【5个专题30份】浙江省2012届高考英语二轮专题总复习学案

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第 26 讲 书面表达技巧点拨
增强书面表达效果的技巧
一、遣词方面：有换词概念
1．使用高级的词汇或短语或替换同义初级词汇。
例1. He studies hard. So he does well in all the subjects.
＝He studies hard. Therefore,_he does well in all the subjects.
＝He studies hard. As a result, he does well in all the subjects.
＝He studies hard. As_a_consequence,_he does well in all the subjects.
2．使用单词的多种词性，使句子多样化。
例1. A dictionary is very important in English study.
＝A dictionary is of_great_importance in English study.
例2. He is successful in his career.
＝He achieves_a_great_success in his career.
二、造句方面：使句子多样化
形容词开头：
The boy, hungry and thirsty, went back home.
Hungry_and_thirsty,_the boy went back home.
副词开头：
The children stayed there quietly.
Quietly,_the children stayed there.
不定式开头：
He got up early to catch the first bus.
To_catch_the_first_bus,_he got up early.
分词开头：
If you give me enough time, I can do it well.
Given_enough_time,_I can do it well.
After he finished the exercise, he went out.
Finishing_the_exercise,_he went out.
(2011浙江卷)假设你是高中生李越，有感于校园中存在的随意涂写(to scribble)和乱丢垃圾(to litter)的行为，请用英语给校长写一封100－120个词的信。信中应包括以下内容：
1．说明写信目的；
2．对这些行为进行批评；
3．提出建议。
注意：信的抬头、落款及信的第一句已给出(不计词数)。
June 8, 2011
Dear Mr. Headmaster，
I'm Li Yue, a student from Class 1, SeniorⅡ.
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________
Your faithfully，
Li Yue
解题步骤：
第一步：审题定文体。题目已明确要求是写一封信给校长反映校园里随意涂写和乱丢垃圾的行为，信的抬头﹑落款及信的第一句已给出。
第二步：确定总体时态和人称。人称：第一人称。时态：一般现在时。
第三步：确定写作思路，所需主要词汇和所用表达结构。
写作思路：
根据题目要求，先要说明写信目的是为了反映校园中存在的随意涂写(to scribble)和乱丢垃圾(to litter)的行为；然后对这些行为进行批评；并提出可行性建议。因此作文内容表达分三个层次展开。
主要词汇：
improper behaviour, makes our school dirty and unpleasant, set up specific rules
重点句型：
在写作时可用以下句型来组织完成句子：
表写信目的的句型：I am writing to draw your attention to…
表对不良现象提出批评的句型：It is not appropriate for students to…
表向对方提建议的句型：
(1)针对校方：I wonder if school could…
(可用被动语态句式) Some measures can be taken to prevent students from…
(2)针对学生：students should be encouraged to/discouraged to…
(3)可用一个强调句结尾： It is only with the joint efforts of both teachers and students that our school will become a more pleasant place in the near future.
【范文赏析】
June 8, 2011
Dear Mr. Headmaster,
I am Li Yue, a student from Class 1, Senior Ⅱ. I am writing to draw your attention to some improper behaviour among us students: littering and scribbling. It makes our school dirty and unpleasant, and does hard to the image of our school. I always feel ashamed whenever I see this. It is clearly not appropriate for a student to litter and scribble about. I wonder if the school could place more dustbins
around and set up specific rules against such behaviour. At the same time, students should be encouraged to develop good habits and better behave themselves. I believe that, with the joint efforts of both teachers and students, our school will become a more enjoyable place in the near future.
Thank you for your consideration.
Yours faithfully,
Li Yue
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第 5讲 代词
1. Since people are fond of humor, it is as welcome in conversation as ______ else.(2011浙江卷)
A. anything B. something
C. anywhere D. somewhere　
【答案及解析】1. C　考查不定代词。句意为“人们喜爱幽默，所以，在谈话中或者别的什么地方的幽默都受人欢迎。”疑问副词anywhere与else连用，表示“除了in conversation”的其他任何地方，表示场合的。而anything和something是表示超越场合的事物。
2. ______ that's important is that you are doing your best and moving in the right direction. (2010浙江卷)
A. One B. All
C. Everything D. Anything
【答案及解析】2. B　句意：重要的是你正在尽全力并且朝着正确的方向前行。分析四个选项的意思，从而判断此处选择all意思最合适。即all that ＝ what, 相当于 What's important is that…
3. — I've read another book this week.
— Well, may be ______ is not how much you read but what you read that counts.(2009浙江卷)
A. this B. that
C. there D. it
【答案及解析】3. D　考查强调句型。后半句句意：可能不是你读了多少，而是你读的内容才重要。
常考不定代词的辨析
1．both, either, neither
都表两者范围，在句中作主语、宾语、定语。both可作同位语，意为“两者都”；either 表“两者中任一个”； neither表“两者都不”。
2．any, none, all
表三者或三者以上范围，any 表任何一个、一些(不可数或复数概念，用于否定句、疑问句或条件从句中)；none 表三者或三者以上中的哪一个都不；all 整个的，所有的(三者或三者以上以及不可数)。
eg. This book is a good seller，so you can buy it at any shop in Beijing.
None of us are/is perfect.
All of the village was flooded.
3．no one, nobody, none, nothing
no one，nobody表没有人，nothing 指没有什么事物；none 兼指人和物。none 着眼于数量概念，特指“人或物一个也没有，一点儿也没有”。
— How many people are there in the hall
— None.
— Who wants to go with him
— No one (Nobody).
— What can you see in the bottle — Nothing.
— Is there any water in it？— None.
4. another, the other, the other＋复数名词(或the others), other (或other ＋复数名词)
another 表三者或三者以上范畴中的任一个，与数词连用，表“再有”；the other 表两者中的另外那个，特指；the other＋复数名词(或the others)，另外那些，表示其余所有的人或物，用于特指；others (或other＋复数名词)另一些，表示剩下的人或物中的另一些，泛指。
【例题】 — I don't like this, show me another one.
— If you want to change for a double room, you'll have to pay ______ $15.
A. another B. other
C. more D. each
【答案】A
人称、物主、反身、指示代词的用法
1．人称代词
(1)分清主格和宾格形式。
(2)注意约定俗成的用法。
— Who is it — It's me.
(3)使用we 和you 泛指一般人。
(4)使用she代表国家、船只、月亮、大地等。
China is a great country. She has a long history。
(5)并列主语或宾语中顺序是：you, he (she) and I; we, you and they。
2．物主代词
名词性物主代词——在句中作主语、宾语、表语、补足语，构成双重所有格：a friend of mine。
形容词性物主代词——只能起定语作用， my friend。
3．反身代词
(1)在句中作宾语、表语和同位语；
(2)单复数的确定；
(3)在一些语境中的特殊含义。
eg. Make yourself at home.
不要拘礼；请随便吧。
Don't get nervous, help yourself to what you like.
别紧张，喜欢吃什么就吃什么。
Have you enjoyed yourself today
你今天玩得愉快吗？
4．指示代词
(1)this, that, these, those
①在句子中作主语、宾语、表语和定语。
②this (these)一般指时间和空间上较近的人或物，而that (those)常指时间和空间上较远的人或物。
③this (these)一般指后面要讲到的事物，而that (those)常指前面讲到的事物。
eg. What he told me is this: he wanted to go to Beijing.
He didn't come. That is why he didn't know.
④that, those 常用来指代前面提到过的某个名词。
eg. The oil output in 2011 was higher than that of 2010. (that 代替oil output)
(2)such
①such引起倒装句，谓语的数取决于后面主语的数。
eg. Such is my answer. / Such are our people.
②作定语，注意和so 的区别，尤其是在so…that…， such…that…句型中。
eg. I have never seen such beautiful flowers. (复数名词前，不可用so)
I have never seen such a great film. (也可为so great a film)
We have such beautiful weather today that we should go out for an outing. (不可数名词前，不可用so)
There are so many people in the hall that it's hard for me to find him. (在数量概念的many，much，little, few 之前，不可用such )
it 的用法
1. it的指代作用
John likes playing ping pong. He always does it in the afternoon. (指代上下文提到的事物)
　　 It is getting warmer and warmer. (指天气)
　　 It's very quiet at the moment. (指环境)
2. 作形式主语和形式宾语
(1)作形式主语，代替由不定式、动名词或从句表示的真正主语。
It's important for us to learn a second language. It's no use talking to him.
It's known to all that the earth goes around the sun.
(2)作形式宾语，代替由不定式、动名词或从句表示的真正宾语。
We feel it our duty to help others.
He made it clear that he would leave the city.
3. 强调结构
It is (was) ＋被强调部分＋that (或who)＋句子的其余部分
注意： 在强调结构中，如被强调部分为时间状语或地点状语，其后的连接词也绝不能为when 或where，而应用that。在复习中，一定要注意句式的不同。
It was in Shanghai that I bought the guitar. (that引起强调句)
It was Shanghai where I bought the guitar. (where引起定语从句)
It was twelve o'clock when we arrived there. (when引起时间状语从句)
It was at twelve o'clock that we arrived there. (that 引起强调句)
4. it, one, that 的区别
one 用以指代同类事物中的任一个。
that 特指性强，指代可数与不可数名词。
it指代上文提过的同一事物。
【例题】(1)— Why don't we take a little break
— Didn't we just have ______？
A. it B. that C. one D. this
(2)The Parkers bought a new house but ______will need a lot of work before they can move in.
A. they B. it C. one D. which
【答案】 (1) C　(2) B
易错易混点
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第 18 讲 细节理解题
细节理解题就是我们常见的wh 题，它们大多是根据文章中的具体信息如事实、例证、原因、过程、论述等进行提问的；是对文章(或某一段落)中某一些特定细节或重要事实的辨认能力。从高考开始以来，细节理解题占阅读理解题总量的一半以上。
(1) Which of the following statements is (not) true (or correct)
(2) Which of the following is not mentioned in the text
(3) All of the following are true except ______.
(4) The author (or the passage) states that ______.
(5) According to the passage, when (where, why, how, who, what, which, etc.)…？
【提问方式】
1. 隐含提问法
出题者使用同义词语、参照词、代词等，使考生对阅读内容和问题产生模糊感。例如：
The basketball team never lacked vociferous(大叫大嚷的) young supporters, but they rarely responded to this show of enthusiasm.
Question：Who seldom reacted to that enthusiastic show
A. The young people.
B. The players.
C. Some people.
D. A lot of people.
因为the basketball team 和 players；seldom reacted 和rarely responded是两对同义关系的词语，而they又与basketball team有参照关系，所以答案应该是B。
2. 真伪证实法
出题者要求考生确立文章中的事实，不让其问题直接与文章中的事实对号入座，而是提出似是而非，或完全错误的事实让考生去判断。对于这类题目，考生不要根据自己读文章的最初印象马上加以判断，而必须找到与问题相应的文章部分，找出正确肯定的事实，才可以据此判定否定的或错误的答案。
3. 间接提问法(迂回提问法)
问题不直接提出，而是绕着弯子提出。比如，涉及时间、距离及数据等时，你必须经过复杂的测算才能确定答案，有时，选择答案给你的数据与文章中的数据不符，只是一个近似数值(其他选择答案完全不沾边，完全错误)，或者，提问者只给你一部分事实，让读者续出相应的事实使其更完整正确(这又叫做省略提问法)。
【答案及解析】 56. C　由第一段最后一句可知：妈妈和Patrick太太正忙于清扫，后来遇到她时，她惭愧地笑了，好像做错了事似的，由此可知，她当时本应该忙着干活。
58. D　第七段，“The strange thing was, we didn't mention that day afterward. I felt a little embarrassed. Surely none of the others had been as excited as I．” 作者认为，只有她一个人还记得当初放风筝的美好时刻，而其他人都忘记了。
59. B　原本这位母亲用各种借口来推脱孩子去外面玩的要求，但是当她的母亲回忆起那个放风筝的日子时，往日美好的场景开始充斥这位母亲的思绪，所以她欣然答应外出。
60. A　第七段作者觉得只有自己还封存着那个美好的回忆，自己是孤单的，但是这个从战场回来的男孩，却也是靠着那个美好的回忆在战俘营中生存了下来，所以作者不是一个人在珍惜那段记忆。
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第 14 讲 情景交际
一、日常交际应答语
1. 感谢与应答
感谢：Thank you very much. / Thanks a lot. / Many thanks.
应答： That's all right. / Thanks for helping me. / You're welcome. / That's OK. / Not at all.
It's my pleasure. / Don't mention it. / It's nothing. / Think nothing of it. / Forget it.
2. 道歉与应答
道歉： I'm sorry. / I'm sorry to trouble you. / I'm sorry to have kept you waiting.
应答： It doesn't matter. / It's not important. / That's/It's nothing. / Not at all. /Never mind.
That's all right. / Forget it. / That's OK. / No problem. / Not to worry.
3. 劝告、建议与应答
劝告和建议：
I think you ought to…我想你应该……
If I were you, I'd…如果我是你，我会……
It might be a good idea if you…如果你……这倒是个好主意。
Have you ever thought of…？ 你是否想过要……？
I recommend that…我建议……
I strongly advise you to…我极力主张你……
You really ought to…你的确应该……
Personally, I think you'd better…依我看，你最好……
Why not do…？ 为什么不……？
Why don't you do…？ 你为什么不……？　　I suggest that…我建议……
What about doing…？ ……怎么样？
How about doing…？ ……怎么样？
Shall we…？ 我们去……好吗？
Let's…， shall we 让我们去……好吗？
You need (to)…你需要……
肯定的应答： Good idea. / That's great. / Sounds great. / It sounds great. / That's fine. /Why not
否定的应答：I'd love to，but… / I'm afraid… / It's an idea，but…
4. 请求与应答
请求： May I…？ / Can I / Could I…？ / Do you mind if I…
肯定的应答： With pleasure. / Certainly(Of course) / Sure，go ahead. / Yes，help yourself.
Of course not，go ahead(回答Do you mind if I…的请求).
否定的应答：I'm afraid not. / Better not. / I'd rather you didn't.
5. 应答对方的要求
肯定的：All right. / I will.
否定的：No way. / Forget it.
— Do remember to call me up when you arrive. —I will.
— I think you should phone Jenny and say sorry to her.
—No way. It was her fault.
6. 邀请与应答
邀请： Would you like to…？ / Why don't we…？
肯定的应答： That would be fine. / That's very kind of you. /All right. /Yes，I'd love to.
否定的应答：I'd love to，but… / Sorry，I can't. / I'm afraid I can't.
7. 祝愿、祝贺与应答
祝愿、祝贺： Good luck! / Best wishes to you. /Have a nice/good time/journey. /Congratulations!
Happy New Year! / Merry Christmas! / Happy birthday to you.
应答： Thank you! / The same to you. / You，too. / Happy New Year！(Merry Christmas！)
8. 鼓励、赞扬与应答
鼓励、赞扬： Very good. / Well done. /Wonderful. /Excellent. /Keep trying. /You can do it.
应答： Thank you. / OK. /I'll try it again.
9. 提供帮助与应答
主动提供帮助时：Can I help you /What can I do for you /Would you like me to help you
Do you want me to… / Let me…
需要别人帮助时：Yes，please. / Thank you for your help/ Thanks.
不需要别人帮助时：No，thank you./ Thank you all the same. / That's very kind of you, but…
二、情感态度的表达
1. 表示惊奇：Really / How come？(何以会……？) / What a surprise! /Good heavens!
2. 表示同情： I'm sorry to hear that. / What a pity! / That's really unlucky. / Bad luck.
3. 表示安慰： Don't worry. / Don't be afraid. / Take your time. / Take it easy.
Make yourself at home. / It's quite all right. / It'll be OK.
4. 表示鼓励： Come on. / Cheer up. / You can do it. / You will make it.
5. 表示同意： I quite agree. / I couldn' t agree more. / Exactly. /Certainly. /Absolutely.
That's a good idea. / No problem. / I think so.
6. 表示不同意： Not really. / Not Exactly. / I don't quite agree. /I don't think so. / I'm afraid not.
7. 表示不在乎： So what / Who cares
解答情景交际题时要做到“四忌”
一忌上词下用
上词下用指的是答句部分沿用了题干句子的重点词、信息词，按表层意思似乎合情合理，但往往为错误的“虚像”，需经进一步分析后才能确定正确选项。如：
用“I don't”应答“Don't forget to come to my birthday party tomorrow”，
用“Don't be sorry”回答“I'm sorry I broke your mirror”，
用“Don't be sorry”回答“I'm sorry I broke your mirror”，
用“No thanks”回答“Thank you ever so much for the book you sent me.”
避免“上词下用”的误区，一是确认题目涉及的交际功能项目，二是确认句子上下文语境，三是确认正确的话语方式。
【例题】 — I wonder if I could use your telephone.
— ______.
A. I wonder how B. I don't wonder
C. Sorry, it's out of order D. No wonder, here it is.
【答案及解析】 C 尽管该题中反复出现“wonder”一词，但通过仔细审题可确定其考查的功能项目为征求对方意见，问句相当于“Could I use your telephone？”综合语境和话题的分析，正确的答话方式一般为“Of course you can”(肯定)或“Sorry，you can't”(否定)，也只有C项(抱歉，它坏了)符合题意，A、B、D项均属典型的“上词下用”现象，而且D项中的“No wonder”意思为“难怪”，更是和题干内容相差甚远。
二忌中文思维
与上词下用比较，这一误区更具迷惑性，因为无论按题目内容或是按思维方式来考虑，都非常符合中国学生的习惯。显然，掌握英汉两种语言和文化之间的相同和相异之处，对于准确解题至关重要。考生解题失误之一是按汉语的表达方式和结构去套英语，去选答案，这属于语言知识的“负迁移”。
【例题】 — Do you think it's going to rain over the weekend
— ______.
A. I don't believe B. I don't believe it
C. I believe not so D. I believe not
【答案及解析】 D　以Do you think…？这样的句子来提问，用D项来回答表示否定，显然不符合中文的表达习惯，这也正是许多考生选了A、B、C项的原因。另一个更常见的失误是套用中国文化模式。违背英语国家的思维方式和文化习俗，这属于文化方面的“负迁移”。
三忌直接回绝
这主要是指在对方要求得到帮助，提出请求或邀请时，回答过于直接，不够委婉，尽管从语义角度分析是没毛病的，但不符合英语国家的交际习惯。“请求”方面的问话有May I…？/Can I…？/I wonder if I could…/Do you mind if I…？等，“邀请”方面的问话有Will you…？/Would you like to…？/I'd like to invite to…等。在作否定回答时，为了表示礼貌和委婉，通常要用一些委婉词，如but，I'm afraid, I'm sorry, thanks, please, had better等。
【例题】 — I didn't know this was a one way street, officer.
— ______
A. That's all right. B. I don't believe you.
C. How dare you say that D. Sorry, but that's no excuse.
【答案及解析】 D　许多考生有可能选B、C项，这是没有注意到西方人生活、工作中交往的必要礼节，答话时过于生硬，没有顾及他人感情，而正确答案D项正是在充分考虑到说话双方的身份，彼此之间的关系以及说话人的立场和态度的基础上做出的选择。
四忌答非所问
答非所问的错误比较容易察觉，如果问话与答话的内容风马牛不相及的话，考生可以迅速排除。但有时双方会话内容有所关联，仔细推敲才发现其实答语并不切题。最典型的例子是With pleasure和It's a pleasure。前者一般在事前回答，表示“非常愿意”。后者一般在事后回答，表示“不用客气”。
【例题】 — Sorry, I couldn't come to the party. I was sick that day.
— ______.
A. I don't know that B. That's all right
C. Yes, we'll have another party
D. No, the party wasn't held
【答案及解析】 B　 A、C和D三项均明显地答非所问，与问句无关；只有B项能够作出直接的答复。
易错易混点
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第 17 讲 换位思考 挖空设题
在阅读英文文章过程中，考生应带着完形填空的意识去审视一篇文章的遣词造句，换位到试卷命题者角度，对一篇文章能从文化背景知识，生活常识，情感经历共鸣，上下文语境等情境方面设题，或者从词组搭配，词义辨析，语法结构或逻辑过渡词语等语言知识角度设题。
这种思维方式的不断演练能提高考生对完形填空上述设题角度的敏感性，从而提高解答完形题空的题感和更好理解篇章的语感。因此碰到符合完形填空题材和体裁特点的好文章，至少要按以下步骤阅读三遍。
步骤一：通读全文，领会大意；
步骤二：细读全文，挖词设空；
步骤三：回读全文，推敲词句。
【例1】I played a racquetball(短柄墙球) game against my cousin Ed last week. It was one of the most surprising and __1._tiring__ games I've ever had. When Ed first phoned and suggested we play, I laughed quietly, figuring on an __2._easy__ victory. After all, Ed's idea of exercise has always been nothing more effort making than lifting a fork to his mouth. As long as I can remember, Ed's been the __3._least__ physically fit member in the family. and strangely proud of himself. His big stomach has always __4._ballooned_out__ between his T shirt and trousers.
Although the family often joked about that, he'd refused to buy a larger T shirt or to lose weight. So when Ed arrived for our game not only with the bottom of his shirt __5._gathered__ inside his trousers but also with a stomach you could __6._hardly__notice. I was so surprised that I was speechless. My cousin must have made an effort to get himself into __7._shape__. As a result, at the point in our game when I'd have predicted(预计) the score to be about 9 to 1 in my favor, it was instead
7 to 9 — and Ed was __8._leading__. The sudden realization was painful. We continued to play like two mad men. When the score was 16 up, I was having serious doubts about staying alive until 21 years old. Let alone scoring that many points. When the game finally ended, both of us were lying __9._flat__on our backs, too tired to move. __10._In_a_way__， I think we both won: I won the game, but cousin Ed won my respect.
【设空解析】设空1：该词要依据后文信息方能做出判断，这次比赛很让人精疲力竭。可设置成以 ing结尾的形容词辨析题。
设空2：该词和空1有关联。预计中轻而易举能获胜的比赛结果却出乎意料。
设空3：该词这种用法搭配比较灵活。这种修饰性词汇考查也是完形填空常设置的一种题型。
设空4：该词非常有生活情境关联意义。日常生活中那些身材肥胖的人的肚子经常像气球那样突出来，所以这个考题设置将会非常贴近生活。
设空5：该词也能再现一个非常形象的生活情境。把衣服下摆塞进裤子里面用gathered，很生动。
设空6：该词和前文信息形成很大的反差。这次见面，Ed可能因减肥成功，他的肚子几乎都让人注意不到了，而不是像先前那样如气球般突出来而引人注目。这里可设置一道副词辨析题，完形填空中副词辨析的题目一般都会有一道。
设空7：该词也包含了一定的生活情境信息。减肥成功了，体型恢复。可设置一道名词辨析题，与shape相区别。
设空8：该词是一道体育常识题。从比分上看，Ed竟然领先于我了，leading在体育比赛很常用。所以可设置成一道动词辨析题。
设空9：该词也是一道生活常识题。比赛结束，双方都精疲力竭而平躺在地上不想动弹。可设置成一道形容词辨析题。　　设空10：way的短语很多。所以此题可挖空设成一道考查way的不同短语的用法辨析题。
【答案】1. moment　2. honor　3. announced　4. still　5. shocked　6. really　7. Present　8. Understanding
9. model　pete　11. through　12. difficulties　13. get over　14. move on
15. rough　16. in addition to　17. change　18. hang out　19. easy　20. yourself
【答案及解析 】1. D　上下文语境题，首句中出现ill，此选项应是ill的同义表达，故选sickness。
2. B　上下文语境题，上句出现病情可以manageable，所以作者应该是享受那段过去的美好时光，故选enjoyed。
3. C　副词辨析题，根据下文“时代发生改变”，结合首句“作者生病”，可推出作者表达的是不幸的情绪，故选unfortunately。此类选项为高考完形填空中的高频选项。
6. B　逻辑过渡词语题，多用于句子与句子之间，解决连词的问题。因为作者下午需要睡觉，所以受到限制。故选As。
7．C　名词词义辨析题，第三段首句提到作者打算做某事，但由于病情，下午需要睡觉，所以选择受限，故选choices。
8. D　词组搭配题，上文提到过几年之前唱歌的事实，此处再次出现要去唱歌，故选going back。
9. A　全家都是音乐家，所以走进音像店会被认出。
10. A　A and B并列结构，要求前后词性与词义要相似，几乎在每年的高考完形中都会考查这个知识点。本题and之前说东西很贵，之后理应推出没有足够的钱。
11. D　四个选项中有一组反义词，答案多在这组反义词中出现。此题C和D构成反义结构，根据文章信息，故选often。
12. A　实际上一张光盘里的十首歌也只有三四首可以用，故选actually。
13. C　上文中作者有提到过想再次唱歌的这个想法，故选idea。
14. C　同义辨析， view强调的是眺望风景，look强调看的眼神，sight强调视力，本文店主深深地看了作者，属于眼神之间的交流，故选look。
15. D　固定搭配，店主带领作者穿过拥挤的店铺，从空间穿过，故选through。
16. B　下文出现treasure，因此可以推出店主对自己的宝物爱不释手，心爱地触摸，故选lovingly。
17. A　固定搭配，take your pick，美国俚语，随你挑选的意思。
18. D　语法题。should have cried，本应该哭而没有哭，放在原文中过于牵强，而本题是作者受到店主的感激，非常感动，本可以哭但没有哭，故选could have cried。
19. B　寻找重复,11题与12题之前曾出现only three to four songs…can use，对应…could sing，故选the ones。
20. C　主旨概括，即所选选项要与原文中心相一致。本文详细描述店主对作者的帮助，店主的善举感动作者，故选kindness。
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第 15 讲 情境知识考查
完形填空的文章多选自英文报刊、杂志或网站，选材多为贴近日常生活，具有一定故事情境和情感教育意义的短文。
体裁常为夹叙夹议，由叙及议，前面大部分常采用第一人称叙述某件生活小事，最后一部分上升为议论，从生活中的小事得到的心灵感悟以及对人生态度的启迪。
中西方文化、语言背景的不同造成了逻辑思维方面的差异，这就要求学生带着“跨文化意识”去理解文章的遣词造句、行文布局、上下文语境，并结合自己的亲身经历或想象与文中作者共鸣。　
主要从生活常识、文化背景及情感经历等角度进行设题，下面结合例题去体会这种设题特点。
一、考查角度
【答案及解析】B　生活常识情境：当大伙围在餐桌边坐好时(all of us were seated around the table)，主人应该是端上准备好的佳肴供客人享用，而不是cooked 或者 made食物，所以排除A、D。
【例1】The word “spaghetti” brought back the __36._memory__of an evening at Uncle Alien' s in Belleville __37._when__all of us were seated around the table and Aunt Pat __38__ spaghetti for supper. 　　　　　　　　　　　
38. A. cooked B. served C. got D. made
【例2】What laughing __42._arguments__ we had about the __43__ respectable method for moving spaghetti from plate to mouth.
43. A. nearly B. naturally
C. officially D. socially
【答案和解析】D　文化背景情境：此题考查了学生对餐桌礼仪文化的理解。在自己家里或没有外人在场的情况下可以用任意的吃相吃spaghetti，但是若想以一种respectable 方式把长长的意大利面从盘里搬到嘴里，那是社交场合下一种约定俗成的要求。故socially更符合题意。
教学建议：为帮助学生更好地理解这种餐桌文化，可观看影片Titanic中，Jack刚进入上流社会宴会， 和Rose 的母亲在同一餐桌吃饭时，俩人不同的吃相以及举止的巨大反差。
【例3】He had a habit of telling __45._jokes__. One time he said, “Doc, a deaf and dumb(聋哑)man __46._needed__ some nails. Having entered a store, he put two fingers together on the counter and made __47__ movements with the other hand. The clerk brought him a hammer. He __48__his head and pointed to the two fingers he was hammering. The clerk __49._brought__him some nails. He picked out the right size and left.…”
47. A. cutting B. hammering
C. waving D. circling
48. A. nodded B. raised
C. shook D. turned
【答案及解析】47. B　生活常识情境：一个聋哑人想买钉子，用一只手的两个指头做钉子，另一只手当然做敲锤动作了。
48. C　生活常识情境：当店员以为他想买锤子，而给他拿了锤子时，聋哑人当然要摇头了。
教学建议：这种情境，可鼓励学生以情景剧的形式把它表演出来，使学生对该语句的理解有个直观的感受。
【例4】After an absence of thirty years, I decided to visit my old school again…I wondered for a moment if I had come to the right 3._address.
…I was pleased to find that it was 4._break time and that the children were all in the playground. This would enable me to __5__ some members of staff.
5. A. remember B. know
C. meet D. recognize
【答案及解析】B　情感经历共鸣：文中作者阔别母校30年，重返母校时因岁月变迁之大而怀疑自己是否找对地址了。碰巧是课间休息时间，这使得他有机会去认识教职员工，故而选know。不选remember和recognize是因为30年的沧桑变故，他在母校几乎不大可能认出谁或记得谁，而meet一般是约好的碰面。
教学建议：这种情感经历可与贺知章的《回乡偶书》中“少小离家老大回”的作者相关联。
Returning Home
I left home young and not till old do I return，
Speaking as then, but with hair grown thin and gray，
The children don't know me, whom I meet on the way，
“Where do you come from, reverend sir？” they smile and say
综上所述，学生阅读过程中应该根据上下文，瞻前顾后地寻找相邻信息词句，共同组建文境，并激活大脑进行联想，使类似于上述情境在大脑空间中以各种方式视觉化(Visualize)，情境化(Situationize)，图像化(Picturize )。
二、随堂演练
根据上述策略，体会下列题中的生活情境。
1. As I drove my blue Buick into the garage. I saw that a yellow Oldsmobile was 　21. parked　 too close to my space. I had to drive back and forth to get my car into the __22__ space. That left 23._hardly enough room to open the door.
22. A. complete B. close
C. narrow D. fixed
【答案 】C
2. Of course, the __48._house__ awoke, and my son was thrilled(激动的)with my reaction. Many kisses were __49__， and I immediately wanted him to __50._open__ my gift.
49. A. exchanged B. experienced
C. expected D. exhibited
【答案】A　　
3. I climbed the stairs slowly, carrying a big suitcase, my father following with two more. By the time I got to the third floor, I was __26._tired__and at the same time feeling lonely. Worse still, Dad __27._missed__a step and fell, sending my new suitcases __28__down the stairs.
28. A. rolling B. passing
C. dropping D. turning
【答案】A
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第 21 讲 词义猜测题
高考对考生推测词义能力的考查是非常重视的。这就要求我们在阅读时要通过上下文交代的内容作出合乎逻辑的推理。在必要时，做些语法分析，通过词与词的关系，确定其词性；有时根据常识和生活经验或构词法知识，完全可以对那些从未见过的生词的词义作出正确的推测。
做这种题时，特别要注意的是，对于那些我们熟悉的词千万不要妄自、草率下结论，一定要结合上下文判断它在文中的意思。
1. The word “…” in line…most nearly/probably means ______.
2. In line…， the word “…” refers to ______.
3. In line…， the word “…” could best be replaced by which of the following
4. The word “…” as used in line…in this passage means ______.
5. The word “…” as used in line…is closest in meaning to ______.
6. In line…， “…” could properly be replaced by ______.
7. By “…”， the author means ______.
1. 利用“同义关系”猜测词义
(1)被考查的词汇在文章中往往被同义词、同位词、定语从句等来解释或限定，根据这些词可以很容易猜测词义。
【例题】William Shakespeare said, “The web of our life is of a mingled yarn (纱线), good and ill together.”
The underlined word “mingled” in the paragraph most probably means “______”．
A. simple B. mixed
C. sad D. happy
【解析】 B　a mingled yarn 应与good and ill together同义，指交叉的，好的与坏的并存。答案为B。　
(2)作者常会用be, mean, refer to, in other words, that is (to say)等指示性词或词组来进一步解释说明某一词或短语。即生词和这些指示词后面部分的含义一样。
【例句】Mary felt perturbed,_that is, she was greatly disturbed by her sister's action.
【分析】你可能对句子中的perturbed不熟悉，但后面that is所引导的句子是对它的解释，从而可以猜出，它和disturbed的词义相近。
(3)有时候标点符号，如破折号、冒号或括号均可以表示同义关系或解释。
【例句】There are two types of fat, external_fat(fat under skin)and internal_fat (fat inside the body wall)．
【分析】通过括号内注释性文字，我们可知external fat 指的是“皮下脂肪”，而与之相对应的是“体内脂肪”。
【例句】Genetic learning is learning by a species — animals of the same kind — as a whole… ．
【分析】句中的破折号就是对画线部分的最好的注释，因此species指 “物种”。
(4)有时作者也常用such as, like, for example, for instance等进一步解释说明前面某一词句或某一现象。通过所举的例子，便可理解生词的含义。
2. 利用上下文的“对比、转折”关系来猜测词义
通过意思相反或对应的两个句子或两部分来判断其中某一部分的意思。这时只要知道其中一部分的含义，则另一部分也就一目了然了。两部分之间常用while, but, however, on the contrary, on the other hand等来表示转折，根据这样的标志词可以准确解释词义。
【例题】Born in Chicago in 1902, brought up and schooled in Nebraska, the 19 year old college graduate Ralph Tyler became hooked_on_teaching while teaching as a science teacher in South Dakota and changed his major from medicine to education.
The words “hooked on teaching” underlined in the passage probably mean “______”．
A. attracted to teaching B. tired of teaching
C. satisfied with teaching D. unhappy about teaching
【解析】 A　根据“…while teaching as a science teacher in South Dakota and changed his major from medicine to education.”可知他原来的专业是药学，在South Dakota做科学教师时被吸引到教育行业。
3．根据上下文的因果关系理解词义
有什么样的原因就会产生什么样的结果。因果关系是文章中一种很普通的语言表达关系。在这种关系中如果知道了原因，结果也就不难知道了；反之，如果知道了结果，原因也就不难发现。　
【例题】When Andrea Peterson landed her first teaching job, she faced the daunting task of creating a music program with almost no money for equipment or supplies in a climate where standard based learning was the focus and music just provided a break for students and teachers.
The underlined word “daunting” in the passage most probably means “______”.
A. discouraging B. interesting
C. creative D. unbearable
【解析】 A　根据文章中“creating a music program with almost no money for equipment or supplies in a climate where standard based learning was the focus and music just provided a break for students and teachers.”可知这个任务是令人气馁的，没有钱买乐器，而且音乐课也不受重视。
4．通过上下文提供的信息来推测词义　
【例题】Karen, grown up in a very traditional family in the western United States, maintained high moral(道德的) standards throughout her youth. In 1984, at the age of 23, she married Bill. They were_blessed_with two children, a boy and a girl.
The underlined part in the passage most probably means “______”．
A. were lucky in having B. were asked to adopt
C. regretted having D. gave birth to
【解析】 A　从最后一句可知他们生了两个孩子，这应是非常幸运的。 be blessed with 的意思是幸运地拥有，所以“were lucky in having”最贴切。　　
【例题】Shopkeepers in Modbury population 1,500, agreed to stop handing out disposable plastic bags to customers on Saturday. They said paper sacks and cloth carrier bags would be offered instead.
The underlined word “disposable” in the passage probably means “______”．
A. acceptable B. valuable
C. throw away D. long lasting
5. 运用“生活经验常识”猜测词义
【解析】 C　根据“They said paper sacks and cloth carrier bags would be offered instead.”可判断出塑料袋将被禁止提供，取而代之的是纸袋和布袋，因为塑料袋是用完即被丢弃，纸袋和布袋可以重复使用，可以推断出disposable的意思是“可丢弃的”。
【答案及解析】46. B　这道题考查学生查阅词义的能力。第二段“to keep asking someone for information…”跟问句中“pump me about the case”，意思相符。
47. C　从pump sth. out的第二种解释：to produce words or loud…same old propaganda.可知。或者运用“生活经验常识”，当我们观看喜欢的电视剧时，出现一次又一次的广告，我们的情绪是会很厌烦的。
48. A　在文中找到pump priming释义并结合例句“The government is awarding small, pump priming grants to single mothers who are starting their own businesses”，所以选择A。
49. D　找到punch板块，从the power to be interesting and have a strong effect on people, 以及紧随其后的例子 I felt the performance /speech/presentation lacked punch. 看出，尤其是词眼“speech”刚好有对应。
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第 11 讲 名词性从句
1. It is uncertain ______ side effect the medicine will bring about, although about two thousand patients have taken it. (2010浙江卷)
A. that B. what
C. how D. whether　
【答案及解析】1. B　考查主语从句引导词。句意：这种药将会带来什么样的副作用还不确定，虽然已有大约两千人在吃这种药。it为形式主语，______ side effect the medicine will bring about为真正的主语。还原句子： the medicine will bring about______ side effect，side effect前缺少一个修饰词，故用what。
2. — Is there any possibility ______ you could pick me up at the airport
— No problem. (2009浙江卷)
A. when B. that
C. whether D. what
【答案及解析】2. B　考查同位语从句的引导词。句意为：“你有可能到机场来接我吗？”“没问题。”you could pick me up at the airport是possibility的具体内容，故是同位语。又因这个从句不缺任何句子成分，故用that引导。
引导名词性从句的连接词
名词性从句相当于名词，可分别作主句的主语、表语、宾语和同位语。因此，名词性从句分为主语从句、表语从句、宾语从句和同位从句。
1．连接代词：who, whose, whom, what, which。有词义，在从句中充当成分，如主语、表语、宾语或定语等。
2．连接副词：when, where, why, how。有词义，在从句中充当成分，作状语。
3．连接词：that, whether, if, as if。that 无词义，在从句中不充当成分，有时可省略；if (whether), as if虽有词义，但在从句中不充当成分。
注意：名词性从句的语序———陈述语序
他是怎么成功的仍然是个谜。
How was he successful is still a puzzle. (×)
How he was successful is still a puzzle. (√)
主语从句的用法
1．主语从句在复合句中作主语。如：
Who_will_go is not important.
2．用it作形式主语，主语从句放在句末。如：
It doesn't matter so much whether_you_will_come_or_not.
3．that引导主语从句时，不能省略。如：
That_he_suddenly_fell_ill_last_week made us surprised.
表语从句的用法
1．表语从句在复合句中作表语，位于系动词之后。如：
The question was who_could_go_there.
2．引导表语从句的连接词that有时可省去。
My idea is (that)_we_can_get_more_comrades_to_help_in_the_work.
宾语从句的用法
1．宾语从句在复合句中作宾语。引导宾语从句的连词that一般可省略。如：
I hope (that) everything is all right.
2．介词之后的宾语从句，不可用which或if连接，要分别用what或 whether。如：
I'm interested in whether you've finished the work.
同位语从句的用法
同位语从句在句中作某些抽象名词的同位语，说明该名词的具体内容。这类抽象名词有：
I have no idea when he will be back.
The fact that he had not said anything surprised everybody.
1．whether与if的区别
(1)只能用if的情况
①宾语从句是否定句时，只用if，不用whether。 如：
I wonder if it doesn't rain.
②引导条件从句时，只能用if，而不能用whether。如：
Please come to see me if_you_have_time.
(2)只能用whether的情况
①用if 会引起误解，就要用whether。如：
Please let me know whether you want to go.
(此句如果把whether改成if，容易当成条件句理解)
②宾语从句中的whether 与or not直接连用，就不能换成if；不直接连用，可换。如：
I don't know whether_or_not the report is true.
I don't know whether/_if the report is true or not.
③介词后的宾语从句要用whether引导。whether 可与不定式连用。whether也可引导主语从句、表语从句、同位语从句，还可引导让步状语从句，以上均不能换成if。如：
It depends on_whether we have enough time.
They don't know whether_to_go there.
2．名词性从句中主句和从句的主谓一致
(1)主语从句作主语相当于单数第三人称作主语，谓语动词用单数。
(2)如果由and 连接两个或两个以上的主语从句作主语时，谓语动词用复数。
(3)由两个或多个连接词引导一个主语从句，谓语动词用单数。
When_they_will_start_and_where_they_go have not been decided yet.
　 When_and_where the party will be held has not been decided yet.
3. 疑问词 ＋ ever 和 no matter ＋ 疑问词的区别
(1)疑问词 ＋ ever可引导名词性从句，在主从句中要充当一定的成分。如：
　　Whoever breaks the rule must be punished. (作主语)
(2)疑问词 ＋ ever还可引导让步状语从句。如：
Whoever breaks the rule, he must be punished.
(3)no matter ＋ 疑问词只能引导让步状语从句。
No_matter_who breaks the rule, he must be punished.
4. 同位语从句和定语从句的区别
定语从句是先行词的修饰语，它不涉及先行词的具体内容。定语从句中that起连接作用，且充当句子成分，作宾语时可省略。
同位语从句表明中心词的具体内容。that在同位语从句中不作任何成分，只起连接作用，无具体含义，且不可省略。如：
We expressed the hope that_they_had_expressed.
(定语从句)
We expressed the hope that_they_would_come_to
China_again. (同位语从句)
5. it作形式主语的常用句型
It is possible/important/necessary/clear/true that…很可能/重要的是/必要的是/很清楚/很对……
It is said/ reported/believed that…据说/据报道……
It has been announced/declared that…已经通知/宣布……
It seems/appears/happens…that似乎/显然、明显/碰巧……
It is no wonder that…并不奇怪/无疑……
It's a pity/a shame/a good idea/a fact/common knowledge (众所周知)/a common saying… (俗话说……)
易错易混点
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第 9 讲 情态动词与虚拟语气
1. — How's your new babysitter
— We ______ask for a better one. All our kids love her so much. (2011浙江卷)
A. should B. might
C. mustn't D. couldn't 　
【答案及解析】1. D　考查情态动词的用法。句意为“——你的新保姆怎么样？”“——找不到更好的了。我们的孩子们都很喜欢她。”should应该；might可能，可以；mustn't禁止；couldn't不可能。
2. Had I known about this computer program, a huge amount of time and energy ______.(2010浙江卷)
A. would have been saved B. had been saved
C. will be saved D. was saved　
【答案及解析】2. A　考查虚拟语气。根据句子的倒装特征判断此处是省略了if的虚拟语气，原形是：If I had known about this computer program, a huge amount of time and energy ______. 句意为：如果我早知道这个电脑程序，就可以节省大量的时间和精力了。
3. “You ______ have a wrong number，” she said. “There's no one of that name here.”(2010浙江卷)
A. need B. can
C. must D. would
【答案及解析】3. C　考查情态动词。情态动词如果表示非常肯定的推测要用must。句意为：“你肯定打错电话了，”她说，“我们这里没有一个叫那个名字的人。”
4. The doctor recommended that you ______ swim after eating a large meal.(2009浙江卷)
A. wouldn't B. couldn't
C. needn't D. shouldn't
【答案及解析】4. D　考查虚拟语气。根据句子中的recommended(推荐)可知，从句应用“should ＋ 动词原形” 表示虚拟，且此句为否定句。
情态动词
情态动词的基本用法
1. 情态动词不能独立作谓语，其后接动词原形。
2. 情态动词没有人称和数的变化。
3. 情态动词一般没有时态的变化。
4. 情态动词接动词原形表描述现在或将来发生的动作或状态(modal verb＋ be / do, modal verb ＋ be doing)，情态动词接动词不定式的完成式表描述过去发生的动作或状态(modal verb ＋ have done)。
常考情态动词的用法
1. can, could
(1)表能力(＝be able to)。
(2)表许可＝may。
(3)表客气的请求，could比can更委婉。
(4)表推测，仅用于否定句和问句。
(5)(表示可能、许可)能够……；可以……
(6)can't / couldn't ＋v. ＋ too ＋adj. / adv. 再怎么……也不过分
can't / couldn't but＋v. 只好，不得不
can't help doing禁不住做……
can't help but do不能帮助做……
2. may, might
(1)表允许，许可＝can。
You may go home now, Susan.
苏珊，你现在可以回家了。
(2)表可能性，may比might可能性更大。
(3)may / might as well ＋ v. 还是……好
You may as well wait till Tuesday and go on a fast train.
你还是等到星期二乘快车走为好。
(4)表祝愿，祈求。
May you succeed！祝你成功！
(5)(用于让步状语从句中)即使；无论。
Whatever he may say，I don't believe him.
无论他说什么，我都不相信他的话。
3. must
(1)(表示义务、必要性、命令)必须，得，要。
You must do as you are told.
你必须按照吩咐去做。
(2)表强烈的劝告。
(3)表把握性很大的推测。
(4)must not表禁止，不允许。
Cars mustn't be parked here.
此处禁止停车。
(5)must的一般疑问句的否定回答用needn't或don't have to。
(6)(表固执，不满等)偏偏，硬要，偏要表示与说话人愿望相反及不耐烦。
Our three year old boy must do the opposite to what we ordered.
我们3岁的儿子很固执，要他向东，他偏向西。
(7)(表必然性)必定。
Everyone must die.
每个人都必定会死。
4. shall
(1)用于第一、三人称表征求意见，请求指示。
Shall she go to the concert with us this evening
今晚请她和我们一起去看演唱会吗？
(2)用于第二、三人称， 表示说话人的命令、强制、允诺、威胁或决心等， 多见于法律条文等文件中。
Don't worry。You shall get the answer this very afternoon. (允诺)
He shall be sorry one day. I tell you.
我告诉你，他早晚有一天会后悔的。(警告)
5. should
(1)(表惊讶、遗憾)竟然；居然。
It's a pity that he should resign.
可惜他竟然辞职了。
(2)(用于条件状语从句中)一旦；万一。
Should you change your mind, let us know. (＝If you should change your mind，…)
你一旦改变主意，就通知我们。
(3)(用于表示命令、建议、请求的动词后面的that从句中，且should可省略)应该；必须。
I suggested that he (should) change his mind.
我建议他改变主意。
6. will /would
(1)表请求，would用疑问句多与you连用比will更委婉，客气。
(2)表习惯性或反复性的动作，will指现在，would指过去的习惯＝used to。
(3)表意愿或固执坚持，事情作主语表固有的性质。
情态动词的特殊用法
1. 情态动词表推测：
对肯定情况的推测：
must be /do(现在或将来)must be doing(说话时正在进行)must have p．p. (已发生的或状态)
对否定情况的推测：
can /could not be /do(现在或将来)
can't /couldn't be doing(正在发生的动作)
can /could not have p．p. (过去的动作或状态)——把握性很大
may be/do(现在或将来)may be doing(说话时正在发生动作)
may have p．p. (已发生的动作或状态)
may not be/do(现在或将来)
may not be doing(说话时正在发生动作)
may not have p．p. (过去已发生的动作或状态)——把握性其次
might be/do(现在或将来)
might be doing(说话时正在发生动作)
might have p．p. (过去的动作或状态)
might not be/do(现在或将来)
might not be doing(说话时正在发生动作)
might not have p．p. (过去的动作或状态)—把握性不大
2. 情态动词的完成式：
(1) could have done 本来能够做而实际上未做
(2) might have done 本来可以做而实际上未做
(3) should / ought to have done 本来应该做而实际上未做
(4) ought not to have done /shouldn't have done 本来不应该做而实际上做了
(5) needn't have done 本来不必要做而实际上做了
虚拟语气
if 虚拟条件句的形式
注意：有时条件从句中的动作和主句中的动作发生的时间不一致(表示错综时间的虚拟语气)，这时动词的形式要根据它所表示的时间加以调整。如：
If you had_listened_to the doctor, you would_be_all right now.
如果你当初听了医生的话，身体现在就好了。(从句动作指过去，主句动作指现在)
if 虚拟条件句的转化
1. 省略连词if，将were, had或should提至主语前。如：
Were I you (If I were you), I would not do it.
我要是你，就不做这事。
2. 用介词短语代替条件状语从句。如：
Without_air,_there would be no living things.
如果没有空气的话，就不会有生物了。
But_for_your_help，I couldn't have done it.
要是没有你的帮助，我就不可能完成这件事。
3. 假设的情况有时可以通过上下文或其他方式表现出来。如：
I was busy that day. Otherwise I would have gone there with them.
我那天很忙，否则，我就和他们一起去那儿了。(如果我那天不忙的话，我就……)
I would_have_finished the work, but I have been ill.
我本来该完成这项工作的，但我生病了。(如果我没生病的话，我就会完成……)　　
4. 省去条件从句成主句。如：
You could have washed your clothes yourself.
你本可以自己洗衣服的。
If my grandmother were with me!
如果我的祖母与我在一起多好啊！
1. can可以作“有时候会……”解，意思是平时或大部分时间不是这样子，只是偶尔发生的事情。如：
The climates of East China can_be pretty cold in winter. 华东地区冬天的气候有时会相当冷。
2. 在“It is important (strange，natural，necessary)that…”这类句型里，that所引导的主语从句中的谓语动词常用 “should＋动词原形”结构，表示某事是“重要”、“奇怪”、“自然”、“必要”等意义。如：
It is important that every member (should)_inform himself of these rules.
重要的是每个成员知道这些规则。
3. 在动词wish后的宾语从句中：
(1)表示对现在情况的虚拟：从句动词用过去式或过去进行式(be动词一般用were)。如：
I wish I knew the answer to the question.
我希望知道这个问题的答案。(可惜不知道)
(2)表示对过去情况的虚拟：从句动词常用“had＋过去分词”。如：
I wish (wished) I hadn't_spent so much money.
我后悔不该花那么多钱。
(3)表示对将来的主观愿望：谓语动词形式为“would＋动词原形”。如：
I wish it would_stop raining.
但愿雨能停止。
4. 在suggest，demand，order，propose，insist，command，request，desire等动词后的宾语从句中，谓语动词用“should ＋ 动词原形”，表示建议、要求、命令等。如：
I demand that he (should)_answer me immediately.
我要求他立刻答复我。
5. 在“It is time (that)…”句型中，定语从句的谓语动词常用虚拟语气表示将来，动词形式一般用过去式，意思是“是该干某事的时候了”。如：
It's (high) time we did our homework.
是我们该做作业的时候了。
6. if only 要是……就好了。相当于I wish…(与wish 后的虚拟语气类似)，如：
If only you hadn't_told him the news.
易错易混点
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第 10 讲 定语从句
1. English is a language shared by several diverse cultures, each of ______ uses it somewhat differently. (2011浙江卷)
A. which B. what
C. them D. those　
【答案及解析】1. A　考查非限制性定语从句。从逗号可以看出。前面主句不缺成分，故后面部分一定为状语或定语从句，根据句意可以判断出后面是定语从句，cultures即先行词，排除B(并非名词性从句)、C(代词，引导从句不当)、D(副词，词不达意)。
2. A bank is the place ______ they lend you an umbrella in fair weather and ask for it back when it begins to rain. (2011浙江卷)
A. when B. that
C. where D. there
【答案及解析】2. C　考查定语从句。主句主系表结构俱全，后面一定是起修饰作用的定语或状语从句，从句意可知是定语从句，且先行词即place。而从句也不缺成分，因此用连接副词where在从句中代替place充当状语。
3. The settlement is home to nearly 1,000 people, many of ______ left their village homes for a better life in the city. (2010浙江卷)
A. whom B. which
C. them D. those
【答案及解析】3. A　考查定语从句引导词。由many之后的逗号和选项特征可知，此处是主从句关系，排除C、D项。由于先行词是“1,000 people”，表示人，故用whom。句意为：这里居住着将近1000人，他们中的许多人都背井离乡去城市追求更好的生活了。
4. I have reached a point in my life ______ I am supposed to make decisions of my own. (2009浙江卷)
A. which B. where
C. how D. why
【答案及解析】4. B　考查定语从句，先行词是a point，且在从句中作地点状语，故用where。
定语从句与引导词
1. 关系代词有：that，which，who，whom，whose。
在定语从句中作主语、宾语和表语，whose作定语。代人的有：who，whom，whose，that；代物的有：that，which，whose。如：
That is the person(whom/who/that) you want to see. (whom，who，that代人，在定语从句中作宾语，可省略)
A dictionary is a useful book which(＝that) tells us the meaning of words. (which或that代物，在定语从句中作主语)
2. 关系副词有：when(指时间)，where(指地点)，why(指原因)，在定语从句中作状语。如：
Would you suggest a time(when) we can have a talk？(when可省略)
The house where they live is not very large.
This is the reason why he did not come to the meeting.
注意：不是所有表时间的先行词都用when引导定语从句，不是所有表地点的先行词都用where引导定语从句。如：
We'll visit the factory which(＝that) makes radios.
(which或that在定语从句中作主语，where不可作主语，故不可用。)
They still remember the happy days(which/that) they spent in Beidaihe.
(which或that在定语从句中作spent的宾语，when不可作宾语，故不可用。)
限制性定语从句与非限制性定语从句
1. 限制性定语从句和主句之间不用逗号分开，修饰主句中的某一个名词或名词词组或代词；
2. 非限制性定语从句常用逗号和主句隔开，可以修饰主句中的某一个词，也可修饰整个句子。
3. 非限制性定语从句不能用that引导，引导非限制性定语从句的关系词不能省略。
Li Ping's father, who_works_in_a_factory,_is an engineer.
He tore up my photo, which_made_me_very_angry. (which指代主句内容，指他撕毁我照片这件事。)
He is good at physics, as is known to us all. (as指代主句内容，指他物理很好这件事。)
which与as 引导非限制性定语从句的区别
1. which可以引导非限制性定语从句，指代前面主句中讲到的整件事。引导的从句不能放在句首。
She didn't come yesterday, which made me very angry.
2. as也可以引导非限制性定语从句，来指代整件事，引导的从句可放在句首也可放在句中，有“正如”的意思。
As is known to all, Taiwan is part of China.
He came in time, as we expected.
注意：在as is known to all, as we all know，as is expected, as is mentioned above, as it is这类结构中as不可换为which。
which与as 引导非限制性定语从句的区别
只用that引导和不用that引导的场合
1. 只用that引导的场合
(1)当先行词既包括人又包括物时：
He talked about the_men_and_the_books that attracted him.
(2)指物的先行词被any, every, only, very, all, no等修饰时：
These are the very points that interest me.
(3)指物的先行词被序数词或形容词最高级修饰时：
The first_ step that we are to take is very difficult.
(4)先行词是指物的不定代词all，little，few，much及everything，anything，nothing等时：
There is still much that can be done about it.
(5)先行词是who时：
Who that have seen him does not like him
(6)为了避免重复时：
They secretly built up a small factory which produced things that could cause pollution.
(7)先行词在句中作表语而且关系代词在定语从句中也作表语时：
Shanghai is not the city that it used to be.
1. “介词＋关系代词”用法
(1)介词的确定应依据定语从句中短语的习惯性搭配，如：
Who is the girl with whom you just shook_hands？(shake hands with…是习惯性搭配)
(2)介词常受先行词的制约(即介词和先行词的搭配)，如：
He built a telescope through which he could study the skies. (through which 即study through the telescope)
(3)当关系代词作“动词＋介词”固定短语的宾语时，此时固定短语中的介词不能拆开移到关系代词前。如：
This is the watch which you're looking_for.
He is a kind of man whom you can safely depend_on.
2. 几个名词后的引导词
(1) situation, stage, case, point，occasion等要注意具体情况具体分析，作主语、宾语、表语用that/which；作状语用where/when/介词＋ which。
Can you imagine a situation where/in_which you can use the word？(状语)
There is one point that I must insist on. (宾语)
(2) way(方式，方法)后常用in which或that或how引导定语从句，也可省略。
Do you know the_way (in which/that/how) he worked out the problem
(3)“the same＋名词”，“such＋名词”，“as＋名词”后通常用as引导定语从句。
I have the same dictionary as you (have).
Such a book as you bought is not worth buying.
易错易混点
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第 6 讲 动词和动词短语
1. The school isn't the one I really wanted to go to, but I suppose I'll just have to ______ it. (2011浙江卷)
A. make the best of B. get away from
C. keep an eye on D. catch up with　
【答案及解析】1. A　考查短语动词的辨析。句意为“这所学校并不是我原来真正想去的，但我现在想尽量好好利用它了。”make the best of充分利用，尽量好好去做；get away from逃离；keep an eye on照看，留心； 注意；catch up with追上，赶上。
2. He decided that he would drive all the way home instead of ______ at a hotel for the night. (2011浙江卷)
A. putting down B. putting off
C. putting on D. putting up　
【答案及解析】2. D　考查短语动词的辨析。句意为“他决定一路驾车回家，不在旅馆留宿。”put down放下，平定， 镇压，记下；put off推迟；put on穿上，戴上，上演，假装，增加；put up举起，建立，张贴，投宿。
3. The majority of people in the town strongly ______ the plan to build a playground for children. (2010浙江卷)
A. consider B. support
C . confirm D. submit
【答案及解析】3. B　考查动词辨析。consider考虑，思考，认为等；support支持，拥护，维持；confirm证实，确认；submit使屈服，使经受。句意：镇上的大多数人都积极地拥护为孩子们建造运动场的计划。
4. After that, he knew he could ______ any emergency by doing what he could to the best of his ability. (2010浙江卷)
A. get away with B. get on with
C. get through D. get across
【答案及解析】4. C　考查与get相关的短语辨析。get away with侥幸逃脱；get on with与……友好相处；get through接通，顺利通过，完成；get across被理解，越过。句意：经过那件事之后，他明白了他能尽一切可能去顺利解决任何突发情况。
5. The good thing about children is that they ______ very easily to new environments. (2009浙江卷)
A. adapt B. appeal
C. attach D. apply
【答案及解析】5. A　考查动词搭配。adapt to适应；appeal to吸引；attach to系在……上面；apply to申请。句意：孩子们的一个优点是……
动词的辨析
动词是高考考查的重点，无论是单项填空、完形填空还是短文改错题型中，动词辨析的比重都很大，并有逐年增加的趋势。动词辨析主要指：
1．词形相近的动词之间的辨析。如：lie, lay; hanged, hung; rise, raise; sit, seat等。
2．意义相近的动词之间的辨析。如：borrow, lend; speak, say, talk; hope, wish等。
3．动词与其他词形相近、意义相似的词的辨析。如：advise, advice; cost, worth; pass, past 等。
4．意义不同但容易混淆的动词的辨析。如：explain, say; discover, invent; uncover, find等。
5．某些常用动词的习惯用法的辨析。如：ask, give, call, make, get, keep, want, see, hear等。
6．某些常用动词短语的辨析。如：give in, give up; turn on, turn off, turn down, turn up等。
动词短语的要点
动词短语是指动词和介词、副词或名词的习惯搭配。需掌握以下要点：
1．根据动词短语的不同特点，掌握其运用规律。
(1)动词＋副词(不及物)
Harry turned_up after the party when everyone had left.
哈里在晚会后人们都已离去时才出现。
(2)动词＋副词(及物)
Please turn every light in the house off.
请把房子里的每一盏灯都关掉。
注意：①如果宾语较长，就应避免把副词同动词分开。如：
She turned_off all the lights which had been left on.
她关掉了所有还在亮着的灯。
②如果宾语是人称代词，只能放在动词和副词之间。如：She gave them away.
她把它们送人了。
(3)动词＋介词(及物)
I'm looking_for my glasses.
我在找我的眼镜。
注意：①当它跟宾语时，不能把介词放在宾语后面。
②动词短语可以放在句子或从句末尾。如：
She's got more work than she can cope_with.
她的工作多得使她应付不了。
(4)动词＋副词＋介词
I look_forward_to seeing you soon.
我盼望不久就能见到你。　　
注意：“动词＋介词”、“动词＋名词＋副词”、“动词＋副词＋介词”，这三种搭配都是及物的，如变成被动语态，不可漏掉介词。如：
In this way both grain and vegetable can be well looked after. (不能漏掉after)
这样一来，粮食和蔬菜都能兼顾了。
2．熟悉同一动词和不同介词或副词、不同动词和同一介词或同一副词搭配在意义上的差异。
(1)同一动词和不同介词搭配时，意义上的差异。如：
①hear from收到……的来信，hear of听说。
②look after照料，look at看，look for寻找。
(2)同一动词和不同副词搭配时，意义上的差异。如：
①ring back回电话　　ring off挂断电话
ring up打电话
②put away放好，收起 put on穿上，上演
put up挂起，举起
(3)不同动词和同一介词搭配时，在意义上的差异。如：
look for寻找 ask for请求
wait for等候 send for派人去叫
(4)不同动词和同一副词搭配时，在意义上的差异。如：
①break out发生，爆发 carry out进行，开展
go out熄灭 hand out分发
let out放出 look out当心
sell out卖完 set out出发
take out取出 work out算出
②break down坏了 come down落下来
get down下车 take down取下
write down写下
1. lay(放), lie(躺)与lie(说谎)：这三个易混动词构成见下表：
2. rise和raise：rise是不及物动词，其过去式是rose，过去分词是risen，而raise是及物动词，是规则动词。
3. hang的用法：hang有两个意思：一为“悬挂”，是不规则动词，过去式、过去分词都是hung；二为“绞刑”，是规则动词，其过去式、过去分词都是hanged。
4．sit与seat：seat为及物动词时是作“容纳”讲，sit只是表示一动作。seat表示“就座”时要用be seated 或用seat oneself。如：They were seated at their desks.或I seated myself in the armchair.
5. win与beat：win作“胜、赢”讲时其后应接a game, an argument, a battle, a prize, a contest, a race, a bet等，但不能接人，如果接人则有另外的含义。如：I have won him. 即我已说服他了，我赢得了他的好感。而beat是及物动词，意为“击败、胜过”，直接接人、队。
6. lost, gone与missing：作补足语时意为“丢失、不见了”，可以用lost, gone，但要用 miss时则不能用missed, 而要用missing。
易错易混点
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第 24 讲 任务型阅读
任务型阅读所选题材真实可靠，内容贴近现代社会生活。涉及学生生活、富有时代气息、语言原汁原味。
该类阅读理解题解题的关键在于正确把握要求与符合要求的条件之间的一一对应关系，同学们只要能够把握住这一原则并且运用“一一对应阅读方法”就能轻松做好这类试题。
“一一对应阅读方法”的具体步骤如下：
第一步：认真阅读背景介绍，了解话题或主题。
第二步：仔细阅读题目，找出不同人物的不同要求，并了解其目的意图，以便有利于为后面的顺利解题创造良好的条件。
第三步：对照题目的要求，从A、B、C、D、E和F 6项中选出符合以上要求的对应条件。有时，只要顺着关键词的线索就能轻松找到正确答案。特别提醒各位同学：选项中肯定有一项是多余选项。
第四步：快速对照要求和条件两条线索通读一遍，做到万无一失，提高答题的准确率。
【答案及解析】文章以“团队建设”为话题，提出了团队建设中的目标设置、沟通协作、相互尊重和领导艺术等要素。本节的考查一改过去“信息匹配”的命题思路，要求考生为一篇文章中的各个段落添加小标题，对考生的语篇概括归纳能力要求较高。
61. F　一个团队的成立必须有共同的目标。这样的目标是团队存在的理由。all the members should realize the value and significance of what they are going to do与“goal target”相关，“common goal, challenging target”对应“something achievable but at the same time tough”。
62. C　团队成员应该可以公开自由地表达观点。express their opinions freely without fear对应open communication。
63. D　每一位成员都有在讨论中提出想法的机会。应该尊重每一位被选拔进团队的成员。此题的选择相对比较难一些，因为他没有任何字眼对应选项中总结的词汇。但是我们可以看出，一个队里面有些人贡献很大，有些人却不是，但并不能埋没他们，应该为他们提供能奉献自我的机会，也就是要尊重每个人存在的价值，所以选择respect to all team members。
64. B　分歧一定会出现，可以通过辩论等方式解决。从Disagreements are natural and, in fact, debate and discussion should be encouraged不难看出，队友之间可能会有意见分歧，这个时候辩论和讨论不可少，这样可能会与62题冲突，但是下文有under the table” method may be effective，说明这是关于冲突解决的。
65. A　对一流团队的领袖的要求。从A good organizer可知该段讲的是领导才能。
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第 2 讲 名词
1. Anyway, I can't cheat him－it's against all my ______. (2011浙江卷)
A. emotions B. principles
C. regulations D. opinions　
【答案及解析】1. B　考查名词的辨析。句意为“不管怎样，我不能欺骗他——这违反我的原则。”emotion情绪；principle原则，准则；regulation规定，规则；opinion意见。
2. The school advisers help you talk through your problems but they don't give you any direct ______. (2010浙江卷)
A. solution B. target
C. measure D. function
【答案及解析】2. A　分析四个选项：solution解决方法；target目标；measure措施；function功能。根据句意：学校的建议者们帮助你分析问题，但是他们不会给你直接的解决方法。
3. The system has been designed to give students quick and easy ______ to the digital resources of the library. (2009浙江卷)
A. access B. passage
C. way D. approach　　
【答案及解析】3. A　句意为“设计这个系统的目的是给同学们提供快速且容易使用图书馆电子资源的机会。”give sb. access to sth. 或have access to sth. 是固定词组，表示“有接近或使用某物的机会或权利”。
名词的数
名词分为可数(有单、复数形式)和不可数名词(只有单数形式)。
【熟记】
1. 可数名词单数变复数的规则；
2. 不规则变化形式。
(1) 单复数形式相同：
Chinese, Japanese, deer, sheep等。
(2) 不规则变化：
man →men, woman →women, goose →geese, foot →feet, tooth →teeth, child →children, mouse →mice, ox →oxen等。
注意：German →Germans。
(3) 复合名词的复数形式：
editor in chief→editors in chief,daughter in law→daughters in law, grown up→grown ups, woman teacher→women teachers, man driver →men drivers
名词的所有格
名词的所有格在句中表示所有关系，作定语用。
1.有生命名词的所有格一般在词尾加上“‘”或“’s”。如：Tom‘s bike, Engles’s (Engles‘) works, Women’s Day, the editor in chief‘s office。　　
2. 如果一个事物为两个人共有，只在后一个名词的词尾加“'s”，如果不是共有，就要在两个名词的词尾都加上“'s”。如：Tom and Mike's room (共有)，Tom's and Mike's rooms (不共有)。
3. 表示时间、距离、国家、城市的无生命名词，可以在词尾加“'s”或“'”表示所有格，如：today's papers, ten minutes' walk。
4. 表示店铺或某人的家时，常在名词所有格之后省去shop, house, home。如：the tailor's。
5. 无生命名词的所有格通常用of短语来表示。如：the window of the room。
6. 表示有生命的名词有时也可用of短语来表示所有关系，尤其当该名词带有较长的定语时。如：the teachers of the No. 1 Middle School。
7. 双重所有格结构前的被修饰名词通常指整体中的部分或一个，双重所有格只能用于有生命的名词，这个名词是确定的。被修饰名词前有不定冠词、指示代词、疑问代词、不定代词或数词等限定词时，一般只能用双重所有格。如：an old friend of my uncle's, a daughter of Mrs. Green's, the house of one of my friends。
名词的普通格作定语
表材料、地点、用途、性质，泛指时间、整体等普通名词可以作定语，一般用单数形式。
stone figures(石像)，paper money(纸币)，country music(乡村音乐)，river bank(河岸)，school gate(校门口)，traffic lights(交通灯)，summer holidays(暑假)，evening dress(晚礼服)。
但在个别情况下，也有需用复数的。
sports meet(运动会)，the United States government(美国政府)，students reading room(学生阅览室)，goods train(货车)，two men doctors(两个男医生)。
注意以下几组名词单复数问题：
1. 物质名词一般不用复数形式，但有些物质名词要用复数形式来表示不同的类别，如：
fishes(各种鱼)，fruits(各种水果)，steels(各种钢材)。　
　2. 物质名词表示数量时，一般用表示数量的短语来表示。如：
a cup of tea, three bags of apples, four pieces of bread。
3. 有些抽象名词的复数形式表示不同的含义。如：
work(工作)→ works(著作)
arm(手臂)→arms(军火)
glass(玻璃)→glasses(眼镜)
cloth(布)→clothes(衣服)
4. 定冠词加上姓氏的复数形式，表示全家人或夫妇二人；姓氏的复数形式前不加冠词，则表示若干个姓××的人。如：the Smith史密斯夫妇或史密斯一家， three Wangs 3个姓王的。
5. 只用作单数的复数形式的名词。如：physics, mathematics, news, the United States。
6. 有些名词形似单数，但实为复数。如：police, people, cattle。
7. 有些名词如被看作整体时就作单数用，如被看作组成该集体的各个成员时就作复数用。如：class, family, couple, audience, government, public。
易错易混点
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第 29 讲 说明文
说明文(expository writing)是以说明为主要表达方式的文体。它主要用来说明事物的特点、发展变化的规律、分析前因后果，目的在于使读者获得必要的信息，使人们对事物有个清晰、完整的了解和认识。说明文包括具体事物说明文：说明书、广告、解说词等；还包括事理说明文：概念解析、书文简介等。
写说明文应注意的问题：
1. 特征要明确。对某一事物予以说明，首先要弄清从哪些方面加以说明才能准确地反应被说明的事物。一般来说，说明事物可以从事物的颜色、形状、性质、习性、结构、用途、操作过程、发生、发展规律等方面着手。但每一事物都有自身的特征，因而写作时不需要面面俱到，要着重突出这一事物区别于其他事物的特点，这样才能给读者留下具体而深刻的印象。
2. 层次要分明。说明事物要注意条理，否则就不可能说清楚复杂的事物。例如说明事物的构造，就要按照构造的顺序来说明，或从上到下，或由里及外，或由主到次。文字要简明扼要，一目了然。
3. 说明手法要多样。常见的说明方法有：下定义、举例子、作比较、分类别、列数据、列图表等。
总之，要写好说明文要求做到：1) 条理清楚；2) 层次分明；3) 语言简洁；4) 用词准确；5) 具有严格的科学性。
(2011湖南卷)Directions: write an English composition according to the instructions given below in Chinese.
假设你参加所在年级的英文写作比赛，请按照要求完成一篇短文：
假设你参加所在年级的英文写作比赛，请按照要求完成一篇短文：
1．简要描述上图内容，并点明主题；
2．联系实际，表达该图带给你的启示。
注意：1.词数不少于120个；
2. 不能使用真实姓名和学校名称。
_______________________________________________
_______________________________________________
One possible version：
As can be seen from the picture, when drops of water accumulate, they can form the sea; trees added together can make the forest, and the human society is formed by every individual or family.
The picture conveys an important message to us.That is, as human society is made up of every individual, it is our responsibility to make as much effort as possible to make our society a good place to live in. As a matter of fact,
every individual has his uniqueness and every individual has something in common with other as well. Learning from each other, we can bring richness to our quality and we can live a harmonious life.That is what all the people expect, I am sure.
“图画型”说明文的“三段式”写法——描写图画、分析图画和个人总结。在题目的要求中也不难察觉到，第一点要求“简要描述下图内容，并点明主题”就应是开头第一段写到的“提出话题”，第二点要求“联系实际，表达该图带给你的启示”可以归结到主体段“分析图画”，最后写个人总结来结束全文。
因此这篇说明文开头段描写图画，就图写图，无需发挥任何的主观意见和言论。第一部分描写：海洋由水滴组成、森林由树木组成、社会由个人组成三幅图画。文章主体段：分析图画的深层含义，并“联系实际”上升到图画所想表达的主题并附上个人从图画中所得的启示。这两个方面表达清楚了，也就达到了这篇说明文所想说明的要义了。
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第 13讲 特殊句式
“祈使句＋陈述句”句型
这种句型中，祈使句通常表示一种条件，祈使句和陈述句之间的连词常常是命题的热点。其连词分两类：
1. and, then, and then 意思是“就，那么，才”，表示按照祈使句说的去做，会产生顺应的结果。
2. or, or else, otherwise 意思是“否则，要不，不然的话”，表示不按照祈使句说的去做，则会产生相反的结果。
Come early, and you'll catch the first bus.
→If you come early, you'll catch the first bus.
→Coming early, you'll catch the first bus.
→Come early, or you won't catch the first bus.
反意疑问句
1．反意疑问句的陈述部分含有由un ， im ， in ， dis 等否定意义的前缀构成的词语时，陈述部分要视为肯定含义，问句部分用否定形式。
Your father is unhappy,_isn't_he？(不能用is he？)
2. 陈述部分用must (may, might) ＋ have ＋ v． ed表示推测时，若句中带有明显的过去时间状语，问句部分动词用过去时形式。陈述部分用must (may, might) ＋ have ＋ v． ed表示推测时，若句中没有过去时间状语，问句部分动词用现在完成时形式。
He might have forgotten his pen in the classroom yesterday, didn't_he (不用mightn't he？/ hasn't he？)
You must have worked there a year ago, didn't_you？(不用mustn't you？/haven't you？)
省略句
代替性省略：“so”可代替某些动词后的宾语从句，但绝不能用it或that。这些常用的动词有believe, be afraid, expect, hope, imagine, suppose, I'm sure等；not代替的是否定意义的宾语从句。但是I'm afraid, I hope, I'm sure 后跟否定的宾语从句时，只有一种形式，即I'm afraid not, I hope not, I'm sure not. 而I expect/ imagine/ suppose/think 的否定式有两种，即I expect / imagine/ suppose/think not 或I don't imagine/ suppose/think so.
— Can Emily do this work
— I think so. — I think not (I don't think so.)
倒装句
常见情况有：
1. only＋状语(或状语从句)为标志词放在句首时；
2. 含有否定意义的副词为标志词放在句首时；
3. 结果状语从句把“so＋形容词/副词”放在句首或者“such＋形容词＋名词”放在句首， 则主句的谓语动词要部分倒装；that 从句不变；
4. so /neither/nor 为标志词放在句首时；
(1)表示前面所说的肯定情况也适合于另一人或物。句式如下：
so ＋ be 或助动词或情态动词，主语。
(2)表示前面所说的否定情况也适合于另一人或物。句式如下：
neither (nor) ＋ be 或助动词/情态动词，主语。
5. 虚拟条件句省略if 时，将标志词had, should, were 放在句首。
倒装句
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第 4 讲 介词
1. I always wanted to do the job which I'd been trained ______. (2011浙江卷)
A. on B. for
C. by D. of
【答案及解析】1. B　本题考点为介词与动词的搭配。句意为“我总想从事我一直以来为此被训练的工作。”还原定语从句部分，应该是“I'd been trained for the job”。 train作动词意为“训练”，介词for表目的。
2. I guess we've already talked about this before but I'll ask you again just ______. (2010浙江卷)
A. by nature B. in return
C. in case D. by chance
【答案及解析】2. C　考查介词短语的辨析。句意为“我觉得我们以前已经谈论过这件事情了，但是以防万一，我还是再问你一次吧。”by nature天生地，天然地；in return作为回报；in case以防万一；by chance偶然地，碰巧。
介词的种类
介词又叫前置词，是一种虚词。介词分为三种：
简单介词，如at, in, on, beside, to, for等；
短语介词，即由两个以上的词组成的短语，如in front of, because of, instead of等；
二重介词，如until after, from behind等。
介词的句法功能
介词不能独立在句中作成分，介词后必须与名词、代词或动名词构成介词短语在句中充当一个成分，表示人、物、事件等与其他人、物、事件等之间的关系。
1．作定语：The book _on_the_table is mine.
2．作状语：We have breakfast at_seven._(表时间)
They were late for meeting because_of the heavy rain. (表原因)
They started the machine by_pressing the button. (表方式)
3．作表语：My dictionary is in_the_bag.
4．作宾语补足语：I found him in_the_office.
主要介词区别
1．表示时间的at, in, on
at表示片刻的时间，如：at 8 o'clock，常用词组有：at noon, at night, at midnight, at the end of, at that time, at the beginning of, at the age of, at Christmas等。
in表示一段时间，如：in the morning/ afternoon/ evening, in October, in 1998, in summer, in the past, in the future等。
on总是跟日子有关，如： on Monday, on Christmas morning, on May Day, on a warm morning等。
2．表示时间的since和from
since表示从过去到现在的一段时间的过程，常与现在完成时连用。from表示从时间的某一点开始，一般多与现在时、过去时、将来时连用。如：
I hope to do morning exercises from_today.
We have not seen each other since_1995.
3. between和 among
一般说来，between表示两者之间，among用于三者或三者以上的中间。如：
You are to sit between your father and me.
He is always happy among his classmate
4．表示“用”的in, by和with
with用于有形的工具，或身体某些器官等的方面，其后的名词多被冠词或物主代词等修饰。而in常用于表示材料、方式、方法、度量、单位、语言、声音等。by后接名词且名词前常没有修饰词，名词用原形。如：
He is writing a letter with_a_pen.
He wrote the letter in_pencil._
We measured it in_pounds. (按磅计算)
Tell me the story in_English.
by hand靠手工　by ship乘船　by air乘飞机
5．as和 like
as作“作为”、“以……地位或身份”解。如：Let me speak to you as a father. (事实是父亲)
like作“像……一样”解。如：Let me speak to you like a father. (事实上不是父亲)。
6．in front of 和in the front of
in front of ＝ before，是“在……前面”的意思(不在某物内)；in the front of则是“在……前部”的意思(在某物内)。如：There is a desk in front of the blackboard.
The boy sat in the front of the car.
1. 表示时间的in和after
两者都表示“在(某个时间)之后”，区别在于in表示“在(一段时间)之后”，而after则表示“在(某一具体时间点)之后”，in短语和将来时态连用，after短语和过去时态或将来时态连用。如：
We'll be back in three days.
After seven the rain began to fall.
注意：after有时也可以表示在一段时间之后(常用在过去时里)。如：
After two months he returned.
2. 表示地理位置的in, on, to
in表示在某范围内，on指与什么毗邻，to指在某环境范围之外。如：
Changchun is in the northeast of China.
Mongolia is on_the north of China.
Japan is to the east of China.
3. 表示“穿过……”的through和across
through表示从内部通过；across则表示从一端至另一端在表面上的通过。如：
Water flows through the pipe.
The old man walked across the street.
4. besides, except, but, except for
besides指“除了……还有，再加上”。如：All went out besides me.
except指“除了，减去什么”。如：All went out except me.
but与except意思近似，表示“除了……外”，经常用在no, all, nobody, anywhere, everything等和其他疑问词后面。如：
I never saw him reading anything_but the newspaper.
except for表示“除……以外”，跟except的区别在于其后跟的词与前面所提到的不是同一类别。如：
His diary is good except_for a few spelling mistakes.
5. for与of用于不定式复合结构
(1) It is＋adj. ＋of sb. to do sth. ＝ sb. ＋be＋adj. ＋to do sth.
当形容词说明不定式逻辑主语的性质、特征时，用of。常见的此类形容词有：kind, good, nice, clever, stupid, foolish, considerate, polite, impolite, cruel等。
(2) It is＋adj. ＋for sb. to do sth.
当形容词说明不定式的性质时用for。常见的此类形容词有：possible, impossible, important, necessary等。如：
It is quite important for us to protect our environment.
易错易混点
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第 30 讲 议论文
议论文(persuasive / argumentative essays)是一种说理型文体，作者要通过摆事实、讲道理来说服读者同意自己的观点或接受自己的建议。
在近几年的高考中，议论文所占比例越来越多，议论文的出题形式也是形式多样，有看图写作、图表、表格、书信、发言稿、漫画理解等各种类型，但它们的文体实际上是议论文，或者是夹叙夹议的议论文。
议论文的写作特点：
1. 观点鲜明，文章一定有一个明确的中心论点。
2. 层次分明，一个中心论点通常有几个分论点支持，不同层次之间要分明，过渡清晰自然。
3. 最后一段一般要总结全文，得出一个符合逻辑的结论，突出中心思想。
4. 一般采用一般现在时。
5. 语言简洁有力，一般不采用口语。
6. 在高考命题中，议论文设题通常以立论和对比观点的见多。
(2011陕西卷)假定你是中学生李华。在一位名叫Tiger Mom的学生家长的博客上，你看到如下内容。请你根据博客内容、写作要点和要求，给这位家长回复。
I'm the mother of a fourteen year old. I have a rule for my daughter: be among the top 5 students or get punished in one way or another. She has been doing very well in school, but some friends of mine keep telling me that I put too much pressure on her. Am I wrong
写作要点：
1．表明自己的看法；
2．陈述自己的理由(可举例说明)；
3．提出至少两条建议。
要求：
1．短文须写在答题卡的指定区域。
2．短文词数不少于100(不含已写好的部分)。
3．内容充实，结构完整，语意连贯。
4．书写须清晰、工整。
Hi, Tiger Mom，
What puzzles you is actually a puzzle for many parents in China. My idea is _______________________________________________
_______________________________________________
_______________________________________________
One possible version：
Hi, Tiger Mom，
What puzzles you is actually a puzzle for many parents in China. My idea is that it is not quite right for you to do so.
Although high grades are an important factor in evaluating students and for their future university admission, development in wisdom, emotion, health, and life attitude should never be ignored. There are many examples around us. Some straight A students in school
have turned out not to be successful in society as they were expected. The reason is often that the pressure from their parents allows them almost no time for other activities. Furthermore, punishment is by no means a wise choice to help them grow up mentally and physically.
So I suggest that you take your friends' advice. More importantly, let her live like a lovely girl; let her have more friends and social activities; and let her make mistakes of her own as we teenagers often do.
这篇高考英语作文提到了Tiger Mom这一热词，紧扣社会生活中的热门议题。大部分考生平时学习中应该读过一些tiger mother和panda daddy之类的议论性文章，至少此话题的中文文章应该有所接触。审题过程中把握好以下两方面：
1.本文为议论文，总体时态为一般现在时。表达的观点和提出的建议要合理，论据要充分。
2.内容要点应该包括：①表明自己的观点，对Tiger Mom的做法给出判断；②举例证明成绩重要但不代表一切，且惩罚不是解决问题的方法；③提出自己的建议。
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第 28 讲 应用文
应用文(practical writing)包括书信、日记、便条、通知、讲演稿、履历表、新闻报道、电子邮件等。通常应用文都较简短，它有自己的固定格式，有些应用文连措辞都是相对固定的，如：欠条、请柬等。应用文重在应用、力求平实、准确简洁。
常考应用文分类解读：
一、书信
书信写作常用句型
1)信件开头常用语
①写信给他人
I'm writing to tell you about the discussion (the lecture/ meeting/ activity) we (our class/ our school) held yesterday.
I'm writing to ask if you can come next week.
②回信给他人
Your letter came to me this morning.
I have received your letter of July 20th.
Thank you for your letter.
2)信件常用结束语
① Please remember me to your whole family.
② Wish you a pleasant journey.
③ Wish you success. /Wish you the best of health.
④ Looking forward to your next visit to China.
⑤ Looking forward to the pleasure of meeting you.
⑥ Looking forward to your early reply.
⑦ Expecting to hear from you as soon as possible.
⑧ Hoping to hear from you soon.
⑨ Your early reply will be highly appreciated.
⑩ With best regards to your family.
With love and good wishes.
Best wishes/regards!
【范文赏析】
Dear Jeff，
I'm Li Hua from Beijing Hongxing School. I'm very happy to learn that you're going to stay with my family while you're in Beijing.　　While you are here, we'll provide you with a room of your own with a bed, a desk, a couple of chairs and a TV. You'll also have your own bathroom. Our school is quite close to our home, so we could go to school together by bike. At noon we'll eat at the school dining hall. I'm sure you'll like the delicious
Chinese food there, and enjoy talking with friends over lunch. Classes in our school usually finish at 4：00 in the afternoon. You can then join other students in playing games or swimming. It will be a lot of fun.
If you have any questions or requests, please let me know. We'll try our best to make your stay here in Beijing a pleasant experience.
Best wishes.
Yours，
Li Hua
二、日记
日记是用以记叙一天生活中所见、所闻、所做或所想的事情。
写日记时要注意以下几点：
1．格式：英文日记和中文日记的写法大致相同。一般是第一行写上日期、星期、天气状况。日期通常顶格写，后面是星期，天气状况写在右上角。表示天气情况的词一般用形容词，如： fine, cold, rainy, windy, cloudy, sunny, snowy, foggy等。正文部分另起一行。
2．人称：日记要用第一人称写。
3．时态：所记叙的事情通常发生在过去，所以常用一般过去时态。但如果要记叙天气、描写景色、展望未来、议论某事或对话引语等，可以使用一般现在时或一般将来时，以生动再现当时的情景。
【范文赏析】
March 15th 　　　　Monday Windy
This evening I went to Li Jiang's birthday party. We sang and danced. We had a good time at the party.　　When I left Li Jiang's house, it began to rain. It was late. I had to walk home.
A motorbike ran by me very fast. It hit a boy at the crossing. But the motorbike didn't stop. It ran away.
I felt very angry. I wrote down its number: FD — 2819. I telephoned the police at once. Then I sent the boy to the hospital.
三、通知
在英语里，通知有书面通知和口头通知两种。书面通知又叫通告或布告。它是上级组织对下级组织、单位对成员部署工作、传达事情或召开会议所使用的一种应用文。
【书面通知】
书面通知的用词比较正式。
一般由标题、正文和结尾三部分组成。为了醒目起见，通知正文上方的中央位置往往写上Notice或NOTICE。然后在标题下方一至两行处写通知的内容，这是通知的主体内容，要求写得言简意赅，对通知的对象、事情、时间和地点等应交代清楚，要求明确。接着在正文的右下方写发通知的单位或负责人姓名。在正文的左下方，低于写发通知单位一两行处顶格写通知日期(也可以写在右上角)。
【范文赏析】
Boys and girls，
May I have your attention, please I have an announcement to make. The Students' Union is going to hold a party on Saturday evening, July 13, to welcome our friends from the United States. The party will be held in the roof garden of the Main Building. It will begin at 7：30 pm. There will be music, dancing, singing, games and
exchange of gifts. You may bring along a small gift for this purpose. Remember to wrap it up, sign your name and write a few words of good wishes.
Don't forget: 7：30, Saturday evening, roof garden, Main Building. It's sure to be a lot of fun. Everybody is welcome.
That's all.Thank you!
(2011天津卷)假设你是晨光中学学生会主席李华。你校将于6月26日接待来自于美国某中学的学生访问团。你受学校委托，负责安排在津的一日活动。请根据以下提示，用英语给该团的领队Smith 先生写一封电子邮件，介绍活动计划并简要说明理由，最后征求对方意见。
◇上午与我校学生座谈(话题如校园生活、文化差异等)；
◇中午与我校学生共同进餐(午餐包括饺子、面条等)；
◇下午与我校学生游览海河。
注意：
1. 词数不少于100；
2. 可适当加入细节，以使内容充实、行文连贯；
3. 信的开头和结尾已给出，不计入总词数。
参考词汇：
海河 the Haihe River
Dear Mr Smith，
I am Li Hua, chairman of the Students' Union, from Chenguang High School. _______________________________________________
_______________________________________________
_______________________________________________
Yours sincerely，
Li Hua
One possible version：
Dear Mr Smith，
I am Li Hua, chairman of the Students' Union, from Chenguang High School. We're very glad to know you'll come to our school on June 26th, and now it's my pleasure to introduce our schedule to you.In the morning, you'll have a talk with the students of our school. The topic includes school life, the difference between Chinese culture and American culture.Next, we'll have lunch together at
jiaozi，noodles. After that, together with us students, you'll have a trip to the Haihe River in the afternoon. That's the plan for your visit. If you have any other question, please let me know.
Best wishes to you.
Yours sincerely，
Li Hua
该篇书面表达要求考生写一封电子邮件。现在日常生活中人们之间的相互交流常采用电子邮件形式，因此它成为高考英语作文常见的考查形式之一也就不足为奇了，体现了考查学生在生活中运用英语的能力。一般来讲，邮件的抬头和落款都会给出，考生最需要把握的还是对邮件正文内容进行表述的基础语言运用能力。
就像本篇文章，必须向对方交代清楚访问团的活动计划安排。但是，在陈述计划安排的过程中，考生要避免一个个要点的机械罗列，不能太拘泥于中文提示所给的句式，要灵活组织句式并用好过渡性词语。最后，记得用上信件常用结束语，如“Best wishes to you.” 之类的句子。
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第 27 讲 记叙文
记叙文(narrative essays)是以叙述人物的经历或事物的发展变化过程为主的一种文体。它分为记人和记事两种，通常以看图作文或文字提示的形式出现。记叙文的几个要点为：
1. 时间、地点、人物、事件、高潮、结局这几个要素在写作时要交代清楚。
2. 人称：记叙文一般可以有第一人称和第三人称两种叙事方式：第一人称是作者以当事人的口吻，把文章中的事情以“我”的所见所闻的方式来叙述，第三人称是写作者从旁观者的角度来叙述，反映事件中的不同人的感受和见解。
3. 记叙文的线索一般为时间，即按照事件的发展顺序来写。也可以按照地点的线索来写，即以地点的转移为顺序。
4. 重点突出，层次分明，详略得当。
5. 注意文章的完整性。
6. 所用的时态通常为一般过去时。
(2011江苏卷)下面这幅照片展现了女儿为回家的妈妈拿包的情景。请根据你对这幅照片的理解用英语写一篇短文。
你的短文应包含以下内容：
1. 描述照片内容，如情景、人物、动作，等等；
2. 结合自身实际，谈谈你的感想；
3. 举例说明你能为家长减负做些什么。
注意：
1. 可参照图中文字及下面文章开头所给提示，作必要的发挥想象。
2. 词数150左右。开头已经写好，不计入总词数。
3. 作文中不得提及考生所在学校和本人姓名。
The burden of students has been a hot topic for years，but the load of parents has received little attention, especially from their own children.
_______________________________________________
_______________________________________________
_______________________________________________
_______________________________________________
_______________________________________________
One possible version：
The burden of students has been a hot topic for years, but the load of parents has received little attention, especially from their own children.
The picture shows us a touching moment when a little girl comes to greet her working mom. Realizing her mom must be very tired after a day's work, the girl helps to remove the bag from her shoulder. In response, the mom kneels down to show how happy and thankful she feels.
All this reminds me of my mother who has been doing whatever she could to let me have the best. But, totally engaged in my own study, I seldom pay attention to what mother needs and feels, and always think studying well is the only thing I could do in return. Now I know I can do my bit to help with the everything washing, bedroom cleaning, or at least prepare breakfast myself, so as to share mother's daily burden. The picture convinces me it is even more important to be a good daughter than a “good” student.
本文属于看图写作题。文章使用第一人称，时态应该采用一般现在时。
内容要点：①描述图画内容。女儿帮下班回家的妈妈拿包，而妈妈则蹲下来表示对女儿的感谢与欣慰。②图画使你想到了什么？你的父母是不是尽其所能地为你做一切事情而你对父母的付出作何反应？③简单列举一些你为父母减负而做的生活小事。
从文章立意可知：2011年江苏卷的作文和90后的学生特点相联系，社会舆论经常强调要为学生们减负，可是谁为父母们减负呢？这篇写作文章角度很独到新颖，能发人深省，积极引导学生要照顾体谅父母。不仅仅要努力做个好学生，更要做个记得关爱父母的好儿子或好女儿。
看图作文要求学生根据图画所提供信息叙述事情并发表感想。此类作文留给学生的发挥空间较大。看图作文的写作技巧和步骤：1.认真看图，确立主题。2.围绕主题，提炼要点。3.合理想象，补充要点。4.确定时态，译出要点。5.连句成篇，自然过渡。
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第 16 讲 语言知识考查
语言知识的考查往往从词组搭配、词义辨析、语法结构及逻辑过渡词语等几个方面设题，旨在让学生日常学习中注重语言用法积累以便能在不同语境中正确地运用它们。
词组搭配在语言知识考查中所占的比重最大。历年高考完形填空选项中至少会出现两道词组题目。词组一般以以下几种形式出现：
一、词组搭配
1．以简单动词为中心＋介词/副词构成的词组辨析
【答案和解析】B　根据上文，此空需要“偏离道路”这一含义，故用go off the road。
【例1】Police reports are full of __35._accidents__ that occur when people fall into sleep and go __36__the road.(2011全国卷)
36. A. up B. off
C. along D. down
【例2】…， so I decided to __47__on learning the game, do my best at each practice session, and not be too hard on myself for the things I didn't __48._know__ “just yet”. (2011北京卷)
47. A. focus B. act
C. rely D. try
【答案和解析】A　虽然四个选项都可与on构成搭配，但根据下文do my best at each practice session可知作者下定决心学好篮球，把精力都集中在学习篮球上。 focus on 集中精力/注意力于……
2. 以简单动词＋介词为中心构成的词组辨析
【例3】I watched as you faced the __25._changes__of completing your studies, starting companies with Dad，while still being a __26._model__ and a Mom of five kids. I was exhausted just watching you __27__.(2011天津卷)
27. A. in danger B. in action
C. in trouble D. in charge
【答案和解析】B　根据上文语境信息，此句意思应为：光看着你不停忙碌就让我很累。in action 在运转中；in danger 处于危险中。in trouble 处于麻烦中； in charge负责，掌管。
3. 由介词＋简单名词构成的名词词组
【例4】 Now Maja was ready to keep her __48__. (2011湖北卷)
48. A. appointment B. promise
C. record D. habit
【答案和解析】B　根据上下文语境，可得知此句含义为：如今，Maja该兑现诺言了。故选keep one's promise这个词组。
4. 由动词＋名词构成的词组
二、词义辨析
词义辨析主要体现于四个选项均为名词、形容词或副词等。它们在完形填空20道题中常各占一道或两道题。
【例1】 There are times when people are so tired that they fall asleep almost anywhere. We can see there is a lot of sleeping on the bus or train on the __21__ home from work in the evenings. (2011全国卷Ⅱ)
21. A. way B. track
C. path D. road
【答案和解析】A　根据上文可知，在下班回家的路上人们因工作劳累而在公交车、火车上睡着，故此处因为 ：on the way home from work。
1. 名词辨析
【例2】 We were thrown into the water, and Dad was struggling aimlessly. At that moment, I felt fiercely __52__ of him. I swam to Dad __53._quickly__ and assisted him in climbing onto the hull(船壳) of the boat.
52. A. ashamed B. protective
C. tired D. afraid
【答案和解析】B　根据上下文中的“struggling aimlessly”， “assisted him”可知我要保护他。
2. 形容词辨析
【例3】 I led Tony away __47__， saying that the drum was too expensive. (2011辽宁卷)
47. A. happily B . eagerly
C. cautiously D. quickly
【答案和解析】D　句意：我边快速地把Tony带走，边说着礼物很贵这样的话。quickly可以反映作者的焦虑以及对即将发生的事情的一种铺垫。
3. 副词辨析
三、语法结构
近几年的完形填空题逐渐淡化语法概念，所以语法题所占比重不多。但是非谓语动词的考查很常见，偶尔也会考查情态动词的用法，其他语法板块内容涉及很少。
1．非谓语动词结构
非谓语动词结构的考查还是立足于它们在句子中充当的句法功能，如需要填入一个非谓语动词结构作定语、状语、宾语补足语等句子成分，旨在考查学生的句子分析能力。
【例1】 We can see there is a lot of sleeping on the bus or train… Or he will fall asleep on the shoulder of the stranger __25__ next to him…The worst time to fall asleep is when __34__. (2011全国卷Ⅱ)
25. A. lying B. waiting
C. talking D. sitting
34. A. thinking B. working
C. walking D. driving
【答案和解析】25. D　上文中的信息on the bus or train说明：可能会靠在坐在旁边的陌生人的肩膀上睡着。本题考查非谓语动词中现在分词作定语。
34. D　此处强调最糟的就是开车时打盹。D 为最佳选项。本题考查非谓语动词中连词＋现在分词这一状语结构。
【例2】 There are also styles to remind me of Mum—a tiny chair which __37__be in her bedroom is set in one room. (2011四川卷)
37. A. ought to B. used to
C. might D. could
【答案和解析】B　根据句意：一把过去曾经在母亲卧室里摆放的小椅子被安放到了其中一个房间。used to 表过去常常……
2．情态动词
情态动词的考查常结合完形填空篇章上下文背景信息。
四、逻辑过渡词语
上下文之间表转折、递进、因果等关系的过渡词语选择也一般会占一道题量。这就要求学生平时要关注句与句、段与段之间逻辑衔接。
【例1】__52__，the boy of our story was a pretty smart guy, even if he couldn't always get what he wanted. (2011江苏卷)
52. A. Therefore B. However
C. Moreover D. Otherwise
【答案及解析】B　考查上下文的逻辑关系。从下文even if来判断，该句的逻辑应该是：即使……然而……
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第 23 讲 特殊文体的阅读技巧
1. 广告说明类
广告说明的目的在于把自己的产品或服务推荐给他人，所以它必定要在其中说明产品或服务的特点、优势以及消费者要注意的事项。
出题者也往往围绕这些要素来设计题目，如某则广告说明的目的是什么、服务的对象是谁、标题是什么等，更多的是对文章细节的捕捉和理解。
做此类题的最大特点是先看题，再在文章中寻找答案。
2. 新闻报道类
新闻讲求时效性、新闻性和独特性，紧跟时代脉搏，突出社会特点，语言鲜活，富有鲜明的时代特色。了解这类文章的特点是解题的关键：
(1)主题突出。文章的导语是对整篇文章的高度概括。
(2)要点鲜明。大多数新闻是记叙文，五个 “W”和一个“H”(when, which, where, who, what, how)一目了然。考题会在这几个“W”之间展开联系，进行推理。
(3)有较为固定的写作格式。文章开头往往有报道的时间或地点，第一句话是文章的导语，据此我们可以了解文章的大概内容和主题。
(4)新闻涉及社会、科学、经济等领域，用词比较新颖，我们平时要对这类新词多加留心，注意积累。
【答案及解析】45. B　细节理解题。 由“HELP WANTED BABYSLTTER MY HOME 栏目中的‘If you are available a few hours during the day, and some evenings to care for 2 school age children，’”可知。
46. B　细节理解题。由“USED FUR COATS and JACKETS. Good condition. $30 $50.”可知。
47. C　细节判断题。从文中THE INTERNATIONAL CENTER plans to publish a booklet of student travel adventures. 可以知道答案。
48. D　细节判断题。从EARLY HOUR WAKE UP SERVICE: For prompt, courteous wake up service, call 800 0760. 可以知道答案。
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第 3 讲 形容词和副词
1. The professor could tell by the ______ look in Maria's eyes that she didn't understand a single word of his lecture. (2011浙江卷)
A. cold B. blank　
C. innocent D. fresh 　
【答案及解析】1. B　考查形容词的辨析。句意为“根据Maria茫然的眼神，这位教授能够看出她对他所讲的内容连一个字也没有听懂。”cold冰冷的；blank空虚的，茫然的；innocent无辜的；fresh新鲜的。根据后面didn't understand可知。
2. I've been writing this report ______ for the last two weeks, but it has to be handed in tomorrow. (2011浙江卷)
A. finally B. immediately　
C. occasionally D. certainly
【答案及解析】2. C　考查副词的辨析。句意为“在过去的两周里，我时断时续地写这个报告，可是这个报告明天就得交了。”finally最终地；immediately立即，马上；occasionally偶尔地；certainly肯定地。根据but it has to be handed in tomorrow可知。
3. My schedule is very ______ right now, but I'll try to fit you in. (2011浙江卷)
A. tight B. short
C. regular D. flexible
【答案及解析】3. A　考查形容词的辨析。句意为“现在我的日程很紧凑，但我会尽力把你安排进去的。”tight (安排)紧凑的， 紧密的；short简短的，短缺的， 不够；regular有规律的， 定期的，符合规定的；flexible柔韧的，灵活的，可变通的。
4. I have been convinced that the print media are usually more ______ and more reliable than television.(2010浙江卷)
A. accurate B. ridiculous
C. urgent D. shallow
【答案及解析】4. A　accurate 精确的；ridiculous可笑的，滑稽的；urgent紧急的；shallow浅的，肤浅的。句意：我确信印刷媒体常常会比电视更准确、更可靠。
5. Do you think shopping online will ______ take the place of shopping in stores？(2010浙江卷)
A. especially B. frequently
C. merely D. finally
【答案及解析】5. D　especially 特别，尤其；frequently经常； merely仅仅； finally最终。句意：你认为网上购物最终会代替商场购物吗？
6. Playing on a frozen sports field sounds like a lot of fun. Isn't it rather risky, ______？(2010浙江卷)
A. though B. also
C. either D. too
【答案及解析】6. A　根据句意：在冰场上玩耍听起来很有趣。然而会不会有危险呢？前后两句之间是明显的转折关系，所以选择though。
7. John is very ______， if he promises to do something he'll do it. (2009浙江卷)
A. independent B. confident
C. reliable D. flexible
【答案及解析】7. C　考查形容词辨析。independent独立的；confident自信的；reliable可靠的；flexible灵活的。
8．It took ______ building supplies to construct these energy saving houses. It took brains, too. (2009浙江卷)
A. other than B. more than
C. rather than D. less than
【答案及解析】8. B　句意：建造这些节能型的房子需要的远远不止是建材，也需要脑子。本题考查四个相似短语。other than 除了……； more than超过……；远远不止；rather than而不是……； less than… 少于……
9. ______， the pay isn't attractive enough, though the job itself is quite interesting. (2009浙江卷)
A. Generally speaking B. On the contrary
C. In particular D. To be honest
【答案及解析】9. D　句意：实话说，虽然工作本身蛮有意思的，但工资没有什么吸引力。generally speaking一般来说，总的来说； on the contrary 恰恰相反；in particular 尤其，特别；to be honest 实话说，老实说。
10. In the good care of the nurses, the boy is ______ recovering from his heart operation. (2009浙江卷)
A. quietly B. actually
C. practically D. gradually
【答案及解析】10. D　句意：在护士们的精心照料下，这个男孩从心脏手术中逐渐恢复过来。quietly静静地；actually事实上地；practically 实际地；gradually 逐步地。
几个特殊的形容词和副词的比较级和最高
级
比较级和最高级的常用句型
形容词和副词的位置与功能
1．形容词在句中作定语时的位置：
形容词作定语，一般放在所修饰名词的前面。但在下列情况下，形容词要放在所修饰词的后面作后置定语：
(1)形容词修饰由some ， any ， no ， every ， 与one, body, thing (where) 等构成的复合不定代词(副词)时。 eg. Is there anything_interesting
(2)少数以a 开头的形容词，如：awake, alive, asleep作定语时。
eg. He was the only boy awake_at the time of earthquake.
(3)形容词短语作定语时。
eg. He carried a basket full_of_stones on his back.
(4)形容词比较级前可以用表示数量或程度的词修饰，常用的有： even, much, far, a little, a bit, no, twice, three times, etc.
eg. This car is far_cheaper_than that one.
This park is four_times bigger than that park.
(5)by far 用于强调，意为“……得多”，“最……”，“显然”等，可修饰形容词或副词的比较级和最高级，通常置于其后；若比较级或最高级前有冠词，则可置于其前或其后。如：
It's quicker by_far to go by train.
乘火车要快得多。
He's by_far_the_cleverer student.
他是个聪明得多的孩子。 。
2．副词在句中的位置：
(1)多数副词位于谓语动词之后，如有宾语则位于宾语之后，但如宾语太长时也可置于宾语之前。
eg. She runs fast.
He went to school early.
They discussed carefully_the proposals which were raised at the meeting.
(2)程度副词通常位于所修饰的词之前或之后，不能出现在句首。
eg. The boy seems quite happy.
(3)频度副词通常位于行为动词之前，系动词、助动词和情态动词之后。
eg. They often come to see us.
We have always lived in this house.
1. 某些以 ly 结尾的词是形容词而不是副词。如：
friendly, lively, lovely, lonely, likely, deadly, orderly 等。
2. 有些副词有两种形式，一个与形容词同形，一个以 ly 结尾，但它们的含义是不同的。以 ly 结尾的词表较为抽象的含义，而与形容词同形的副词则表较为具体的概念。
wide / high / deep (具体的意义)宽/高/深
widely / highly / deeply(抽象意义)广泛地/高度地/深深地
close 靠近地 — closely 密切地、仔细地
late迟的 — lately最近、近来
dead死的 — deadly极其、非常
bad坏的 — badly非常地、恶劣地
most十分、非常，最多(大)的 — mostly主要地、绝大多数地、多半
eg. He is highly praised for what he has done. (高度地)
He can see a bird flying high in the sky. (飞得高，具有可见性)
3. 注意多个形容词(含其他起形容词作用的词)前置定语的顺序。常用的顺序为：
限定词＋外观描绘性词＋形状＋年龄(新旧)＋颜色＋国籍＋材料＋名词。
可用“县(限定词)官(外观)行(形状)令(年龄新旧)宴(颜色)国(国籍)材(材料)”谐音记忆。
eg. a beautiful white Japanese military jeep一辆漂亮的白色的日本军用吉普车
4. 形容词作表语。一定要注意系动词的出现情况。这是一个高考热点问题。
常见系动词有：be
变化系动词： become, get, turn, grow, go
保持系动词： keep, remain, stay
感官系动词： look, smell, taste, feel, sound, appear, seem, prove, etc.
5. 形容词作状语，表状况、原因、结果等。这也是应注意的一点。
He went to bed, _cold_and_hungry.
易错易混点
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第 8 讲 非谓语动词
1. Bats are surprisingly long lived creatures, some ______ a life span of around 20 years. (2011浙江卷)
A. having B. had
C. have D. to have
【答案及解析】1. A　考查独立主格结构。句意为“令人惊讶的是，蝙蝠是长寿的动物，有些能活20年左右。”had和have是谓语动词形式，题中没有连词，无法并存两个句子。to have表将来；having表伴随。
2. Even the best writers sometimes find themselves ______ for words. (2011浙江卷)
A. lose B. lost
C. to lose D. having lost
【答案及解析】2. B　考查非谓语动词。句意为“甚至最优秀的作家有时也会发现他们难以用文字表达自己。”lose是及物动词，A、C、D项都是主动式，空格后没有lose的宾语，故用过去分词lost当形容词用，作find themselves的宾语补足语。
3. If they win the final tonight, the team are going to tour around the city______by their enthusiastic supporters. (2011浙江卷)
A. being cheered B. be cheered
C. to be cheered D. were cheered
【答案及解析】3. C　考查非谓语动词。句意为“如果他们赢了今晚的决赛，队员们将会巡游全城，接受热心支持者的欢呼。”A项being cheered正在进行；B项be cheered是谓语原形；D项were cheered也是谓语，但句中已有谓语are going to；C项to be cheered表示将来，同时也表示被动。
4. The experiment shows that proper amounts of exercise, if ______ regularly, can improve our health. (2010浙江卷)
A. being carried out B. carrying out
C. carried out D. to carry out
【答案及解析】4. C　考查if条件句的省略。
【答案及解析】本句的主语是the experiment，谓语动词是shows, that引导宾语从句，宾语从句的主干是：proper amounts of exercise can improve our health, if ______ regularly是插入的条件从句，其完整形式是：if it is carried out regularly，省略了it is。整个句意为：这项实验表明，适当的运动，如果有规律地进行，有利于我们的身体健康。
5. The traffic rule says young children under the age of four and ______ less than 40 pounds must be in a child safety seat. (2010浙江卷)
A. being weighed B. to weigh
C. weighed D. weighing
【答案及解析】5. D　考查非谓语动词。宾语从句中的主干为：young children must be in a child safety seat。under the age of four and ______ less than 40 pounds用于修饰宾语从句主语children。
【答案及解析】动词weigh与名词children是主动关系，所以选择weighing。句意：交通法则规定4岁以下并且体重不超过40磅的幼儿必须坐在幼儿安全座上。
6. There is a great deal of evidence ______ that music activities engage different parts of the brain. (2009浙江卷)
A. indicate B. indicating
C. to indicate D. to be indicating
【答案及解析】6. B　考查非谓语动词。此处是indicating 短语作evidence的后置定语，其中that music activities…the brain是动语indicate的宾语从句。
动词不定式、分词(现在分词，过去分词)和动名词统称为非谓语动词。现代英语将现在分词和动名词合为一大类叫做v. ing形式。动词不定式、过去分词及v. ing形式在句中均不能作谓语用，所以叫做非谓语动词。非谓语动词形式多样，应用广泛，且在句中起着很活跃的作用，也是语法项目中的重点和难点。
动词不定式的要点
1．动词不定式的形式变化
2.动词不定式的基本用法
(1)作主语：To help each other is good. 动词不定式能起名词、形容词和副词的作用，可在句中作主语、表语、宾语补足语、定语和状语用。(动词不定式作主语时，一般可用it作形式主语，而将作主语的动词不定式置于句末)，如：
It is good to help each other.
(2)作表语：
My job is to drive them to the power station every day.
(3)作宾语：
①作及物动词的宾语，如：
She wishes to be a musician.
②作某些形容词的宾语：这类形容词一般有glad, sorry, afraid, pleased, determined, willing, eager, anxious, ready, sure等，如：
I am determined to give up smoking.
③当动词不定式之前有疑问词时，就可作介词的宾语，如：
Can you give us some advice on what to do next
(4)作宾语补足语，如：
Tell the children not to play on the street.
如果句中的谓语动词为see, hear, watch, notice, have, make, let等，作宾语补足语的动词不定式须将to省去，如：
I saw a little girl run across the street.
(5)作定语：须位于被其修饰的名词或代词之后，如：Is this the best way to help him
(6)作状语：
①目的状语：
Every morning he gets up very early to read English.
②结果状语：
They lived to see the liberation of their home town.
他们活到亲眼见到了他们家乡的解放。
动词 ing形式的要点
1． ing的形式
2. ing形式的基本用法
(1)作主语：Seeing is believing. 眼见为实。
(2)作表语：Her job is washing and cooking.
(3)作宾语：①作及物动词的宾语。
She likes drawing very much.
②作某些短语动词的宾语。
Mary is thinking of going back to New York.
③ do＋限定词(my, some, any, the等)＋v. ing，表示“做……事”之意，如：
do some cleaning打扫卫生
do some shopping购物
④作介词的宾语：
Her sister is good at learning physics.
⑤作形容词worth, busy等的宾语：
This book is well worth reading.
(4)作定语：
The sleeping child is only five years old.
(5)作宾语补足语：
We can see steam rising from the wet clothes.
可以带有这种复合宾语的动词有see, watch, hear, observe, feel, find, have, keep等。
(6)作状语：
①时间状语：
Seeing Tom, I couldn't help thinking of his brother.
分词在句中作时间状语时，其前一般可加when或while，如：
When crossing street, you must be careful.
②原因状语：
Being ill, he didn't go to school yesterday.
③方式或伴随状语：
Mary stood at the school gate waiting for Betty.
过去分词的要点
1. 作定语：如果是一个单词，就位于其修饰的名词之前；如果是分词短语，就位于其修饰的名词之后。如：The stolen car was found by the police last week.
2. 作表语：表示其逻辑主语所处的状态，其逻辑主语就是句中的主语，如：The glass is broken.
3. 作宾语补足语：过去分词作宾语补足语时，句中的宾语就是其逻辑主语，如：
When I opened the door, I found the ground covered by fallen leaves.
4. 作状语：相当于一个状语从句，该结构的逻辑主语一般都是主句的主语，是过去分词所表示意义的逻辑宾语。为了使作状语的过去分词意义更加明确，常在分词前加when, if, while, though, as等连词，如：
Given more time/ If given more time, we could have done it better.
(we是该结构的逻辑主语，是give的逻辑宾语。)
1．疑问词 ＋ 动词不定式：疑问代词和疑问副词后可加动词不定式构成不定式短语，在句中可作主语、表语或宾语，如：
How_to_prevent_them_from_swimming_in_this_river is a problem.
2．动词不定式的否定式：由not ＋ 动词不定式构成，如：
It's wrong of you not_to_attend the meeting.
3．v. ing形式与动词不定式在句中作主语、表语、宾语时的区别。
v． ing形式：表示抽象或泛指的动作。
不定式：表示具体某一次的动作。
She likes playing the piano, but she doesn't want to_play it today.
4．v. ing形式与动词不定式在句中作定语的区别。
v． ing形式：动作与谓语动词所表示的动作同时发生。
不定式：动作发生在谓语动词所表示的动作之后。
The girl writing_a_letter_there can speak English very well.
I have three letters to_write.
5．v. ing形式与动词不定式在作宾语补足语时的区别。
(1)不定式作宾补时，其动作一般发生在谓语动词所表示的动作之后，如：
I have told them to_come again tomorrow.
(2)在see, watch, hear, feel等之后，如果用v. ing形式作宾补，表示其动作正在进行中，而用不带to的不定式作宾补时，不定式所表示的动作是一个动作的过程，如：I hear her singing in the room. 我听见她正在屋里唱歌。
I hear her sing in the room. 我听见她在屋里唱过歌。
6．v. ing形式与动词不定式在句中作状语的区别。
v． ing形式：表示时间、原因、方式或伴随情况。
不定式：作目的或结果状语。
Not_receiving his letter, I wrote to him again.
I looked into the window to_see what was going on inside.
7．v. ing形式与过去分词的区别：
(1)语态不同：v. ing形式表示主动概念，及物动词的过去分词表示被动概念。
an inspiring speech鼓舞人心的演说；
the inspired audience受鼓舞的听众
(2)时间关系不同：现在分词所表示的动作一般是正在进行中的动作，而过去分词所表示的动作，往往是已经完成的动作，如：
the changing world正在变化的世界
the changed world已经变化了的世界
8．独立主格结构：有时v. ing和过去分词在句中也有自己的独立的主语，这种独立的主语一般为名词或代词，和v. ing还有过去分词构成独立主格结构。该结构在句中一般只作状语。
独立主格中是使用v. ing还是过去分词，则要根据它们的主语和其所表示的动作的主动或被动关系来定，如：
The_bell_ringing,_we all stopped talking.
.
注意：①独立结构中的being或having been常可省去，如：
The_meeting_(being)_over,_all left the room.
②作伴随状语的独立结构常可用with短语来代替， 如：
She read the letter, tears rolling down her cheeks.
＝ She read the letter with_tears_rolling_down her cheeks.
易错易混点
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第 12 讲 状语从句
1. One Friday, we were packing to leave for a weekend away ______ my daughter heard cries for help. (2011浙江卷)
A. after B. while
C. since D. when　
【答案及解析】1. D　考查状语从句的连词。题干的前面是一个完整的句子。we were packing to leave for a weekend away为主句，时态为过去进行时，故排除选项A、C；连词后面的句子一定是从句，时态为一般现在时，故排除B。
【答案及解析】意思是“……当我女儿听到呼救声时，我们正在打包准备外出度周末。”本题也可以从when的用法去分析：when作并列连词时，其意义为“就在那时，这时”，相当于and at this/that time，常用于下列句型中：
Sb. was doing sth.
Sb. was about to do sth.
Sb. had just done sth. when sth. happened.
2. — How about camping this weekend, just for a change
— OK, ______ you want. (2010浙江卷)
A. whichever B. however
C. whatever D. whoever
【答案及解析】2. C　本题考查让步状语从句的引导词。句意：“这个周末野营怎么样，来点新鲜的？”“好啊，按你的意思办吧！”句子缺少宾语，故用whatever。原句相当于：Whatever you want, I will do it.
在句子中修饰谓语(或其他动词)、形容词、副词或是整个句子的从句叫状语从句。状语从句可以用来表示时间、地点、原因、目的、结果、条件、方式、比较、让步等。
表示时间的状语从句的引导词很多，根据意义和主从句之间的时间关系，又可分类如下：
时间状语从句
1. 表示同时性， 即主从句的谓语动作同时发生或几乎同时发生。
其连词有：when (当……的时候), while(当……的时候), as(当……的时候), as soon as(一……就……), once(一旦……)等。
2. 表示先时或后时，即主句的谓语动作发生在从句之前或之后。
主要连词有：after (在……后), before (在……之前), when (＝after)等。
3. 表示习惯性、经常性，即从句描述的不是一次性动作，而是经常发生的习惯性动作。
主要连词有every time(每次), each time(每次), whenever(每当)等。
4. 表示持续性或瞬间性。
主要连词有：since(自从), ever since(自从), until(直到……才/为止), till(直到……才/为止)等。
5. 有些单词或词组也可引导时间状语从句。
the time(当……的时刻), the moment(当……的时刻), by the time(到……时候为止), next time(下次), the first time(第一次……的时候), the last time(上次……的时候)，immediately(一……就……), instantly(一……就……), directly(一……就……)等词或词组以及hardly /scarcely…when…（刚……就……), no sooner…than…(刚……就……)。
例句:When I came into the office, the teachers were having a meeting.
He started as_soon_as he received the news.
Once you see him, you will never forget him.
No_sooner had I gone to bed than I went to sleep.
原因状语从句
原因状语从句表示原因或理由。表示原因的状语从句可以由as(由于), because(因为), since(既然), now (that)(既然), considering that(顾及到), seeing that(由于)等连词引导。
He is disappointed because_he didn't get the position.
　　 As it is raining, I will not go out.
　　 Now_that you mention it, I do remember.
地点状语从句
引导地点状语从句的连词是where 和wherever等。
Sit wherever you like.
Make a mark where you have a question.
目的状语从句
引导目的状语从句最常用的词(组)是so, so that, in order that, in case(以防，以免), for fear that(以便)等， 从句中常常使用一些情态动词，如：can, could, may, might, should等。
Speak clearly, so_that they may understand you.
结果状语从句
结果状语从句是表示事态结果的从句，通常主句是原因，从句是结果。引导结果状语从句的连词有：that, so that(从句中不带情态动词), so…that…(如此……以致……), such…that…(如此……以致……)等。
She was ill, so_that she didn't attend the meeting.
She is such a good teacher that everyone admires her.
条件状语从句
表示条件的状语从句可以由if(如果), unless(除非), in case(万一), so /as long as(只要), as/ so far as(就……而言), on condition that(条件是……), suppose(假设), supposing(假设)(仅用在问句中)等词或词组引导。一般情况下当主句是将来时的时候，从句要用一般现在时。
注意：条件从句中的if 不能用whether替换。
If he is not in the office, he must be out for lunch.
You can go swimming on_condition_that ( ＝ if ) you don't go too far away from the river bank.
If he had come a few minutes earlier, he could have seen her.
让步状语从句
让步状语从句由although(尽管), though(尽管), however(无论怎样), whatever(无论什么), whoever(无论谁), whomever(无论谁), whichever(无论哪个), whenever(无论何时), wherever(无论哪里), whether(是否), no matter (who, what, where, when, etc.) (无论……), even if(即使), even though(即使)等词引导。
注意：as引导的让步状语从句一般是倒装的。
Though he is a child, he knows a lot.
Child as he is, he knows a lot.
Whatever_(_＝_No_matter_what_) you say, I'll never change my mind.
方式状语从句
方式状语从句常由as, as if (though), the way, rather than等引导。
You must do the exercise as I show you.
He acted as_if nothing had happened.
比较状语从句
比较状语从句常用than, so (as)…as…， the more… the more…等引导。
I have made a lot more mistakes than_you have.
The_busier he is, the_happier he feels.
使用状语从句时要注意的几个问题
1．时态问题
在时间和条件(有时也在方式、让步等)从句中，主句是一般将来时，从句通常用一般现在时表示将来。
We'll go outing if it doesn't_rain tomorrow.
2．状语从句的省略
有些时间、地点、条件、方式或让步从句，如果从句的主语与主句主语一致(或虽不一致，是it)，从句的谓语又包含动词be，就可省略从句中的“主语 ＋ be”部分。
When (he was) still a boy of ten, he had to work day and night.
If (you are) asked you may come in.
If (it is) necessary I'll explain to you again.
3．注意区分不同从句
引导的是什么从句，不仅要根据连词，还要根据句子结构和句意来判断。以where为例，能引导多种从句。
You are to find it where you left it. (地点状语从句)
Tell me the address where he lives. (定语从句，句中有先行词)
I don't know where he came from. (宾语从句)
Where he has gone is not known yet. (主语从句)
This place is where they once hid. (表语从句)
4. before的几种用法
It will be a year before we meet again. (才……) (一段时间＋before)
The boy had left before I could thank him. (还来不及……就……)
5. when, while, as
(1)while 表时间，从句需用延续性动词，不用瞬间动词；
(2)when 表时间，从句既可用延续性动词，又可以用瞬间动词；
(3)as 表时间，与when 相似，但侧重强调主、从句动作同点或同段进行，可用延续性动词的一般过去式表示过去进行时。
(4)when, while 后还可以接分词短语。when 作并列连词，表示一个动作在发生时，另一个动作接着发生，这时就不能用while, as。
I was walking on the street when suddenly someone patted me on the shoulder.
(5)while 作并列连词，表示两种情况对比。
He was playing the guitar while his sister was watching TV.
易错易混点
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第 22 讲 长篇阅读
2011年浙江省高考英语卷阅读理解部分首次出现了篇幅超过800词的阅读材料，很多学生对这一新变化感到焦虑和紧张。其实，作为已经有一定英语阅读基础的高中生，没必要对长篇阅读材料产生恐惧心理。阅读之前先放下畏难畏长的不良心理因素，阅读过程中带着耐心并结合如下一些解题技巧，就可以保证长篇文章理解的准确性。
(1)阅读前先审题干、读选项这是阅读理解的基本技巧，在阅读长文章时其作用更明显。因为长文章信息量大，阅读时很容易看了后面忘了前面，而题干中含有命题的意图、问题的指向、答题的要求等，事先审读有利于阅读时抓住主要信息，减少回读次数，节约答题时间。事先细读选项则有助于边阅读文章边作出鉴别，排除错误选项。
(2)抓住文章中心主线，增强语篇意识。阅读材料篇幅变长，文章内容就会更充实，层次更多，考生很容易迷失阅读主方向。因此考生要围绕着文章话题，理出主线索，然后再层层展开阅读文章各个段落内容。
(3)对长篇阅读文章理解的检测还是以细节理解题、主旨大意题、推理判断题、词(句)义猜测题等形式，这些题型考生不陌生，关键还是要从词汇理解、篇章结构、逻辑线索、作者情感、文化背景、题目设问细节查找、推导概括等方面加大语篇能力训练并关注长篇文章题眼的挖掘深度和题目的设问方式，在复习过程中适当进行限时阅读。
【答案及解析】50. D　第二段中出现了两类人，一类人受到好的服务会跟其他12人讲，而受到差的服务的人就会跟20个人说，所以受到好的服务的顾客会提升公司业绩。
51. C　该词组的字面意思是“手机的愤怒”，很多学生会选择A，但是看后文说了很多关于手机服务受阻的情况，引起了顾客很多的抱怨，所以让商家明白，对顾客满意变得越来越急需。所以做此类题时要挖掘深层次的含义。
52. C　A答案很有迷惑性，因为文中出现always returning calls，但是这儿是回电话，而不是主动打电话；B也有出现，但是商家送更多的购物券作为“thank you note”的代名词，也不对；D promising more, 而文中是under promising，所以选择C, 就是此段括号部分的解释。
53. A　从第六段括号部分的“I know how you must feel”可知，与选项A“我知道你肯定很不开心”相符。
54. B　第七段出现…while there is great potential for customer anger over delays caused by weather, unclaimed luggage and technical problems. Potential是解题的词眼，与 likely对应。
55. C　此题选用排除法。A、D选项此篇文章并没有提到。B、C选项显然是两个截然不同的意思，从文章最后一句话On the other hand, the more customers are promised, the greater the risk of disappointment.可知，公司承诺得越多越容易使顾客失望，故公司应少承诺，多做事。
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第 19 讲 主旨大意题
该题型提问的形式主要有三类：第一类是Main Idea型；第二类是Topic/Title型；第三类是Purpose and Attitude型。
Ⅰ.Main Idea型
这种题型一般针对某一语段或某一语篇的主题思想或目的设题；有的也会针对文中的某一关键段落的思想和目的进行设题。
Which of the following best describes the main point of the passage
The main (general) idea of the passage is ______.
From the passage we know that ______.
What's the main idea /topic / subject /point of this passage
What does the passage mainly deal with
The article is written to explain ______.
All the details in this passage support the main idea ______.
What does the last paragraph mainly discuss
The first paragraph mainly tells us ______.
What's the main idea of the third paragraph
1．首先要找出文章的主题句(Topic Sentence)，即中心思想，其他句子则为支撑句或扩展句(Developing Details)，是用来阐述、解释、支持或发展主题句所表达的主题思想的。
2．在许多文段中，没有可以概括全段意义的主题句，必须根据文章中所提供的事实细节，进行全面分析，然后归纳成一般概念。但必须注意：既不能以偏概全，也不能在概括时过于宽泛，要恰如其分。
Ⅱ.Topic/Title型
在阅读理解的命题中，有时要求确定相应的标题，以考查考生对全文中心思想的理解。　　
The best title/ headline for this passage might be ______.
The text (passage) could be entitled ______.
What is the best title for the passage
Which of the following can be the best title for this passage
The topic of the passage is ______.
1．给文章加标题，首先要把握好文章大意，不能把文章某一段的大意看做是整篇文章的大意，更不能把文章细节看成是文章大意，以防标题的片面性。
2．注意文章的体裁及文章意图。根据不同体裁，结合叙述的过程、说明的用途、议论的主题等，从而正确地确定标题。
3．注意文章标题本身的句法和语法特征：一是要言简意赅，引人注目；二是要利用省略等修辞手段，尽量使标题句法结构正确。
Ⅲ.Purpose and Attitude型
每一篇文章都能体现出其写作意图、作者的态度和观点。命题中常结合考生对文章的理解，考查对写作目的和作者态度的理解。常见的设题方式有：
The author's main purpose in writing the passage is ______.
The passage is meant to ______.
The purpose of this article is ______.
The author's attitude toward…is best described as one of ______.
What might be the purpose of the author to write this passage
What is the author's main purpose in this passage
文章需要通过细节来支撑文章的思想和大意，而作者正是通过这些思想和大意来体现其态度、观点和目的。因此，领会文章的态度、观点和目的与文章的主旨大意是密不可分的。
【答案及解析】B　主旨大意题。文章第六、七两段点出了文章的主题思想。The game between humans and their smart devices is amusing and complex. 人与科技之间的游戏既有趣又复杂，所以文章讲的是人类与科技之间的关系。
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第 1 讲 冠词
1. Experts think that ______ recently discovered painting may be ______ Picasso. (2011浙江卷)
A. the; 不填 B. a; the
C. a; 不填 D. the; a　
【答案及解析】1. D　考查冠词在语境中的用法。句意为“专家认为，最近发现的油画可能是毕加索的作品。”the painting特指最近发现的油画；a Picasso意为a Picasso's painting，泛指毕加索的一件作品，有one的含义。
2. Many lifestyle patterns do such ______ great harm to health that they actually speed up ______ weakening of the human body. (2010浙江卷)
A. a; / B. /; the
C. a; the D. /; /
【答案及解析】2. B　句意：许多生活方式对人类的健康有害，他们加速了人类身体的衰退。“对……有害”是固定短语“do harm to”，名词前无冠词；之后的weakening是动词加 ing形式，是一个抽象名词，当表达一种概念、状况时需要加上the。
3. I don't understand what the engineer means, but I've got ______ rough idea of ______ project plan. (2009浙江卷)
A. the; a B. 不填； the
C. the; 不填 D. a; the
【答案及解析】3. D　句意：我不明白那个工程师的意思，但我已大致了解了这个项目的计划。have a rough idea是固定词组，意为“大致了解”，而plan在本句中表示特指，故用定冠词the。
定冠词的基本用法
1. 表示上文提到过的人或事物。如：
I have bought a book. The book is very useful.
2. 用于说话人与听话人心中都有数的人或事物。如：
Close the window, please. 　　
3. 用于表示世界上独一无二的事物之前。如：
the sun, the moon, the earth, the world等。
4. 用于表示方位的名词之前。如：
the east, the right
5. 用于序数词或形容词的最高级之前。如：
the first, the tallest
定冠词的基本用法
6. 用于形容词之前，使其名词化。如：
the sick, the wounded
7. 用于由普通名词构成的专有名词之前。如：
the United States, the United Nations
8. 用于江河、海洋、海峡、山脉、群岛、建筑物等名词之前。如：
the Changjiang River, the East Lake
9. 用于复数姓氏之前，表示“夫妇”或“全家”。如：
the Smiths
10. 用于西洋乐器名词前。如：
play the piano, play the violin
11. 用于发明物前。如：
The compass was invented in China.
12. 用于年代名词前。如：
He lived in the countryside in the 1970s.
13. 用于固定词组中。如：
in the morning (afternoon, evening), on the other hand, at the same time
不定冠词的基本用法
1. 泛指一个。如：
There is a book on the table.
2. 指人或事物的某一种类。如：
His father is a driver.
3. 指某一个人或事物，但不具体说明。如：
My sister was saved by a PLA man in the fire.
4. 用于某一些表示重量、长度、时间等单位前，表示“每一”。如：
We have meals three times a day.
5. 表示同样的。如：
They are of an age.
6. 表数量，相当于one，但语意较弱。如：
There is a pen and two books on the desk.
7. 使抽象名词具体化。如：
The little girl is a help to her mother.
8. 固定搭配。如：
as a matter of fact, in a hurry
不用冠词的情况：
1. 表示总称的复数名词之前。如：
Children love cartoons.
2. 不含普通名词的专有名词前。如：
We are studying English.
3. 名词前有指示代词、物主代词、不定代词或名词所有格修饰时。如：
I like this picture.
I do not have any money.
As time went on, Einstein's theory proved to be correct.
4. 季节、月份、星期等名词前，一般不用冠词。如：
She likes spring most.
5. 称呼语前不用冠词。如：
What shall I do next, Mother
6. 三餐饭前不用冠词。如：
What did you have for lunch
7. 节假日前不用冠词。如：
People give gifts to each other on Christmas Day.
不用冠词的情况：
8. 球类和棋类运动的名称前不用冠词。如：
She is fond of playing basketball.
9. 在一些成对出现的短语中不用冠词。如：
arm in arm(手挽手); hand in hand(手牵手);
side by side(肩并肩); day and day(日日夜夜)；
young and old(老老少少);
from door to door(挨门挨户);
from beginning to end(从头到尾);
from morning till night(从早到晚)等。
1. 抽象名词具体化时，被具体化的名词可能会与a/an连用。如：
a heavy rain一场大雨
a surprise一件怪事
a pleasure一件乐事
a success / failure一个成功的或失败的人，一件成功的或失败的事
2. 形容词比较级前用the表示“两者中较……的”，而形容词比较级前用a/an则表示“再/更……”。 形容词最高级前用the表示“三者或三者以上中最……的”， 而形容词最高级前用a/an时无比较含义。如：
Which is the_larger country, Canada or Australia
If there were no exams, we should have a_much_happier_time at school.
It is a_most_useful book. ( a very useful book)
He is the_most_diligent_student in this class.
3. “the ＋序数词”表示排序， “a/an ＋序数词”则表示“再一、又一”之意。序数词修饰动词事实上已成为副词，这时要用零冠词。如：
Can you give me a_second_chance,_please？(another chance)
He was only 5 years old when I first saw him.
4. 表示世界上独一无二的事物时一般用the修饰，但如果此类名词已有修饰成分，也可能加a/an。如：all over the_world,_ a peaceful world。
5. “零冠词 ＋ 单数名词＋ as/though ＋ 主语＋谓语”， 意为“虽然/尽管……但是……”。考生易犯带上冠词的错误。如：
Hero as he is, he has some shortcomings.
Young man as he is, he has seen much of the world.
6. 牢记高考中常见的纯不可数名词，它们是：weather, fun, space, advice, word(置于句首相当于news), progress, information, news。以上这些词不能与不定冠词连用。如：
Beyond the stars, the astronaut saw nothing but space.
易错易混点
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1. 树语篇概念为第一要务
短文改错不同于单句改错，它每一句的语义表达、结构选择都受上下文制约。如动词时态的选择、代词的指代功能等都要依照上下文的线索进行判断。解答短文改错分3个步骤：
(1) 从语篇角度入手，读懂中心：考生要从整体上把握全文，明确文章的题材，理解作者的意图及语境。
(2) 从句法行文入手，理清脉络：通读全文，了解文章大意、写作方式之后，应把注意力集中于句子层次上，判断句子的表达是否符合行文逻辑。从历年高考来看短文改错绝大多数题目属于句子层次问题，所以，对句子结构正确与否、前后文是否互相关联的审查是关键的一步。
(3) 从语法结构入手，改正错误：除去句法问题、行文逻辑问题之外，大约还有一半错误属于语法错误。根据语法规则改正错误。
2. 寻命题规律，知解题技巧
在读懂整篇内容的基础上，逐句寻查错误，可集中于以下4点：
(1) 看上下文的逻辑是否合理；
(2) 看句子结构是否完整；
(3) 看各种词类是否正确：主谓是否一致，时态语态是否正确，冠词、代词、连词、关系代词和关系副词、名词的数与格、介词、形容词、副词使用是否得当；
(4) 看文中的习惯用法、固定搭配是否准确。
(2011浙江卷)
下面短文中有10处语言错误。请在有错误的地方增加、删除或修改某个单词。
增加：在缺词处加一个漏字符号(∧)，并在其下面写上该加的词。
删除：把多余的词用斜线(\)划掉。
修改：在错的词下画一横线， 并在该词下面写上修改后的词。
注意： 1. 每处错误及其修改均仅限一词；
2. 只允许修改10处， 多者 ( 从第11处起 ) 不计分。
It was very nice to get your invitation to spend ∧the weekend with you. Luckily I was_am completely free then, so I'll to\ say “yes”， I'll arrive in Bristol at around 8：00 p．m. inon Friday evening.
I was playing at my cousin house. Since his family was rich than mine, he had more toys than I did. There was one on particular I'd always wanted. I put into my pocket when he wasn't looking. I guessed, even at that age, I would never be able to enjoy to playing with the toy or faced my
cousin again; I would always know I'd done something wrong. Late on, my aunt drove me home. When she dropped me off, I pulled out the toy slow and gave it back. She knows what had happened, but she thanked me and ever mentioned it again.
【答案】I was playing at my cousincousin's house. Since his family was richricher than mine, he had more toys than I did. There was one onin particular I'd always wanted. I put ∧it/that into my pocket when he wasn't looking. I guessed, even at that age, I would never be able to enjoy to\playing with the toy or facedface my cousin again; I would always know I'd done something wrong. LateLater on, my aunt drove me home. When she dropped me off, I pulled out the toy slowslowly and gave it back. She knowsknew what had happened, but she thanked me and evernever mentioned it again.
此篇短文改错的文章内容是一则关于作者孩时自我教育的小故事，试题难度适中，要求修改的10处错误均为学生写作中的常见错误，设题考查的内容是学生应该掌握的基础知识，以考查其发现问题和解决问题的能力。
【解析】1．“在我堂兄弟的家”，考查名词所有格的用法，cousin后加's表示“……的”。
2．有比较级的标志词than却没有形容词比较级，rich的比较级为规则变化richer。
3．考查习语搭配in particular，意为“尤其，特别”。
4. put…into…，考查动词用法和代词，这里漏填了指代那个玩具的单词it。
5. enjoy后面应接doing，所以去掉多余的to。
6. 句中有连词or，表示后面省略的部分跟前面一致，为I would never be able to…or I would never be able to…，因此要用动词原形face。
7．later on是固定习语，意为“后来”，而late作副词时意为“迟的；最近的”。
8．这里的“慢”应该是说明作者掏兜的动作，即修饰动词pull要用副词slowly。
9．动词时态考点，通篇文章因为是叙述过去发生的一件事，所以时态基本都为过去时，这里不可能出现knows这样明显的表示习惯的一般现在时。
10．ever表示肯定含义，而这句作者想表达的是自己的阿姨知道这件事(偷玩具)但再也没有提过，应该是否定含义，故ever换成否定副词never才对。
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第 7 讲 动词的时态和语态
1. The manager was worried about the press conference his assistant______in his place but, luckily, everything was going on smoothly. (2011浙江卷)
A. gave B. gives
C. was giving D. had given　
【答案及解析】1. C　考查动词的时态。句意为“经理担心着他的助手代替他所举办的新闻发布会。
【答案及解析】幸运的是，一切进展顺利。”经理担心的时候正是助手举办新闻发布会之时，过去进行时表示过去某时正在进行的动作。易误选A项，gave表示过去的动作发生过，这与后面everything was going on smoothly不符，因为事情还在进展中。
2. If you plant watermelon seeds in the spring, you ______ fresh watermelon in the fall.(2010浙江卷)
A. eat B. would eat
C. have eaten D. will be eating　
【答案及解析】2. D　句意：如果你在春天种下西瓜种子，你会在秋天吃到新鲜的西瓜。可以判断这是真实的条件从句，会发生的事情，所以选择will be eating表将来。
3. For many years, people ______ electric cars. However, making them has been more difficult than predicted. (2010浙江卷)
A. had dreamed of B. have dreamed of
C. dreamed of D. dream of
【答案及解析】3. B　句意：许多年来，人们都一直梦想着电动汽车。然而，制造它们比想象中要难得多。由此推断此处的梦想从过去到现在。目前，市场上已经有了电动汽车，所以应用现在完成时。
4. Over the past decades, sea ice ______ in the Arctic as a result of global warming.(2009浙江卷)
A. had decreased B. decreased
C. has been decreasing D. is decreasing
【答案及解析】4. C　句意：在过去的几十年中，由于全球变暖，北冰洋的海冰一直在减少。
5. — What do you think of the movie
— It's fantastic.The only pity is that I ______ the beginning of it.(2009浙江卷)
A. missed B. had missed
C. miss D. would miss
【答案及解析】5. A　根据语境，“错过电影开头”这一动作发生在过去，故用过去时。
动词的分类
动词是表示动作和状态的词。动词有时态、语态和语气三种形式的变化。
1．动词按其能否独立作谓语而分为：“谓语动词”和“非谓语动词”两种。
2．动词的四种基本形式：动词原形、过去式、过去分词和现在分词。
3．动词按其构成动词词组的作用可分为：实义动词、连系动词、情态动词和助动词。
(1)实义动词分为及物动词和不及物动词。还可分为持续性动词和瞬间动词；
(2)连系动词有两种：一种表特征或状态，另一种表状态变化过程。
时态和语态
主动语态和被动语态
主动语态(Active Voice )：在主动语态中，主语是动作的执行者。如：
The student wrote a song.
被动语态(Passive Voice): 在被动语态中，主语是动作的承受者。如：
A song was written by the student.
主动语态变被动语态三步骤：
1. 原来的主语变为宾语，其前加“by”；
2. 原来的(直接)宾语提前作主语；
3. 动词变为被动 be ＋ 过去分词(be要变化)
如： Millions_of_people will watch the_final_match_on TV.
→The final match will be watched on TV by millions of people.
1. 被动语态介词固定搭配不能省略。如：
He has thought_of a way of solving the problem.
→A way of solving the problem has been thought_of.
2. break out/ happen/ take place/ arrive/ become/ die/ disappear, etc. 不及物动词没有被动语态。如：
The accident which happened yesterday surprised me.
3. 主动语态表示被动的若干情形。
(1)某些连系动词用主动表被动，如：look, sound, smell, taste, prove, feel。
This kind of cloth feels soft.
My advice proved to be wrong.
(2)当open, close, shut, lock, move等用作不及物动词且表示主语的某种属性时，通常用主动形式表示被动意义。他们通常与can't, won't等连用。
The door won't shut.
(3)当read, write, wash, sell, clean, cook, burn, draw, cut, wear等词与well, easily, quickly 等副词连用时，常用主动表被动。
The cloth washes well.
The poem reads smoothly.
(4)某些表示开始和结束的动作(begin, start, finish, end, etc. )，当主语是物且不强调动作的执行者时，可用主动表被动。
The play ended at ten o'clock.
4. 非谓语动词主动表被动的情况。
(1)不定式to blame, to let用作表语时，通常用主动表被动。
Who is to blame 该怪谁呢？
The house is to let. 此屋出租。
(2)在“be ＋形容词＋to do”结构中的不定式通常用主动表被动。
The question is difficult to answer.
(3)不定式用于某些动词的(have, have got, get, want, need)宾语后作定语时，当不定式逻辑主语和句子的主语一致时就用主动表被动，若不一致，则需用被动。
I have a letter to post. (自己寄)
I have a letter to be posted. (请别人寄)
易错易混点
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第 20讲 推理判断题
推理判断题主要考查考生根据已知信息做出合理的推断或判断的逻辑思维能力，要求考生阅读时善于揣测、体会作者的态度、观点、意图等。
【提问方式】
What can be concluded from the passage
Which of the following statements can be inferred from the passage
What did the paragraph preceding this section likely deal with/discuss
We can infer/learn from the (last) paragraph that ______.
It can be concluded from the passage that ______.
The passage implies /suggests that ______.
The author seems to be in favor of (against) ______.
The author believes that ______.
It is most likely to be inferred from the passage that ______.
The author most probably implies in this section that ______.
1. 严格按照阅读材料中所提供的信息进行推理，千万不要掺杂自己的主观想法或经验；
2. 如果某选项中的内容是阅读材料的简单重复，那它就不是推论，也就不是正确答案；
3. 如果某选项所表达的内容与经验相吻合，文中却没有涉及，那它属于主观臆断的结论，也不是正确答案；
4. 如果某个选项表达的内容虽在文中提到，但很片面或很不完整，那也不是正确答案；
5. 文中的虚拟语气和情态动词(should, must, may, etc. )往往能流露出作者的弦外之音，这有助于我们确定正确答案；
6. 注意作者在文章中的措辞，比如作者在形容词前用了too，excessively, rather等，则常带有否定的口气；
7. 某些过渡词如however, but, on the contrary, what is more等，后面所表达的内容往往能反映作者的观点和态度。
【答案及解析】本文是一篇夹叙夹议的文章。
C　推理判断题。最后一段作者分析了人们为什么老是喜欢新的事物，因为旧的事物我们了解了，有局限性，而新的事物会带给我们更多我们没想到的。根据作者在购物的过程中，最终选择了试用自己最初的照相机，所以得出作者的观点是：我们并不需要了解很多新的东西，只要达到自己的最初的要求就行。
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