more than 300 years later, was the greatest of several great men in Italy, France, Germany, and England, 27 began to show how many important 28 could be discovered by observation by degrees. Before Galileo, learned men believed that large bodies fell more rapidly towards the earth than small ones, 29 Aristotle said so. But Galileo, going to the 30 of the Leaning Tower of Pisa, let fall two 31 stones and proved Aristotle was wrong. It was Galileo's 32 of going direct to nature, and proving our 33 and theories by experiment, that has led to all the discoveries of modern science.
What 34 those people good scientists? From the example of Galileo, we know it clearly that successful scientists are those whose observations have 35 better results.
篇章导读：本文是一篇说明文。文章主要讲述了一个科学家应该是一个很好的观察者，不能盲目相信他人，应该通过观察和实验来获得正确的观点和理论。
21．A.trust B．time
C．speed D．use
答案：D 结合语境可知，此处指充分利用他所观察的事实。此处make full use of意为“充分利用”，符合题意，故选D。
22．A.relied B．based
C．insisted D．centered
答案：B 根据上文“He doesn't accept ideas which”以及下文“on obvious facts”可知，这里指的是以明显的事实为依据。此处be based on意为“以……为基础”，故选B。
23．A.casually B．carefully
C．quickly D．secretly
答案：B 根据上文“He always checks ideas”以及下文“and makes experiments to prove them”可知，此处表示仔细地核实想法，故选B。
24．A.date B．keep
C．look D．come
答案：A 根据下文“the years 1214 and 1292”可知，现代科学的兴起可以追溯到很早的时期。此处date back是一个固定词组，意为“追溯到”，故选A。
25．A.command B．suspect
C．suggest D．conclude
答案：C 根据下文“we must learn science by observing and experimenting on the things around us, and he himself 26 many important truths”可知，此处是他所建议的事情，故选C。
26．A.brought B．announced
C．handled D．discovered
答案：D 根据上文“experimenting on the things around us”以及下文“many important truths”可知，此处指的是他本人发现了很多重要的真理，故选D。
27．A.who B．when
C．that D．where
答案：A 根据上文“was the greatest of several great men in Italy”可知，此处是一个定语从句，先行词是men，所以用who来引导定语从句，故选A。
28．A.people B．problems
C．truths D．subjects
答案：C 根据下文“could be discovered by observation”可知，很多真理可以通过观察得到发现，故选C。
29．A.although B．because
C．when D．if
答案：B 根据下文“Aristotle (亚里士多德) said so”可知，此处指的是因为亚里士多德是这样说的，故选B。
30．A.place B．foot
C．top D．ceiling
答案：C 根据下文“of the Leaning Tower of Pisa”可知，此处指的是伽利略跑到了比萨斜塔的塔顶，故选C。
31．A.big B．small
C．equal D．unequal
答案：D 根据上文“let fall two”以及下文“stones and proved Aristotle was wrong”可知，此处表示使用了两个不同重量的石头，故选D。
32．A.spirit B．skill
C．theory D．discovery
答案：A spirit “精神”；skill “技巧，技能”； theory “理论”； discovery “发现”。这是伽利略探索自然的精神，故选A。
33．A.plans B．opinions
C．world D．ability
答案：B 根据下文“and theories by experiment”中的theories (理论)相照应。此处是指通过实验证明我们的观点和理论，故选B。
34．A.promises B．prevents
C．considers D．makes
答案：D 根据下文的“... successful scientists are those whose observations have 35 better results”可知，此处是说“是什么使这些人成为优秀的科学家？”故选D。
35．A.foreseen B．rejected
C．produced D．challenged
答案：C 根据语境可知此处是指我们清楚地知道，成功的科学家是那些依据其观测结果得出更好的结论的科学家。故选C。
第二节(共10小题；每小题1.5分，满分15分)
阅读下面短文，在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。
I recently heard a story about a famous scientist. When he 36 (ask) why he was able to succeed, he gave the answer. It all came from an experience with 37 mother when he was about two years old. “I was trying to get a bottle of milk from the fridge when I lost the bottle and it fell, spilling (溢出) the milk all over the floor—a sea of milk! I got 38 (frighten) and I didn't know what to do！” he said.
Instead of 39 (punish) him, his mother asked him to play in the milk for a while. Then she said, “You know, we failed in how to 40 (successful) carry a big milk bottle with two tiny 41 (hand) just now. Let's go out in the yard and fill the bottle 42 water to see if you can discover a way to carry it.”
This famous scientist then remarked that it was at that moment that he 43 (know) he didn't need to be afraid to make mistakes 44 were actually opportunities for learning something new. Even if the experiment “doesn't work”， we usually learn something 45 (value) from it.
36． 37. 38. 39.
40． 41. 42. 43.
44． 45.
篇章导读：本文是一篇记叙文。文章分享了一位著名科学家成功的一个小故事。
36．was asked 考查动词的时态和语态。句意：当他被问到为什么他能够成功的时候，他给出了答案。主语he和ask之间是被动关系，该句应用被动语态。且根据主句中的gave可知，该句应用一般过去时态。 故填was asked。
37．his 考查代词。根据下文他的讲述内容可知，他谈论的是自己的妈妈对自己的影响。且该空修饰名词mother，应用形容词性物主代词。故填his。
38．frightened 考查词性转换。句意：我很害怕，我不知道该做些什么。get是系动词，后面接形容词作表语。且此处表示人的情绪，应用frightened。故填frightened。
39．punishing 考查非谓语动词。该空作介词of的宾语，应用动名词，故填punishing。
40．successfully 考查词性转换。该空修饰动词carry，应用副词。故填successfully。
41．hands 考查名词。空前有two修饰，应用名词复数。故填hands。
42．with 考查介词。fill sth. with sth.固定短语，“用……装满”，故填with。
43．knew 考查动词的时态。句意：这位著名的科学家接着说，就在那一刻，他知道他不需要害怕犯错，错误其实是学习新东西的机会。该空在句中作谓语，且根据上下文可知，这是发生在过去的事情，应用一般过去时态。 故填knew。
44．which/that 考查定语从句的引导词。“ 44 were actually opportunities for learning something new”是定语从句，修饰mistakes，引导词在从句中作主语，指物，应用关系代词which/that引导该从句。故填which/that。
45．valuable 考查词性转换。句意：我们通常从中学到一些有价值的东西。该空修饰不定代词，应用形容词，故填valuable。
第三部分 写作(共两节，满分40分)
第一节(满分15分)
根据下表，写一则通知。
时间 下周三16：00－18：00
地点 四号楼201室
事件 听报告
主讲人 刘教授，一位来自国家测绘局的科学家
报告内容 参加我国第二次测量珠峰的经历
参加人 对此感兴趣的同学，报告后还可就有关内容提问
相关背景 1975年第一次测量珠峰的高度是8,848.13米，去年5月到6月，10名科学家再次登上珠峰测量它的高度
要求 按时到达
注意：1.词数80左右，开头和结尾已为你写好；
2．可以适当增加细节，以使行文连贯；
3．文中不得透露个人姓名和学校名称。
参考词汇：国家测绘局 China State Bureau of Surveying and Mapping (SBSM); 珠峰 Mt Qomolangma; 测量 measure; 高度 height
Notice
Dear students，
Attention, please.
Student Union
[精彩范文]
Notice
Dear students，
Attention, please. Professor Liu, a scientist from SBSM, will give a talk about his experiences in re?measuring the height of Mt Qomolangma in Room 201, Building 4, from 4 pm to 6 pm next Wednesday.
As we know, China first measured Mt Qomolangma in 1975, which was 8,848.13 metres high. From last May to June, a team of 10 scientists were sent to re?measure the height of it.
All the students and teachers who are interested in it are welcome to it.
Student Union
第二节(满分25分)
阅读下面材料，根据其内容和所给段落开头语续写两段，使之构成一篇完整的短文。续写的词数应为150左右。
At first, Michael Surrell didn't see the black smoke or flames shooting from the windows of his neighbors' home. He and his wife had just parked around the corner from their own house in Allentown, Pennsylvania, when they got a call from one of his daughters：“The house next door is on fire！” He went to investigate. That's when he saw a woman crying desperately on their porch.
“The baby's in there！” the woman cried. Though the fire department had been called, Surrell, then 64, instinctively ran inside. “The baby” was 8?year?old Tiara Roberts, the woman's granddaughter.
Entering the burning house was like “running into a bucket of black paint，” Surrell says. The thick smoke caused him to stumble blindly around, burned his eyes, and made it impossible to breathe. The conditions would have been dangerous to anyone, but for Surrell, who has chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (慢性阻塞性肺病), they were life?threatening.
After a few minutes in the smoke?filled house, he retreated outside to catch his breath. Surrell knew he couldn't hold his breath for long. Taking a deep breath, he went in a second time. The darkness was overwhelming. Yet because the house had a similar layout (布局) to his, he found the stairs and made it to the second floor. He turned to the right and was met by intense heat. He was already out of breath.
His throat and lungs burned as if he'd breathed in fire instead of the smoke and soot in the air. Every blink stung his eyes. All he could hear was the crackling and popping of burning wood. Then a soft but distinct moan (呻吟声) emerged. Still unable to see, Surrell fell to his knees on the hot wood floor. He crawled toward the sound, feeling around for any sign of the girl.
Paragraph 1：
Finally, he touched something—a shoe, then an ankle.
Paragraph 2：
Surrell woke up in the hospital a couple of days later.
写前导读：本文是一篇记叙文。Michael Surrell迈克尔·索雷尔家附近的一所房子着火了，邻居家的孙女被困火场，Michael Surrell虽然有慢性阻塞性肺病，但他还是义无反顾地冲进火场。他能救出邻居的孙女吗？他自己能否平安脱险呢？
[精彩范文]
Paragraph 1：
Finally, he touched something—a shoe, then an ankle. He pulled Tiara toward him. Her body was weak and she wasn't breathing. He hugged her into his arms and stood. He felt the heat of the flames on his cheeks. Turning, he fought through the smoke and ran blindly into the blackness. Surrell put Tiara down on the porch. He started CPR—the first time he'd ever done so. Soon she opened her eyes and took a breath on her own. Surrell's throat closed off.
Paragraph 2：
Surrell woke up in the hospital a couple of days later. He suffered severe burns to his windpipe and the upper portion of his lungs. He spent over a week in the hospital. The fire worsened Surrell's pulmonary condition, and he feels the effects even two years later. As a result, he takes extra medication that helps open his airways. “It's a small price to pay，” he says. “I'd do it again in a heartbeat. Wouldn't give it a second thought.”
时间：120分钟 满分：150分
英语听力
第一节(共5小题；每小题1.5分，满分7.5分)
听下面5段对话。每段对话后有一个小题，从题中所给的A、B、C三个选项中选出最佳选项。听完每段对话后，你都有10秒钟的时间来回答有关小题和阅读下一小题。每段对话仅读一遍。
Text 1
M：It's so beautiful! It's white all over.
W：Yes. Let's go and make a snowman when it stops snowing.
1．What's the weather like now?
A．Fine. B．Rainy.
C．Snowy.
答案：C
Text 2
M：Lucy, go and do your homework now.
W：OK, Dad. But can I finish this book first? There are a few pages left.
2．What is Lucy doing?
A．Reading a book. B．Doing homework.
C．Writing a story.
答案：A
Text 3
W：It's already 3：25 now. Let's go inside.
M：There are still five minutes left before the movie begins. Lily will be here any minute now.
W：I don't want to miss the beginning. I'll go first.
3．When does the movie begin?
A．At 3：25. B．At 3：30.
C．At 3：35.
答案：B
Text 4
W：Could you pass me an apple?
M：Sorry, but there are only two pears and one banana left.
4．What does the woman want to eat?
A．An apple. B．A banana.
C．A pear.
答案：A
Text 5
W：Where is your father?
M：He was in his study just now. But he has gone to the garage.
5．Where is the man's father probably now?
A．In his study. B．In the garage.
C．In his room.
答案：B
第二节(共15小题；每小题1.5分，满分22.5分)
听下面5段对话或独白。每段对话或独白后有几个小题，从题中所给的A、B、C三个选项中选出最佳选项。听每段对话或独白前，你将有时间阅读各个小题，每小题5秒钟；听完后，各小题将给出5秒钟的作答时间。每段对话或独白读两遍。
听第6段材料，回答第6、7题。
Text 6
W：Do I need to wear special boots for horse?riding lessons?
M：Yes, everyone does. You must also wear a hat. We have some good ones at the riding school, so don't worry about that.
W：Oh, good. My father bought me a hat last week, but it's not comfortable.
M：And it's also a good idea to wear some gloves.
W：That's OK. I've got some gloves. My sister had some boots, but they don't fit me. I'll have to go to the shops and get some. Can I wear my jeans?
M：Jeans are fine.
6．Why won't the woman wear her own hat?
A．It is uncomfortable. B．It doesn't fit her.
C．It is old.
答案：A
7．What will the woman do?
A．Try on her sister's gloves.
B．Buy a pair of boots.
C．Change her jeans.
答案：B
听第7段材料，回答第8至10题。
Text 7
W：Excuse me. Can you tell me if there is a gas station around here?
M：Yeah. There are a few. The closest one is only a couple of blocks away, but it's a little expensive. The cheapest one is about two miles from here.
W：Well, I think I should just go for the closest one!
M：OK. Just go straight until you see the first traffic lights up there. Take a left turn, and go down one block. You'll see the gas station near a post office.
W：OK. I should be able to make it.
8．How far is it from here to the cheapest gas station?
A．About two miles. B．About five miles.
C．A couple of blocks away.
答案：A
9．Which one will the woman go to finally?
A．The cheapest one. B．The closest one.
C．The more expensive one.
答案：B
10．Where should the woman take a left turn?
A．At the gas station. B．At the post office.
C．At the first traffic lights.
答案：C
听第8段材料，回答第11至13题。
Text 8
W：Henry, are you ready for the beach?
M：Yes, Kelly! Here I am!
W：Henry, I can hardly see you. You look like you're wearing the sheet of a king?size bed.
M：I need to protect my skin. I'm allergic to the sun.
W：We could have gone to a swimming pool!
M：No! I don't even like to swim! I just want to take a long walk while I hear the waves and smell the salt in the air.
W：How can you smell anything when you've covered your entire face?
M：Let's just get in the car. We only have one day off. I don't want to waste a second.
W：Didn't you hear the new manager? We have two days off.
M：What? Oh, great! Two days by the sea!
W：Tomorrow's supposed to rain. I'm going to stay home.
M：Suit yourself. Rain or shine, I'm going back to the beach.
W：Ryan is using my car tomorrow. I can't give you another ride.
M：I'll bike there.
W：I never knew you liked the beach so much.
M：It's not generally something I talk about at the office. I'm just too busy.
W：I never knew you were so sensitive to the sun either.
M：That's why I have curtains in my office.
11．What will Henry do at the beach?
A．Go swimming. B．Go walking.
C．Go biking.
答案：B
12．What is the relationship between the speakers?
A．Colleagues. B．Classmates.
C．Manager and customer.
答案：A
13．Why won't Kelly go to the beach tomorrow?
A．It will rain.
B．She has to work.
C．She is sensitive to the sun.
答案：A
听第9段材料，回答第14至17题。
Text 9
M：There is a brilliant drawing and writing competition in this magazine, Anna.
W：What do you have to draw, Greg?
M：A monster ... something strange that lives on the moon or something.
W：So do you have to write about the monster too?
M：Yes. The monster's age isn't important, but you have to choose a name for it.
W：And should it be big?
M：You don't have to write about how big it is ...
W：OK.
M：But you do have to say what special things it can do.
W：OK. How many words can you write?
M：You have to write more than 50 but less than 150.
W：Aren't you too old to draw monsters. Greg? You're fourteen!
M：I know! But the competition is for 13?to?15?year?olds.
W：OK. Who will choose the winner? A cartoon artist?
M：No, a writer ... and there'll be a photograph of the winner in the magazine.
W：Wow! What's the first prize? Not cinema tickets again.
M：It's much better than that—$50 to spend in Super Store.
W：Oh! That's useful. I need pencils, pens and a new school bag. Perhaps I'll enter the competition, too!
14．What does the man think is important about the monster?
A．Its age. B．Its size.
C．Its name.
答案：C
15．How old is the man?
A．13 years old. B．14 years old.
C．15 years old.
答案：B
16．Who will choose the winner?
A．A cartoon artist. B．A writer.
C．A photographer.
答案：B
17．What is the first prize?
A．Cinema tickets. B．A new school bag.
C．$50 to spend in Super Store.
答案：C
听第10段材料，回答第18至20题。
Text 10
Female Scientists Who Have Changed the World
There are still hundreds of relatively?unknown women who have changed the world with their research throughout history.
Tiera Guinn
This 21?year?old scientist hasn't yet graduated from college, but Tiera Guinn's already doing rocket science. The MIT senior is helping build a rocket for the United States that could be one of the biggest and most powerful ever made. She's an aerospace major with high credit points who also works as a Rocket Structural Design and Analysis Engineer for the Space Launch System that aerospace company Boeing is building for the US.
Elizabeth Blackwell
Elizabeth Blackwell, who was born in Bristol, England in 1821, was the first woman to graduate from medical school in the United States, became an activist for poor American women's health, and went on to found a medical school for women in England.
Jane Goodall
The most famous primate scientist in history, Jane Goodall was known for her work with chimps and as a champion of animal rights. And Goodall wasn't just working in a lab; she climbed trees and imitated the behavior of chimps in Tanzania to gain their trust and study them in their natural habitat.
18．What is Tiera Guinn's greatest achievement?
A．She entered the best university of the world.
B．She has been learning the newest rocket science.
C．She has helped build a big and powerful rocket.
答案：C
19．What is Elizabeth Blackwell famous for in history?
A．She was the first woman with the advanced education.
B．She was a pioneer of the women's health in the US and the UK.
C．She founded the first women's school in the United Kingdom.
答案：B
20．Who made a great contribution to the animal?protection movement?
A．Tiera Guinn. B．Jane Goodall.
C．Elizabeth Blackwell.
答案：B
第一部分 阅读(共两节，满分50分)
第一节(共15小题；每小题2.5分，满分37.5分)
阅读下列短文，从每题所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中选出最佳选项。
A
Much of today's science of physics is based on Newton's discovery of the three laws of motion and his theory of gravity. Newton said, “If I saw further than other men, it was because I stood on the shoulders of giants.” One was the great Italian scientist, Galileo. Another was the Polish scientist Nicholas Copernicus, who had begun a scientific revolution. It led to a completely new understanding of how the universe worked. Galileo continued and expanded the work of Copernicus. Newton built on the ideas of these two scientists and others. He found and proved the answers for which they searched.
Issac Newton was born in Woolsthorpe, England, on December 25th, 1642. He was born early and no one expected him to survive. He lived until he was 84. His father died before he was born. His mother married again. He lived with his grandma on the family farm.
As a boy, he liked to make things. He also decided to find a different way to measure the speed of the wind. On a windy day, he measured how far he could jump with the wind at his back. Then he measured how far he could jump with the wind in his face. From the difference between the two jumps, he made his own measure of the strength of the wind. Strangely, Newton became a much better student after a boy kicked him in the stomach. The boy was one of the best of the students in the school. Newton decided to get even with him by getting higher marks than the boy kicking him. Newton became the top student at the school very soon.
篇章导读：本文是一篇记叙文。文章主要讲述了有关牛顿三大理论来源及对牛顿的简介。
1．As a boy, what was Newton like?
A．He was too weak to survive.
B．He was determined to study math.
C．He liked to find out new ways to solve problems.
D．He tended to study math on the family farm.
答案：C 细节理解题。根据第三段前两句“As a boy, he liked to make things. He also decided to find a different way to measure the speed of the wind.”可以看出牛顿小时候喜欢找出解决问题的新方法。故选C。
2．We can know from the text that the theories of Newton, Galileo, and Copernicus focus on .
A．how the universe works
B．the three laws of motion
C．a scientific revolution
D．the theory of gravity
答案：A 细节理解题。根据第一段第四、五、六句“Another was the Polish scientist Nicholas Copernicus, who had begun a scientific revolution. It led to a completely new understanding of how the universe worked. Galileo continued and expanded the work of Copernicus.”可知，牛顿、伽利略和哥白尼的理论关注的是宇宙如何运作。故选A。
3．Which of the following can be the best title for the passage?
A．One of the history's greatest scientists
B．Issac Newton—History's greatest scientist
C．One of the world's greatest scientists, Issac Newton
D．Issac Newton and his laws
答案：C 标题判断题。阅读全文，根据文章内容可知，本文主要讲述了世界上最伟大的科学家之一——牛顿。故选C。
B
James Gross, a psychology professor at Stanford University, has a 13?year?old daughter who loves math and science. “It hasn't occurred to her yet that's unusual，” he says. “But I know in the next couple of years, it will.”
She's already being pulled out of class to do advanced things with a couple of other kids, who are guys. And as someone who studies human emotion for a procession, Gross says, “I know as time goes on, she will feel increasingly lonely as a girl who's interested in math and science, and be at risk of narrowing her choices in life before finding out how far she could have gone.”
Gross' concern clearly shows what has been a touchy subject in the world of science for a long time: Why are there still so few women in science, and how might that affect what we learn from research?
Women now make up half the national workforce, earn more college and graduate degrees than men, and by some estimates represent the largest single economic force in the world. Yet the gender gap in science persists, to a greater degree than in other professions, particularly in high?end, math?intensive fields such as computer science and engineering.
According to US Census Bureau statistics, women in fields commonly referred to as STEM (science, technology, engineering, mathematics) made up 7 percent of that workforce in 1970, a figure that had jumped to 23 percent by 1990. But the rise essentially stopped there. Two decades later, in 2011, women made up 26 percent of the science workforce.
篇章导读：本文是一篇说明文。文章讲述了长期以来科学界一直存在的一个敏感话题：为什么科学界的女性仍然如此之少，而这又会如何影响我们从研究中获得的知识呢？
4．According to James Gross, in the near future his daughter may .
A．become a great scientist
B．feel lonely and have fewer choices
C．be pulled out of class with some guys
D．learn math and science better and better
答案：B 推理判断题。根据第二段中的“I know as time goes on, she will feel increasingly lonely as a girl who's interested in math and science, and be at risk of narrowing her choices in life before finding out how far she could have gone.”可知，随着时间的推移，作为一个对数学和科学感兴趣的女孩，她会感到越来越孤独，有可能会限制她在生活中的选择。故选B。
5．We can learn from the text that .
A．women are cleverer than men in college
B．men represent the largest single economic force
C．women make up more than 50% of the national workforce
D．the number of women graduating from college is larger than that of men
答案：D 推理判断题。根据第四段中的“Women now make up half the national workforce, earn more college and graduate degrees than men”可知，现在女性占全国劳动力的一半，比男性获得更多的大学和研究生学位，由此可推断出大学毕业的女性比男性的数量多，故选D。
6．How does the author develop the last paragraph?
A．By providing examples.
B．By making comments.
C．By following time order.
D．By explaining the process.
答案：C 推理判断题。根据最后一段中的“According to ... made up 7 percent ... in 1970, ... jumped to 23 percent by 1990 ... Two decades later, in 2011, women made up 26 percent ...”可知，1970年女性构成这个领域劳动力的7%,1990年攀升到23%,2011年占据了26%。由此可知作者是以时间为顺序来展开最后一段的，故选C。
7．Which of the following is the best title for the text?
A．Why It Is Important to Get More Women Into Science
B．James Gross, Confusion About His daughter
C．Situation of Women in the Whole Country
D．Future of Women in the Workforce
答案：A 标题判断题。通读全文可知本文主要讲述了长期以来科学界一直存在的一个现象：科学界的女性较少。分析文章可知大学毕业的女性多于男性，但在高端的数学密集领域非常少。这更说明这一领域需要更多的女性。分析选项中可知A项符合题意，故选A。
C
(2019·全国卷Ⅱ)Bacteria are an annoying problem for astronauts. The microorganisms (微生物) from our bodies grow uncontrollably on surfaces of the International Space Station, so astronauts spend hours cleaning them up each week. How is NASA overcoming this very tiny big problem? It's turning to a bunch of high school kids. But not just any kids. It is depending on NASA HUNCH high school classrooms, like the one science teachers Gene Gordon and Donna Himmelberg lead at Fairport High School in Fairport, New York.
HUNCH is designed to connect high school class?rooms with NASA engineers. For the past two years, Gordon's students have been studying ways to kill bacteria in zero gravity, and they think they're close to a solution (解决方案). “We don't give the students any breaks. They have to do it just like NASA engineers，” says Florence Gold, a project manager.
“There are no tests，” Gordon says. “There is no graded homework. There almost are no grades, other than‘Are you working towards your goal？’ Basically, it's ‘I've got to produce this product and then, at the end of the year, present it to NASA.’ Engineers come and really do an in?person review, and ... it's not a very nice thing at times. It's a hard business review of your product.”
Gordon says the HUNCH program has an impact (影响) on college admissions and practical life skills. “These kids are so absorbed in their studies that I just sit back. I don't teach.” And that annoying bacteria? Gordon says his students are emailing daily with NASA engineers about the problem, readying a workable solution to test in space.
＋9mm]篇章导读：本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了美国一所中学与NASA合作的联合科研项目，解决国际空间站中的细菌问题。
8．What do we know about the bacteria in the International Space Station?
A．They are hard to get rid of.
B．They lead to air pollution.
C．They appear in different forms.
D．They damage the instruments.
答案：A 推理判断题。根据第一段第二句可知，来自我们身体的微生物在太空站的表面增长得很快，宇航员每周得花很长时间清理它们，由此断定太空站里的细菌很难清除，故答案为A。
9．What is the purpose of the HUNCH program?
A．To strengthen teacher?student relationships.
B．To sharpen students' communication skills.
C．To allow students to experience zero gravity.
D．To link space technology with school education.
答案：D 细节理解题。根据第二段第一句可知，HUNCH项目的目的是把学校教育与航天技术联系在一起，故答案为D。
10．What do the NASA engineers do for the students in the program?
A．Check their product. B．Guide project designs.
C．Adjust work schedules. D．Grade their homework.
答案：A 细节理解题。根据第三段最后两句可知，NASA工程师亲自检查那些高中学生的产品，故答案为A。
11．What is the best title for the text?
A．NASA: The Home of Astronauts
B．Space: The Final Homework Frontier
C．Nature: An Outdoor Classroom
D．HUNCH: A College Admission Reform
答案：B 标题判断题。本文主要介绍了一个项目：把高中的教室教学与太空的研究联系起来，使学生们得到NASA工程师们的指导。因此在选标题时既要有太空，还要有学生，选项B将其完美地结合了起来，故答案为B。
D
(2020·广西柳州市高三上学期摸底考试)Dr Nancy Roman, born in 1925, who was celebrated as a pioneer for female scientists and had advanced the launch of the Hubble Space Telescope, died on Dec. 25, 2018.
When Nancy Roman asked for permission to take a second algebra (代数) course in high school, a teacher demanded to know “what lady would take mathematics instead of Latin”. In college, a professor admitted that he often tried to prevent women from majoring in physics but Nancy stuck to it. And after receiving Doctor's degree in astronomy, she found a professional home at NASA (美国宇航局). In 1959, Dr Roman became the first chief of astronomy at NASA headquarters, a role that made her one of the agency's first female leaders.
Dr Roman spent much of her career helping develop, fund and promote technology that would help scientists see more clearly beyond Earth's atmosphere. But her most well?known work was perhaps leading to design the Hubble Space Telescope, the first major telescope to be sent into space for the purpose of gathering photographs and data from the universe. She was, therefore, named as “the mother of Hubble”.
“She made it possible to get the early telescope up into space to learn what needed to be learned，” said science historian Bob Zimmerman, “and her hard?nosed nature helped get the telescope built.”
The telescope did not launch until 1990, a little more than a decade after Dr Roman retired, but when it did, its photographs of the universe thrilled the world. “I am glad，” she once told Science, “I ignored the people who told me that I could not be an astronomer.”
篇章导读：本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了美国天文学家Nancy Roman(南希·罗曼)传奇的一生。 文章旨在告诉我们坚持自己的梦想，你一定会成为你想成为的那个人！
12．What can we conclude from the teacher's reaction to Nancy Roman's application for taking a second algebra course?
A．The teacher doubted it.
B．The teacher didn't care about it.
C．The teacher accepted it at once.
D．The teacher was strongly against it.
答案：A 推理判断题。根据第二段第一句可知在中学时当Nancy Roman请求批准再参加代数课程时，一位老师要求知道“哪个女士会选择数学而不是拉丁语？”可推知老师持怀疑的态度，故选A。
13．What was the most famous achievement of Nancy Roman's work?
A．She was one of the founders of NASA.
B．She proved the black hole really existed.
C．She was the first female astronomer in the world.
D．She led to design the Hubble Space Telescope.
答案：D 细节理解题。根据第三段第二句“但是她最著名的工作也许是带领设计哈勃空间望远镜，这是第一个被送入太空的大型望远镜，目的是从宇宙中收集照片和数据。”可知选D。
14．When did Dr Nancy Roman probably retire?
A．In 1969. B．In 1979.
C．In 1990. D．In 2000.
答案：B 推理判断题。根据最后一段中的“The telescope did not launch until 1990, a little more than a decade after Dr Roman retired”(这种望远镜直到1990年才发射升空，在 Roman博士退休后的十多年)可推知选B。
15．What can we learn from Dr Nancy Roman's words in the last paragraph?
A．She was very proud of what she had done for the country.
B．She thought highly of the people who hadn't believed her.
C．She was delighted to have become an astronomer in spite of the prejudice on her.
D．She had hard?nosed nature and never cared about other people's opinions.
答案：C 推理判断题。根据最后一段中的“I ignored the people who told me that I could not be an astronomer.”(我不在乎那些告诉我不能成为天文学家的人。)可推知选C。
第二节(共5小题；每小题2.5分，满分12.5分)
阅读下面短文，从短文后的选项中选出可以填入空白处的最佳选项。选项中有两项为多余选项。
If someone tells you to remember a phone number or address, it feels like an easy task at first. You repeat the numbers to yourself, either aloud or in your mind. But after just a few seconds you might find yourself starting to doubt your own memory. 16 Thus, it will try to throw away information that seems old or irrelevant. There are ways of helping our minds retain (记住) information, however, and in this activity you will explore ways that we lose and keep memories.
Short?term, or working memory, is a way of describing most people's abilities to store a small amount of information for a brief period of time in a readily accessible form. 17 People don't have to stop and think to remember something in short term memory.
18 Such techniques include visualizing (观察) the information in a surprising way or linking pieces of information together so that one reminds you of the other. In the case of visualizing information, this could be as simple as remembering you parked your car on the fifth floor in the D section by picturing five dogs sitting in your car! 19 If you need to purchase cereal (谷物), milk, fruit, cheese and eggs, you could imagine the cereal in a bowl, with milk pouring over it and pieces of fruit on top. Then imagine cracking an egg over everything, and it's full of melted cheese! These may seem simple or even silly. 20 In this activity you'll test the recall of a few friends or family members, and learn a few tricks for improving memory!
A．There are many techniques for improving memory.
B．Our brain is always seeking new and useful information.
C．Short?term memory has a short duration but is quickly and easily accessed.
D．In addition, linking information could help you remember your grocery list.
E．Retaining that information over longer periods of time becomes difficult yet.
F．Your short?term memory has a limited amount of space to store information.
G．However, they are proved to be good ways for improving memory by scientists.
篇章导读：本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了一个关于记忆的科学项目。
16．B 根据空后“Thus, it will try to throw away information that seems old or irrelevant.”(因此，它将试图丢弃那些看起来过时或无关紧要的信息。)可知，我们的大脑总是在寻找新的、有用的信息。故选B。
17．C 根据空后“People don't have to stop and think to remember something in short term memory.”(人们不需要停下来，想在短期记忆中记住一些东西。 )可知，短期记忆的持续时间很短，但很快就能被访问。故选C。
18．A 根据空后“Such techniques include visualizing (观察) the information in a surprising way or linking pieces of information together so that one reminds you of the other.”(这些技术包括以一种令人惊讶的方式可视化信息或将信息链接在一起，目的是让你想起了另一个。)可知，有许多提高记忆的技术。故选A。
19．D 根据空后“If you need to purchase cereal (谷物) milk, fruit, cheese and eggs, you could imagine the cereal in a bowl, with milk pouring over it and pieces of fruit on top.”(如果你需要购买谷物、牛奶、水果、奶酪和鸡蛋，你可以想象一个碗里的谷物，牛奶倒在上面，上面有水果。)可知，此外，链接信息可以帮助你记住你的购物清单。故选D。
20．G 根据空前“Then imagine cracking an egg over everything, and it's full of melted cheese! These may seem simple or even silly.”(这些看起来很简单，甚至有些愚蠢。)可知下句应该是与上句转折的内容，G项“然而，事实证明，它们是科学家提高记忆力的好方法。”符合语境。故选G。
第二部分 语言运用(共两节，满分30分)
第一节(共15小题；每小题1分，满分15分)
阅读下面短文，从每题所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中选出可以填入空白处的最佳选项。
Do you think you have what it takes to be a successful
scientist? A successful scientist is generally a good observer. He makes full 21 of the facts he observes. He doesn't accept ideas which are not 22 on obvious facts, and therefore refuses to accept authority as the only reason for truth. He always checks ideas 23 and makes experiments to prove them.
The rise of modern science may perhaps be considered to 24 as far back as the time of Roger Bacon, the wonderful philosopher of Oxford, who lived between the years 1214 and 1292. He was probably the first in the middle ages to 25 that we must learn science by observing and experimenting on the things around us, and he himself 26 many important truths.
Galileo (15641642), however, who lived more than 300 years later, was the greatest of several great men in Italy, France, Germany, and England, 27 began to show how many important 28 could be discovered by observation by degrees. Before Galileo, learned men believed that large bodies fell more rapidly towards the earth than small ones, 29 Aristotle said so. But Galileo, going to the 30 of the Leaning Tower of Pisa, let fall two 31 stones and proved Aristotle was wrong. It was Galileo's 32 of going direct to nature, and proving our 33 and theories by experiment, that has led to all the discoveries of modern science.
What 34 those people good scientists? From the example of Galileo, we know it clearly that successful scientists are those whose observations have 35 better results.
篇章导读：本文是一篇说明文。文章主要讲述了一个科学家应该是一个很好的观察者，不能盲目相信他人，应该通过观察和实验来获得正确的观点和理论。
21．A.trust B．time
C．speed D．use
答案：D 结合语境可知，此处指充分利用他所观察的事实。此处make full use of意为“充分利用”，符合题意，故选D。
22．A.relied B．based
C．insisted D．centered
答案：B 根据上文“He doesn't accept ideas which”以及下文“on obvious facts”可知，这里指的是以明显的事实为依据。此处be based on意为“以……为基础”，故选B。
23．A.casually B．carefully
C．quickly D．secretly
答案：B 根据上文“He always checks ideas”以及下文“and makes experiments to prove them”可知，此处表示仔细地核实想法，故选B。
24．A.date B．keep
C．look D．come
答案：A 根据下文“the years 1214 and 1292”可知，现代科学的兴起可以追溯到很早的时期。此处date back是一个固定词组，意为“追溯到”，故选A。
25．A.command B．suspect
C．suggest D．conclude
答案：C 根据下文“we must learn science by observing and experimenting on the things around us, and he himself 26 many important truths”可知，此处是他所建议的事情，故选C。
26．A.brought B．announced
C．handled D．discovered
答案：D 根据上文“experimenting on the things around us”以及下文“many important truths”可知，此处指的是他本人发现了很多重要的真理，故选D。
27．A.who B．when
C．that D．where
答案：A 根据上文“was the greatest of several great men in Italy”可知，此处是一个定语从句，先行词是men，所以用who来引导定语从句，故选A。
28．A.people B．problems
C．truths D．subjects
答案：C 根据下文“could be discovered by observation”可知，很多真理可以通过观察得到发现，故选C。
29．A.although B．because
C．when D．if
答案：B 根据下文“Aristotle (亚里士多德) said so”可知，此处指的是因为亚里士多德是这样说的，故选B。
30．A.place B．foot
C．top D．ceiling
答案：C 根据下文“of the Leaning Tower of Pisa”可知，此处指的是伽利略跑到了比萨斜塔的塔顶，故选C。
31．A.big B．small
C．equal D．unequal
答案：D 根据上文“let fall two”以及下文“stones and proved Aristotle was wrong”可知，此处表示使用了两个不同重量的石头，故选D。
32．A.spirit B．skill
C．theory D．discovery
答案：A spirit “精神”；skill “技巧，技能”； theory “理论”； discovery “发现”。这是伽利略探索自然的精神，故选A。
33．A.plans B．opinions
C．world D．ability
答案：B 根据下文“and theories by experiment”中的theories (理论)相照应。此处是指通过实验证明我们的观点和理论，故选B。
34．A.promises B．prevents
C．considers D．makes
答案：D 根据下文的“... successful scientists are those whose observations have 35 better results”可知，此处是说“是什么使这些人成为优秀的科学家？”故选D。
35．A.foreseen B．rejected
C．produced D．challenged
答案：C 根据语境可知此处是指我们清楚地知道，成功的科学家是那些依据其观测结果得出更好的结论的科学家。故选C。
第二节(共10小题；每小题1.5分，满分15分)
阅读下面短文，在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。
I recently heard a story about a famous scientist. When he 36 (ask) why he was able to succeed, he gave the answer. It all came from an experience with 37 mother when he was about two years old. “I was trying to get a bottle of milk from the fridge when I lost the bottle and it fell, spilling (溢出) the milk all over the floor—a sea of milk! I got 38 (frighten) and I didn't know what to do！” he said.
Instead of 39 (punish) him, his mother asked him to play in the milk for a while. Then she said, “You know, we failed in how to 40 (successful) carry a big milk bottle with two tiny 41 (hand) just now. Let's go out in the yard and fill the bottle 42 water to see if you can discover a way to carry it.”
This famous scientist then remarked that it was at that moment that he 43 (know) he didn't need to be afraid to make mistakes 44 were actually opportunities for learning something new. Even if the experiment “doesn't work”， we usually learn something 45 (value) from it.
36． 37. 38. 39.
40． 41. 42. 43.
44． 45.
篇章导读：本文是一篇记叙文。文章分享了一位著名科学家成功的一个小故事。
36．was asked 考查动词的时态和语态。句意：当他被问到为什么他能够成功的时候，他给出了答案。主语he和ask之间是被动关系，该句应用被动语态。且根据主句中的gave可知，该句应用一般过去时态。 故填was asked。
37．his 考查代词。根据下文他的讲述内容可知，他谈论的是自己的妈妈对自己的影响。且该空修饰名词mother，应用形容词性物主代词。故填his。
38．frightened 考查词性转换。句意：我很害怕，我不知道该做些什么。get是系动词，后面接形容词作表语。且此处表示人的情绪，应用frightened。故填frightened。
39．punishing 考查非谓语动词。该空作介词of的宾语，应用动名词，故填punishing。
40．successfully 考查词性转换。该空修饰动词carry，应用副词。故填successfully。
41．hands 考查名词。空前有two修饰，应用名词复数。故填hands。
42．with 考查介词。fill sth. with sth.固定短语，“用……装满”，故填with。
43．knew 考查动词的时态。句意：这位著名的科学家接着说，就在那一刻，他知道他不需要害怕犯错，错误其实是学习新东西的机会。该空在句中作谓语，且根据上下文可知，这是发生在过去的事情，应用一般过去时态。 故填knew。
44．which/that 考查定语从句的引导词。“ 44 were actually opportunities for learning something new”是定语从句，修饰mistakes，引导词在从句中作主语，指物，应用关系代词which/that引导该从句。故填which/that。
45．valuable 考查词性转换。句意：我们通常从中学到一些有价值的东西。该空修饰不定代词，应用形容词，故填valuable。
第三部分 写作(共两节，满分40分)
第一节(满分15分)
根据下表，写一则通知。
时间 下周三16：00－18：00
地点 四号楼201室
事件 听报告
主讲人 刘教授，一位来自国家测绘局的科学家
报告内容 参加我国第二次测量珠峰的经历
参加人 对此感兴趣的同学，报告后还可就有关内容提问
相关背景 1975年第一次测量珠峰的高度是8,848.13米，去年5月到6月，10名科学家再次登上珠峰测量它的高度
要求 按时到达
注意：1.词数80左右，开头和结尾已为你写好；
2．可以适当增加细节，以使行文连贯；
3．文中不得透露个人姓名和学校名称。
参考词汇：国家测绘局 China State Bureau of Surveying and Mapping (SBSM); 珠峰 Mt Qomolangma; 测量 measure; 高度 height
Notice
Dear students，
Attention, please.
Student Union
[精彩范文]
Notice
Dear students，
Attention, please. Professor Liu, a scientist from SBSM, will give a talk about his experiences in re?measuring the height of Mt Qomolangma in Room 201, Building 4, from 4 pm to 6 pm next Wednesday.
As we know, China first measured Mt Qomolangma in 1975, which was 8,848.13 metres high. From last May to June, a team of 10 scientists were sent to re?measure the height of it.
All the students and teachers who are interested in it are welcome to it.
Student Union
第二节(满分25分)
阅读下面材料，根据其内容和所给段落开头语续写两段，使之构成一篇完整的短文。续写的词数应为150左右。
At first, Michael Surrell didn't see the black smoke or flames shooting from the windows of his neighbors' home. He and his wife had just parked around the corner from their own house in Allentown, Pennsylvania, when they got a call from one of his daughters：“The house next door is on fire！” He went to investigate. That's when he saw a woman crying desperately on their porch.
“The baby's in there！” the woman cried. Though the fire department had been called, Surrell, then 64, instinctively ran inside. “The baby” was 8?year?old Tiara Roberts, the woman's granddaughter.
Entering the burning house was like “running into a bucket of black paint，” Surrell says. The thick smoke caused him to stumble blindly around, burned his eyes, and made it impossible to breathe. The conditions would have been dangerous to anyone, but for Surrell, who has chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (慢性阻塞性肺病), they were life?threatening.
After a few minutes in the smoke?filled house, he retreated outside to catch his breath. Surrell knew he couldn't hold his breath for long. Taking a deep breath, he went in a second time. The darkness was overwhelming. Yet because the house had a similar layout (布局) to his, he found the stairs and made it to the second floor. He turned to the right and was met by intense heat. He was already out of breath.
His throat and lungs burned as if he'd breathed in fire instead of the smoke and soot in the air. Every blink stung his eyes. All he could hear was the crackling and popping of burning wood. Then a soft but distinct moan (呻吟声) emerged. Still unable to see, Surrell fell to his knees on the hot wood floor. He crawled toward the sound, feeling around for any sign of the girl.
Paragraph 1：
Finally, he touched something—a shoe, then an ankle.
Paragraph 2：
Surrell woke up in the hospital a couple of days later.
写前导读：本文是一篇记叙文。Michael Surrell迈克尔·索雷尔家附近的一所房子着火了，邻居家的孙女被困火场，Michael Surrell虽然有慢性阻塞性肺病，但他还是义无反顾地冲进火场。他能救出邻居的孙女吗？他自己能否平安脱险呢？
[精彩范文]
Paragraph 1：
Finally, he touched something—a shoe, then an ankle. He pulled Tiara toward him. Her body was weak and she wasn't breathing. He hugged her into his arms and stood. He felt the heat of the flames on his cheeks. Turning, he fought through the smoke and ran blindly into the blackness. Surrell put Tiara down on the porch. He started CPR—the first time he'd ever done so. Soon she opened her eyes and took a breath on her own. Surrell's throat closed off.
Paragraph 2：
Surrell woke up in the hospital a couple of days later. He suffered severe burns to his windpipe and the upper portion of his lungs. He spent over a week in the hospital. The fire worsened Surrell's pulmonary condition, and he feels the effects even two years later. As a result, he takes extra medication that helps open his airways. “It's a small price to pay，” he says. “I'd do it again in a heartbeat. Wouldn't give it a second thought.”