第 16 讲 语言知识考查
语言知识的考查往往从词组搭配、词义辨析、语法结构及逻辑过渡词语等几个方面设题，旨在让学生日常学习中注重语言用法积累以便能在不同语境中正确地运用它们。
词组搭配在语言知识考查中所占的比重最大。历年高考完形填空选项中至少会出现两道词组题目。词组一般以以下几种形式出现：
一、词组搭配
1．以简单动词为中心＋介词/副词构成的词组辨析
【答案和解析】B 根据上文，此空需要“偏离道路”这一含义，故用go off the road。
【例1】Police reports are full of __35._accidents__ that occur when people fall into sleep and go __36__the road.(2011全国卷)
36. A. up B. off
C. along D. down
【例2】…， so I decided to __47__on learning the game, do my best at each practice session, and not be too hard on myself for the things I didn't __48._know__ “just yet”. (2011北京卷)
47. A. focus B. act
C. rely D. try
【答案和解析】A 虽然四个选项都可与on构成搭配，但根据下文do my best at each practice session可知作者下定决心学好篮球，把精力都集中在学习篮球上。 focus on 集中精力/注意力于……
2. 以简单动词＋介词为中心构成的词组辨析
【例3】I watched as you faced the __25._changes__of completing your studies, starting companies with Dad，while still being a __26._model__ and a Mom of five kids. I was exhausted just watching you __27__.(2011天津卷)
27. A. in danger B. in action
C. in trouble D. in charge
【答案和解析】B 根据上文语境信息，此句意思应为：光看着你不停忙碌就让我很累。in action 在运转中；in danger 处于危险中。in trouble 处于麻烦中； in charge负责，掌管。
3. 由介词＋简单名词构成的名词词组
【例4】 Now Maja was ready to keep her __48__. (2011湖北卷)
48. A. appointment B. promise
C. record D. habit
【答案和解析】B 根据上下文语境，可得知此句含义为：如今，Maja该兑现诺言了。故选keep one's promise这个词组。
4. 由动词＋名词构成的词组
二、词义辨析
词义辨析主要体现于四个选项均为名词、形容词或副词等。它们在完形填空20道题中常各占一道或两道题。
【例1】 There are times when people are so tired that they fall asleep almost anywhere. We can see there is a lot of sleeping on the bus or train on the __21__ home from work in the evenings. (2011全国卷Ⅱ)
21. A. way B. track
C. path D. road
【答案和解析】A 根据上文可知，在下班回家的路上人们因工作劳累而在公交车、火车上睡着，故此处因为 ：on the way home from work。
1. 名词辨析
【例2】 We were thrown into the water, and Dad was struggling aimlessly. At that moment, I felt fiercely __52__ of him. I swam to Dad __53._quickly__ and assisted him in climbing onto the hull(船壳) of the boat.
52. A. ashamed B. protective
C. tired D. afraid
【答案和解析】B 根据上下文中的“struggling aimlessly”， “assisted him”可知我要保护他。
2. 形容词辨析
【例3】 I led Tony away __47__， saying that the drum was too expensive. (2011辽宁卷)
47. A. happily B . eagerly
C. cautiously D. quickly
【答案和解析】D 句意：我边快速地把Tony带走，边说着礼物很贵这样的话。quickly可以反映作者的焦虑以及对即将发生的事情的一种铺垫。
3. 副词辨析
三、语法结构
近几年的完形填空题逐渐淡化语法概念，所以语法题所占比重不多。但是非谓语动词的考查很常见，偶尔也会考查情态动词的用法，其他语法板块内容涉及很少。
1．非谓语动词结构
非谓语动词结构的考查还是立足于它们在句子中充当的句法功能，如需要填入一个非谓语动词结构作定语、状语、宾语补足语等句子成分，旨在考查学生的句子分析能力。
【例1】 We can see there is a lot of sleeping on the bus or train… Or he will fall asleep on the shoulder of the stranger __25__ next to him…The worst time to fall asleep is when __34__. (2011全国卷Ⅱ)
25. A. lying B. waiting
C. talking D. sitting
34. A. thinking B. working
C. walking D. driving
【答案和解析】25. D 上文中的信息on the bus or train说明：可能会靠在坐在旁边的陌生人的肩膀上睡着。本题考查非谓语动词中现在分词作定语。
34. D 此处强调最糟的就是开车时打盹。D 为最佳选项。本题考查非谓语动词中连词＋现在分词这一状语结构。
【例2】 There are also styles to remind me of Mum—a tiny chair which __37__be in her bedroom is set in one room. (2011四川卷)
37. A. ought to B. used to
C. might D. could
【答案和解析】B 根据句意：一把过去曾经在母亲卧室里摆放的小椅子被安放到了其中一个房间。used to 表过去常常……
2．情态动词
情态动词的考查常结合完形填空篇章上下文背景信息。
四、逻辑过渡词语
上下文之间表转折、递进、因果等关系的过渡词语选择也一般会占一道题量。这就要求学生平时要关注句与句、段与段之间逻辑衔接。
【例1】__52__，the boy of our story was a pretty smart guy, even if he couldn't always get what he wanted. (2011江苏卷)
52. A. Therefore B. However
C. Moreover D. Otherwise
【答案及解析】B 考查上下文的逻辑关系。从下文even if来判断，该句的逻辑应该是：即使……然而……第 15 讲 情境知识考查
完形填空的文章多选自英文报刊、杂志或网站，选材多为贴近日常生活，具有一定故事情境和情感教育意义的短文。
体裁常为夹叙夹议，由叙及议，前面大部分常采用第一人称叙述某件生活小事，最后一部分上升为议论，从生活中的小事得到的心灵感悟以及对人生态度的启迪。
中西方文化、语言背景的不同造成了逻辑思维方面的差异，这就要求学生带着“跨文化意识”去理解文章的遣词造句、行文布局、上下文语境，并结合自己的亲身经历或想象与文中作者共鸣。
主要从生活常识、文化背景及情感经历等角度进行设题，下面结合例题去体会这种设题特点。
一、考查角度
【答案及解析】B 生活常识情境：当大伙围在餐桌边坐好时(all of us were seated around the table)，主人应该是端上准备好的佳肴供客人享用，而不是cooked 或者 made食物，所以排除A、D。
【例1】The word “spaghetti” brought back the __36._memory__of an evening at Uncle Alien' s in Belleville __37._when__all of us were seated around the table and Aunt Pat __38__ spaghetti for supper.
38. A. cooked B. served C. got D. made
【例2】What laughing __42._arguments__ we had about the __43__ respectable method for moving spaghetti from plate to mouth.
43. A. nearly B. naturally
C. officially D. socially
【答案和解析】D 文化背景情境：此题考查了学生对餐桌礼仪文化的理解。在自己家里或没有外人在场的情况下可以用任意的吃相吃spaghetti，但是若想以一种respectable 方式把长长的意大利面从盘里搬到嘴里，那是社交场合下一种约定俗成的要求。故socially更符合题意。
教学建议：为帮助学生更好地理解这种餐桌文化，可观看影片Titanic中，Jack刚进入上流社会宴会， 和Rose 的母亲在同一餐桌吃饭时，俩人不同的吃相以及举止的巨大反差。
【例3】He had a habit of telling __45._jokes__. One time he said, “Doc, a deaf and dumb(聋哑)man __46._needed__ some nails. Having entered a store, he put two fingers together on the counter and made __47__ movements with the other hand. The clerk brought him a hammer. He __48__his head and pointed to the two fingers he was hammering. The clerk __49._brought__him some nails. He picked out the right size and left.…”
47. A. cutting B. hammering
C. waving D. circling
48. A. nodded B. raised
C. shook D. turned
【答案及解析】47. B 生活常识情境：一个聋哑人想买钉子，用一只手的两个指头做钉子，另一只手当然做敲锤动作了。
48. C 生活常识情境：当店员以为他想买锤子，而给他拿了锤子时，聋哑人当然要摇头了。
教学建议：这种情境，可鼓励学生以情景剧的形式把它表演出来，使学生对该语句的理解有个直观的感受。
【例4】After an absence of thirty years, I decided to visit my old school again…I wondered for a moment if I had come to the right 3._address.
…I was pleased to find that it was 4._break time and that the children were all in the playground. This would enable me to __5__ some members of staff.
5. A. remember B. know
C. meet D. recognize
【答案及解析】B 情感经历共鸣：文中作者阔别母校30年，重返母校时因岁月变迁之大而怀疑自己是否找对地址了。碰巧是课间休息时间，这使得他有机会去认识教职员工，故而选know。不选remember和recognize是因为30年的沧桑变故，他在母校几乎不大可能认出谁或记得谁，而meet一般是约好的碰面。
教学建议：这种情感经历可与贺知章的《回乡偶书》中“少小离家老大回”的作者相关联。
Returning Home
I left home young and not till old do I return，
Speaking as then, but with hair grown thin and gray，
The children don't know me, whom I meet on the way，
“Where do you come from, reverend sir？” they smile and say
综上所述，学生阅读过程中应该根据上下文，瞻前顾后地寻找相邻信息词句，共同组建文境，并激活大脑进行联想，使类似于上述情境在大脑空间中以各种方式视觉化(Visualize)，情境化(Situationize)，图像化(Picturize )。
二、随堂演练
根据上述策略，体会下列题中的生活情境。
1. As I drove my blue Buick into the garage. I saw that a yellow Oldsmobile was 21. parked too close to my space. I had to drive back and forth to get my car into the __22__ space. That left 23._hardly enough room to open the door.
22. A. complete B. close
C. narrow D. fixed
【答案 】C
2. Of course, the __48._house__ awoke, and my son was thrilled(激动的)with my reaction. Many kisses were __49__， and I immediately wanted him to __50._open__ my gift.
49. A. exchanged B. experienced
C. expected D. exhibited
【答案】A
3. I climbed the stairs slowly, carrying a big suitcase, my father following with two more. By the time I got to the third floor, I was __26._tired__and at the same time feeling lonely. Worse still, Dad __27._missed__a step and fell, sending my new suitcases __28__down the stairs.
28. A. rolling B. passing
C. dropping D. turning
【答案】A第 17 讲 换位思考 挖空设题
在阅读英文文章过程中，考生应带着完形填空的意识去审视一篇文章的遣词造句，换位到试卷命题者角度，对一篇文章能从文化背景知识，生活常识，情感经历共鸣，上下文语境等情境方面设题，或者从词组搭配，词义辨析，语法结构或逻辑过渡词语等语言知识角度设题。
这种思维方式的不断演练能提高考生对完形填空上述设题角度的敏感性，从而提高解答完形题空的题感和更好理解篇章的语感。因此碰到符合完形填空题材和体裁特点的好文章，至少要按以下步骤阅读三遍。
步骤一：通读全文，领会大意；
步骤二：细读全文，挖词设空；
步骤三：回读全文，推敲词句。
【例1】I played a racquetball(短柄墙球) game against my cousin Ed last week. It was one of the most surprising and __1._tiring__ games I've ever had. When Ed first phoned and suggested we play, I laughed quietly, figuring on an __2._easy__ victory. After all, Ed's idea of exercise has always been nothing more effort making than lifting a fork to his mouth. As long as I can remember, Ed's been the __3._least__ physically fit member in the family. and strangely proud of himself. His big stomach has always __4._ballooned_out__ between his T shirt and trousers.
Although the family often joked about that, he'd refused to buy a larger T shirt or to lose weight. So when Ed arrived for our game not only with the bottom of his shirt __5._gathered__ inside his trousers but also with a stomach you could __6._hardly__notice. I was so surprised that I was speechless. My cousin must have made an effort to get himself into __7._shape__. As a result, at the point in our game when I'd have predicted(预计) the score to be about 9 to 1 in my favor, it was instead
7 to 9 — and Ed was __8._leading__. The sudden realization was painful. We continued to play like two mad men. When the score was 16 up, I was having serious doubts about staying alive until 21 years old. Let alone scoring that many points. When the game finally ended, both of us were lying __9._flat__on our backs, too tired to move. __10._In_a_way__， I think we both won: I won the game, but cousin Ed won my respect.
【设空解析】设空1：该词要依据后文信息方能做出判断，这次比赛很让人精疲力竭。可设置成以 ing结尾的形容词辨析题。
设空2：该词和空1有关联。预计中轻而易举能获胜的比赛结果却出乎意料。
设空3：该词这种用法搭配比较灵活。这种修饰性词汇考查也是完形填空常设置的一种题型。
设空4：该词非常有生活情境关联意义。日常生活中那些身材肥胖的人的肚子经常像气球那样突出来，所以这个考题设置将会非常贴近生活。
设空5：该词也能再现一个非常形象的生活情境。把衣服下摆塞进裤子里面用gathered，很生动。
设空6：该词和前文信息形成很大的反差。这次见面，Ed可能因减肥成功，他的肚子几乎都让人注意不到了，而不是像先前那样如气球般突出来而引人注目。这里可设置一道副词辨析题，完形填空中副词辨析的题目一般都会有一道。
设空7：该词也包含了一定的生活情境信息。减肥成功了，体型恢复。可设置一道名词辨析题，与shape相区别。
设空8：该词是一道体育常识题。从比分上看，Ed竟然领先于我了，leading在体育比赛很常用。所以可设置成一道动词辨析题。
设空9：该词也是一道生活常识题。比赛结束，双方都精疲力竭而平躺在地上不想动弹。可设置成一道形容词辨析题。 设空10：way的短语很多。所以此题可挖空设成一道考查way的不同短语的用法辨析题。
【答案】1. moment 2. honor 3. announced 4. still 5. shocked 6. really 7. Present 8. Understanding
9. model pete 11. through 12. difficulties 13. get over 14. move on
15. rough 16. in addition to 17. change 18. hang out 19. easy 20. yourself
【答案及解析 】1. D 上下文语境题，首句中出现ill，此选项应是ill的同义表达，故选sickness。
2. B 上下文语境题，上句出现病情可以manageable，所以作者应该是享受那段过去的美好时光，故选enjoyed。
3. C 副词辨析题，根据下文“时代发生改变”，结合首句“作者生病”，可推出作者表达的是不幸的情绪，故选unfortunately。此类选项为高考完形填空中的高频选项。
6. B 逻辑过渡词语题，多用于句子与句子之间，解决连词的问题。因为作者下午需要睡觉，所以受到限制。故选As。
7．C 名词词义辨析题，第三段首句提到作者打算做某事，但由于病情，下午需要睡觉，所以选择受限，故选choices。
8. D 词组搭配题，上文提到过几年之前唱歌的事实，此处再次出现要去唱歌，故选going back。
9. A 全家都是音乐家，所以走进音像店会被认出。
10. A A and B并列结构，要求前后词性与词义要相似，几乎在每年的高考完形中都会考查这个知识点。本题and之前说东西很贵，之后理应推出没有足够的钱。
11. D 四个选项中有一组反义词，答案多在这组反义词中出现。此题C和D构成反义结构，根据文章信息，故选often。
12. A 实际上一张光盘里的十首歌也只有三四首可以用，故选actually。
13. C 上文中作者有提到过想再次唱歌的这个想法，故选idea。
14. C 同义辨析， view强调的是眺望风景，look强调看的眼神，sight强调视力，本文店主深深地看了作者，属于眼神之间的交流，故选look。
15. D 固定搭配，店主带领作者穿过拥挤的店铺，从空间穿过，故选through。
16. B 下文出现treasure，因此可以推出店主对自己的宝物爱不释手，心爱地触摸，故选lovingly。
17. A 固定搭配，take your pick，美国俚语，随你挑选的意思。
18. D 语法题。should have cried，本应该哭而没有哭，放在原文中过于牵强，而本题是作者受到店主的感激，非常感动，本可以哭但没有哭，故选could have cried。
19. B 寻找重复,11题与12题之前曾出现only three to four songs…can use，对应…could sing，故选the ones。
20. C 主旨概括，即所选选项要与原文中心相一致。本文详细描述店主对作者的帮助，店主的善举感动作者，故选kindness。
