Section
Ⅳ Assessing
Your
Progress
基础知识
预习自检
重点词汇
1．vivid
adj.
生动的；鲜明的；丰富的→vividly
adv.
生动地
2．brilliant
adj.
聪颖的；绝妙的；明亮的→brilliantly
adv.
光彩夺目地；出色地；高明地
3．gift
n.
天赋；天才；才能→gifted
adj.
有天赋的；有天才的；天资聪慧的
4．astronomy
n.
天文学→astronomer
n.
天文学家
5．statistical
analysis
统计分析
6．come
to
solid
conclusions
得出可靠结论
7．sense
of
wonder
and
awe
惊奇和敬畏感
8．suffer
from
受害于
9．monitor
and
track
监视和追踪
教材原句
1．The
scientist's
main
task
(是发现)
how
things
work
in
the
universe.
答案：is
to
discover
2．People
who
are
curious
usually
have
a
mixture
of
(看似矛盾的欲望)．
答案：seemingly
contradictory
desires
3．They
must
have
a
(生动的想象力)
and
a
strong
intuition
in
order
for
new
findings
to
be
made.
答案：vivid
imagination
4．They
identify
(有用的数据)
and
take
new
measurements.
答案：useful
data
5．You
see,
by
doing
science,
scientists
(更好地了解)
of
the
world
around
them
and
share
that
understanding
with
the
whole
world.
答案：get
a
better
understanding
6．What
new
ideas
did
you
learn
about
(科学和科学家)
from
this
unit?
答案：science
and
scientists
7．One
(重要组成部分)
of
the
Food
Computer
is
the
“brain”.
答案：important
component
8．This
data
packet
(可以发送给)
other
Food
Computer
farmers
to
help
them
grow
better
food.
答案：can
be
sent
to
9．What
can
we
(处理)
the
food
we
grow,
knowing
that
the
flavour
is
biochemical?
答案：do
with
10．How
might
Food
Computers
be
used
to
(帮助解决问题)
of
hunger
around
the
world?
答案：help
solve
the
problem
重点知识
合作探究
1
A
Food
Computer
is
a
box
in
which
you
can
grow
plants.(教材P12)食品计算机是一个可以种植植物的盒子。
剖析
本句是定语从句，关系代词在从句中作介词in的宾语，只能用which。
易混辨析：关系代词that与which的区别
情况
用that还是which
引导非限制性定语从句时
which
直接放在介词后作宾语时
which
当先行词是不定代词或被不定代词修饰时
that
当先行词前有the
very,
the
only,
the
same等修饰时
that
当先行词有形容词最高级或序数词(包括last,
next等)修饰时
that
当关系代词在定语从句中用作表语时
that
当先行词既指人也指物时
that
①The
current,
which
is
very
rapid,
makes
the
river
dangerous.
水流湍急，使这条河很危险。
②This
morning
some
port
wine
came,
for
which
I
have
to
thank
you.
今天早上送来一些波特酒，为此我得向你道谢。
③This
is
the
only
example
that
I
know.
我知道的例子只有这一个。
④The
first
thing
that
you
should
do
is
to
work
out
a
plan.
你应该做的第一件事是订个计划。
⑤He
talked
about
the
people
and
the
places
that
he
had
visited
in
that
country.
他谈到了他在那个国家所见到的人和所参观的地方。
选词填空(which,
that)
①Is
there
anything
else
you
require?
②The
last
place
we
visited
was
the
Great
Wall.
③He
has
to
work
on
Sundays,
he
doesn't
like.
④Is
oxygen
the
only
gas
helps
fire
burn?
⑤He
had
a
couple
of
revolvers
with
he
could
defend
himself.
⑥The
scientist
and
his
achievements
you
told
me
about
are
admired
by
us
all.
答案：①that ②that ③which ④that ⑤which ⑥that
2
This
makes
it
easy
to
tweak
the
growing
conditions
for
the
plants
to
optimise
their
flavour
and
produce
more
nutrition.
(教材P12)这使得调整植物的生长条件以优化其风味和产生更多的营养变得很容易。
剖析
该句中的“This
makes
it
easy
to
tweak”为“动词＋it(形式宾语)＋宾语补足语＋真正的宾语”结构。本句中it为形式宾语，真正的宾语为不定式短语to
tweak，形容词easy作宾语补足语。
归纳拓展
①He
found
it
increasingly
difficult
to
read,
for
his
eyesight
has
begun
to
fail.
他发现阅读越来越困难了，因为他的视力已经开始下降。
②While
the
Internet
is
of
great
help,
I
don't
think
it
a
good
idea
to
spend
too
much
time
on
it.
尽管因特网很有帮助，但我认为花太多时间在上面不好。
③He
considers
it
of
great
importance
to
put
aside
some
money
every
month.
他认为每个月存些钱很重要。
④He
likes
to
stay
up
late
at
night,
so
he
often
feels
sleepy,
which
makes
it
difficult
for
him
to
concentrate
on
what
he
is
doing.
他晚上喜欢熬夜，所以他经常犯困，这使他难以专注于他在做的事情。
(1)单句语法填空
①We
think
it
(importance)
to
obey
the
laws.
②I
don't
feel
it
difficult
(understand)
the
Special
English.
③All
these
noises
made
it
impossible
me
to
go
on
with
the
work.
答案：①important ②to
understand ③for
(2)单句写作
①他规定决不向别人借钱。
He
a
rule
never
to
borrow
money
from
others.
②我认为有可能用另一种方法解题。
I
consider
to
work
out
the
problem
in
another
way.
答案：①makes
it ②it
possible
学习效果
随堂演练
Ⅰ.单词拼写
1．This
American
author
uses
(生动的)
descriptions
in
his
essays.
答案：vivid
2．The
girl's
(明亮的)
eyes
swept
his
face.
答案：brilliant
3．The
(天文学家)
presented
a
new
concept
of
the
beginning
of
the
universe.
答案：astronomer
4．There
are
no
reliable
(统计数字)
for
the
number
of
deaths
in
the
battle.
答案：statistics
5．Some
of
the
diseases
of
middle
age
may
be
prevented
by
improving
(营养)．
答案：nutrition
Ⅱ.单句语法填空
1．Their
purpose
is
(build)
a
fair
society
and
a
strong
economy.
答案：to
build
2．On
the
morning
before
starting
breakfast,
write
your
starting
weight.
答案：down
3．How
can
faculty
improve
their
teaching
so
as
to
encourage
(creat)?
答案：creativity
4．He
has
moved
to
Spain,
(seeming)
to
enjoy
a
slower
style
of
life.
答案：seemingly
5．The
fact
is
more
than
seventy
percent
of
the
earth's
surface
is
covered
by
water.
答案：that
Ⅲ.单句写作
1．关于这个故事你得出结论了吗？
Have
you
about
the
story
yet?
答案：come
to
any
conclusions
2．由于站的位置视角好，他刚好能看见日落。
Thanks
to
the
angle
he
stood,
he
could
just
see
the
sunset.
答案：at
which
3．现在许多农场用计算机来控制蔬菜和其他作物的生长条件。
Many
farms
now
use
computers
to
control
the
of
vegetables
and
other
plants.
答案：growing
conditions
4．这意味着您必须先证明您对社区的价值。
you
must
first
prove
your
worth
to
the
community.
答案：This
means
that
5．然而，下列工具将使在关系图中查找表格变得容易。
However,
the
following
tools
to
find
a
table
in
a
diagram.
答案：make
it
easy
课后课时作业
Ⅰ 语言运用
When
John
Gurdon
was
15,
he
ranked
last
out
of
the
250
boys
in
his
grade
at
biology.
He
also
came
in
last
for
every
other
science
subject.
His
teacher
wrote
in
a
1
：“I
believe
he
has
ideas
about
becoming
a
2
；
on
his
present
showing
this
is
quite
foolish.”
Luckily,
the
teacher's
words
didn't
3
Gurdon's
love
for
science.
He
kept
working
hard.
He
went
to
lab
earlier
and
left
4
than
anyone
else.
On
Oct.
8,
2012,
64
years
later,
the
British
professor
5
the
Nobel
Prize
for
Physiology
or
Medicine.
Japanese
scientist
Shinya
Yamanaka
had
contributed
to
the
research
and
therefore
6
the
award.
Gurdon
got
the
honor
7
his
research
into
cells
and
cloning.
When
he
was
studying
at
Oxford,
he
did
some
8
on
cells.
He
took
a
cell
from
an
adult
frog,
moved
its
9
，
and
put
them
into
an
egg
cell.
The
egg
cell
then
10
into
a
clone
of
the
adult
frog.
His
research
11
for
the
first
time
that
every
cell
in
the
body
contains
the
same
genes.
At
that
time,
many
people
12
accept
Gurdon's
idea.
But
later
it
helped
to
13
Dolly
the
sheep
in
1996,
the
first
cloned
mammal
in
history.
It
also
led
to
important
findings
in
the
14
use
of
cells.
For
example,
15
from
someone's
skin
can
turn
into
any
type
of
tissue
in
the
body.
This
is
good
news
for
those
patients
who
have
diseased
or
damaged
tissue.
1．A.report
B．letter
C．passage
D．program
答案：A report
“报告”；letter
“信”；passage
“段落”；program
“节目”。从后面的句子“I
believe
he
has
ideas
about
becoming
a
2
；
on
his
present
showing
this
is
quite
foolish.”可知这是老师在报告里面写的内容，故选A。
2．A.musician
B．scientist
C．manager
D．millionaire
答案：B musician
“音乐家”；scientist
“科学家”；manager
“经理”；millionaire
“百万富翁”。从前面的句子“He
also
came
in
last
for
every
other
science
subject.”可知老师认为他有成为科学家的想法，但是现在看来这是很愚蠢的，故选B。
3．A.stop
B．mean
C．inspire
D．reflect
答案：A stop
“停止”；mean
“意味着，打算”；inspire
“激励”；reflect
“反应”。老师的话没有阻止他对科学的热爱，故选A。
4．A.sooner
B．later
C．more
hurriedly
D．more
happily
答案：B sooner
“更快”；later
“更迟”；more
hurriedly
“更匆忙”；more
happily
“更高兴”。他去实验室比别人早，走的比别人迟，故选B。
5．A.won
B．founded
C．dreamed
of
D．applied
for
答案：A win
“赢得”；found
“成立”；dream
of
“梦想”；apply
for
“申请”。这个英国教授获得诺贝尔物理或医学奖，故选A。
6．A.accepted
B．refused
C．collected
D．shared
答案：D accept
“接受”；refuse
“拒绝”；collect
“收集”；share
“分享”。从前半句“Japanese
scientist
Shinya
Yamanaka
had
contributed
to
the
research”可知两个人分享了这个奖，故选D。
7．A.instead
of
B．in
spite
of
C．because
of
D．in
place
of
答案：C instead
of
“代替”；in
spite
of
“尽管”；because
of
“因为”；in
place
of
“代替”。Gurdon获得这个荣誉是因为他对细胞和克隆的贡献，故选C。
8．A.reading
B．writing
C．change
D．research
答案：D reading
“阅读”；writing
“写”；change
“改变”；research
“研究”。在牛津大学学习的时候，他对细胞有一些研究，故选D。
9．A.baby
B．power
C．genes
D．features
答案：C baby
“婴儿”；power
“权力”；gene
“基因”；feature
“特征”。他取出成年青蛙的细胞，把它的基因放进一个卵细胞里面，故选C。
10．A.cut
B．grew
C．went
D．formed
答案：B cut
“切割”；grow
“生长”；go
“去”；form
“形成”。卵细胞长成为成年青蛙的复制品，故选B。
11．A.predicted
B．studied
C．proved
D．provided
答案：C predict
“预测”；study
“学习”；prove
“证明”；provide
“提供”。他的研究第一次证明身体的每一个细胞都有同样的基因，故选C。
12．A.couldn't
B．shouldn't
C．mustn't
D．needn't
答案：A couldn't
“不能”；shouldn't
“不该”；mustn't
“禁止”；needn't
“不必”。当时很多人不能接受Gurdon的想法，故选A。
13．A.save
B．drive
C．feed
D．create
答案：D save
“拯救”；drive
“开车”；feed
“喂食”；create
“创造”。但是这个理论对后来第一个克隆羊Dolly的诞生起到了作用，故选D。
14．A.everyday
B．medical
C．physical
D．illegal
答案：B everyday
“每天的”；medical
“医学的”；physical
“身体的，物理的”；illegal
“违法的”。它也导致了细胞理论在医学方面的使用，故选B。
15．A.cells
B．hairs
C．water
D．blood
答案：A cell
“细胞”；hair
“头发”；water
“水”；blood
“血液”。比如人皮肤里面的细胞可以变成身体里的任何组织，故选A。
Ⅱ 阅读
(2020·陕西省延安一中高二上期中)In
the
summer
of
1885,
nine?year?old
Joseph
Meister
was
very
ill.
He
had
been
wounded
by
a
sick
dog
that
had
rabies
(狂犬病),
a
very
dangerous
disease.
His
parents
were
told
that
there
was
probably
only
one
man
who
could
save
Joseph's
life—Louis
Pasteur.
When
Pasteur
was
a
young
boy
in
France,
he
spent
many
hours
every
day
with
the
chemist
who
lived
in
his
small
town.
At
that
time,
the
chemist
had
to
make
all
the
medicines
himself.
Young
Louis
enjoyed
watching
the
chemist
as
he
worked
and
helped
those
people
who
came
to
him
each
day.
As
a
school
boy,
Pasteur
worked
slowly
and
carefully.
At
first,
his
teachers
thought
that
young
Louis
might
be
a
slow
learner.
Through
elementary
school,
high
school,
and
college,
Pasteur
worked
in
the
same
thoughtful
way.
Then
he
became
a
college
professor
and
a
scientist,
and
he
continued
to
work
very
carefully.
Pasteur
was
studying
about
the
germs
that
cause
rabies
when
Joseph
Meister
became
ill.
In
fact,
Pasteur
believed
he
had
a
medical
treatment
for
rabies,
but
he
had
never
given
it
to
a
person
before.
At
first,
Pasteur
was
afraid
to
treat
Joseph,
but
the
poor
child
was
dying.
Pasteur
gave
Joseph
an
inoculation
every
day
for
ten
days.
Slowly,
the
child
became
better.
During
his
lifetime,
Pasteur
studied
germs
and
learned
how
they
cause
diseases
in
animals
and
people.
He
developed
vaccinations
that
prevent
many
of
these
diseases.
On
September
28,
1895,
Louis
Pasteur
passed
away,
at
the
age
of
72.
The
work
of
this
great
man
has
been
of
great
help
to
modern
medicine.
篇章导读：本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了法国著名的微生物学家、化学家——Louis
Pasteur路易·巴斯德的生平。
1．The
story
of
Joseph
Meister
is
given
to
.
A．express
the
author's
sadness
B．introduce
the
subject
of
the
text
C．show
some
common
diseases
in
1885
D．warn
children
to
stay
away
from
dogs
答案：B 推理判断题。根据第一段最后一句“His
parents
were
told
that
there
was
probably
only
one
man
who
could
save
Joseph's
life—Louis
Pasteur.”(他的父母被告知可能只有一个人能够救Joseph的性命——Louis
Pasteur。)可知讲Joseph的故事是为了引出文章的主人公——Louis
Pasteur，故选B。
2．According
to
the
text,
young
Louis
.
A．was
once
badly
hurt
by
a
dog
B．was
very
interested
in
medicine
C．made
a
living
by
working
for
a
chemist
D．had
been
thought
of
by
his
teachers
答案：B 细节理解题。根据第二段第一句“When
Pasteur
was
a
young
boy
in
France,
he
spent
many
hours
every
day
with
the
chemist
who
lived
in
his
small
town.”(Louis
Pasteur还小的时候，他每天花数小时和住在他镇上的药剂师待在一起。)可知Louis
Pasteur对医学很感兴趣。故选B。
3．We
can
learn
from
Paragraph
3
that
Louis
Pasteur
.
A．was
always
patient
B．was
clever
but
proud
C．was
a
slow
learner
D．was
a
humorous
professor
答案：A 推理判断题。第三段讲Louis
Pasteur不管是小学、初高中、大学，甚至是做了教授后，做事还是一丝不苟，很细心，由此可推知他是有耐心的，沉着的(因为细心的人才会有耐心)。故选A。
4．What
would
be
the
best
title
for
the
text?
A．Germs
and
diseases
B．Rabies:
a
terrible
disease
C．The
earliest
chemist
in
France
D．Louis
Pasteur:
a
great
scientist
答案：D 标题判断题。本文主要讲的是伟大的科学家Louis
Pasteur的生平，D选项最适合作为本文的标题。故选D。
1．thoughtful
adj.
沉思的；深思的
2．inoculation
n.
预防接种
be
of
great
help
to
对……很有帮助
Ⅲ 读后续写
阅读下面材料，根据其内容和所给段落开头语续写两段，使之构成一篇完整的短文。续写的词数应为150左右。
Last
Saturday,
David
was
taking
a
walk
in
the
park
near
his
home
when
he
noticed
a
woman
with
a
boy
of
about
eight
years
old.
When
David
passed
them,
he
heard
the
woman
yell,
“How
stupid
you
are!
You're
good
at
nothing.”
David
stopped
and
looked
at
the
little
boy.
The
boy
said
nothing.
He
just
stood
there,
looking
upset.
David
was
reminded
of
his
English
teacher
Mrs
Brown
in
middle
school.
After
he
entered
middle
school,
David
lacked
self?confidence
because
he
was
often
made
fun
of
by
others.
He
was
often
told
that
he
was
good
at
nothing,
which
David
believed.
But
one
day
it
all
changed.
One
day,
in
an
English
writing
class,
Mrs
Brown
asked
them
to
read
a
novel.
They
were
asked
to
write
a
new
chapter
of
the
novel
after
they
finished
reading
the
book.
A
few
days
later,
David
handed
in
his
story.
He
didn't
give
it
much
thought.
But
the
next
day
to
his
surprise,
the
comment
“well
done”
from
Mrs
Brown
came
into
view
the
moment
he
turned
to
the
page
where
the
story
was
written.
When
David
read
that,
he
almost
burst
into
tears.
He
never
expected
to
be
praised
one
day.
He
suddenly
gained
some
self?confidence.
That
day
after
he
returned
home,
he
wrote
a
short
story
and
gave
it
to
Mrs
Brown
the
next
morning.
And
again
he
was
praised.
David
became
very
interested
in
writing.
He
often
wrote
short
stories
and
asked
Mrs
Brown
to
read
them
and
correct
them
for
him.
Mrs
Brown
always
corrected
the
mistakes
he
had
made
and
gave
him
good
advice
to
improve
them.
One
year
later,
David
joined
the
school
newspaper
and
became
an
editor
of
it.
He
was
no
longer
that
boy
who
lacked
self?confidence.
He
gained
his
confidence
and
was
hopeful
about
his
future.
He
succeeded
in
entering
college
and
kept
writing.
Several
years
after
graduating
from
college,
he
had
his
first
book
published.
With
some
more
books
coming
out,
he
became
famous
as
a
writer
in
his
country.
And
he
owed
his
success
to
Mrs
Brown's
encouragement.
Without
her
encouragement,
his
life
might
be
very
different
now.
Paragraph
1：
Inspired
by
his
own
life
story,
David
decided
to
do
something
for
that
boy.
Paragraph
2：
The
mother
was
ashamed
when
she
heard
that.
写前导读：本文是一篇记叙文。文章讲述了David大卫在公园散步时遇见一位母亲正在训斥她八岁的儿子，说他一无是处。这使得David想起了自己中学时的英语老师Mrs
Brown布朗夫人，正是Mrs
Brown的鼓励使David迈上了成功之路。接下来，David决定为那个男孩做点什么呢？那位母亲又作何感想呢？
[精彩范文]
Paragraph
1：
Inspired
by
his
own
life
story,
David
decided
to
do
something
for
that
boy.
He
went
to
the
woman,
who
immediately
recognized
him
because
she
had
read
his
books
and
seen
his
pictures.
David
started
to
chat
with
her.
He
told
her
that
what
she
said
to
her
boy
was
not
appropriate.
Then
he
told
her
about
the
encouragement
he
once
got
from
Mrs
Brown.
In
the
end,
he
said,
“I
couldn't
have
become
a
writer
if
I
had
believed
I
was
good
at
nothing.”
Paragraph
2：
The
mother
was
ashamed
when
she
heard
that.
She
realized
that
she
shouldn't
have
called
her
son
stupid,
which
would
make
him
lose
confidence
in
himself.
So
she
said,
“Thank
you
for
your
advice.
I'll
never
say
such
things
to
him
again.
Instead,
I'll
find
out
what
he's
good
at
and
encourage
him.”
The
woman
then
left
with
the
boy.
Looking
at
the
back
of
the
boy,
David
felt
relieved,
hoping
his
action
could
make
some
difference
to
the
boy.Section
Ⅴ Writing 概要写作——科学家的成就
本单元的写作项目是概要写作，主题为科学家的成就。关于此类型主题，写作时应注意以下几点：
1．注意同义转换。在进行写作时，要先将原文中的可以转换的语句进行转换，不能够转换的，如该科学家获得的奖项、发明/发现的某种新事物，这样的词汇可以直接出现在自己的写作中。
2．注意重点事件。一个成功的科学家，必定经过了一番曲折才能够有所成就，所以促使他成功的时间点、事件就显得很重要，一定要出现在自己的写作中。
3．注意词语应用。在写作时要运用合适的词汇进行写作，一些过于偏激、情绪化的词语不应出现在作文中。整体的氛围应是真挚、真实的。另外，过于生僻、艰涩的词汇也不要使用，避免由于使用不当而造成错误。
1．开头常用句式
①Advances
in
science
help
all
humanity.
科学的进步有助于全人类。
②Professor
Green,
known
to
the
world
as
a
scientist,
is
not
only
diligent
but
also
warm－hearted.
格林教授是一位闻名世界的科学家，他不仅勤勉，而且热心。
③He
is
a
scientist
of
high
prestige.
他是一位有声望的科学家。
2．主体段落常用句式
①So
like
any
diligent
scientist,
he
set
about
trying
to
derive
one.
所以，像其他勤奋的科学家一样，他自己尝试着推论出一个来。
②Her
name
was
now
Marie,
and
she
was
now
an
official
scientist,
studying
the
properties
of
magnetism
for
her
doctorate
in
physics.
她的名字从那时起改称为玛丽，她成了一位正式的科学家，攻读博士学位，研究物理学中磁性质。
③The
last
great
scientist
of
the
classical
period,
he
was
the
first
to
draw
a
map
that
was
based
on
all
available
knowledge,
rather
than
guess
or
imagination.
他作为古典时期的最后一位伟大的科学家，以当时的知识水平为基础，而不是凭猜测或想象，成为绘制出地图的第一个人。
④She
quit
all
worries
and
devoted
herself
to
the
study
of
science.
她摆脱了一切烦恼，潜心研究科学。
⑤This
is
an
age
not
only
of
great
science;
it
is
an
age
of
great
scientists.
这不仅是一个伟大的科学时代；也是一个伟大的科学家时代。
⑥Like
all
good
students
of
science,
he
believes
that
the
universe
is
well
understood
and
we
know
our
place
in
it.
像所有学习科学的好学生一样，他相信人类完全能够了解宇宙，也了解人类在其中的位置。
⑦If
an
elderly
but
distinguished
scientist
says
that
something
is
possible
he
is
almost
certainly
right,
but
if
he
says
that
it
is
impossible
he
is
very
probably
wrong.
如果一位上了年纪的杰出科学家说某件事有可能，他几乎肯定是对的，但如果他说某件事不可能，那他很有可能是错的。
⑧The
next
morning,
Scientist
Spencer
decided
to
put
the
magnetron
tube
near
an
egg.
第二天上午，科学家斯宾塞决定把磁控管拿到一个鸡蛋旁。
3．结尾常用句式
①The
scientist
deserves
recognition
for
his
talent.
这名科学家的才华应受到承认。
②Finally,
Einstein
arrived
at
a
conclusion
that
maximum
speed
in
the
universe
is
that
of
light.
最终，爱因斯坦得出了一个结论，那就是宇宙中的最大速度为光速。
③Thanks
to
Yuan
Longping,
he
not
only
won
the
battle
against
hunger,
but
he
could
also
export
his
crops
abroad.
多亏了袁隆平，他不仅赢得了对抗饥饿的战斗，而且还将自己的作物出口到国外。
阅读下面短文，根据其内容写一篇60词左右的内容概要。
We
all
have
daily
problems
with
technology,
but
how
many
of
us
can
fix
them?
Mya
Le
Thai,
a
scientist
from
the
University
of
California,
Irvine
recently
discovered
a
process
that
might
result
in
batteries
that
could
last
forever.
Thai
said
she
was
frustrated
that
the
batteries
for
her
wireless
devices
degraded.
Over
time,
they
failed
to
charge
fully.
Thai
did
not
like
to
keep
her
wireless
laptop
connected
to
an
electrical
outlet.
She
decided
to
do
something
about
that
problem.
At
first,
she
and
her
team
at
UC
Irvine
thought
about
inventing
a
new
battery.
But
as
they
experimented,
Thai
discovered
something
that
might
permit
lithium?ion
(锂离子)
batteries
to
last
forever.
Lithium?ion
batteries
power
most
wireless
devices.
Over
time,
the
batteries
lose
the
ability
to
hold
a
charge.
One
of
the
reasons
why
lithium?ion
batteries
degrade
is
their
use
of
nanowires
(纳米线)
to
carry
electricity.
Nanowires
are
extremely
thin.
They
are
extremely
efficient
carriers
of
electricity,
which
makes
them
useful
in
batteries.
But
their
thinness
also
makes
them
weak.
“Nanowires
break
over
time，”
she
said.
“That's
why
they
lose
capacity.”
But,
Thai
had
a
theory:
The
nanowires
might
last
longer
if
covered
with
a
gel.
She
and
the
team
tested
her
theory.
“It
was
a
long
process
and
a
lot
of
work，”
Thai
said.
The
team
tried
many
coverings
for
the
wires.
The
nanowires
were
coated
with
a
gel,
PMMA,
and
cycled
through
charging
200,000
times.
The
gel
showed
no
evidence
of
damage.
The
results
suggested
that
batteries
could
last
forever
without
losing
charging
ability.
Thai
said
200,000
cycles
amount
to
about
three
months
on
just
one
device.
Thai
hopes
to
continue
her
research
to
see
if
any
other
gel
could
work
better.
Thai
tells
VOA
she
is
enjoying
the
publicity
about
her
discovery.
She
said
she
never
expected
her
research
to
get
media
coverage.
“It's
kind
of
cool，”
she
said.
“I'm
really
glad
people
are
showing
interest
in
my
work—not
just
in
the
work
itself,
but
also
in
technology
and
energy.”
[精彩范文]
Do
you
look
forward
to
one
day
when
batteries
are
durable?
Mya
Le
Thai
and
her
team
have
realized
our
dream
and
would
like
to
share
their
invention
with
the
public.
(要点1)
Watching
carefully,
they
discovered
what
might
fail
batteries
and
advanced
the
relative
energy?saving
technology.
(要点2)
Knowledge
is
a
treasure,
but
practice
is
the
key
to
it.
Naturally,
it
took
them
a
long
time
to
make
the
invention.
(要点3)
总评 本篇范文对原文理解准确，要点齐全，语法结构正确，语言表达流畅自然，上下文之间的承接顺理成章。复杂句式结构的运用体现了作者的语言功底。
[亮点呈现]
(1)Do
you
look
forward
to
...
？以问句开篇，引出话题，点明中心，吸引读者兴趣。
(2)they
discovered
what
might
...
宾语从句的运用，使内容表达更简练准确。
阅读下面短文，根据其内容写一篇60词左右的内容概要。
Remembering
Astronaut
John
Glenn
Millions
of
Americans
are
mourning
the
death
of
astronaut
John
Glenn,
who
passed
away
on
Thursday.
Glenn
was
95.
He
rose
to
fame
in
1962,
when
he
became
the
first
American
to
orbit
Earth
in
a
spaceship.
Glenn
was
known
for
his
modesty,
refusing
to
see
himself
as
a
hero.
He
preferred
to
focus
on
his
work,
saying,
“If
there
is
one
thing
I've
learned
in
my
years
on
this
planet,
it's
that
the
happiest
and
most
fulfilled
people
I've
known
are
those
who
devoted
themselves
to
something
bigger
and
more
profound
than
merely
their
own
self?interest.”
Glenn,
born
in
1921,
grew
up
in
the
small
town
of
New
Concord,
Ohio.
He
started
his
flying
career
as
a
fighter
pilot
for
the
US
Marine
Corps.
He
won
medals
for
his
service
in
World
War
Ⅱ
and
the
Korean
War.
After
that,
Glenn
took
a
dangerous
job
as
a
Marine
Corps
test
pilot,
flying
new
planes
to
see
if
they
were
safe.
In
1957,
he
set
an
air?speed
record
by
flying
from
Los
Angeles
to
New
York
in
less
than
three?and?a?half
hours.
In
the
late
1950s,
a
“space
race”
began
between
the
US
and
the
Soviet
Union.
In
1959,
Glenn
became
one
of
seven
test
pilots
chosen
to
take
part
in
the
US's
first
space
program.
The
Soviet
Union
won
the
race
to
get
to
space
first.
In
1961,
it
became
the
first
nation
to
send
a
person
into
space
when
a
Russian
astronaut,
Yuri
Gagarin,
orbited
Earth.
But
the
space
race
was
not
over
yet.
Glenn's
chance
to
go
into
space
came
on
February
20,
1962.
By
that
time,
another
American,
Alan
B.
Shepard,
had
flown
in
space,
but
he
had
not
orbited
Earth.
Glenn's
flight
was
aired
live
on
television
and
radio.
Americans
everywhere
stopped
to
watch.
Glenn's
Friendship
7
capsule
(太空舱)
circled
the
planet
three
times.
A
faulty
instrument
led
Glenn
to
believe
the
capsule
might
burn
up
on
its
return
to
Earth,
but
in
the
end,
it
splashed
down
safely
in
the
Atlantic
Ocean.
In
1974,
Glenn
was
elected
to
Congress
as
a
senator
from
Ohio.
Glenn
returned
to
space
on
October
29,
1998,
when
he
was
77.
He
spent
nine
days
on
the
space
shuttle
Discovery.
Glenn
went
so
that
scientists
could
study
the
effects
of
space
travel
on
older
people.
He
holds
the
record
for
being
the
oldest
person
in
space.
写前导读：本文是一篇记叙文。文章主要为纪念美国宇航员John
Glenn约翰·格伦而介绍了他的生平及主要成就。
[精彩范文]Section
Ⅱ Learning
About
Language
(Grammar)
基础知识
预习自检
重点词汇
1．think
v.
思考；认为→thinking
n.
思想；思维；见解→thinker
n.
思想家
2．find
v.
发现；找到→finding
n.
发现；调查结果；(法律)判决
3．solid
adj.
可靠的；固体的；坚实的 n.
固体→solidly
adv.
坚固地；结实地
4．subscribe
vi.
认购(股份)；定期订购；定期交纳(会费)→subscriber
n.
(报刊的)订阅人，订购者；(慈善机关等的)定期捐款者
5．substantial
adj.
大量的；价值巨大的；重大的→substantially
adv.
大量地，可观地
6．statistic
n．[pl.]
统计数字；统计资料；统计学→statistical
adj.
统计的；统计学的→statistically
adv.
统计地；统计上地
7．infect
vt.
使感染；传染→infection
n.
感染；传染→infectious
adj.
传染性的，感染的
8．proof
n.
证据；证明；检验→prove
v.
证明；检验
9．theoretical
framework
理论框架
10．a
household
name
家喻户晓的名字
11．side
effect
副作用
教材原句
1．He
was
(应承担责任)
the
accident
because
he
drove
on
the
wrong
side
of
the
road.
答案：to
blame
for
2．Since
heart
disease
is
often
(将……连接起来)
our
lifestyle
choices,
we
need
to
make
healthy
living
an
important
part
of
our
lives.
答案：linked
to
3．Many
scientists
(赞同)
the
view
that
it
is
human
activity
that
has
caused
global
warming.
答案：subscribe
to
4．He
used
his
great
influence
to
change
the
thinking
of
the
(科学界)
on
this
issue.
答案：scientific
community
5．UK
scientists
believe
they
may
have
found
a
way
to
fight
the
(普通感冒)．
答案：common
cold
6．Researchers
are
working
on
making
a
form
of
medicine
that
can
be
taken
directly
into
one's
lungs,
(为了降低)
the
chance
of
side
effects.
答案：to
decrease
7．What
John
Snow
(向世界展示)
was
how
cholera
could
be
overcome.
答案：showed
to
the
world
8．What
was
Snow
determined
to
find
out
during
the
1854
(爆发霍乱)
in
London?
答案：outbreak
of
cholera
9．This
was
when
you
should
have
calmed
down
and
got
down
to
doing
some
(扎实的工作)．
答案：solid
work
10．This
mix
of
theory
and
data
is
one
of
the
(关键特征)
of
what
we
call
science.
答案：key
characteristics
重点知识
合作探究
1
virus
n.
病毒(教材P4)
归纳拓展
①Do
you
have
virus
protection
software
on
your
PC?
你的电脑有防毒软件吗？
②We
should
be
watchful
of
computer
virus.
我们应该警惕计算机病毒。
③There
are
many
different
strains
of
flu
virus.
流感病毒有很多不同类型。
单句写作
①能帮帮我吗？我电脑中病毒了。
Could
you
do
me
a
favor?
My
computer
suffered
from
.
②全班几乎人人都染上了流感病毒。
The
infected
almost
the
entire
class.
答案：①computer
virus ②flu
virus
2
initial
adj.
最初的；开始的；第一的(教材P5)
归纳拓展
①This
may
require
a
large
amount
of
material
to
be
transported
to
the
area,
at
least
at
the
initial
stage.
可能需要运往这个地区大量物资，至少在最初的阶段是这样的。
②If
the
repository
is
new,
you
will
be
prompted
to
create
and
initialize
it.
如果该存储库是新的，则会提示您对其进行创建和初始化。
③Forecasters
say
the
gales
may
not
be
as
bad
as
they
initially
predicted.
预报员说大风也许不像他们起初预报的那么猛烈。
单句写作
①我最初的反应是要拒绝这个提议。
My
was
to
decline
the
offer.
②开始时系统运转良好。
，
the
system
worked
well.
答案：①initial
reaction ②Initially
3
What
was
it
that
John
Snow
showed
to
the
world？(教材P5)约翰·斯诺究竟向全世界展示了什么？
剖析
该句是特殊疑问句形式的强调句。其结构为“特殊疑问词＋is/was＋it＋that＋其他部分？”，可视为对陈述句中被强调成分的提问。
归纳拓展
①It
is
because
he
is
ill
that
he
can't
come.
是因为生病他才来不了。
②Is
it
because
he
is
ill
that
he
can't
come?
是因为生病他才来不了吗？
③Why
is
it
that
he
can't
come?
他究竟为什么不能来？
(1)单句语法填空
①It
was
yesterday
we
met
Li
Ping.
②Was
it
on
Sunday
he
gave
George
this
ticket?
答案：①that ②that
(2)单句写作
①他是昨天见到李平的吗？
Was
it
he
met
Li
Ping?
②你究竟是何时何地出生的？
When
and
where
you
were
born?
答案：①yesterday
that ②was
it
that
Grammer——表语从句
单句语法填空
1．(2019·全国卷Ⅱ)This
is
motivation
or
the
lack
of
it
can
do.
答案：what
2．(2019·天津高考)This
is
everyone
learned
to
read.
答案：how
3．There
are
black
clouds
in
the
sky.
It
looks
it
is
going
to
rain.
答案：as
if
4．It
sounds
our
plan
seems
to
be
perfect.
答案：that
5．That
is
he
was
born.
答案：where
6．That
is
people
in
those
countries
take
their
vacations
only
when
there
is
a
holiday.
答案：because
在句子中担当表语的从句就是表语从句。通常位于连系动词之后。
1．从属连词whether,
as,
as
if/though
The
question
is
whether
the
enemy
is
marching
towards
us.
问题是敌人是否向我们进军。
It
sounds
as
if
someone
is
knocking
at
the
door.
听起来好像有人在敲门。
2．从属连词because,
why
That's
because
the
price
of
raw
materials
has
gone
up.
那是因为原材料的价格上涨了。(强调原因)
That's
why
he
got
angry
with
me.
那正是他对我生气的原因。(强调结果)
名词reason作主语时，后面的表语从句表示原因时要用that引导，不宜用because。
3．连接代词who,
whom,
whose,
what,
which,
whoever,
whatever,
whichever
He
has
become
what
he
wanted
to
be
ten
years
ago.
他已经成为他十年前想成为的样子。
The
rule
is
whoever
fails
to
do
the
work
well
will
be
fired.
这里的规定是不管没有做好工作的是谁都得被开除。
4．连接副词where,
when,
how,
why
The
problem
is
when
we
can
get
a
pay
rise.
问题是什么时候我们可以得到加薪。
Go
and
get
your
coat.
It's
where
you
left
it.
去把雨衣拿来。就在你原来放它的地方。
5．从属连词that
The
trouble
is
that
I
have
lost
his
address.
麻烦是我把他的地址丢了。
(2019·江苏高考)The
first
unique
human
characteristic
is
that
humans
have
extraordinarily
large
brains
compared
with
other
animals.
人类的第一个独特特征是，与其他动物相比，人类的大脑特别大。
1．表语从句一定要用陈述语序
The
question
is
when
can
he
arrive
at
the
hotel.(×)
The
question
is
when
he
can
arrive
at
the
hotel.(√)
问题是他什么时候能到旅馆。
2．不可以用if，而用whether连接表语从句(as
if例外)
All
she's
worried
about
is
if
he
is
all
right.
(×)
All
she's
worried
about
is
whether
he
is
all
right.
(√)
她所担心的只是他是否安然无恙。
3．表语从句中，主句时态和从句时态可以不一致
It
seems
as
if
he
didn't
know
the
answer.
好像他不知道答案。
The
question
is
who
will
travel
with
me
to
Beijing
tomorrow.
问题是明天谁和我一起去北京。
4．that在表语从句中不可以省掉
What
I
told
him
was
that
I
would
find
him
a
good
play.
我告诉他的是我会给他找个好剧本。(what在主语从句中作直接宾语，that作为表语从句的引导词在该表语从句中不充当句子成分，
不能省略)
(1)单句语法填空
①(2019·浙江高考)One
thing
to
remember
is
it's
the
process
not
the
end
product
that
matters.
②That
is
stone
walls
are
used
instead
of
fences
around
New
England
fields.
③The
question,
pure
and
simple,
is
you
will
support
me.
④She
has
remained
I
stood
yesterday
for
an
hour.
⑤The
question
is
why
he
(cry)
yesterday.
答案：①that ②why ③whether ④where ⑤cried
(2)单句写作
①问题是我们缺钱。
The
trouble
we
are
short
of
money.
②那就是我想要对你讲的。
That
I
want
to
tell
you.
③看来他的意图是好的。
It
would
his
intention
was
good.
④他今天好像不怎么舒服。
It
he
is
not
quite
himself
today.
⑤他好像已经明白了这个问题。
It
he
had
understood
this
question.
答案：①is
that ②is
what ③appear
that ④seems
that ⑤looked
as
if
学习效果
随堂演练
Ⅰ.单词拼写
1．No
pictures
were
allowed
to
be
hung
on
the
walls
of
the
prison
(牢房).
答案：cell
2．The
report
provides
a
(框架)
for
further
research.
答案：framework
3．Peas,
beans
and
lentils
are
a
good
source
of
vegetable
(蛋白质)．
答案：protein
4．There
is
no
(疫苗)
against
HIV
infection.
答案：vaccine
5．This
provided
a
(坚实的)
foundation
for
their
marriage.
答案：solid
Ⅱ.单句语法填空
1．Maybe
this
is
he
was
so
successful:
he
was
always
honest
with
himself.
答案：why
2．We
should
have
very
little
difficulty
getting
him
round
to
our
way
of
(think).
答案：thinking
3．It
looks
it
is
impossible
to
stop
him
from
finishing
running
the
last
200
metres.
答案：that
4．He
is
no
longer
he
was.
答案：what
5．The
government
hopes
the
court
will
announce
its
(find)
before
the
end
of
the
month.
答案：finding
Ⅲ.单句写作
1．问题是这部电影是否值得看。
The
question
the
film
is
worth
seeing.
答案：is
whether
2．据说黑客们已经开始传播一种新的电脑病毒。
Hackers
are
said
to
have
started
a
new
.
答案：computer
virus
3．那就是我第一次遇见她的地方。
I
first
met
her.
答案：That's
where
4．首先，我们要设计好分析的理论框架。
First,
we
should
design
the
for
our
analysis.
答案：theoretical
framework
5．据说初期的反应非常好。
It's
said
the
has
been
excellent.
答案：initial
reaction
课后课时作业
Ⅰ 阅读
A
(2020·四川省绵阳南山中学高三上一诊)Breathing
dirty
air
comes
at
a
high
price.
Air
pollution
lowers
the
average
life
spans
by
a
year
worldwide
and
in
more
polluted
parts
of
Asia
and
Africa,
dirty
air
shortens
lives
up
to
twice
that
much.
Scientists
shared
their
new
findings
in
Environmental
Science
&
Technology
Letters.
The
study
used
data
gathered
in
2016
as
part
of
a
project
known
as
the
Global
Burden
of
Disease
and
was
the
first
major
country?by?country
look
at
the
connection
between
the
length
of
life
and
what's
known
as
fine
PM.
Air
pollution
has
been
linked
to
many
health
problems.
Most
earlier
studies
had
looked
at
how
tiny
air
pollutants
affected
rates
of
illness
or
death.
Joshua
Apte
is
an
environmental
scientist
at
the
University
of
Texas
at
Austin.
By
looking
at
life
expectancy，
his
team
had
hoped
to
make
the
threat
easier
to
understand.
PM2.5
is
what
scientists
call
tiny
particles
of
pollution
in
the
air.
Higher
levels
of
PM2.5
can
cause
health
problems
and
cut
months,
if
not
years,
from
the
average
length
of
life.
This
analysis
shows
how
pollution
affects
life
expectancy
in
different
parts
of
the
world.
The
World
Health
Organization
(WHO)
recommends
limiting
PM2.5
to
10
micrograms
per
cubic
meter
of
air.
Apte's
group
calculated
how
holding
pollution
to
this
low
level
would
help
people.
In
countries
with
very
dirty
air,
meeting
this
standard
would
lengthen
people's
lives.
However,
in
countries
whose
air
already
meets
this
standard,
the
study
shows
no
gain
in
life
expectancy.
In
other
words,
meeting
the
WHO
standard
won't
reduce
health
costs
resulting
from
dirty
air
because
even
below
10
micrograms
per
cubic
meter,
pollution
still
causes
serious
risks.
Meanwhile,
the
scientists
compared
how
other
threats
including
smoking
and
cancer
shorten
the
length
of
life
across
the
globe.
篇章导读：本文是一篇说明文。文章主要讲述了科学家们在环境科学与技术快报中分享了他们的新发现，他们发现空气污染影响人类的寿命。
1．What
is
special
about
the
study?
A．It
won
recognition
from
a
professional
journal.
B．It
discussed
health
problems
caused
by
air
pollution.
C．It
gathered
lots
of
data
for
the
Global
Burden
of
Disease.
D．It
analyzed
the
link
between
life
spans
and
PM
by
country.
答案：D 细节理解题。根据第一段最后一句“The
study
used
data
gathered
in
2016
as
part
of
a
project
known
as
the
Global
Burden
of
Disease
and
was
the
first
major
country?by?country
look
at
the
connection
between
the
length
of
life
and
what's
known
as
fine
PM.”可知，这个研究项目按国家分析了寿命与PM之间的联系，故选D。
2．What
is
Joshua
Apte's
team
trying
to
do?
A．Help
people
better
understand
air
pollution.
B．Study
life
expectancy
in
different
countries.
C．Know
how
small
air
pollutants
affect
health.
D．Deal
with
different
kinds
of
health
problems.
答案：A 细节理解题。根据第二段第四句“By
looking
at
life
expectancy,
his
team
had
hoped
to
make
the
threat
easier
to
understand.”可知，Joshua
Apte的团队试图帮助人们更好地了解空气污染对人们寿命的影响，故选A。
3．What
will
happen
if
a
country
limits
PM2.5
to
10
micrograms
per
cubic
meter
of
air?
A．People's
life
spans
will
surely
increase.
B．It
will
get
strong
support
from
the
WHO.
C．People's
health
may
not
be
much
improved.
D．It
will
guarantee
people
clean
air.
答案：C 细节理解题。根据最后一段倒数第二句“In
other
words,
meeting
the
WHO
standard
won't
reduce
health
costs
resulting
from
dirty
air
because
even
below
10
micrograms
per
cubic
meter,
pollution
still
causes
serious
risks.”(换句话说，达到WHO标准不会降低因脏空气造成的健康成本，因为即使每立方米低于10微克，污染仍然会带来严重的风险。)可知，如果一个国家将PM2.5限制在每立方米空气中10微克，人们的健康状况可能没有太大改善，故选C。
4．What
might
be
discussed
in
the
following
paragraphs?
A．How
cleaning
up
the
air
can
lengthen
lives.
B．How
air
pollution
shortens
lives
by
country.
C．How
other
threats
shorten
life
expectancy.
D．How
all
the
countries
deal
with
severe
pollution.
答案：C 推理判断题。根据最后一段最后一句“Meanwhile,
the
scientists
compared
how
other
threats
including
smoking
and
cancer
shorten
the
length
of
life
across
the
globe.”可知，接下来可能会讨论其他威胁人类预期寿命的因素，故选C。
1．shorten
v.
(使)变短，缩短
2．expectancy
n.
预料；预期
3．calculate
v.
计算；核算
result
from
产生于……；由……引起
B
Michael
Faraday
was
the
son
of
a
blacksmith.
There
were
four
children
in
his
family,
and
with
his
father
often
ill
and
unable
to
work,
Michael
Faraday
had
to
earn
his
living
from
an
early
age.
This
meant
little
or
no
schooling.
However,
the
family
belonged
to
a
religious
group,
and
Faraday
learnt
to
read
and
write
at
Sunday
School.
When
he
was
only
fourteen,
Faraday
found
a
job
as
a
bookbinder.
He
used
to
read
the
books
he
was
given
to
bind
and
he
became
very
interested
in
the
scientific
books,
particularly
the
ones
about
electricity.
His
interest
soon
took
a
practical
path
and
he
began
conducting
his
own
experiments.
These
were
very
basic
because
Faraday
had
to
make
all
of
his
equipment
himself.
However,
he
was
very
careful
and
kept
a
clear
written
record
of
all
his
findings.
One
day
he
was
given
an
entrance
ticket
to
the
Royal
Institute
of
Chemistry
Lecture,
given
by
Humphry
Davy.
Determined
to
work
for
this
great
scientist,
he
sent
Davy
a
job
application
and
included
his
laboratory
reports
on
the
experiments
he
had
carried
out.
In
1813
Davy
offered
Faraday
a
job
as
one
of
his
laboratory
assistants.
Faraday
learnt
quickly
and
soon
was
recognized
as
a
very
able
analytical
chemist.
Later
he
went
to
work
at
the
Royal
Institute.
Michael
Faraday
was,
perhaps,
the
greatest
practical
scientist
of
the
19th
century.
As
a
chemist,
he
discovered
the
benzene
(苯),
which
is
now
the
focal
point
of
chemical
study.
He
also
proved
the
relationship
between
electricity
and
chemical
bonding.
As
a
physicist,
he
invented
the
dynamo,
which
led
to
the
later
invention
of
the
electric
motor.
He
also
discovered
the
effect
of
magnetism
(磁)
on
light
rays.
篇章导读：本文是一篇记叙文。文章讲述了Michael
Faraday迈克尔·法拉第如何成长为一名伟大的科学家物理学家及化学家以及他在物理和化学领域取得的研究成果。
5．Why
did
Faraday
attend
Sunday
School?
A．He
had
to
work
for
a
bookbinder
at
weekdays.
B．He
hoped
to
read
many
of
the
scientific
books
there.
C．He
would
like
to
learn
religious
knowledge.
D．His
family
couldn't
afford
his
normal
school
education.
答案：D 细节理解题。根据第一段第二句至段尾“There
were
four
children
in
his
family,
and
with
his
father
often
ill
and
unable
to
work,
Michael
Faraday
had
to
earn
his
living
from
an
early
age.
This
meant
little
or
no
schooling.
However,
the
family
belonged
to
a
religious
group,
and
Faraday
learnt
to
read
and
write
at
Sunday
School.”可知，Faraday年幼时家境贫寒，上不起正规的学校，只好上了主日学校。故选D。
6．When
working
as
a
bookbinder,
Faraday
.
A．published
his
great
findings
on
electricity
B．made
his
own
equipment
for
his
experiments
C．read
many
books
by
Humphry
Davy
D．gained
his
fame
as
a
practical
scientist
答案：B 细节理解题。根据第二段倒数第二、三句“His
interest
soon
took
a
practical
path
and
he
began
conducting
his
own
experiments.
These
were
very
basic
because
Faraday
had
to
make
all
of
his
equipment
himself.”可知，Faraday做图书装订工作的时候，为自己的实验亲自动手制作实验器材。故选B。
7．In
order
to
get
a
chance
to
work
for
Davy,
Faraday
.
A．bought
tickets
to
attend
Davy's
lecture
B．sent
his
experiment
reports
to
Davy
C．went
to
the
Royal
Institute
to
visit
Davy
D．offered
to
do
laboratory
work
for
free
答案：B 细节理解题。根据第三段第二句“Determined
to
work
for
this
great
scientist,
he
sent
Davy
a
job
application
and
included
his
laboratory
reports
on
the
experiments
he
had
carried
out.”可知，为了能为Davy工作，Faraday递交了自己的实验报告。故选B。
8．Which
of
the
following
is
the
right
order
of
Faraday's
life?
a．A
laboratory
assistant.
b．A
student
of
Sunday
School.
c．A
bookbinder.
d．An
analytical
chemist.
A．a－b－c－d
B．b－c－d－a
C．b－c－a－d
D．c－b－a－d
答案：C 细节理解题。纵观全文可知，Faraday先是在主日学校学习，后来成为图书装订工，然后又做了实验室助理，最后成为了一名分析化学家。故选C。
1．religious
adj.
宗教的
2.prove
v.
证明；证实
carry
out
实施；执行
Ⅱ 七选五
根据短文内容，从短文后的选项中选出能填入空白处的最佳选项。选项中有两项为多余选项。
How
to
Become
a
Scientist
Here
is
some
advice
for
students
who
think
they
might
like
to
become
scientists.
1
One
of
the
most
important
things
you
can
do
to
become
a
good
scientist
is
to
practice
watching
everything
carefully.
Find
a
comfortable
chair
and
put
it
in
the
middle
of
your
garden
or
a
park.
Sit
in
the
chair
for
thirty
minutes
or
an
hour.
Watch
the
insects
that
fly
past
or
land
on
the
plants.
Look
at
the
shapes
of
leaves
and
branches.
Listen
to
the
sounds
of
insects.
2
Use
a
microscope
to
look
closely
at
interesting
objects.
Learn
everything
you
can
about
a
topic
that
interests
you.
Suppose
you'd
like
to
explore
flowers
by
using
a
microscope.
Go
to
the
library
and
check
out
some
flower
books.
See
what
you
can
find
on
the
Internet.
Pick
some
flowers
and
carefully
take
them
apart.
3
The
more
you
know
about
flowers
from
reading
about
them
and
observing
them,
the
more
you'll
understand
when
you
look
at
them
with
a
microscope.
Ask
for
help
from
a
knowledgeable
person.
After
you've
learned
everything
you
can
on
your
own,
ask
someone
else
to
help
with
questions
you
still
have.
Maybe
there's
someone
at
a
nearby
school
or
museum
who
knows
about
insects,
spiders,
or
something
else
you'd
like
to
learn
about.
4
Find
a
scientist
to
talk
to
or
find
a
place
where
scientific
research
is
being
done.
If
you
still
want
to
learn
more,
you
can
find
a
scientist
to
talk
to
at
a
nearby
university,
or
research
station.
5
Explain
what
you're
interested
in.
Ask
if
you
can
schedule
a
time
to
visit.
Most
scientists
are
happy
to
talk
to
students
who
share
their
passion
for
science.
A．Become
an
observer.
B．You
may
go
seek
answers
from
him.
C．Write
a
letter
or
an
e?mail
message
to
the
scientist.
D．Research
your
questions
using
the
Internet
or
library.
E．See
if
you
can
find
a
sight
or
sound
that
surprises
you.
F．Use
a
microscope
to
see
how
everything
fits
together.
G．Being
a
scientist
is
time?consuming
and
mentally
demanding.
1．A 根据后面的“One
of
the
most
important
things
you
can
do
to
become
a
good
scientist
is
to
practice
watching
everything
carefully.”(练习仔细观察一切是你为了成为一名科学家而所能做到的最重要的事情之一。)可知本题答案为A选项“成为一名观察者”。
2．E 根据前面的“Look
at
the
shapes
of
leaves
and
branches.
Listen
to
the
sounds
of
insects.”(观察叶子和树枝的形状，倾听昆虫的声音。)可知本题答案为E选项“看你是否能找到一种让你感到惊奇的景象或者是声音”。
3．F 根据后面的“The
more
you
know
about
flowers
from
reading
about
them
and
observing
them,
the
more
you'll
understand
when
you
look
at
them
with
a
microscope.”(从阅读和观察中你对花了解越多，当你用显微镜观察它们的时候你就会明白更多。)可知本题答案为F选项“用显微镜观察(花朵里的)一切是如何结合在一起的”。
4．B 根据前面的“Maybe
there's
someone
at
a
nearby
school
or
museum
who
knows
about
insects,
spiders,
or
something
else
you'd
like
to
learn
about.”(或许附近的学校或者是博物馆里有人了解昆虫、蜘蛛或者是其他你想知道的东西。)可知本题答案为B选项“你可以去向他寻求答案”。
5．C 根据前面的“If
you
still
want
to
learn
more,
you
can
find
a
scientist
to
talk
to
at
a
nearby
university,
or
research
station.”(如果你还想了解更多，你可以找一个附近大学或者是研究站的科学家交流。)可知本题答案为C选项“给这位科学家写一封信或者是发一封邮件”。
Ⅲ 语法填空
阅读下面短文，在空白处填入一个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。
Since
HIV,
the
virus
responsible
for
AIDS,
was
first
identified,
doctors
1
(take)
the
idea
of
a
cure
as
more
fantasy
than
fact.
That's
2
HIV
is
a
virus
unlike
any
other.
“Absolutely
HIV
can
be
cured，”
says
Rowena
John.
Doctors
today
have
no
trouble
keeping
HIV
3
control
in
people
who
are
infected,
thanks
to
antiretroviral
(ARV)
drugs,
which
stop
the
virus
from
reproducing
once
it
finds
4
(it)
way
inside
healthy
cells.
Powerful
as
the
current
drug
5
(treat)
are,
they
need
to
be
taken
daily
to
keep
the
virus
6
(prevent)
and
they
can't
actually
rid
the
body
of
infected
cells.
“The
drugs
are
7
(remarkable)
good
at
stopping
the
virus
from
reproducing，”
says
Dr
Robert
Siliciano,
professor
of
medicine
at
Johns
Hopkins
University
School
of
Medicine,
8
first
identified
these
sleeping
virus
reservoirs.
“The
problem
is
that
there
is
also
9
form
of
HIV
that
is
not
reproducing
and
that
is
not
affected
by
the
drugs
and
not
seen
by
the
immune
system.”
These
are
the
viruses
that
come
10
(howl)
back
when
people
stop
taking
their
drugs,
or
take
them
irregularly.
1．
2.
3.
4.
5．
6.
7.
8.
9．
10.
篇章导读：本文是一篇说明文。自从艾滋病病毒被首次发现以来，医生们把治愈艾滋病的想法看作是幻想，认为不可能找到治愈它的方法，这是因为艾滋病病毒与其他病毒不同。
1．have
taken 考查动词的时态。since引导的时间状语从句用一般过去时，主句用现在完成时，故填have
taken。
2．because 考查表语从句的连接词。句意：这是因为艾滋病病毒与其他病毒不同。上下文是因果关系，所以用because引导表语从句，表示原因，故填because。
3．under 考查固定短语。under
control是固定短语“在……控制之下”，故填under。
4．its 考查代词。这里是指艾滋病病毒的路径，故填its。
5．treatments 考查名词。本句的谓语是are复数形式，所以主语是名词复数形式treatments，故填treatments。
6．prevented 考查非谓语动词。此处是用过去分词作宾语补足语，virus与prevent之间是被动关系，故填prevented。
7．remarkably 考查词性转换。此处用副词修饰形容词，故填remarkably。
8．who 考查定语从句的引导词。先行词是Dr
Robert
Siliciano，在定语从句中作主语，故填who。
9．a 考查冠词。a
form
of是固定短语“一种形式”，故填a。
10．howling 考查非谓语动词。此处用现在分词作伴随状语，故填howling。Ⅰ.重点词汇
1．infect
vt.
使感染；传染→infection
n.
感染；传染→infectious
adj.
传染性的，感染的
cross
infection
交叉感染
inapparent
infection
隐性感染，无症状性感染
contact
infection
接触传染
be
infected
with
传染上
2．subscribe
vi.
认购(股份)；定期订购；定期交纳(会费)
subscribe
to
同意；赞同；订购
subscribe
for
认购
3．prove
v.
证明；检验→proof
n.
证据；证明；检验
a
proof
of
……的证据
have
no
proof
of
没有证据证明
put
sb./sth.
to
the
proof
考验某人(某物)；对某事物的真实性加以检验
prove
sth.
to
sb./sth.
向……证实；
证明
prove
to
sb./sth.
that
...
向某人(某物)证明……
prove
...
to
be
...
证明……是……
4．blame
vt.
把……归咎于；责怪；指责 n.
责备；指责
blame
sb.
for
sth.
因某事而责备某人
blame
sth.
on
sb.
把某事归咎于某人身上
be
to
blame
(for
...
)
应承担责任；该受责备(用主动形式表被动意义)
don't
blame
me(劝阻别人时说)别怪我
take
the
blame
for
...
＝be
responsible
for
...
对……负责
put
the
blame
for
sth.
on
sb.把某事归咎于某人身上
5．link
n.
联系；纽带 vt.
把……连接起来；相关联
link
(between
A
and
B)
(A和B之间的)联系；连接(A和B)
link
A
to
B
将A连接到B上
link
A
with
B
将A与B连接到一起
6．decrease
n.
减少；降低；减少量
vt.&
vi.
(使大小、数量等)减少；减小；降低
decrease
in
……(方面)降低/减少
decrease
to/by
减少到/减少了……
decrease
from
...
to
...
从……减少/降低到……
on
the
decrease
正在减少
7．transform
vt.
使改观；使改变形态 vi.
改变；转变→transformation
n.
改观，转变
transform
...
into
...
把……转变成……
transform
from
A
to
B
由A变成B
8．pour
vt.
倒出；倾泻；斟(饮料)
pour
down
往下流；倾盆而下
pour
out
倒，斟(饮料)
9．defend
vt.
保卫；防守；辩解→defence
n．防御；保护；保卫→defender
n.
保护人；防御者
defend
oneself
为自己辩护；自卫
defend
sb./sth./oneself
from/against
保护某人/某物/自己免受伤害
in
defence
of
保卫；捍卫；为……辩护
10．trace
vt.
追溯；追踪；查出 n.
痕迹；遗迹；踪迹
trace
sb./sth.
to
sth.
发现，追查
trace
back
to
...
追溯到……
on
the
traces
of
跟踪
without
a
trace
of
没有一丝……的痕迹
11．shift
n.
改变；转换；轮班 vi.&
vt.
转移；挪动；转向
a
shift
in
sth.
某事物的变动
go
on/off
shift上/下班
day/night
shift
n.
白/夜班，白/夜班工人
shift
sth.
to
把……转移
shift
from
...
to
...
从……向……转变
12．break
out
(战争、打斗等不愉快的事情)突然开始；爆发
break
down
(机器或车辆)出毛病，损坏；(讨论、关系或系统)失败，破裂，失灵
break
up
(使)分裂；(被)拆分；(使)破碎；(夫妻)结束关系
break
into
强行进入；闯入
break
off
折断；(使)断开；突然中止
break
away
(from)
挣脱；
脱开；逃脱
13．in
charge
of主管；掌管
in
the
charge
of
受……的管理
take
charge
of
掌管，负责
charge
sb.
for
sth.
为某物向某人收取费用
charge
sb.
with
(doing)
sth.
控告某人(做)某事
14．come
down
患(病)；染上(小病)
come
about
发生；产生
come
across
偶然发现；偶然遇见
come
up
走近；走到跟前；被提及
come
up
with
想出，提出(计划、想法等)
come
out
(书或光盘)出版，发行；(事实)暴露，披露，显露
come
to
life
恢复知觉；苏醒
15．above
all
最重要的是；尤其是
after
all
毕竟；终究
at
all
(用于否定句、条件句、疑问句等的句末)全然
in
all
共计；总计
all
in
all总的说来；总而言之
first
of
all首先
Ⅱ.教材原句
1．Cholera
used
to
be
one
of
the
most
feared
diseases
in
the
world,
until
a
British
doctor,
John
Snow,
showed
how
it
could
be
overcome.(教材P2)
霍乱曾经是世界上最可怕的疾病之一，直到一位英国医生约翰·斯诺向我们展示了如何克服它。
2．Accordingly,
he
had
the
handle
of
the
pump
removed
so
that
it
could
not
be
used.(教材P2)
因此，他把水泵的把手拿掉了，这样水泵就不能用了。
3．What
was
it
that
John
Snow
showed
to
the
world？(教材P5)
约翰·斯诺究竟向全世界展示了什么？
4．The
first
was
the
steady
state
theory,
which
holds
that
the
universe
has
no
beginning
or
end.(教材P8)
第一个是稳态理论，该理论认为宇宙没有起点和终点。
5．Above
all,
Hawking
was
willing
to
admit
his
faults.(教材P9)
最重要的是，霍金愿意承认自己的错误。
6．This
odd
combination
of
characteristics
had
made
him
one
of
the
greatest
thinkers
of
the
20th
and
21st
centuries.(教材P9)
这种奇特的性格组合使他成为20世纪和21世纪最伟大的思想家之一。
7．A
Food
Computer
is
a
box
in
which
you
can
grow
plants.(教材P12)
食品计算机是一个可以种植植物的盒子。
8．This
makes
it
easy
to
tweak
the
growing
conditions
for
the
plants
to
optimise
their
flavour
and
produce
more
nutrition.
(教材P12)
这使得调整植物的生长条件以优化其风味和产生更多的营养变得很容易。
Ⅲ.单句语法填空
1．When
things
go
wrong,
all
of
us
naturally
feel
disappointed
and
(frustrate).
答案：frustrated
2．He
criticized
everybody
who
didn't
subscribe
his
views.
答案：to
3．The
police
suspect
him
carrying
out
two
bomb
attacks.
答案：of
4．We
would
resist
any
armed
(intervene)
from
outside
in
our
country's
affairs.
答案：intervention
5．His
(think)
on
social
issues
has
changed
considerably
over
the
years.
答案：thinking
6．He
was
afraid
of
being
attacked
by
Liu
Bei
and
Sun
Quan,
so
he
sent
a
troop
to
(defence)
Jingzhou.
答案：defend
7．She's
come
with
a
headache
and
a
bad
cough
so
she
can't
go
out
with
me
tonight.
答案：down
8．I've
learned
a
lot
over
the
years
and
developed
my
(lead)
qualities.
答案：leadership
9．Besides
(make)
phone
call,
you
can
take
photographs.
答案：making
10．I
hate
him,
all,
his
way
to
people.
答案：above
Ⅳ.开放型任务
本单元介绍了几位著名科学家在他们的科学领域为人类所作出的杰出贡献。你对科学和科学家有什么认识？或者你所在的地区有哪些著名的科学家？你有什么好的主意和方法来介绍这些科学家？比比看谁完成得最好？点击播放听力材料
著名核物理学家邓稼先是中国核武器研制工作的开拓者和奠基者，他对中国核科学事业做出了伟大贡献，被称为“两弹元勋”。
Deng
Jiaxian
was
a
famous
nuclear
physicist①，
the
pioneer
and
founder
of
China's
nuclear
weapons
development
work.
He
was
born
in
1924
to
a
scholarly
family
in
Huaining
County,
Anhui
Province.
He
was
admitted
to
the
Physics
Department
of
Southwest
Associated
University
in
1941.
From
1948
to
1950,
he
studied
abroad
at
Purdue
University
in
the
United
States
and
obtained
a
doctorate②
degree
in
physics.
After
graduation,
he
resolutely
returned
to
China.
Deng
Jiaxian,
who
has
been
at
the
forefront
of
China's
weapon
development,
led
many
scholars
and
technicians
in
successfully
designing
China's
atomic
and
hydrogen
bombs③，
which
has
brought
China's
national
defense
and
self?defense
weapons
up
to
the
advanced
world
level.
In
1982,
he
won
the
first
prize
of
the
National
Natural
Science
Award,
and
in
1985,
he
was
awarded
two
State
Science
and
Technology
Prizes.
In
1986,
he
was
awarded
the
title
of
National
Model
Worker.
In
1987
and
1989,
he
was
awarded
one
State
Science
and
Technology
Prize
respectively④.
In
1999,
he
was
posthumously
(去世后地)
awarded
the
“Medal
of
two
bullets
and
one
star”.
Because
of
his
great
contribution
to
China's
nuclear
science,
he
is
known
as
the
“two
bullets”.
【注】 ①nuclear
physicist
核物理学家 ②doctorate
n.
博士学位；博士头衔 ③atomic
and
hydrogen
bombs
原子弹和氢弹 ④respectively
adv.
分别地；独自地
【立德树人】 科学家们对国家的昌盛和强大做出了杰出的贡献(make
an
outstanding
contribution)。青少年应该以他们为榜样，学好本领为建设强大的祖国添砖加瓦。
Section
Ⅰ Reading
and
Thinking
基础知识
预习自检
JOHN
SNOW
DEFEATS
“KING
CHOLERA”
Cholera
used
to
be
one
of
the
most
feared
diseases
in
the
world,
until
a
British
doctor,
John
Snow,
showed
how
it
could
be
overcome.
This
illness
causes
severe
diarrhoea,
dehydration,
and
even
death.
In
the
early
19th
century,
when
an
outbreak
of
cholera
hit
Europe,
millions
of
people
died
from
the
disease.
As
a
young
doctor,
John
Snow
became
frustrated
because
no
one
knew
how
to
prevent
or
treat
cholera.
In
time,
he
rose
to
become
a
famous
doctor,
and
even
attended
to
Queen
Victoria
when
she
gave
birth.
However,
he
never
lost
his
desire
to
destroy
cholera
once
and
for
all.
词汇自测
①cholera
n.
霍乱
②severe
adj.
极为恶劣的；十分严重的；严厉的
③diarrhoea
n.
腹泻
④dehydration
n.
脱水
⑤frustrated
adj.
懊恼的；沮丧的；失意的
⑥once
and
for
all
最终地；彻底地
约翰·斯诺战胜“霍乱王”
霍乱曾经是世界上最可怕的疾病之一，直到一位英国医生约翰·斯诺向我们展示了如何克服它。这种疾病导致严重腹泻、脱水，甚至死亡。在早期的19世纪，当霍乱爆发袭击欧洲时，数百万人死于这种疾病。作为一名年轻的医生，约翰·斯诺变得很沮丧，因为没有人知道如何预防或治疗霍乱。在那时，他已经成为一个著名的医生，甚至给维多利亚女王接生。然而，他从未放弃彻底消灭霍乱的愿望。
In
general,
doctors
in
those
days
had
two
contradictory
theories
to
explain
how
cholera
spread.
One
theory
was
that
bad
air
caused
the
disease.
Another
was
that
cholera
was
caused
by
an
infection
from
germs
in
food
or
water.
Snow
subscribed
to
the
second
theory.
It
was
correct,
but
he
still
needed
proof.
Consequently,
when
an
outbreak
of
cholera
hit
London
in
1854,
Snow
began
to
investigate.
He
discovered
that
in
two
particular
streets
the
cholera
outbreak
was
so
severe
that
more
than
500
people
died
in
ten
days.
He
was
determined
to
find
out
why.
词汇自测
⑦contradictory
adj.
相互矛盾的；对立的；不一致的
⑧infection
n.
感染；传染
⑨infect
vt.
使感染；传染
⑩germ
n.
微生物；细菌；病菌
?subscribe
vi.
认购(股份)；定期订购；定期交纳(会费)
?proof
n.
证据；证明；检验
?subscribe
to
同意；赞同
一般来说，当时的医生对霍乱的传播有两种相互矛盾的解释。有一种理论认为，恶劣的空气导致了这种疾病。另一种理论认为，霍乱是由食物或水中的细菌感染引起的。斯诺赞同第二种理论。这是对的，但他仍然需要证据。因此，当1854年伦敦爆发霍乱时，斯诺开始调查。他发现，在两条特定的街道上，霍乱爆发非常严重，10天内就有500多人死亡。他决心找出原因。
Snow
began
by
marking
on
a
map
the
exact
places
where
all
those
who
died
had
lived.
There
were
multiple
deaths
near
the
water
pump
in
Broad
Street
(especially
house
numbers
16,37,38
and
40).
However,
some
households
(such
as
20
and
21
Broad
Street,
and
8
and
9
Cambridge
Street)
had
had
no
deaths.
These
people
worked
in
the
pub
at
7
Cambridge
Street.
They
had
been
given
free
beer,
and
so
had
not
drunk
the
water
from
the
pump.
Snow
suspected
that
the
water
pump
was
to
blame.
What
is
more,
in
another
part
of
London,
a
woman
and
her
daughter
had
died
of
cholera
after
moving
away
from
Broad
Street.
It
seemed
that
the
woman
liked
the
water
from
the
pump
so
much
that
she
had
it
delivered
to
her
house
every
day.
As
a
result
of
this
evidence,
John
Snow
was
able
to
announce
that
the
pump
water
carried
cholera
germs.
Accordingly,
he
had
the
handle
of
the
pump
removed
so
that
it
could
not
be
used.
Through
this
intervention,
the
disease
was
stopped
in
its
tracks.
词汇自测
?multiple
adj.
数量多的；多种多样的
?pump
n.
泵；抽水机；打气筒
?household
n.
一家人；家庭；同住一所(套)房子的人
?suspect
vt.&
vi.
怀疑；疑有；不信任 n.
犯罪嫌疑人；可疑对象
?blame
vt.
把……归咎于；责怪；指责 n.
责备；指责
?handle
n.
把手；拉手；柄 vt.
处理；搬动；操纵(车辆、动物、工具等)
?intervention
n.
介入；出面；干涉
water
pump
水泵
斯诺首先在地图上标出了所有死者曾经居住过的确切地点。布罗德街的水泵附近有多人死亡(尤其是16号、37号、38号和40号的房子)。然而，一些家庭(如布罗德街20号和21号，剑桥街8号和9号)没有人死亡。这些人在剑桥街7号的酒吧里工作。他们得到了免费的啤酒，所以没有喝到水泵里的水。斯诺怀疑是水泵的问题。此外，在伦敦的另一个地方，一位妇女和她的女儿从布罗德街搬走后死于霍乱。这个女人似乎非常喜欢水泵里的水，以至于她每天都让人把水送到她家。根据这些证据，约翰·斯诺能够宣布水泵里的水携带了霍乱病菌。因此，他把水泵的把手拿掉了，这样水泵就不能用了。通过这种干预，疾病停止了蔓延。
The
truth
was
that
the
water
from
the
Broad
Street
pump
had
been
infected
by
waste.Moreover,
Snow
was
later
able
to
show
a
link
between
other
cases
of
cholera
and
the
different
water
companies
in
London.
Some
companies
sold
water
from
the
River
Thames
that
was
polluted
by
raw
waste.
The
people
who
drank
this
water
were
much
more
likely
to
get
cholera
than
those
who
drank
pure
or
boiled
water.
词汇自测
link
n.
联系；纽带 vt.
把……连接起来；相关联
raw
adj.
未煮的；生的；未经处理的；原始的
pure
adj.
干净的；纯的；纯粹的
事实上，布罗德街道上的水泵里的水已经被废物污染了。此外，斯诺后来还发现了其他霍乱病例与伦敦不同供水公司之间的联系。一些公司出售泰晤士河的水，这些水被未经处理的废物污染了。喝这种水的人比喝纯净水或白开水的人更容易得霍乱。
Through
Snow's
tireless
efforts,
water
companies
began
to
sell
clean
water,
and
the
threat
of
cholera
around
the
world
saw
a
substantial
decrease.
However,
cholera
is
still
a
problem.
Each
year,
millions
of
people
around
the
world
get
cholera
and
many
die
from
it.
Fortunately,
we
now
know
how
to
prevent
cholera,
thanks
to
the
work
of
John
Snow.
Moreover,
in
his
use
of
maps
and
statistics,
Snow
transformed
the
way
scientists
study
diseases.
For
this
reason,
Snow
is
considered
the
father
of
modern
epidemiology.词汇自测
substantial
adj.
大量的；价值巨大的；重大的
decrease
n.
减少；降低；减少量 vt.&
vi.
(使大小、数量等)减少；减小；降低
statistic
n.
[pl.]统计数字；统计资料；统计学
transform
vt.
使改观；使改变形态 vi.
改变；转变
epidemiology
n.
流行病学
thanks
to
幸亏；由于
经过斯诺的不懈努力，自来水公司开始销售干净的水，而且世界范围内霍乱的威胁大大减少。然而，霍乱的存在仍然是一个问题。每年，世界各地数百万人感染霍乱并死于霍乱。但幸运的是，多亏了约翰的工作，我们现在知道如何预防霍乱。此外，斯诺使用地图和统计数据，改变了科学家研究疾病的方式。因此，斯诺被认为是现代流行病学之父。
重点知识
合作探究
1
Cholera
used
to
be
one
of
the
most
feared
diseases
in
the
world,
until
a
British
doctor,
John
Snow,
showed
how
it
could
be
overcome.(教材P2)霍乱曾经是世界上最可怕的疾病之一，直到一位英国医生约翰·斯诺向我们展示了如何克服它。
剖析
该句中until是连词，意为“直到……时(为止)”或“在……以前”，引导时间状语从句，强调某个动作或状态一直持续到另一个动作或状态出现之前。
归纳拓展
①I'll
work
until
he
tells
me
to
stop.
我会一直工作到他叫我停下来为止。
②You
may
stay
here
until
the
rain
stops.
你可以在这里待到雨停。
③A
man
can
fail
many
times,
but
he
isn't
a
failure
until
he
begins
to
blame
somebody
else.
一个人可以失败很多次，但是直到他开始责怪旁人，他才是一个失败者。
Not
until
I
came
back
last
night
did
my
mother
go
to
bed.
＝It
was
not
until
I
came
back
last
night
that
my
mother
went
to
bed.
昨晚直到我回来妈妈才上床睡觉。
(1)单句语法填空
①Not
until
the
teacher
came
in
the
students
stop
talking.
②It
was
not
he
took
off
his
dark
glasses
that
I
realized
he
was
a
famous
singer.
答案：①did ②until
(2)单句写作
①我看电视一直看到她回来。
I
watched
TV
she
came
back.
②她不说话我还一直不知道她是个外国人。
I
realized
she
was
foreign
she
spoke.
答案：①until ②hadn't;
until
2
infection
n.
感染；传染(教材P2)
归纳拓展
①China
sees
more
patients
recover
from
COVID?19
infection.
中国看到更多的病人从新冠肺炎感染中康复。
②The
research
shows
that
human?to?human
transmission
of
COVID?19
is
similar
to
SARS,
which
means
that
a
patient
can
infect
two
to
three
people
on
average.
研究表明，新冠肺炎在人与人之间的传播类似于SARS，也就是说，一个病人平均可以感染两到三个人。
③The
two
children
were
infected
with
COVID?19.
那两个孩子感染了新冠肺炎。
④These
viruses
affect
children
and
are
highly
infectious.
这些病毒会侵袭儿童，而且具有很强的传染性。
(1)单句语法填空
①You
have
an
(infect).
Something
dirty
must
have
come
into
your
eyes.
②This
in
turn
helps
to
control
other
(infect)
diseases
transmitted
by
insects.
答案：①infection ②infectious
(2)单句写作
如果被狗咬了，你就可能会染上一种可怕的疾病——狂犬病。
If
you
are
bitten
by
a
dog,
you
may
a
terrible
disease—rabies.
答案：be
infected
with
3
subscribe
vi.
认购(股份)；定期订购；定期交纳(会费)(教材P2)
归纳拓展
①I
was
unwilling
to
subscribe
to
the
contract,
but
it
seemed
that
I
had
no
choice.
我不愿在合同上签字，可又似乎别无选择。
②How
many
people
have
subscribed
for
the
book?
已有多少人订购这本书？
(1)单句语法填空
①More
and
more
members
are
refusing
to
subscribe
the
leader's
point
of
view.
②Did
you
subscribe
the
new
company's
shares?
答案：①to ②for
(2)单句写作
他们感觉到他们不会赞同老一辈人的价值观。
They
find
they
cannot
the
values
of
an
older
generation.
答案：subscribe
to
4
proof
n.
证据；证明；检验(教材P2)
归纳拓展
①You
have
no
proof
of
my
involvement
in
anything.
你没有证据证明我参与了任何活动。
②That
box
looks
big
enough;
but
let
us
put
it
to
the
proof.
那个箱子看起来够大，但是我们还要把它检验一下。
③Can
you
prove
that
to
the
court?
你能向法庭证实这一点吗？
④You
will
have
to
prove
to
the
police
that
you
were
at
home
that
night.
你必须向警方证明那天夜里你在家。
⑤The
experiment
proved
his
theory
to
be
important
to
our
research.
实验证明他的理论对我们的研究是重要的。
(1)单句语法填空
①The
blood
on
his
shoes
was
a
proof
his
guilt.
②Let
us
put
his
theories
the
proof.
③I
shall
prove
you
that
the
witness
is
quite
unreliable.
答案：①of ②to ③to
(2)单句写作
①警方没有证明她有罪的确凿证据。
The
police
have
no
definitive
her
guilt.
②这一切都证明他是一个诚实的人。
All
this
him
an
honest
man.
答案：①proof
of ②proved;
to
be
5
He
was
determined
to
find
out
why.(教材P2)他决心找出原因。
剖析
这是一个省略句。find
out后面的why从句省略后，只由why来代替整个从句。
归纳拓展
有些由when,
where,
who,
which,
how,
why等引导的从句，如果上文的语境清楚，可以省略从句，而只保留wh?/how。
①She
gets
periodic
headaches,
but
she
doesn't
know
why.
她时不时地感到头疼，但不知道为什么。
②I'd
like
to
help
in
some
way,
but
I'm
not
sure
how.
我想帮点忙，但不知道该怎么做。
③It's
either
Spanish
or
Portuguese
that
she
speaks,
but
I've
forgotten
which.
她说的要么是西班牙语，要么是葡萄牙语，但我忘记是哪一种了。
④I'll
call
you
ahead
of
time
to
fix
up
exactly
when
and
where.
我会提前打电话给你，确定时间和地点。
单句语法填空
①I've
left
my
keys
somewhere
and
I
don't
know
.
②He's
angry
with
me
and
I
don't
know
.
③Miranda
was
sure
it
was
one
of
them,
but
was
not
sure
.
④“Who
told
you？”
“Oh,
somebody
or
other,
I've
forgotten
.”
答案：①where ②why ③which ④who
6
blame
vt.
把……归咎于；责怪；指责 n.
责备；指责(教材P2)
归纳拓展
①She
doesn't
blame
anyone
for
her
father's
death.
她没把她父亲的死归罪于任何人。
②Police
are
blaming
the
accident
on
Jack's
dangerous
driving.
警方把事故原因归咎于杰克的危险驾驶。
③It
was
the
professor
rather
than
his
assistants
that
was
to
blame
for
what
had
happened
in
the
lab.
是那位教授而不是他的助理们应对实验室里所发生的事情负责。
④Call
her
if
you
like,
but
don't
blame
me
if
she's
angry.
你想给她打电话就打吧，不过要是她生气就别怪我。
⑤We
were
ready
to
take
the
blame
for
what
had
happened.
我们准备对所发生的事承担责任。
(1)单句语法填空
①Don't
keep
blaming
your
little
sister
your
bad
behaviour.
②He
blamed
the
failure
of
their
marriage
her.
③It
was
neither
you
nor
he
that
is
(blame)
for
the
mistake.
答案：①for ②on ③to
blame
(2)单句写作
①哪位司机是此次事故的肇事者？
Which
driver
for
the
accident?
②你把事情搞糟了，却反过来怪我。
You
messed
up
the
whole
thing
yourself
and
now
you
me.
答案：①was
to
blame ②put
the
blame
on
7
Accordingly,
he
had
the
handle
of
the
pump
removed
so
that
it
could
not
be
used.(教材P2)因此，他把水泵的把手拿掉了，这样水泵就不能用了。
剖析
本句是一个主从复合句，so
that意为“以便，为了”，在此引导目的状语从句，从句中含有情态动词could。
归纳拓展
①We
must
study
harder
so
that/in
order
that
we
can
realize
our
dreams
earlier.
＝We
must
study
harder
so
as
to/in
order
to
realize
our
dreams
earlier.
＝In
order
to
realize
our
dreams
earlier,
we
must
study
harder.
为了早日实现我们的理想，我们要更加努力地学习。
易混辨析：so
that引导的目的状语从句/结果状语从句
目的状语从句
so
that意为“以便，为了”，从句谓语常带有should,
will/would,
can/could,
may/might等情态动词，表明动作尚未发生
结果状语从句
so
that意为“因此，所以”，主从句可用逗号隔开。从句时态表明动作已经发生
②I
get
up
early
so
that
I
can
catch
the
first
bus.
我早起是为了能赶上第一班公共汽车。
③I
got
up
early,
so
that
I
caught
the
first
bus.
我起得很早，所以赶上了第一班公共汽车。
(1)单句语法填空
①Bring
it
nearer
so
I
may
see
it
better.
②In
order
(take)
that
job,
you
must
have
left
another
job.
答案：①that ②to
take
(2)指出下列句子是目的状语从句还是结果状语从句
①I
set
up
the
computer,
so
that
they
could
work
from
home.
②I'll
give
you
all
the
facts
so
that
you
can
judge
for
yourself.
答案：①结果状语从句 ②目的状语从句
8
link
n.
联系；纽带 vt.
把……连接起来；相关联(教材P3)
归纳拓展
①Is
there
a
link
between
smoking
and
lung
disease?
吸烟与肺部疾病之间有关系吗？
②The
new
bridge
will
link
the
island
to
the
mainland.
新建的大桥把那个岛与大陆连接起来。
③This
old
Silk
Road
linked
China
with
the
West
in
ancient
times.
这条古老的丝绸之路在古时候把中国和西方连接了起来。
(1)单句语法填空
①Police
suspect
there
may
be
a
link
the
two
murders.
②Doctors
link
cigarette
smoking
cancer.
③He
always
tries
to
link
his
study
his
ideological
problems.
答案：①between ②to ③with
(2)单句写作
那架电视摄像机连在一台电脑上。
The
television
camera
a
computer.
答案：was
linked
to
9
decrease
n.
减少；降低；减少量 vt.&
vi.
(使大小、数量等)减少；减小；降低(教材P3)
归纳拓展
①Attacks
of
asthma
decrease
in
frequency
through
early
adult
life.
成年早期，哮喘的发病频率会降低。
②The
price
of
wheat
has
decreased
by
15%.
小麦价格降低了15%。
③The
number
of
new
students
decreased
from
400
to
260
this
year.
今年新生人数从400减少到260。
④To
be
frank
with
you,
the
population
in
our
country
is
on
the
decrease.
坦白地说，我们国家的人口正在减少。
decrease
to/by
...
表示“减少到/减少了……”，类似用法的动词还有：increase,
reduce,
decline,
drop等。
(1)单句语法填空
①The
latest
warm
period
has
caused
the
number
of
glaciers
to
decrease
from
150
in
1850
26
today.
②The
rate
of
inflation
decreased
10%
last
year.
③The
number
of
car
accidents
is
the
decrease.
答案：①to ②to/by ③on
(2)单句写作
由于洪水，这个地区的大米产量已经下降了18%。
Because
of
the
flood,
the
rice
production
has
18%
in
the
region.
答案：decreased
by
10
thanks
to
幸亏；由于(教材P3)
归纳拓展
①Thanks
to
his
carelessness,
we
lost
the
game.
由于他的疏忽大意，我们输掉了这场比赛。
②He
can't
come
because
of
bad
weather.
他不能来了，因为天气不好。
③The
accident
was
due
to
careless
driving.
这起车祸是由粗心驾驶造成的。
④Owing
to
the
rain,
the
match
was
cancelled.
比赛因下雨而被取消了。
单句语法填空
①Thanks
your
help,
we
were
successful.
②Most
of
the
problems
were
due
human
error.
③
to
staff
shortages,
there
was
no
restaurant
car
on
the
train.
答案：①to ②to ③Owing
11
transform
vt.
使改观；使改变形态 vi.
改变；转变(教材P3)
归纳拓展
①Your
generous
help
and
tender
care
transformed
my
first
American
trip
into
an
unforgettable
memory.
你的无私帮助和细心关怀使我的第一次美国之旅成为了一个难以忘怀的记忆。
②They
seem
to
transform
from
boys
to
men
overnight,
suddenly
become
tall
and
strong,
handsome
and
graceful.
他们仿佛一夜之间由男孩变成了男子汉，突然变得高大强健，英俊洒脱。
③Norah
made
plans
for
the
transformation
of
an
attic
room
into
a
study.
诺拉计划把一个阁楼间改建成书房。
(1)单句语法填空
①The
process
is
to
transform
information
one
form
to
another.
②The
way
in
which
we
work
has
experienced
a
complete
(transform)
in
the
past
decade.
答案：①from ②transformation
(2)单句写作
太阳能可以转化为能源。
Solar
energy
can
power.
答案：be
transformed
into
学习效果
随堂演练
Ⅰ.单词拼写
1．The
advice
I
received
was
often
(相互矛盾的).
答案：contradictory
2．(2019·北京高考)In
a
world
that
warms
up
by
3
℃，
it
found
that
(多种多样的)
changes
to
the
colour
of
the
oceans
would
occur.
答案：multiple
3．I
(怀疑)
he
was
lying
by
the
boy's
abnormal
behaviour.
答案：suspect
4．(2019·浙江高考)However,
when
she
hung
up,
she
regretted
the
way
she
had
(处理)
the
call.
答案：handled
5．
(病菌)
are
easily
passed
from
person
to
person.
答案：Germs
6．The
Prime
Minister
came
under
s
criticism
for
his
handling
of
the
crisis.
答案：severe
7．There
is
no
p
that
the
knife
belonged
to
her.
答案：proof
8．I
grew
up
as
part
of
a
large
h
.
答案：household
9．This
information
is
only
r
data
and
will
need
further
analysis.
答案：raw
10．According
to
official
s
the
disease
killed
over
500
people.
答案：statistics
Ⅱ.单句语法填空
1．They
felt
(frustrate)
at
the
lack
of
progress.
答案：frustrated
2．We
have
to
resolve
this
matter
once
and
all.
答案：for
3．One
theory
is
that
the
(infect)
has
been
present
in
humans
for
a
very
long
time.
答案：infection
4．The
government's
(intervene)
in
this
dispute
will
not
help.
答案：intervention
5．Thanks
the
English
language,
we
can
learn
a
lot
from
other
countries.
答案：to
Ⅲ.单句写作
1．参加会议的人全部同意主席提出的意见。
All
the
people
present
the
opinion
put
forward
by
the
chairman.
答案：subscribe
to
2．要是那样的话，对他的死我就要负部分的责任。
In
that
case
I
was
partly
his
death.
答案：to
blame
for
3．这条高速公路连接北京和天津。
The
highway
Beijing
Tianjin.
答案：links;
to
4．明天的最高温度将下降至28摄氏度。
The
high
temperature
will
28
degrees
Celsius
tomorrow.
答案：decrease
to
5．魔术师把那个人变成了兔子。
The
magician
a
rabbit.
答案：transformed
the
man
into
课后课时作业(一)
Ⅰ 语言运用
Tu
Youyou,
an
84?year?old
female
scientist,
became
the
first
Chinese
citizen
to
win
a
Nobel
Prize
in
science
on
Oct.5,
2015.
While
the
news
has
1
China's
national
pride,
it
has
also
2
differences
in
prize?awarding
practices
between
China
and
the
Western
world.
Tu
3
the
2015
Nobel
Prize
for
Medicine
with
Irish?born
William
Campbell
and
Satoshi
Omura
of
Japan
for
unlocking
revolutionary
4
for
parasitic
diseases.
Campbell
and
Omura
were
honoured
for
their
anti?roundworm
treatment,
while
Tu
5
a
new
drug
for
malaria.
Tu
conducted
research
in
the
1970s
that
led
to
the
6
of
artemisinin,
a
drug
that
has
7
cut
the
number
of
malaria
deaths
and
saved
millions
of
lives.
The
treatment
is
based
on
an
herb
used
in
Chinese
8
medicine,
called
sweet
wormwood.
Artemisinin?based
drugs
are
now
the
9
treatment
for
malaria.
When
news
broke
that
Tu
was
being
10
the
prize,
there
were
cheers
as
well
as
11
.
Some
said
the
achievement
was
the
12
of
collective
efforts
by
lots
of
Chinese
scientists,
so
it
is
13
to
award
the
prize
only
to
Tu,
China
Youth
Daily
reported.
Indeed,
domestic
science
awards
are
primarily
14
to
projects,
instead
of
individual
scientists,
the
newspaper
pointed
out.
But
Western
awards
tend
to
honor
15
scientists
who
are
the
first
to
come
up
with
a
new
idea
or
method,
said
Li
Zhenzhen,
a
researcher
with
the
Chinese
Academy
of
Sciences.
篇章导读：本文是一篇记叙文。八十四岁的中国女科学家屠呦呦被授予2015年诺贝尔生理学或医学奖。文章主要介绍了她发现青蒿素的历程以及获奖后受到的争议。
1．A.discouraged
B．recognized
C．raised
D．established
答案：C 句意：与此同时，这则新闻提升了中国的民族自豪感。raise
pride意为“提升自豪感”。故选C。
2．A.removed
B．distinguished
C．expanded
D．highlighted
答案：D 句意：它也显示(highlight)出了中国与西方世界的颁奖做法有所不同。故选D。
3．A.shared
B．donated
C．divided
D．obtained
答案：A 句意：屠呦呦与爱尔兰出生的William
Campbell和日本的Satoshi
Omura共同获得了2015诺贝尔医学奖。share
with意为“共享”。故选A。
4．A.mysteries
B．explanation
C．treatments
D．interpretation
答案：C 句意：因为发现了针对寄生虫病的革命性治疗(treatment)方法。故选C。
5．A.put
up
with
B．came
up
with
C．caught
up
with
D．kept
up
with
答案：B 句意：而屠呦呦提出了一种新的治疗疟疾的药物。come
up
with意为“提出”。故选B。
6．A.production
B．discovery
C．popularity
D．formation
答案：B 句意：屠呦呦在20世纪70年代进行的研究，导致青蒿素的发现(discovery)。故选B。
7．A.considerably
B．gradually
C．relatively
D．constantly
答案：A 句意：这种药物大大减少了疟疾死亡人数，挽救了数百万人的生命。considerably意为“相当多地”。故选A。
8．A.complex
B．ancient
C．effective
D．traditional
答案：D 句意：这种治疗方法基于传统(traditional)中药中的一种药材。故选D。
9．A.standard
B．expensive
C．absolute
D．helpful
答案：A 句意：目前，基于青蒿素药物是疟疾的基本治疗方法。standard意为“基本的，标准的”。故选A。
10．A.received
B．offered
C．awarded
D．honoured
答案：C be
awarded
the
prize意为“被颁奖”，固定短语。故选C。
11．A.expectations
B．doubts
C．remarks
D．admirations
答案：B 句意：有喝彩也有质疑(doubt)。故选B。
12．A.cause
B．possession
C．affection
D．result
答案：D 句意：有人说这个成就是许多中国科学家集体努力的结果(result)。故选D。
13．A.unfair
B．glorious
C．worthy
D．normal
答案：A 句意：所以(中国青年报报道)，这个奖只给屠呦呦是不公平的(unfair)。故选A。
14．A.presented
B．introduced
C．focused
D．belonged
答案：A 句意：事实上，国内科学奖是主要颁发(present)给项目。故选A。
15．A.valuable
B．excellent
C．individual
D．extraordinary
答案：C 句意：但是，西方奖项往往会颁奖给科学家个人(individual)，他们是第一个提出新想法或方法的科学家。故选C。
Ⅱ 阅读
Kids
and
science
seem
to
be
made
for
each
other!
The
basic
science
is
a
combination
of
thought
and
experiment
called
the
scientific
method.
It's
where
you
start
with
an
idea,
create
a
way
to
prove
or
disprove
your
idea,
and
show
what
you
learned
based
on
facts.
Learning
to
follow
this
process
helps
you
think
logically
and
carefully.
These
important
thinking
skills
can
be
used
in
many
areas
of
study.
To
give
a
child
practice
with
these
thinking
skills
is
like
giving
vitamins
to
a
developing
mind.
One
of
the
greatest
things
we
can
teach
our
children
is
to
love
learning.
Learning
science
is
a
great
way
to
do
so.
Children
are
easy
to
be
interested
in
science.
Because
much
of
science
is
hands?on,
it
attracts
most
children.
Nothing
makes
a
child
sit
up
and
take
notice
like
the
“WOW！”
of
a
great
science
showing.
Science
opens
doors
to
many
subjects
at
school.
Building
love
for
science
can
be
helpful
in
other
areas
of
study.
For
example,
one
cannot
love
science
for
very
long
without
becoming
good
at
its
language—math!
So
science
encourages
children
to
study
math.
An
interest
in
science
is
an
interest
in
how
things
were
once
understood
compared
to
how
they
are
understood
now.
Thus
studying
science
leads
itself
easily
to
studying
history.
And
after
you
do
an
experiment,
you
need
to
write
a
lab
report.
Therefore,
writing
becomes
an
important
part
of
science.
Science
is
the
basic
thing
for
much
of
our
life.
The
science
of
farming
shows
how
our
food
is
produced;
biomedical
science
keeps
us
healthy;
even
our
beds
these
days
are
designed
according
to
scientific
facts.
We
almost
eat,
sleep
and
breathe
with
the
help
of
science!
When
we
prepare
the
next
generation
of
voters,
creators,
and
policy
makers,
it
is
important
to
make
sure
they
are
not
only
comfortable
but
also
good
at
science.
篇章导读：本文是一篇议论文。文章论述了小孩应该学习科学，因为学习科学对他们而言有很多好处。
1．According
to
Paragraph
2,
what
does
learning
the
scientific
method
mean
to
kids?
A．Refusing
any
ideas
that
are
not
logical.
B．Helping
them
develop
thinking
skills.
C．Learning
many
areas
of
study.
D．Learning
to
do
experiments.
答案：B 细节理解题。根据第二段第三、四句“Learning
to
follow
this
process
helps
you
think
logically
and
carefully.
These
important
thinking
skills
can
be
used
in
many
areas
of
study.”可知，学习科学可以帮助孩子们培养好的思维方式。故选B。
2．Which
of
the
following
statements
would
the
author
agree
with?
A．Science
is
too
difficult
for
children.
B．Children
usually
consider
science
boring.
C．Science
could
make
children
love
learning.
D．Children
who
can't
think
carefully
shouldn't
learn
science.
答案：C 推理判断题。根据第三段前两句“One
of
the
greatest
things
we
can
teach
our
children
is
to
love
learning.
Learning
science
is
a
great
way
to
do
so.”可知，作者认为学习科学可以让孩子们爱上学习。故选C。
3．If
a
child
works
hard
at
science
at
school,
he/she
.
A．usually
loses
interest
in
other
activities
B．usually
has
no
time
for
other
subjects
C．is
usually
bad
at
such
subjects
like
history
D．is
likely
to
learn
many
other
subjects
well
答案：D 细节理解题。根据第四段第四句“So
science
encourages
children
to
study
math.”和最后一句“Therefore,
writing
becomes
an
important
part
of
science.”可知，学好科学的话，学好别的科目的可能性也会增大。故选D。
4．What
is
the
text
mainly
about?
A．Why
science
is
important.
B．Why
kids
should
learn
science.
C．What
kids
should
learn
at
school.
D．How
kids
can
make
use
of
science.
答案：B 主旨大意题。纵观全文可知，本文主要讲述了小孩为什么需要学习科学。故选B。
温馨提示：阅读中标注的W部分为重点单词，标注的P部分为重点短语，旨在通过此栏目的练习，帮助学生夯实基础，做到厚积薄发。
1．logically
adv.
逻辑地
2.generation
n.
一代人
compare
to
与……相比
Ⅲ 语法填空
(2020·惠州市高三第一次调研考试试题)Today,
Mount
Qomolangma's
peak
is
not
a
lonely
place
any
more.
Over
3,500
people
have
1
(successful)
climbed
the
mountain
over
the
past
year.
Meanwhile,
climbers
have
complained
about
2
(wait)
for
hours
in
the
bottlenecks.
In
fact,
the
dangerous
3
(crowd)
aren't
the
only
problem.
All
those
climbers
need
4
(bring)
a
lot
of
gear
(设备),
much
of
which
ends
up
being
left
on
the
mountain.
It
is
becoming
the
world's
5
(tall)
rubbish
dump.
But
the
good
news
is
6
some
mountaineers
have
started
to
clean
up
Qomolangma.
Mountaineers
Paul
and
Eberhard
are
part
of
Eco
Everest
Expedition,
which
has
been
cleaning
up
rubbish
since
2008.
So
far
they
7
(collect)
over
13
tons
of
garbage.
Some
of
that
rubbish
is
even
being
used
for
8
higher
purpose.
As
part
of
the
Mount
Everest
8848
Art
Project,
a
group
of
15
artists
from
Nepal
collected
1.5
tons
of
garbage.
They've
changed
the
cans
and
oxygen
tanks
into
74
pieces
of
art
that
have
already
been
exhibited
9
Nepal's
capital.
Part
of
the
profit
from
sales
10
(be)
available
for
the
Everest
Peakeers
Association
which
has
helped
collect
rubbish
off
the
mountain.
1．
2.
3.
4.
5．
6.
7.
8.
9．
10.
篇章导读：本文是一篇说明文，主要介绍了珠穆朗玛峰的污染情况以及现在采取的应对污染的措施和取得的进步。
1．successfully 考查词性转换。修饰谓语动词应用副词，故填successfully。
2．waiting 考查非谓语动词。此处介词about之后应用动名词形式，故填waiting。
3．crowds 考查名词的单复数。根据空前的形容词dangerous可知，空处应用名词形式，crowd
“人群”为可数名词，且句子的谓语aren't为复数形式，所以应用复数形式crowds。
4．to
bring 考查非谓语动词。此处表示所有这些登山者都需要带着大量设备，故此处用need
to
do
sth.
“需要做某事”。
5．tallest 考查形容词的最高级。根据句中的the
world's表述“全世界范围内的”可知，此处表示最高级的含义，故用形容词最高级tallest。
6．that 考查名词性从句的连接词。分析句子结构并结合句意可知，此处引导表语从句，引导词在从句中不充当成分，无语意，仅起连接作用，故用that引导该从句。
7．have
collected 考查动词的时态和主谓一致。根据句中的时间状语So
far可知，此处表示截止到现在已收集的垃圾数量，所以应用现在完成时；又主语they为复数，故填have
collected。
8．a 考查冠词。此处表示“一个更高的目标”，表泛指，在文中第一次提到，且higher的发音以辅音音素开头，故用a。
9．in 考查介词。根据句意可知，此处表示“在尼泊尔的首都”，故填in
“在(某范围或空间内的)某一点”。
10．is 考查动词的时态和主谓一致。根据语境可知，此处为一般性描述，应用一般现在时；该句主语为“Part
of
the
profit
from
sales”，表示单数概念，应填is。
Ⅳ 应用文写作
你校将于4月26日“世界知识产权日”(the
World
Intellectual
Property
Day)举办一次以“科技让校园生活更美好”(Science
Makes
Life
Better
on
Campus)为主题的创意作品展。假定你是李华，请你代表学校学生会写封邮件，邀请美国交换生Henry参与展评活动。
内容包括：
1．目的：尊重知识、崇尚科学；
2．展评时间、地点、内容；
3．报名方式及截止日期。
注意：1.词数80左右，内容包括主要要点；
2．可以适当增加细节，以使行文连贯。
Dear
Henry，
Yours，
Li
Hua
[精彩范文]
Dear
Henry，
Our
school
is
going
to
hold
an
exhibition
that
focuses
on
the
theme
“Science
Makes
Life
Better
on
Campus”，
so
I
am
writing
to
invite
you
to
join
in
it.
The
exhibition
will
take
place
in
our
school
art
gallery
on
April
26th,
the
World
Intellectual
Property
Day.
It
aims
to
encourage
students
to
respect
knowledge
and
advocate
science.
If
you
want
to
have
a
go,
you
are
required
to
register
online
at
Science@hotmail
by
April
1st.
Looking
forward
to
your
early
reply.
Yours，
Li
Hua
课后课时作业(二)
阅读
A
(2020·辽宁省盘锦二中高二月考)My
family
and
I
visit
our
relatives
in
India
every
summer
and
whenever
we
travel,
my
parents
always
remind
me
to
drink
only
bottled
or
boiled
water.
On
one
of
my
trips
to
India,
I
saw
children
drinking
water
from
the
roadside.
I
was
troubled
to
learn
that
millions
of
people,
most
of
them
children
in
developing
countries,
die
each
year
because
of
water
related
diseases.
Living
in
the
US,
I
am
lucky
to
be
able
to
turn
on
the
tap
and
get
potable
water,
while
one
sixth
of
the
world's
population
lacks
access
to
clean
water.
This
year,
I
entered
the
Discovery
Education
3M
Young
Scientist
Challenge.
In
late
June,
I
learned
that
I
was
selected
as
one
of
the
top
10
national
finalists
of
this
famous
middle
school
science
competition.
Over
the
summer,
I
worked
with
Dr
Jim
Jonza,
my
Scientist
mentor
from
3M,
and
developed
a
system
that
uses
solar
energy
to
purify
water.
My
invention
is
green
and
cost
effective,
and
I
am
looking
forward
to
implementing
this
in
places
that
are
affected
by
harmful
water
pollution.
In
October,
my
family
and
I
flew
to
3M
Headquarters
in
St
Paul,
Minnesota,
where
the
final
event
was
to
be
held.
For
the
last
challenge,
each
of
us
had
to
present
the
invention
we
had
been
working
on
over
the
summer.
The
first
place
winner
would
win
$25,000,
a
trip
to
Costa
Rica,
and
the
title
of
America's
Top
Young
Scientist.
At
the
awards
ceremony,
all
of
us
waited
anxiously
until
one
of
the
judges,
Danny
Forester
opened
the
paper
and
started
announcing
“The
winner
of
the
Discovery
Education
3M
Young
Scientist
Challenge
is
...”
You
could
hear
a
pin
drop
as
he
opened
the
paper
with
the
winner's
name,
“Deepika
Kurup！”
篇章导读：本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了作者通过一次去印度的经历，发现人们缺乏清洁水，就此得到启发回国后与科学家导师合作，开发了一个利用太阳能的净水系统。
1．Why
does
the
author
mention
her
visits
to
India?
A．To
express
her
great
love
for
India.
B．To
compare
eastern
and
western
cultures.
C．To
explain
the
importance
of
relatives.
D．To
show
the
problem
of
unclean
water.
答案：D 推理判断题。根据第一段后两句“On
one
of
my
trips
to
India,
I
saw
children
drinking
water
from
the
roadside.
I
was
troubled
to
learn
that
millions
of
people,
most
of
them
children
in
developing
countries,
die
each
year
because
of
water
related
diseases.”(在我去印度的一次旅行中，我看到孩子们在路边喝水。我获悉，每年有数百万人死于与水有关的疾病，其中大多数是发展中国家的儿童。)可知，作者提到自己去印度的经历是为了说明人们缺乏清洁水的问题，故选D。
2．Which
of
the
following
can
replace
the
underlined
word
“implementing”
in
Paragraph
2?
A．Researching.
B．Using.
C．Finishing.
D．Changing.
答案：B 词义猜测题。根据第二段中的“My
invention
is
green
and
cost
effective”(我的发明既环保又经济)可知，作者盼着应用发明。由此可知implementing是“应用”的意思，故选B。
3．How
did
the
audience
react
as
Forester
opened
the
paper
with
the
winner's
name?
A．They
appeared
calm.
B．They
let
out
shouts
of
joy.
C．They
sat
quiet.
D．They
dropped
pins
to
the
author.
答案：C 推理判断题。根据第三段最后一句“You
could
hear
a
pin
drop
as
he
opened
the
paper
with
the
winner's
name
...”可知Forester宣布获奖者的名字时，所有观众都屏住呼吸，甚至可以听到大头针落地的声音。由此可推知观众都非常安静地坐着，故选C。
1．related
adj.
相关的；有联系的
2．potable
adj.
可饮用的
be
affected
by
受到……的影响
B
Back
in
the
1860s,
a
British
scientist
named
Henry
Walter
Bates
noticed
something
interesting
in
the
animal
world:
a
kind
of
butterfly,
Common
Mormon,
can
change
the
pattern
on
its
wings
so
that
it
looks
like
another
butterfly
species,
the
Common
Rose,
which
is
poisonous
for
birds
to
eat.
Bates
argued
that
animals
develop
this
ability
to
protect
themselves
from
being
eaten.
This
theory
had
been
widely
accepted
by
scientists.
But
one
question
remains:
how
do
these
animals
manage
to
do
that?
After
more
than
150
years,
scientists
are
finally
able
to
answer
that
question—it
is
all
down
to
a
gene
called
“doublesex”，
according
to
a
study
published
on
March
6
in
the
journal
Nature.
In
fact,
scientists
have
long
known
that
genes
are
responsible
for
this
useful
ability.
But
until
the
new
study,
scientists
hadn't
been
able
to
find
out
which
genes
in
particular
were
responsible.
Scientists
at
the
University
of
Chicago
compared
the
genetic
structures
of
the
Common
Mormons
that
changed
their
wing
patterns
with
those
of
ones
that
did
not.
And
all
the
results
pointed
to
a
single
gene,
“doublesex”．
This
was
much
to
the
scientists'
surprise.
They
used
to
expect
that
something
as
complex
as
this
would
be
controlled
by
many
different
genes.
For
example,
one
gene
would
control
the
color
of
the
upper
part
of
the
wing,
and
one
would
do
so
for
the
lower
part.
However,
the
“doublesex”
gene
doesn't
quite
do
everything
by
itself.
Instead,
it
acts
like
a
switch—it
“tells”
other
genes
to
change
the
wing
patterns.
Isn't
that
clever?
Scientists
believe
that
this
special
ability
of
the
“doublesex”
gene
on
Common
Mormon
was
developed
throughout
the
long
history
of
evolution.
“The
harmless
species
gains
an
advantage
by
resembling
something
predators
(捕食者)
avoid，”
Sean
Carroll,
a
scientist
told
Nature.
“It
was
obvious
evidence
for
natural
selection.”
篇章导读：本文是一篇说明文。文章主要讲述了科学家对动物的有趣的新发现，比如一种叫Common
Mormon玉带凤蝶的蝴蝶可以通过体内的基因使外形发生改变，从而保护它们自己。
4．How
do
scientists
find
the
truth
of
butterfly
changing
wing
patterns?
A．By
doing
experiment
on
butterflies.
B．By
comparing
genetic
structures.
C．By
observing
the
butterflies.
D．By
analyzing
the
result.
答案：B 细节理解题。根据第五段第一句“Scientists
at
the
University
of
Chicago
compared
the
genetic
structures
of
the
Common
Mormons
that
changed
their
wing
patterns
with
those
of
ones
that
did
not.”可知，科学家是通过对比能改变翅膀形状的蝴蝶和不能改变翅膀形状的蝴蝶的基因发现秘密的，故选B。
5．Which
of
the
following
ideas
is
accepted
by
scientists?
A．The
“doublesex”
gene
does
do
everything
by
itself.
B．The
“doublesex”
gene
is
poisonous.
C．The
“doublesex”
gene
“tells”
other
genes
to
change
the
wing
patterns.
D．The
“doublesex”
gene
could
only
control
the
color
of
the
upper
part
of
the
wing.
答案：C 细节理解题。根据倒数第二段中的“it
acts
like
a
switch—it
‘tells’
other
genes
to
change
the
wing
patterns”可知C项是科学家们接受的观点，故选C。
6．What
is
the
best
title
of
this
passage?
A．What
Genetic
Structures
of
Butterflies
Have
B．How
Butterflies
Changed
Wings'
Pattern
C．What
American
Scientists
Discovered
D．How
Common
Mormons
Stay
Safe
答案：D 标题判断题。本文主要是通过Common
Mormons这种蝴蝶展开讨论，研究这种蝴蝶是如何来保护自己的。故选D。
1．compare
v.
比较；对比
2．evolution
n.
进化；演变
be
responsible
for
对……负责；是……的原因
C
What
are
the
biggest
problems
that
society
will
have
to
deal
with
in
the
new
age?
There
are
diseases
like
AIDS
and
cancer.
There's
climate
change,
of
course.
And
what
about
producing
enough
cheap
food
and
energy
for
the
world's
growing
population?
Who's
going
to
solve
all
these
terrible
problems?
Yes,
politicians
and
world
leaders
will
have
a
big
part
to
play.
Yes,
businesses
will
need
to
create
the
economic
wealth
to
pay
for
some
of
these
things.
But
who's
going
to
make
a
much
greater
difference
to
something
like
AIDS
or
climate
change?
It's
going
to
be
a
scientist.
It
is
the
scientist
who
can
turn
some
new
bit
of
science
into
a
new
technology
to
solve
these
problems.
If
you
like
thinking
about
the
world
around
you,
why
not
become
a
scientist?
It
doesn't
mean
you
have
to
wear
a
white
coat
and
plastic
glasses
and
spend
all
your
time
in
a
lab
as
most
people
often
imagine!
Scientists
do
all
kinds
of
amazing
things
that
are
actually
interesting!
Military
scientists
develop
not
only
new
weapons
but
new
military
technologies
that
could
help
make
wars
out
of
date.
Forensic
(法医的)
scientists
work
with
the
police
to
find
quite
small
clues
to
catch
criminals.
Scientists
work
in
schools
and
colleges
as
the
teachers
and
professors
who
will
train
tomorrow's
scientists.
Don't
think
a
scientist
is
far
away!
Maybe
you
like
cooking?
You
could
be
a
food
technologist
helping
to
keep
fruit
and
vegetables
fresher
for
longer.
Perhaps
sport
is
your
thing?
Do
you
know
that
most
top
athletes
work
with
sports
scientists
in
order
or
improve
their
performance?
You
could
even
be
the
science
writer
who
gets
to
spend
the
life
studying
the
latest
advances
and
sharing
them
with
the
world.
篇章导读：本文是一篇议论文。文章提出了新时代社会将必须解决的最大问题，以及科学家在解决这些问题中起着重要作用。
7．Many
problems
are
mentioned
in
the
first
paragraph
to
.
A．suggest
they
are
impossible
to
be
solved
B．introduce
the
causes
of
these
problems
C．show
the
writer's
worry
about
the
future
world
D．show
scientists
play
an
important
part
in
solving
them
答案：D 推理判断题。根据第一段中的“But
who's
going
to
make
a
much
greater
difference
to
something
like
AIDS
or
climate
change?
It's
going
to
be
a
scientist.
It
is
the
scientist
who
can
turn
some
new
bit
of
science
into
a
new
technology
to
solve
these
problems.”可知，在第一段提到很多问题是为了说明科学家在解决这些问题中起着重要作用。故选D。
8．What
is
needed
to
solve
these
problems?
A．Advanced
weapons.
B．Enough
energy.
C．New
technologies.
D．A
growing
population.
答案：C 细节理解题。根据第二段第一句“Military
scientists
develop
not
only
new
weapons
but
new
military
technologies
that
could
help
make
wars
out
of
date.”可知，解决这些问题需要新科技。故选C。
9．Most
people
think
the
life
of
scientists
is
.
A．amazing
B．boring
C．colorful
D．unreal
答案：B 推理判断题。根据第一段倒数两句“It
doesn't
mean
you
have
to
wear
a
white
coat
and
plastic
glasses
and
spend
all
your
time
in
a
lab
as
most
people
often
imagine!
Scientists
do
all
kinds
of
amazing
things
that
are
actually
interesting！”可知，多数人认为科学家的生活是无聊的，但其实是有趣的。故选B。
10．Which
of
the
following
statements
is
NOT
true
according
to
the
passage?
A．Owing
to
military
technologies,
there
has
been
no
wars.
B．For
those
interested
in
cooking,
food
technologies
may
be
a
choice.
C．Forensic
scientists
play
an
important
part
in
dealing
with
crimes.
D．Most
athletes
can
achieve
greater
achievement
with
the
help
of
sports
scientists.
答案：A 细节理解题。根据第二段第一句“Military
scientists
develop
not
only
new
weapons
but
new
military
technologies
that
could
help
make
wars
out
of
date.”可知A项“Owing
to
military
technologies,
there
has
been
no
wars.”可知“由于军事技术，没有战争”的说法是错误的，故选A。
1．create
v.
创造
2．military
adj.
军事的；军队的
share
sth.
with
与……分享某物Section
Ⅲ Using
Language
基础知识
预习自检
THE
FATHER
OF
CHINA'S
AEROSPACE
Perhaps
no
other
scientist
has
had
a
greater
impact
on
China's
aerospace
science
than
Qian
Xuesen.
Described
by
the
authors
of
the
Story
of
Qian
Xuesen
as
a
man
with
“great
scientific
thought
and
scientific
spirit”
who
was
patriotic
and
served
his
homeland
with
effort,
achievement,
and
devotion,
Qian
was
an
extremely
well?respected
man.
词汇自测
①aerospace
n.
航空航天工业
②patriotic
adj.
爱国的
中国航天之父
钱学森也许是对中国航天科学影响最大的科学家。在《钱学森的故事》中作者所描述的钱学森是一位具有“伟大的科学思想和科学精神”的爱国人士，他以自己的努力、成就和献身精神为祖国服务，是一位德高望重的人。
Born
in
Hangzhou
in
1911,
Qian
attended
schools
in
Beijing
and
then
entered
Shanghai
Jiao
Tong
University
to
study
Railway
Mechanical
Engineering.
However,
after
the
Songhu
Battle
broke
out
in
1932,
Qian
made
the
decision
to
switch
his
major
to
aviation
because
he
realised
that
China
needed
its
own
powerful
air
force
to
protect
and
defend
the
country.
词汇自测
③mechanical
adj.
机械的；发动机的；机器的
④mechanic
n.
机械师；机械修理工
⑤aviation
n.
航空制造业；航空；飞行
⑥defend
vt.
保卫；防守；辩解
⑦break
out
(战争、打斗等不愉快的事情)突然开始；爆发
1911年，钱学森出生于杭州，在北京上学，之后进入上海交通大学学习铁路机械工程。然而，在1932年“淞沪之战”爆发后，钱学森决定转学航空专业，因为他意识到中国需要属于自己的强大的空军来保护和保卫国家。
Qian
went
to
the
United
States
in
1935
to
pursue
his
graduate
studies.
Over
the
course
of
the
1930s
and
1940s,
Qian
became
a
pioneer
in
American
jet
and
rocket
technology.
As
a
graduate
assistant
at
the
California
Institute
of
Technology
during
the
1930s,
Qian
helped
conduct
important
research
into
rocket
propulsion,
and
in
the
1940s,
he
and
several
other
people
founded
the
Jet
Propulsion
Laboratory,
now
one
of
NASA's
leading
space?exploration
centres.
词汇自测
⑧jet
n.
喷气式飞机
⑨assistant
n.
助理；助手
钱学森于1935年赴美攻读研究生。在20世纪三四十年代，钱学森成为美国喷气机和火箭技术的先驱。20世纪30年代，作为加州理工学院的研究生助理，钱学森帮助进行了火箭推进的重要研究，20世纪40年代，他和其他几个人建立了喷气推进实验室，现在是美国宇航局领先的太空探索中心之一。
After
overcoming
some
difficulties
during
his
final
few
years
in
the
US,
Qian
returned
to
China
in
1955.
He
received
a
hero's
welcome
from
his
homeland
and
was
put
in
charge
of
not
only
developing
China's
rocket
science
but
also
its
space
and
missile
programme.
At
that
time,
China
was
poor
and
its
rocket
science
was
undeveloped.
No
institute
or
university
in
China
offered
rocket
science
as
a
major,
and
there
were
no
talents
or
experts
in
this
field
in
China.
Nevertheless,
Qian
did
not
let
that
discourage
him
from
taking
on
the
challenge.
When
asked
“Can
we
Chinese
possibly
make
missiles？”，
his
reply
was
a
determined
“Why
not?
We
Chinese
are
able
to
make
the
same
things
that
other
people
make.”
词汇自测
⑩missile
n.
导弹
?in
charge
of
主管；掌管
钱学森在美国的最后几年克服了一些困难，于1955年回到中国。他受到了来自祖国的英雄般的欢迎，不仅负责发展中国的火箭科学，还负责中国的太空和导弹计划。当时，中国很穷，火箭技术也不发达。中国没有任何学院或大学开设火箭科学专业，也没有这方面的人才或专家。尽管如此，钱学森并没有因此而放弃接受挑战。当被问及“我们中国人可能制造导弹吗？”，他的回答是坚决的“为什么不？我们中国人能做和别人一样的东西。”
Under
Qian's
leadership,
China
developed
the
Dongfeng
missiles,
followed
by
the
first
generation
of
Long
March
rockets.
In
1970,
China
successfully
launched
its
first
man?made
satellite,
Dong
Fang
Hong
Ⅰ，
from
a
Long
March
rocket.
Because
much
of
the
technology
behind
the
Shenzhou
rockets
can
also
be
traced
back
to
Qian's
research,
Qian
earned
the
name
of
“the
father
of
China's
aerospace”．
词汇自测
?leadership
n.
领导；领导地位；领导才能
?trace
vt.
追溯；追踪；查出 n.
痕迹；遗迹；踪迹
在钱学森的领导下，中国发展了东风导弹，随后是第一代长征火箭。
1970年，中国成功地用长征火箭发射了第一颗人造卫星“东方红一号”。因为神舟火箭背后的许多技术也运用到钱学森的研究，钱学森赢得了“中国航天之父”的称号。
Qian
read
a
lot
and
was
extremely
knowledgeable,
especially
in
the
area
of
frontier
science
research.
However,
what
might
have
made
him
such
an
outstanding
and
creative
scientist
was
probably
his
strong
interest
in
other
things,
such
as
music
and
drawing.
His
deep
appreciation
for
art
often
gave
him
inspiration
in
his
scientific
research.
The
whole
country
was
saddened
by
Qian's
death
in
2009,
and
people
honoured
and
remembered
him
in
different
ways.
词汇自测
?outstanding
adj.
优秀的；杰出的；明显的
钱学森博览群书，知识渊博，尤其是在前沿科学研究领域。然而，是什么使他成为这样一个杰出的、有创造力的科学家？可能是他在其他事情上的强烈兴趣，如音乐和绘画。他对艺术的深刻欣赏常常给他的科学研究带来灵感。
2009年，钱学森去世，举国上下悲痛不已，人们用不同的方式纪念他。
A
WORLD
OF
PURE
THOUGHT
Stephen
Hawking
was
one
of
the
most
famous
and
gifted
scientists
in
physics.
Most
people
are
familiar
with
images
of
him
in
his
wheelchair,
unable
to
move
and
using
a
computer
to
talk.
Since
he
came
down
with
a
disease
which
caused
him
to
lose
the
use
of
most
of
his
muscles,
his
world
became
one
of
abstract
thought.
词汇自测
?gifted
adj.
有天赋的；有天才的；天资聪慧的
?abstract
adj.
抽象的；理性的 n.
(文献等的)摘要
?come
down
患(病)；染上(小病)
一个纯粹思想的世界
斯蒂芬·霍金是最有名和最有天赋的物理学家之一。大多数人都熟悉他坐在轮椅上，无法移动，只能用电脑说话的画面。自从得了一种使他失去大部分肌肉功能的疾病后，他的世界就变成了一个抽象的思想世界。
Hawking
first
achieved
fame
when
he
was
still
healthy
enough
to
walk,
as
a
graduate
student
in
physics
at
Cambridge
University
in
1964.
In
general,
there
were
two
main
theories
on
the
origin
of
the
universe.
The
first
was
the
steady
state
theory,
which
holds
that
the
universe
has
no
beginning
or
end.
The
other
was
the
big
bang
theory,
which
holds
that
the
universe
began
at
a
single
point
in
time
and
space.
The
biggest
champion
of
the
steady
state
concept
was
Fred
Hoyle,
a
professor
at
Cambridge.
During
the
question
and
answer
period
after
one
of
Hoyle's
lectures,
Hawking
stood
up
and
pointed
out
that
Hoyle
had
made
a
mistake
in
his
maths.
Once
the
maths
was
corrected,
it
showed
that
the
big
bang
theory—and
not
the
steady
state
theory—was
true.
Hawking's
own
work
on
the
big
bang
theory
was
soon
proven
by
astronomers
with
telescopes.
A
star
was
born.
词汇自测
?steady
adj.
稳定的；平稳的；稳步的
?concept
n.
概念；观念
?astronomer
n.
天文学家
astronomy
n.
天文学
telescope
n.
望远镜
霍金第一次出名是在1964年，当时他还是剑桥大学物理系的研究生，身体健康能走路。一般来说，关于宇宙的起源有两种主要的理论。第一个是稳态理论，该理论认为宇宙没有起点和终点。另一个理论是大爆炸理论，该理论认为宇宙始于时间和空间的一个单一点。剑桥大学的教授弗雷德·霍伊尔是稳态理论的最大支持者。在霍伊尔的一次讲座结束后的问答环节中，霍金站了起来，指出霍伊尔在数学上犯了一个错误。一旦数学修正，它表明大爆炸理论——而不是稳态理论——是正确的。霍金自己对大爆炸理论的研究很快就被天文学家用望远镜证实了。一颗“新星”诞生了。
So,
what
made
Stephen
Hawking
a
genius?
Besides
being
brilliant,
he
was
brave,
though
sometimes
careless
in
what
he
said
or
did.
He
was
willing
to
say
what
others
were
afraid
to
say,
and
to
dream
of
what
others
were
afraid
to
dream
about.
Furthermore,
he
was
quite
determined.
This
had
helped
him
as
a
scientist,
and
had
helped
him
even
more
in
his
fight
against
his
disease.
Above
all,
Hawking
was
willing
to
admit
his
faults.
This
odd
combination
of
characteristics
had
made
him
one
of
the
greatest
thinkers
of
the
20th
and
21st
centuries.
词汇自测
besides
prep.
除……之外(还) adv.
而且；此外
brilliant
adj.
聪颖的；绝妙的；明亮的
furthermore
adv.
此外；再者
fault
n.
弱点；过错
above
all
最重要的是；尤其是
那么，是什么让史蒂芬·霍金成为一个天才呢？除了聪明以外，他还很勇敢，虽然有时说话或做事很粗心。他愿意说别人不敢说的话，梦想别人不敢梦想的东西。此外，他很坚定。这对他作为一名科学家很有帮助，而且对他与疾病作斗争的帮助更大。最重要的是，霍金愿意承认自己的错误。这种奇特的性格组合使他成为20世纪和21世纪最伟大的思想家之一。
重点知识
合作探究
1
pour
vt.
倒出；倾泻；斟(饮料)(教材P7)
归纳拓展
①That
summer
a
torrential
rain
poured
down
for
two
days
and
nights.
那年夏天，一场暴雨下了两天两夜。
②He
was
in
the
kitchen,
pouring
out
drinks.
他在厨房里倒饮料。
(1)单句语法填空
①The
rain
continued
to
pour
.
②She
poured
the
tea
from
the
pot.
答案：①down ②out
(2)单句写作
一回到家，他就先为自己倒点葡萄酒。
He
would
like
to
some
wine
for
himself
the
moment
he
was
home.
答案：pour
out
2
break
out
(战争、打斗等不愉快的事情)突然开始；爆发(教材P7)
归纳拓展
①When
the
war
break
out,
the
two
countries
break
off
their
diplomatic
relation.
战争爆发后，两国间断绝了外交关系。
②He
lost
his
way,
and
his
car
broke
down.
他迷了路，而且汽车坏了。
③There
was
no
one
nearby
who
might
see
him
trying
to
break
into
the
house.
附近没有人可能会看见他试图闯入房子里。
④The
wing
of
the
plane
broke
away
in
mid?air
and
the
plane
crashed.
飞机的一翼在半空中脱开了，飞机也随之坠毁。
(1)单句语法填空
①Talks
with
business
leaders
broke
last
night.
②We
were
discussing
our
plans,
but
had
to
break
when
the
telephone
rang.
③Fire
broke
during
the
night.
答案：①down ②off ③out
(2)单句写作
①他们决定散伙。
They
decided
to
the
partnership.
②她幸运地从可怕的婚姻中逃脱。
She
luckily
managed
to
her
awful
marriage.
答案：①break
up ②break
away
from
3
defend
vt.
保卫；防守；辩解(教材P7)
归纳拓展
①They
would
have
killed
him
if
he
had
not
defended
himself.
如果他没有进行自卫的话，他们早就把他给杀死了。
②They
tried
to
defend
themselves
against
the
enemy
with
all
their
might.
他们竭尽全力抵御敌人。
③The
soldiers
fought
bravely
in
defence
of
their
country.
士兵们为保卫他们的国家英勇作战。
(1)单句语法填空
①When
a
dog
attacked
me,
I
picked
up
a
stick
to
defend
(I)．
②The
thick
wall
was
built
to
defend
the
road
being
washed
away
by
the
sea.
③How
many
times
have
we
heard
a
public
(defend)
say
that?
答案：①myself ②from/against ③defender
(2)单句写作
①他们的职责是保卫国家不受国内外敌人的侵害。
Their
duty
is
to
both
domestic
and
foreign
enemies'
attack.
②她为捍卫她的政治信仰而大声疾呼。
She
spoke
up
her
political
beliefs.
答案：①defend
their
country
against ②in
defence
of
4
in
charge
of
主管；掌管(教材P8)
归纳拓展
①She
takes
care
of
a
class
and
is
also
in
charge
of
the
administrative
work.
她既要带班，又要负责行政工作。
②The
man
who
had
taken
charge
of
the
company
was
charged
with
taking
drugs.
这个公司的负责人被指控吸毒。
③There
is
a
heated
discussion
on
whether
museums
should
charge
for
admission
or
not.
(人们)就博物馆是否应该收门票有激烈的争论。
(1)单句语法填空
①My
elder
brother
will
have
to
take
charge
the
work.
②The
police
are
going
to
charge
him
murder.
答案：①of ②with
(2)单句写作
下周厂长不在时，我将负责整个工厂。
I'll
be
the
whole
factory
next
week
when
the
director
is
away.
答案：in
charge
of
5
trace
vt.
追溯；追踪；查出 n.
痕迹；遗迹；踪迹(教材P8)
归纳拓展
①Will
the
police
be
able
to
trace
us
to
our
hiding
place?
警察能查出我们的藏身之处吗？
②She
could
trace
her
family
tree
back
to
the
16th
century.
她能把本族家谱追溯到16世纪。
③Police
searched
the
area
but
found
no
trace
of
the
escaped
prisoners.
警方搜索了那一地区，但未发现越狱逃犯的任何踪迹。
(1)单句语法填空
①At
last
the
noise
was
traced
a
fault
in
the
pipes.
②He's
a
modest,
mild?mannered
man,
without
a
trace
self?importance.
③Years
of
living
in
England
had
eliminated
all
of
her
American
accent.
答案：①to ②of ③trace
(2)单句写作
要考察中国文学的观念，就必须追溯到孔子。
If
we
want
to
investigate
the
sense
of
Chinese
literature,
it
is
necessary
to
Confucius.
答案：trace
back
to
6
come
down
患(病)；染上(小病)(教材P8)
归纳拓展
①He
must
have
come
down
with
a
bad
cold,
for
he
has
got
a
sore
throat.
他一定是感冒了，因为他的嗓子是哑的。
②He
came
across
a
ring
in
her
drawer.
他在她的抽屉里偶然发现了一枚戒指。
③The
subject
came
up
during
a
pre?dinner
drink
with
our
guests.
在与客人喝餐前酒的时候，有人提到了这个话题。
④It
was
because
it
raised
so
many
difficult
questions
that
the
book
took
a
long
time
to
come
out.
正是因为这本书涉及了这么多的问题，所以要过很长时间才能出版。
(1)单句语法填空
①She
came
him
on
her
way
to
school.
②Can
you
tell
me
how
the
accident
came
？
③After
all,
he'll
have
to
come
up
a
solution
of
the
matter.
答案：①across ②about ③with
(2)单句写作
①你家有其他的人因为流行性感冒而病倒吗？
Did
anyone
else
in
your
family
with
flu
virus?
②躺在医院床上三个小时后，他开始苏醒过来。
After
three
hours
in
the
hospital
bed,
he
began
to
.
答案：①come
down ②come
to
life
7
above
all
最重要的是；尤其是(教材P9)
归纳拓展
①Above
all,
we
should
recognize
our
strengths
and
weaknesses.
首先，我们应该认识自己的优点和缺点。
②Don't
blame
him.
After
all,
he's
only
a
child.
别责怪他，毕竟他还是个孩子。
③Without
her
care
and
concern,
he
had
no
chance
at
all.
若非她的关心和照顾，他根本没有一点机会。
④The
headmaster's
speech
occupied
three
hours
in
all.
校长的演讲总共占了三个小时。
(1)单句语法填空
①
all,
this
is
a
global
village,
and
we
are
all
very
different.
②It
was
just
a
little
unfinished
business
from
my
past,
and
it
doesn't
concern
you
all.
③All
all,
Germany
has
pulled
through
the
worst
economic
crisis
since
the
war
quite
well.
答案：①After ②at ③in
(2)单句写作
①我想是的，但是我不能确定，最重要的是，我不知道。
I
think
so,
but
I'm
not
sure,
and
I
don't
know.
②我的目标首先是要确定自己下一步该做什么。
My
aim
was
to
determine
what
I
should
do
next.
答案：①above
all ②first
of
all
8
This
odd
combination
of
characteristics
had
made
him
one
of
the
greatest
thinkers
of
the
20th
and
21st
centuries.(教材P9)这种奇特的性格组合使他成为20世纪和21世纪最伟大的思想家之一。
剖析
本句中had
made
him
one
of
the
greatest
thinkers
“使他成为最伟大的思想家之一”，是“make＋名词＋名词”结构，意为“使某人成为……”。
归纳拓展
①You'd
better
make
your
enemy
your
friend.
你最好化敌为友。
②What
he
said
made
all
of
us
laugh.
他说的话让我们都大笑起来。
③Can
you
make
yourself
understood
in
English?
你能用英语把自己的意思说清楚吗？
④She
has
won
the
game,
which
made
her
parents
proud.
她赢得了比赛，这让她的父母感到骄傲。
⑤He
made
the
computer
in
good
condition
again.
他又把计算机修好了。
“make＋名词/代词＋不带to的不定式”结构用于被动语态时，被省略的不定式符号to要还原。
(1)单句语法填空
①My
parents
often
make
me
(do)
some
other
homework.
②His
actions
made
him
universally
(respect)．
③You
shouldn't
make
the
guests
(wait)
for
so
long
there.
答案：①do ②respected ③waiting
(2)单句写作
①很多流行歌手把音乐当作他们的职业。
Most
pop
singers
their
career.
②应该让孩子们理解节约水的重要性。
Children
should
be
the
importance
of
saving
water.
答案：①make
music ②made
to
understand
9
shift
n.
改变；转换；轮班 vi.&
vt.
转移；挪动；转向(教材P9)
归纳拓展
①I
have
never
seen
such
a
seismic
shift
in
public
opinion
in
such
a
short
period
of
time.
我从未见过公众舆论在如此短的时间内发生如此巨大的转变。
②The
night
shift
should
have
been
safely
down
in
the
mine
long
ago.
上夜班的矿工应该早就安全地到达井下了。
③He
shifted
his
luggage
up
to
his
flat.
他把行李搬到楼上住所里去。
④When
the
wind
shifted
from
south
to
north,
it
began
to
get
cold.
当风向由南转北时，天变冷了。
(1)单句语法填空
①There
has
also
been
a
shift
the
role
of
the
company
secretary.
②He
stopped,
shifting
his
cane
his
left
hand.
③She
shifted
her
gaze
the
child
to
him.
答案：①in ②to ③from
(2)单句写作
①他们等待着日班的工人来接班。
They
waited
for
to
come
and
take
over
the
work.
②她把身体的重量从一只脚换到另一只脚上。
She
her
weight
one
foot
to
the
other.
答案：①the
day
shift ②shifted;
from
学习效果
随堂演练
Ⅰ.单词拼写
1．However,
we
consider
that
the
vast
majority
of
the
people
of
Hong
Kong
are
(爱国的)．
答案：patriotic
2．He
praised
her
(领导才能)
during
the
crisis.
答案：leadership
3．(2019·天津高考)I
thought
anything
(抽象的)
left
too
much
room
for
argument.
答案：abstract
4．It
was
Aristotle
who
proved
the
world
is
round.
Plato
popularized
the
(概念).
答案：concept
5．The
(影子)
lengthened
as
the
sun
went
down.
答案：shadows
6．The
boy
who
won
the
scholarship
was
a
quite
o
student.
答案：outstanding
7．The
moon
was
casting
a
r
through
the
spray
from
the
waterfall.
答案：rainbow
8．We
are
making
slow
but
s
progress.
答案：steady
9．B
working
as
a
doctor,
he
also
writes
novels
in
his
spare
time.
答案：Besides
10．I
don't
want
to
go
there,
f
，
I
have
no
time
to
do
so.
答案：furthermore
Ⅱ.单句语法填空
1．The
breakdown
was
due
to
a
(mechanic)
failure.
答案：mechanical
2．Kalan
called
his
(assist),
Hashim,
to
take
over
while
he
went
out.
答案：assistant
3．Officials
charge
of
the
camps
say
the
system
is
now
running
extremely
smoothly.
答案：in
4．He
is
a
(gift)
young
man
and
will
become
a
giant
in
gardening.
答案：gifted
5．A
new
star
attracted
the
notice
of
the
(astronomy)．
答案：astronomer
Ⅲ.单句写作
1．我去给客人倒茶。
I'm
going
to
the
tea
for
the
guest.
答案：pour
out
2．我们所有的警察都接受过自卫训练，能够对付持刀袭击。
All
our
officers
are
trained
to
knife
attacks.
答案：defend
themselves
against
3．他们担心冲突可能会再次爆发。
They
worry
that
conflict
could
again.
答案：break
out
4．在中国，排球运动的历史可以追溯到20世纪初。
In
China,
the
history
of
volleyball
can
the
20th
century.
答案：be
traced
back
to
5．风向的突然改变，暗示着一场暴风雨。
A
sudden
suggests
a
coming
storm.
答案：shift
in
wind
课后课时作业
Ⅰ 语言运用
(2020·山东省青岛市高三上期末)A
scientist
1
several
monkeys
in
order
to
study
animal
psychology.
He
took
a
glass
bottle,
2
its
cork
and
put
two
peanuts
inside
it.
The
peanuts
dropped
to
the
bottom
and
were
easily
seen
from
the
outside.
He
then
passed
the
bottle
to
a
monkey,
who
shook
it
3
for
a
long
while
and
was
able
to
get
the
peanuts
when
they
4
fell
out.
The
scientist
then
put
some
peanuts
into
the
bottle
again
5
he
had
done
before
and
showed
the
monkey
that
it
only
needed
to
turn
the
bottle
upside
down
for
the
peanuts
to
drop
out.
6
the
monkey
always
ignored
his
7
.
Each
time
it
just
shook
the
bottle
frantically,
with
great
8
but
without
necessarily
achieving
9
result.
Now
the
question
is
why
the
monkey
was
unable
to
understand
10
the
scientist
instructs.
11
because
all
its
attention
was
focused
on
the
peanuts.
Instead,
it
must
take
its
eyes
off
the
peanuts
and
quickly
12
its
attention
to
the
13
movement
of
the
scientist
and
the
way
the
bottle
was
turned
upside
down.
To
achieve
this,
it
had
to
calm
down
and
not
be
14
by
the
impulse
of
its
appetite.
Yet
the
monkey
was
not
able
to
understand
this.
It
is
the
instance
like
this
that
reveals
the
monkey's
some
psychology
is
just
like
15
of
human
beings.
篇章导读：本文是一篇说明文。文章主要描述为了研究动物心理学，一位科学家养了几只猴子做实验，发现猴子与人类的一些心理有相似之处。
1．A.kept
B．rose
C．fed
D．caught
答案：A keep
“饲养”；rise
“上升”；feed
“喂养”；catch
“抓到”。为了研究动物心理学，一位科学家养了几只猴子。故选A。
2．A.moving
B．removed
C．discovered
D．covered
答案：B move
“移动”；remove
“拿开；去掉”；discover
“发现”；cover
“覆盖”。他拿了一个玻璃瓶，取出瓶塞，放了两颗花生进去。故选B。
3．A.happily
B．anxiously
C．hurriedly
D．instantly
答案：B happily
“高兴地”；anxiously
“焦急地”；hurriedly
“匆匆”；instantly
“立即”。然后他把瓶子递给一只猴子，猴子焦急地摇晃了很久。故选B。
4．A.suddenly
B．accidentally
C．occasionally
D．quickly
答案：B suddenly
“突然”；accidentally
“偶然”；occasionally
“偶尔”；quickly
“很快”。然后他把瓶子递给一只猴子，猴子焦急地摇晃了很久，当花生不小心掉下来的时候，它能得到花生。故选B。
5．A.as
B．that
C．what
D．until
答案：A 科学家又像(as)以前一样把一些花生放进瓶子里，向猴子展示只需要把瓶子翻过来花生就可以掉出来。故选A。
6．A.But
B．When
C．Therefore
D．Thus
答案：A 但是猴子总是无视他的指示。故选A。
7．A.directions
B．explanations
C．performances
D．instructions
答案：D direction
“方向”；explanation
“解释”；performance
“表演”；instruction
“指示”。但是猴子总是无视他的指示。故选D。
8．A.effort
B．strength
C．power
D．force
答案：A effort
“努力”；strength
“力量”；power
“权力”；force
“武力”。每次它只是疯狂地摇瓶子，努力地摇，但不一定能达到预期的效果。故选A。
9．A.expecting
B．interesting
C．satisfying
D．desired
答案：D expecting
“期待的”；interesting
“有趣的”；satisfying
“令人满意的”；desired
“期望的”。每次它只是疯狂地摇瓶子，努力地摇，但不一定能达到预期的效果。故选D。
10．A.what
B．how
C．why
D．which
答案：A 现在的问题是为什么猴子不能理解科学家的指示。故选A。
11．A.Probably
B．Likely
C．Simply
D．Nearly
答案：C probably
“可能”；likely
“可能”；simply
“简单地”；nearly
“几乎”。只是因为它所有的注意力都集中在花生上。故选C。
12．A.put
B．send
C．pay
D．shift
答案：D put
“放置”；send
“发送”；pay
“支付”；shift
“转移”。相反，它必须把眼睛从花生上移开，并迅速将注意力转移到科学家的手的动作和瓶子倒转的方式上。故选D。
13．A.gesture
B．mouth
C．hand
D．eye
答案：C gesture
“手势”；mouth
“嘴”；hand
“手”；eye
“眼睛”。相反，它必须把眼睛从花生上移开，并迅速将注意力转移到科学家的手的动作和瓶子倒转的方式上。故选C。
14．A.taken
away
B．taken
off
C．taken
over
D．taken
on
答案：C take
away
“带走”；take
off
“起飞”；take
over
“接管”；take
on
“承担”。要做到这一点，它必须冷静下来，而不是被它食欲的冲动所控制。故选C。
15．A.that
B．the
C．those
D．this
答案：A that
“那”；the指已提到的人(物)；those
“那些”；this
“这个”。正是这样的例子，揭示了猴子的某些心理与人类的相似之处。故选A。
Ⅱ 阅读
Albert
Einstein
had
a
great
effect
on
science
and
history,
and
his
achievement
was
even
greater
than
only
a
few
other
great
scientists
have
achieved.
An
American
university
president
once
said
that
Einstein
had
made
a
new
outlook，
a
new
view
of
the
universe.
It
may
be
some
time
before
the
average
mind
understands
fully
the
identity
of
time
and
space
and
so
on—but
even
ordinary
men
now
understand
that
the
universe
is
something
larger
than
ever
thought
before.
By
1914
young
Einstein
had
been
world?famous.
He
accepted
the
offer
to
become
a
professor
at
the
Prussian
Academy
of
Science
in
Berlin.
He
had
few
duties,
little
teaching
and
unlimited
chances
for
study,
but
soon
his
peace
and
quietness
were
broken
by
World
War
Ⅰ.
Einstein
hated
fighting
and
killing.
The
great
suffering
of
war
affected
him
deeply,
and
he
sat
unhappily
in
his
office
doing
little.
He
lost
interest
in
his
research.
Only
when
peace
came
in
1918
was
he
able
to
get
back
to
work.
In
the
year
following
World
WarⅠ，
honours
were
increasingly
put
on
him.
He
became
head
of
the
Kaiser
Whihem
Institute
of
Theoretical
Physics.
But
he
himself
refused
the
effort
to
put
him
in
a
position
far
above
other
people.
He
was
well
known
for
his
humble
manner.
He
often
said
that
his
success
would
certainly
have
been
achieved
by
others
if
he
had
never
lived.
In
1921
he
won
the
Nobel
Prize,
and
he
was
honoured
in
Germany
until
the
rise
of
Nazism
when
he
was
driven
from
Germany
because
he
was
a
Jew.
篇章导读：本文是一篇记叙文。文章简要介绍了著名科学家爱因斯坦的事迹，及其对科学和历史产生的巨大影响及重大贡献。
1．It
seems
to
the
American
university
president
that
.
A．Einstein
achieved
more
than
any
other
scientist
in
history
B．everybody
understands
Einstein's
scientific
ideas
C．the
new
view
of
the
universe
can
be
quickly
learned
by
everyone
D．our
ideas
about
the
universe
are
different
today
because
of
Einstein
答案：D 推理判断题。根据第一段最后一句可知，爱因斯坦的理论使人们对宇宙的看法发生了转变。
2．Einstein
did
his
greatest
work
.
A．when
Nazism
rose
B．when
he
was
young
C．during
World
War
Ⅰ
D．after
he
left
Europe
答案：B 推理判断题。根据第三段和最后一段可知爱因斯坦在一战和纳粹时期，几乎没有正常工作，排除A项和C项；本文也没有讲述他离开欧洲以后的科研情况，排除D项；由第二段第一句和最后一段可知，B项所述正确。
3．From
the
passage
we
can
know
that
.
A．Germans
usually
have
great
respect
for
science
B．Einstein
had
other
interests
besides
science
C．Einstein
was
forced
to
work
again
in
1918
D．Einstein
led
a
quiet
life
during
World
War
Ⅰ
答案：A 推理判断题。根据第四段第一、二句及最后一段中的“he
was
honoured
in
Germany”可知，德国人民尊重爱因斯坦，尊重科学。故选A项。
1．outlook
n.
见解；世界观
2．increasingly
adv.
越来越多地；不断增加地
put
sb.
in
a
position
让某人处于一个位置
Ⅲ 七选五
One
of
the
greatest
biologists
the
world
has
ever
seen
was
Charles
Darwin.
Darwin
was
born
to
a
middle?class
family
in
Shrewsbury,
England,
in
February,
1809.
His
father
was
the
leading
doctor
of
the
town.
1
He
loved
to
walk
through
the
woods
looking
at
plants
and
birds.
At
the
proper
age,
he
was
enrolled
(使入学)
in
the
Shrewsbury
School.
There
he
studied
Latin,
classical
literature,
and
ancient
history.
Young
Charles
thought
that
these
subjects
were
dull
and
useless.
He
would
have
preferred
scientific
studies.
2
In
1825,
at
the
age
of
16,
Darwin
was
sent
to
Scotland
to
study
medicine.
He
studied
there
for
two
years
and
continued
to
do
poorly.
He
once
wrote
to
his
sister
that
his
medical
courses
were
completely
stupid.
By
then,
Darwin's
father
knew
his
son
would
never
become
a
doctor.
Darwin's
father
then
sent
him
to
Cambridge
to
become
a
clergyman.
During
his
Cambridge
years,
Darwin
loved
to
collect
beetles,
but
to
him
it
was
only
a
hobby.
He
didn't
take
it
seriously.
3
That
was
Professor
John
Henslow,
the
head
of
the
Botany
Department.
Somehow,
Darwin
managed
to
graduate
from
Cambridge
in
1831.
Upon
graduation,
Professor
Henslow
arranged
for
him
to
go
with
Captain
Fitzroy
on
a
survey
around
the
world.
During
the
voyage,
Darwin
collected
rocks,
bones
and
insects.
He
took
many
notes
on
all
that
he
observed.
4
The
widely
believed
theory
in
those
days
was
that
God
created
each
creature
separately
and
individually.
In
1859,
Darwin
published
his
famous
book,
The
Origin
of
Species.
5
The
theory
was
instantly
and
very
strongly
attacked.
Darwin
was
accused
of
destroying
religion
and
insulting
the
human
race.
Today,
however,
Darwin's
theory
is
considered
to
be
one
of
the
major
discoveries
of
modern
science.
A．As
a
result,
he
did
poorly.
B．One
person
at
Cambridge,
however,
did.
C．As
a
boy,
Darwin
showed
a
great
interest
in
living
things.
D．In
it,
he
explained
his
theory
of
evolution
by
natural
selection.
E．Shrewsbury
was
a
busy
market
town
surrounded
by
rich
farmlands.
F．The
thoughts
that
led
to
his
theory
of
evolution
were
beginning
to
form.
G．By
the
time
Darwin
died
in
1882,
he
was
recognized
as
one
of
England's
greatest
scientists.
篇章导读：本文是一篇说明文。文章主要向我们描述了世界著名生物学家——达尔文的生平。
1．C 根据本段中“looking
at
plants
and
birds
...”和“He
would
have
preferred
scientific
studies.”可知，达尔文喜欢研究生物，故选C。
2．A 根据前文“Young
Charles
thought
that
these
subjects
were
dull
and
useless.”可知，达尔文厌倦于学习学校里的文科类课程。由此可知在学校达尔文表现很差，故选A。
3．B 根据前两句“During
his
Cambridge
years,
Darwin
loved
to
collect
beetles,
but
to
him
it
was
only
a
hobby.
He
didn't
take
it
seriously.”可知达尔文喜欢收集甲虫，但对他来说，这只是一种爱好。他没有当真。然而，在剑桥的一个人做到了。故选B。
4．F 根据前两句“During
the
voyage,
Darwin
collected
rocks,
bones
and
insects.
He
took
many
notes
on
all
that
he
observed.”可知达尔文的调查研究使其产生了进化论的想法，即导致他进化论的思想开始形成，故选F。
5．D 根据前一句“In
1859,
Darwin
published
his
famous
book,
The
Origin
of
Species.”提到达尔文的《物种起源》，可知下文应该是讲这本书的内容。D项“在书中，他用自然选择解释了他的进化论”符合要求。故选D。
