(共29张PPT)
第29讲 图表作文
(2011·广东卷)以下是一本图书的基本信息及相关报道。
基本信息：
(1)书名：Battle Hymn of the Tiger Mother
(2)作者：Amy Chua，美籍华人，耶鲁*大学教授
(3)出版时间：2010年
(4)内容：作者用中国传统方式教育两个女儿的故事
(5)效应：引发了中美教育方式孰优孰劣的讨论
相关报道：
(1)中文版：2011年初开始在中国销售
(2)意外反应：多数中国妈妈不赞同作者的做法
(3)最新消息：17岁的大女儿已被哈佛**和耶鲁录取
*耶鲁：Yale；**哈佛：Harvard
【写作内容】
根据以上信息写一篇图书介绍，内容包括：
1．图书的基本信息；
2．图书的相关报道。
【写作要求】
只能用5个句子表达全部内容。
【评分标准】
句子结构准确，信息内容完整，篇章连贯。
思路点拨：本文是一篇说明文，让考生对Battle Hymn of the Tiger Mother这本书进行介绍。试题详细地给出了内容要点，为控制性写作。在文章结构方面，一定要紧扣考题已给出的写作提示：1.图书的基本信息；2.图书的相关报道。要写好此文，考生需要注意四点：一、要认真审题，确定体裁、人称和时态等；二、要运用适当的句型，合理地组织文字；三、切忌照译，要适当地增加细节，恰当地使用连接过渡词，以使行文连贯。四、在句型方面，为了用5个句子表达全部内容，复合句的使用依然是考查的重点。
【参考答案】
Published in 2010, Battle Hymn of the Tiger Mother, whose writer is Amy Chua, a Chinese American professor in Yale University, is about a story that the author applied the Chinese traditional educational method to instruct her two daughters. The books with Chinese edition were sold in China at the beginning of the 2011. As a result, it caused a heated discussion on which is better, the Chinese way or American. Accidentally, most of the Chinese mothers are not in favour of what the writer did. However, the latest news shows that her 17 year old daughter was admitted into Harvard and Yale University.
【作文点评】
本文不仅包含了题目要求的所有要点，而且语言严谨、表达得体。时态使用正确，文章层次分明。恰当地使用复合句是本文的较为突出的亮点。如定语从句whose writer is Amy Chua，同位语从句that the author applied the Chinese traditional educational method to instruct her two daughters，宾语从句which is better, the Chinese way or American / that her 17 year old daughter was admitted into Harvard and Yale University等。
图表作文是近几年高考常选的命题方式之一。在高考中常以两种形式对学生进行考查，一种是文字表格式，另一种是柱形或饼形图表式。文字表格式在近几年全国各省每年都考查过，而柱形或饼形图表式作文则在2006年的湖北卷及2004年的北京卷出现过。湖南省在2008年的高考中，是另一种形式的图表作文：文字表格＋人物图像。这些数据说明，高考命题者对图表作文还是比较青睐的。
●文字表格式
文字表格式作文的体裁相对稳定，以说明文、议论文为主，辅之以记叙文。题材丰富多样，有书信、发言稿、介绍等，通常情况下，试题明确规定了所使用的写作格式。因此，考生只需根据表格的提示内容，确定所要表达的写作要点，运用自己所掌握的句型和词汇知识，做到：要点齐全、语句通顺、条理清楚、表达明确、思路灵活、书写工整。
具体操作时注意以下两个方面：
一是布好局、谋好篇。动笔前，一定要根据表格的提示内容，先确定表达文章所需的体裁，然后根据所给题材确定文章的整体结构。
二是确定写作要点。在心中布局谋篇后，根据表格内容确定写作要点，尤其是自由发挥或谈感想的要点。全文最好以要点或短语形式列一个写作提纲，以便不遗漏要点。
因此，同学们平时训练写作时，在认真审题，分清体裁和题材后，应逐个地、完整地把表格中的要点及需要自由发挥的要点找出来，然后根据不同体裁把要写作的内容清楚地表达出来。对于记叙文，根据表格提示，注意故事发生的时间、地点、人物、事件、起因和结果，写作时常使用一般过去时态和第一人称。对于说明文，把需要解说的事物性质、对象、目的、用途等解释清楚，写作时常使用一般现在时。对于议论文，根据表格所给提示把要点(论点和论据)以及自由发挥的观点和论据阐释清楚，写作时常用一般现在时。对于应用文，首先要注意它的写作格式，如2010年高考阅卷对格式是这样给分：发言稿的格式正确，给1分。
当然，所有的写作都要做到“结构合理，内容连贯，行文流畅，给6分(2010年湖南高考阅卷评分要求)”。
例：长沙最近计划修建地铁，这件事引发了人们的广泛争论。请根据所给信息写一篇英文报道，客观陈述人们的不同看法，并表明自己的观点。
赞成观点 反对观点
1. 解决交通拥堵问题，方便市民生活。
2. 提供一种新的交通方式，促进环境保护。 1. 建设时间长，影响日常生活。
2. 投入资金过大，成本回收过慢。
你的观点……
注意：
1. 不要逐句翻译，可适当增加内容使行文连贯；
2. 词数：不少于120。
根据图表作文的写作技巧，我们分步进行翻译写作。
第一步：简述事件
1. 近来，人们对长沙地铁是否应该修建发生争论。
Recently, people are having an argument on whether the subway should be built in Changsha or not.
2. 人们的观点是各不相同的。
Opinions vary from person to person.
第二步：赞成观点
3. 有些人认为修建地铁是必要的。
Some people think it necessary to build the subway.
4. 首先，修建地铁能够帮助解决交通问题，人们将会享有更便利的生活。
For one thing, building the subway can help solve traffic problems and people will enjoy a more convenient life.
5. 其次，它提供了一种新的交通方式，它对生态环境无害。
For another, it provides a new means of transportation, which is environmentally friendly.
第三步：反对观点
6. 另一方面，其余的人持相反观点。
On the other hand, others hold the opposite opinion.
7. 从他们的观点来看，长时间的建设过程一定会影响人们的日常生活。
From their point of view, the long process of construction is bound to influence people's daily life.
8. 另外，太多的钱将会花费在修建地铁上，并且这需要很长一段时间来收回这些钱。
What's more, too much money will be spent building it, and it will take a long time to get the money back.
第四步：我的观点
9. 权衡正反两方面，我赞成地铁应该修建的观点，因为不仅环境将会得到保护而且更多的空间将会得到节省。
Weighing the pros and cons, I support the idea that the subway should be built because not only will the environment be protected but also more space will be saved.
思路点拨：本文为利弊分析型作文。基本时态应为一般现在时态。可按三段论的方式来陈述题目所规定的三个要点：赞成观点；反对观点；自己的观点。前面两个部分题目给出了具体的内容，写作时要注意句式的正确性和多样性。同时要注意恰当地运用连接词，使文章显得流畅自然。第三部分为开放性作文，你需要表明你自己的观点，同时说明你的理由。
【参考答案】Recently, people are having an argument on whether the subway should be built in Changsha or not. Opinions vary from person to person.
Some people think it necessary to build the subway. For one thing, building the subway can help solve traffic problems and people will enjoy a more convenient life. For another, it provides a new means of transportation, which is environmentally friendly.
【参考答案】
One coin has two sides. On the other hand, others hold the opposite opinion. From their point of view, the long process of construction is bound to influence people's daily life. What's more, too much money will be spent building it, and it will take a long time to get the money back.
Weighing the pros and cons, I support the idea that the subway should be built because not only will the environment be protected but also more space will be saved.
一、利弊型
Recently, our class had a heated discussion on whether 作文主题. Opinions vary from person to person/Opinions are divided among students.
Some people think it necessary to 正方观点. For one thing, 理由一. For another, 理由二．
On the other hand, others hold the opposite opinion. From their point of view, 反方理由一. What's more, 反方理由二．
In my opinion, I support/oppose that idea that作文主题. 你的理由．
二、观点对比型
Recently, a survey has been carried out in our school on whether 作文主题.
As can be seen from the result of the survey, opinions are divided. About 持有第一种观点的人数. The reasons are as follows. First, 第一种理由. Besides, 第二种理由．
On the contrary, others say 他们的观点. They think 第一种理由. What's more, 第二种理由．
As far as I'm concerned, we should自己的观点. Only in this way美好前景预测．
●柱形或饼形图表式
柱形或饼形图表式作文的体裁多为议论文、说明文和应用文，内容大多涉及前后变化对比、正反观点对比或产品介绍等。要求考生通过数据、文字内容分析，系统准确地表达出突变含义，并得出令人信服的结论。必须做到行文切题，紧扣中心思想，不漏要点，并且意思连贯，文理通顺，语言准确、得当。
柱形或饼形图表式作文写作形式和要求与文字表格式有所区别。写图表作文时，要注意遵循以下步骤：
(1)认真分析图表的含义，弄清图表中所含的信息及不同信息间的关系；柱形图用来表示各种事物的变化情况及相互关系，要求考生通过宽度相等的柱形的高度或长度差别来判断事物的动态发展趋势，因此考生应密切关注坐标线上的刻度单位及图表旁边的提示说明与文字。饼形图表示各事物在总体中所占的比例及相互关系，旨在要求考生准确理解并阐述一个被分割成大小不等切片的饼形图所传达的信息。考生应清楚掌握部分与整体，部分与部分之间的相互关系，这种关系通常是以百分比的数字形式给出的。
(2)确定文章的主题思想，构思出文章的基本框架，筛选出能说明图表主题思想的典型数据；
(3)编列文章的提纲；
(4)根据文章的提纲，将各段的提纲内容扩展成段落，然后将各个段落组成文章，注意段与段之间的衔接与过渡。
实际写作时，常采用三段式的谋篇方式。
第一段：概述图表反映的主题思想；
第二段：分析产生的原因；
第三段：展望未来或提出办法或建议。
例：下面是某高中学校对150名高三学生睡眠时间不足及原因所作的调查，结果如下。请根据图1提供的信息描述高三学生的睡眠情况，并针对图2中任何一个数据所反映的情况写出你的看法。
参考词汇：图表chart n.
思路点拨：本文属图表类作文，要仔细读图和图前的文字说明。本文要求考生说明学生睡眠情况的调查结果。基本时态应用一般现在时态。以第三人称的口气来表达内容。从写作步骤来看，可先描述学生睡眠时间不足的具体数据，然后针对图2中任何一个数据所反映的情况写出你的一个看法。在介绍数据变化时应特别注意表达的多样性。
【参考答案】
Chart 1 shows the sleeping time that senior 3 students can have every day. Sixty two percent of the students sleep just less than seven hours each day, while thirty seven of them can sleep seven to eight hours. However, only one percent can sleep over eight hours.
From Chart 2, we learn the reason why most senior 3 students don't have enough sleep. One of the reasons is that thirty five students stay up late studying hard. I think it's not wise to do so. We should sleep well at night and wake up feeling more refreshed. So we can make the best of daytime and study better in an effective way.
Recently, a survey has been done to find out 所要表达的主题. As is shown in the pie chart，表中的内容1, 表中的内容2. 表中的内容3 and表中的内容4.
In conclusion, the survey shows that总体规律、趋势或呈现的问题. Many factors contribute to the problem. One is that原因之一. Another is that原因之二.
In my opinion，自己的观点， 如何解决问题．
1
As is shown/indicated/illustrated by the figure/
percentageinthe table (graph/pie chart), 作文题目的议题 has been on rise (goes up/increases/drops/decreases). 具体变化数据. Judging from these figures, we can draw the conclusion that 得出结论．
There are 至少两个 reasons why this happened. On the one hand, 原因之一 . On the otherhand, 原因之二. In addition, 原因之三 is also responsible for it.
It is high time that we 发出倡议. We should 解决问题的方法或对策.
2(共9张PPT)
第4讲 听力填空
*
(2011·湖南卷)
Directions: In this section, you will hear a short passage. Listen carefully and then fill in the numbered blanks with the information you've heard. Fill in each blank with NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS.
You will hear the short passage TWICE.
*
Topic: My Ideal City
Questions Examples or Requirements
Location Near the sea, 16.______， or on an island
17.______ Depending on your own choice
Features Mountains to make it 18.______， or the fastest trains in the world
19.______ No less than 3 points
Prize: A free trip to Europe for a stay of 20.______
*
【录音原文】
Now, class! I'd like to give some instructions for joining in this year's essay competition. So, have your pens ready. The topic for this year's competition is My Ideal City and the following four questions must be answered. The first question is where would you build the city Would you like it near the sea, by a river, or on an island The second question is how large would you like the city to be It can be large, medium or small, depending on your own choice. The third question: What would make your city special
*
【录音原文】
Will it have many mountains to make it pretty, or will it have the fastest trains in the world Finally, you will need to explain why this city is your ideal city. You can give as many reasons as you like. But you are required to make at least three major points. The prize for this year's competition is a free trip to Europe for a two week stay. So start writing and good luck.
*
B 由录音原文I like to buy a mobile phone, please.以及后文的对话可知。
*
设题形式：
(一)表格式
(二)摘要式
题型特点： “听懂有关熟悉话题的谈论并且能够记录要点”旨在考查学生获取信息、表达信息的能力，还有些小题需要学生适当地概括和总结。如：摘要式样题17, 18题。
*
解题要领：
1. 快速预读，按图索骥。
听录音前，要有的放矢快速浏览题目，做到目标明确，胸有成竹。
2. 抓住关键，边听边记
考生解题的重点应该放在问题所在的“考点”上，而不能将思路停留在个别次要的语句上。同时，边听边在试卷或稿纸上快速巧妙地记录提到的what, who, when, where, which，why以及数字等关键词。
*
解题要领：
3. 循序渐进，有所侧重。
这一节录音会播放两遍。考生在听第一遍时，着重理解大意完成简单题；复听时，则侧重解决难点和重点。在进一步理解全文、把握重要细节的基础上，要特别检查一下自己前一次未听清、误听或漏听的重要信息，以保证答题的准确率。
4. 要注意所填内容要与题干相互照应，有时甚至要作适当的转化。(共17张PPT)
第12讲 特殊句型
Was it on a lonely island ______ he was saved one month after the boat went down？(2011·四川卷15)
A. where B. that
C. which D. what
【解析】选B。该句为含强调句型的一般问句。强调了地点状语on a lonely island，不能选where。它不是定语从句。该句可以还原为一个陈述句：He was saved one month after the boat went down on a lonely island.
考点1.强调句型的基本结构
Is ______ three hours ______ the boy ______ family is poor to come to school on foot
A. it; that; whose
B. it; that it takes; whose
C. it for; that it takes; whose
D. it; when; that
强调句型
特殊句型主要涉及强调句型、倒装句及省略句。
【解析】选B。这是一个强调句，强调作宾语的时间名词three hours, the boy后接一个定语从句， whose作定语修饰family。句意：那位家境贫寒的男孩花了三个小时徒步来到学校吗？
强调句型的基本结构是： It + be +被强调部分+ that(who)…。
强调句的一般疑问句形式为： Is(Was)+被强调部分+that/who…？
强调句的特殊疑问句形式为： Who/When/Where/Why + is (was) it that…？
强调句若以特殊疑问句形式出现，很容易误解。比较：
Why is it that he can't come 他为什么不能来？
What is it that he wants to buy 他想要买什么？
以上两句可视为由以下陈述句转换而来：
It is because he is ill that he can't come.
It is a computer that he wants to buy.
温馨提示：当强调人时，可用who代替其中的that, 当强调时间和地点时，不能用when和where代替that。
考点2. not… until用于强调句
It was not until ______ that I knew the truth. (2011·四川成都外国语学校高三第三次月考卷)
A. you told me B. did you tell me
C. had you told me D. you have told me
【解析】选A。该句强调了not until you told me。在强调not until句型时要将not 与until放在一起，并且语序不变。
其基本形式为It is (was) not until … that …。
It was not until yesterday that we knew about it.
直到昨天我们才知道这件事。
考点1.部分倒装
My father and my mother have been married for 30 years, and never once ______ with each other.(福建省三明二中2011高三二模卷)
A. have they quarreled
B. they have quarreled
C. did they quarrel
D. had they quarreled
【解析】选A。表否定意义的副词放于句首时后引起部分倒装。即：否定意义副词＋助动词＋主语＋动词。
倒装句
部分否定即将主语与助动词倒置，其结构与疑问句大致相同。构成部分倒装的主要情形有：
1. 含否定意义的词(如： never, hardly, seldom, little, few, not until, not, not only, no sooner, not a single …， no longer, nowhere, by no means, at no time, neither, nor等)置于句首时，其后用部分倒装。
2. so表示前面所说的情况也适合于另一个人或物时，意为“……也一样”， 用“so+助动词+主语”这样的倒装句式。若讲述的情况属于同一个人或物时，意为“……的确如此”， 主谓不倒装。要注意如果一个并列句中含有两个性质不同的谓语，另一个省略的倒装结构要用“So it is/was with sb./sth.”或 “It is/was the same with sb./sth.”来表示。
3. only加状语(即： only+副词/介词短语/状语从句等)放在句首时，其后用部分倒装。
4. 当虚拟条件句含有were, should, had时，可省略if, 将were, should, had置句首。
5. so / such … that结构中，将so / such … 置于句首时，主句要用部分倒装。
考点2.完全倒装
Out ______， still discussing the fashion show with great interest. (江苏南京金陵中学高三第4次模拟卷)
A. walked a crowd of young girls
B. did a crowd of young girls walk
C. were walking a crowd of young girls
D. a crowd of young girls were walking
【解析】选A。方位副词out 放于句首，后用全部倒装。即谓语动词全部在主语之前。
完全倒装即将谓语移到主语前。构成完全倒装的情形主要有：
1. 以now, then, here, there, out, in, up, down, off, away等副词开头的句子，且句子主语是名词时，句子常用完全倒装。若主语为代词，则不用倒装。
2. 将表语和地点状语(多为介词短语)置于句首加以强调时，其后通常用倒装语序。
考点3.另类倒装
— That boy enjoys drawing very much.
— ______， I have never seen anyone else who is as enthusiastic about drawing as he is.
A. As long as I have traveled
B. Traveled so much as I have
C. As I have traveled so much
D. Much as I have traveled
【解析】选D。as引导的让步状语从句中，可将副词提前至句首。
1. as引导的让步状语从句中，必须将表语、状语或动词原形提到as前面。若提前的表语是名词，一般不用冠词。
2. 当such用作表语时，通常采用倒装语序。
3. 有时为了强调，可将谓语部分的分词或不定式置于句首，从而构成倒装。
省略句
例1：It sounds like something is wrong with the car's engine. ______， we'd better take it to the garage immediately. (2011·江苏卷33)
A. Otherwise B. If not
C. But for that D. If so
【解析】选D。if so ＝if it is so。it代指It sounds like something is wrong with the car's engine. 这件事。
例2：— Will he fail in the exam
— ______.
A. Don't hope to
B. Let's hope not
C. Not hope so
D. Let's hope not to
【解析】选B。考查用so, not省略前面提到的事，表肯定与否定。so可代替单词、词组、句子，作believe, do, expect, guess, hope, fear, imagine, suppose, think等词的宾语；not代替否定的句子，用法与so相似。根据句意“(让)我们希望他考试不要失败”和语法规则，为了不重复别人的话，表示否定意义时， hope只用(I) hope not的形式。
1. 在时间、条件、让步等状语从句中，当从句的主语跟主句的主语一致时，从句的主语可以省略，同时将从句的谓语动词变成分词形式。
2. 在时间、地点、条件、让步等状语从句中，当从句的主语跟主句的主语一致或从句的主语是it, 谓语是be动词时，从句的主语、谓语可省略。如when/if necessary。
3. 当句子的谓语部分省略时，若只用代词代替句子，则用代词的宾格形式。
4. 当省略不定式的内容时，则须保留小品词to。(共21张PPT)
第14讲 七大实用解题技巧(一)
完形填空通常首句不设空，目的是让考生迅速进入主题，熟悉语言环境，建立正确的思维导向。英语中首句通常是文章的主题句，把握了主旨句对于理解全文和解题很有帮助。
Ⅰ. 技巧一：首句信息
例1：(2011·广东卷)
It has been argued by some that gifted children should be grouped in special classes. The __1__ is based on the belief that in regular classes these children are held back in their intellectual (智力的) growth by __2__ situation that has designed for the __3__ children.
1. A. principle B. theory
C. argument D. classification
2. A. designing B. grouping
C. learning D. living
3. A. smart B. curious
C. mature D. average
本文主要讲述有的人，主要是老师和家长，主张分快班和普通班及其理由。全文首句就点明主旨：人们一直争论，有天赋的孩子应当编入快班。该句为下一句的第1、3两题提供了重要的提示。
1. C 由前句的argued可知(提出观点，即论点)，填argument(论据)。(词语复现)
2. C 为学生(children)设计的当然是“学习”情境。(词语重现)
3. D 与前面的gifted children相对，应选average(普通的，一般的)。
思路点拨
例2：(2011·北京卷)
I used to hate being called upon in class mainly because I didn't like attention drawn to myself. And __36__ otherwise assigned(指定)a seat by the teacher, I always __37__ to sit at the back of the classroom.
36. A. as B. until
C. unless D. though
37. A. hoped B. agreed
C. meant D. chose
文章主人公一直不敢想象自己有能力做某事，经过老师点拨和帮助下克服自卑，并且学会了展示自己。
首句句意为：我曾经讨厌课堂里被老师点名，主要是因为我不喜欢将所有人的注意力都吸引到我身上。该句为下文的整个故事的发展做了铺垫。也为下一句的第36题的连词的选择作了暗示。
思路点拨
36. C 该句句首的And提示前后两句应为并列关系，前一句说我不喜欢被人关注，所以我总是选择坐在教室的后排，除非被老师指定我坐某个座位。故选unless。
37. D 此题学生最易误选A项。hope to do sth. 希望做某事，仅属于心里所想，而非事实，与首句逻辑不符。
思路点拨
完形填空主要考查学生对语境的理解。所以学生在做题时要有全局观念，进行连贯性思维，做题时要把每个空白处的含义与前后句的意思联系起来理解，进行合乎逻辑的推理判断。难选之处通常前后多有暗示。这种暗示多为后面暗示前面。
一般来说，完形填空的4个选项形式完全相同，如都是动词原形、副词、名词复数形式等。所以要注意他们之间在意义上和搭配上的细微差异，形义兼顾。同时，一定要把这些选项放到特定的语境里进行区分、判断，从而选出正确答案。
Ⅱ. 技巧二：暗示信息
例1：(2011·广东卷)
It has been argued by some that gifted children should be grouped in special classes…
I observed a number of __6__ children who were taken out of a special class and placed in a __7__ class. In the special class, they showed little ability to use their own judgement, … In regular class, having no worry about keeping up…
6. A. intelligent B. competent
C. ordinary D. independent
7. A. separate B. regular
C. new D. boring
6. A 首句就已涉及gifted children, 从special class(快班)出来的应是聪慧的学生，故选intelligent，与gifted同义。
7. B 考查形容词。答案可从下文的In the special class和In regular class得出的。
思路点拨
例2：(2011·湖北卷)
In her second grade, Maja __31__ her cousin, Jasmina. After Jasmina's death, Maja swore…
31. A. lost B. visited
C. rescued D. left
31. A 下文提示。根据下一句中的“After Jasmina's death”， 可知玛佳失去了自己的表妹。
思路点拨
语篇一般指比句子长的语言单位，如句群、段落、篇章等。语篇与语篇之间往往有表明其内在联系的词语，这些词语被称为“语篇标志”。如表示结构层次的语篇标志语有：firstly, secondly, thirdly, finally等；表示逻辑关系的语篇标志语有thus, therefore, so等；表示改变话题的语篇标志语有by the way等；表示递进关系的语篇标志语有besides, what's more, further等；表示时间关系的语篇标志语有before, so far, yet, meanwhile, later等；表示转折关系的有but, while, on the other hand, although等。
Ⅲ. 技巧三：逻辑关系
在做完形填空时，如果能充分利用这些语篇标志语，就可以迅速理清文章的脉络，弄清上下文的关系。
Ⅲ. 技巧三：逻辑关系
例1：(2011·湖北卷)
…but because it didn't fit well, walking for Maja was painful. __40__， she managed to graduate from a local high school.
40. A. Otherwise B. Therefore
C. Besides D. However
40. D 通过前后两句的句意逻辑关系不难判断二者为转折关系，故用however。
思路点拨
例2：(2011·陕西卷)
…He was still travelling quickly, but his wagons, __43__ the gold and valuables they had been carrying, were now full of farming tools and bags of __45__. He was rushing back to help them out of poverty.
43. A. except B. instead of
C. apart from D. along with
45. A. food B. jewels
C. money D. seeds
所缺的两个空都属于典型的通篇行文逻辑题。
43. B 用表转折关系的介词instead of，表示the gold and valuables与此句后半句were now full of farming tools and bags…形成对照。
45. D 全文主旨是三位富豪各自以不同的方式帮助穷人，所以可以推断，他所带的是农具和种子。
思路点拨
完形填空试题中，某一词语常常重复出现在语篇之中。词汇复现的语用意义是使得语篇中的句子相互衔接和连贯，从而构成一个完整和有机的意义整体。在阅读文章过程中，有时也会发现一些与选项意义紧密相连的同义词或近义词。因此要学会充分利用这些词提供的有效信息合理地推测判断，选出正确答案。
Ⅳ. 技巧四：原词复现
(2011·江苏卷)
…__39__ as high as he could, but even at his tallest __40__ he was unable to touch it. … at the top of each jump stretching his arms to …
39. A. expanding B. stretching
C. swinging D. pulling
40. A. strength B. length
C. range D. height
39. B 原词下文复现。该词在本段第42题后用到。
40. D 同根词复现。句中首先用到副词high, 此处需用其名词形式。
思路点拨(共25张PPT)
第17讲 判断词性、词义和词形(一)
语篇填空既然是通过语篇在语境中考语法，那么，我们在解题前，就应先快速浏览短文，把握全文大意，然后分析句子结构确定填哪类词。
1. 主要考查的知识点：
定冠词的基本用法、抽象名词具体化和固定搭配等。
2. 复习重点：
(1)定冠词的用法(基本用法必须熟记。下面几句顺口溜可以帮助记忆：特指双熟悉，上文已提及；世上独无二，序数最高级；普转专有名，习语及乐器。)
Ⅰ.冠词
(2)不定冠词的基本用法。
几种特殊用法：
①专有名词前用不定冠词，表示“像……的一个人或物”， a Napoleon;
②姓名前用不定冠词，表示“某个叫……的人”，多指不认识的人， a Miss Smith;
③用于某些物质名词前，表示“一种、一份、一阵”等，a tea and a coffee;
④用于某些抽象名词前，使抽象概念具体化。这种用法的名词有 a surprise/knowledge/success/
failure/pleasure/interest/joy等等。
Ⅰ.冠词
3. 冠词的判断：根据冠词修饰名词这一特点，如果空格位于名词前(或名词前还有个形容词)时，该空格可能是填冠词。
Ⅰ.冠词
例1：Of all the subjects, I like history the best because it gives us ______ useful knowledge of things in the past.
knowledge是抽象名词，但 knowledge前加不定冠词，后跟 of时组成 a knowledge of结构，表示“对……精通、了解”，所以，应该填a。
思路点拨
例2：Many lifestyle patterns do such great harm to health that they actually speed up ______ weakening of the human body.
weakening 在这里为名词(因为在动词短语后)推断其前面的空格处应填冠词，再根据语意可知，身体变差(weakening)表示的是特指(of the human body)，故判断空格处应该填the。
思路点拨
1. 主要考查的知识点：
不定代词和替代词的用法，it的用法和人称代词的格。
2．复习重点：
①指代必须准确无误。
②在使用人称代词、反身代词、物主代词这3类代词时，要注意它们在句中的人称、单复数及性别与所有格的一致性。
③疑问代词的用法。
Ⅱ.代词
3. 代词的判断：
①空格所在的句子缺主语或宾语时，需考虑填代词或名词(多考代词)。缺主语，用主格；缺宾语，用宾格；人称代词、不定代词、反身代词、指示代词等主要通过上下文来判断其语义和根据语法规则来判断其词形。
②名词在句子中作主语、宾语或表语且名词前面没有限定词，该名词前的空格可能是填some, any，other，another或与前面名词或人称代词对应的物主代词等限定词。
Ⅱ.代词
例1：On my desk is a photo that my father took of ______ when I was a baby.
分析句子结构可知，空格在从句中动词短语took of的后面，可判断为宾语，根据语境可知父亲拍下的相片是我，所以可推断出该空答案为人称代词宾格me。
思路点拨
例2：Everyone round her was writing pages and pages. However hard she thought, she couldn't find ______ to write about.
空格在句中谓语动词后，推断为宾语，用代词(或名词，一般多考代词)，再通过上下文的语义可判断答案为不定代词anything。
思路点拨
例3：A young tired looking woman with a baby in her arms asked to be allowed to visit her husband in prison. A short time later, when her husband with chains on his feet took a seat beside her, her tired face lit up. I watched them laugh, cry, and share ______ child.
空格位于动词share 后，且其后还有名词，可推断空格处应该是与后面的名词一起构成宾语，且修饰名词，故推断空格处应该填形容词或形容词性的物主代词作限定词。根据上下文语境，判断得出答案为物主代词their。
思路点拨
例4： — Which of the three ways shall I take to the village
— ______ way as you please.
该句是承上文的省略句，名词way在句中充当主语且前面没有限定词，再根据上文中three一词，可以相应的判断答语中应用表示三者的词，另外，从语境上看，问者询问的是“我应该走哪条路可以到达乡村？”而从答话人的语气看，应是“哪条路(任何一条路)都可以”。故判断该空填限定词Any。
思路点拨
1. 主要考查的知识点：
形容词作定语；形容词和副词的比较级、最高级等。
2. 重点复习：
①形容词和副词的基本用法及相关语法规则。
②比较级的程度修饰语(much，very much，far，even，still，rather，any等)。
③表示起承转合的副词。此功能与关联词相似，只是这种副词在用法上更加灵活多变。典型的有though, however, also, therefore, still, besides, or，otherwise, first, second, then, finally等等。
Ⅲ.形容词或副词
3. 形容词/副词的判断：
①根据形容词与连系动词连用及修饰名词的特点，如果空格前的动词是连系动词或空格在名词前(尤其是“冠词＋______ ＋ 名词”结构)时，该空可考虑填形容词；如果空格所填的词是修饰行为动词、形容词、副词、过去分词及整个句子(此时抽去空格，句意基本完整)，则考虑用副词。
②两个事物进行比较应用比较级，三个或三个以上事物进行比较应用最高级。
Ⅲ.形容词或副词
例1：Soon it would be the holidays. But before that, there were the end of year exams. All the students had been working ______ for some time.
根据对句子结构的分析及对句意的理解(抽去空格，句意完整)，推出该空应该填副词；根据常识可知，在考试时所有同学学习应该是非常用功，故判断该空应填hard。
思路点拨
例2：A recent study found that dogs often yawned after watching people do it. In the study, a human researcher yawned in front of 29 dogs. More than 70 percent of the dogs yawned back. That finding shocked the researcher. The percentage is much ______ than humans' yawn response rate. Humans tend to “catch” 45% to 60% of yawns.
由“…is much ______ than …”可提示该空应填形容词的比较级；根据上下文几个百分数字的比较及句意，可知狗对人打哈欠的回应比人对人打哈欠的回应的比率要高出很多，而英语中表示百分比率的“高”只能用high，最后判断该空应填higher。
思路点拨(共17张PPT)
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第21讲 主旨大意题
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(2011·湖南卷B篇)My father was Chief Engineer of a merchant ship, which was sunk in World War Ⅱ. The book Night of the U boats told the story.
Memories
In September, 1940, my mother, sister and I went to Swansea, where my father's ship was getting ready to sail. We brought him a family photograph to be kept with him at all times and keep him safe.
Then I remember my mother lying face down, sobbing. She had heard from a friend that the ship had been sunk by a torpedo(鱼雷)．
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I can remember the arrival of the telegram(电报), which in those days always brought bad news. My grandmother opened it. It read, “Safe. Love Ted.”
My most vivid memory is being woken and brought down to sit on my father's knee, his arm in a bandage.
He was judged unfit to return to sea and took a shore job in Glasgow for the rest of the war. For as long as I can remember, he had a weak heart. Mother said it was caused by the torpedoes. He said it was because of the cigarettes. Whichever, he died suddenly in his early 50s.
Ten years later I read Night of the U boats and was able to complete the story.
*
Torpedo
One torpedo struck the ship. Father was in the engine room, where the third engineer was killed. He shut down the engines to slow the ship making it easier for it to be abandoned.
By the time he got on deck(甲板) he was alone. Every lifeboat was gone except one which had stuck fast. When he tried to cut it free, it swung against the ship, injuring his hand and arm.He had no choice but to jump — still with the photograph in his pocket.
Three days later，he and other survivors were safe in Glasgow.All 23 with him signed the back of the photograph.
*
Torpedo
One torpedo struck the ship. Father was in the engine room, where the third engineer was killed. He shut down the engines to slow the ship making it easier for it to be abandoned.
By the time he got on deck(甲板) he was alone. Every lifeboat was gone except one which had stuck fast. When he tried to cut it free, it swung against the ship, injuring his hand and arm.He had no choice but to jump — still with the photograph in his pocket.
Three days later，he and other survivors were safe in Glasgow.All 23 with him signed the back of the photograph.
*
A Toast
In my room is the book and the photograph. Often, glass in hand, I have wondered how I would have dealt with an explosion, a sinking ship, a jump into a vast ocean and a wait for rescue Lest(以免)we forget, I have some more whisky and toast the heroes of the war.
65. What is the passage mainly about
A. A group of forgotten heroes.
B. A book describing a terrifying battle.
C. A ship engineer's wartime experience.
D. A merchant's memories of a sea rescue.
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介绍我的父亲在二战期间经历的一次沉船事件。
65. C 主旨大意题。其他选项错误原因：A、B两项在文中都没有涉及；D项merchant's memories应该是作者(merchant's child)的memories。
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主旨题是阅读理解中最常见的题型之一，测试阅读理解的基本能力。这种题型考查学生在语言水平上对文章的把握：能否分辨主题和细节、是否具备提纲挈领的能力。
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一、 主旨大意题的出题方式虽说比较固定，但也有大致如下3种情形：
1. 标题与大意题
What's the best title for this passage
What is the passage mainly about
What does the passage mainly tell us
What is the main idea of the passage
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2. 写作目的
写作目的与文章主题不同，但与它关系密切，所以也可以算作主旨题的一种变体。二者的异同可以从下面的对比中看出：文章主旨是中心思想、文章大意，而写作目的则阐述文章为何表达这个中心思想，等于文章大意＋论述方法(或作者口吻)。文章大意可以根据前面所述的方法找到。至于论述方法，可以根据高考阅读理解的主体文章确定。
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advice…(建议，劝告)
argue for(论证)，argue against(驳斥)(这两种答案仅适用于议论文体裁)
illustrate…(说明)
present…(阐述)
propose…(提出)
warn…(警告)
既然全文的写作目的与文章的主旨密切相关，那么段落的写作目的也与段落的大意密切相关，只有反映了段落大意的答案才是段落的写作目的。
3. 作者态度
解答作者态度(attitude)或语气(tone)题，关键在于把握作者对全文主体事物(与主题有关)或某一具体事物的态度。表达作者态度——褒义、中性和贬义的手段主要有：1)加入形容词定语；2)加入副词状语；3)特殊动词。英语中有些动词也表明说话者的正负态度，如：fail(未能)，ignore(忽视)，overestimate (估计过高)等动词表示一种负态度。
由上可知，确定作者态度，可以有两种思路：问全文主体事物的(包括主题)，可以根据阐述主题或有关主体事物的相关句中的形容词、副词或动词确定作者的态度；如果问的是对某一具体事物的态度，则可以定位到具体相关句，然后确定答案。
二、解题方法：
1. 把握文章逻辑结构，抓主题句，概括段落大意，根据论述详略确定。
主题句表达中心思想，其他句子均围绕它进行说明或议论。它在文章中的位置通常为第一段首句、第一段末句和全文末句等地方。所以阅读时对这些地方要特别关注。
高考阅读理解文章的主要逻辑结构有：
1)时间顺序。按时间先后说明某一理论的发展，或某一研究成果由过去至现在的情况。属于这种结构的主题通常在首段或末段。
2)总分顺序。首段做总的说明，其他段落分别说明或具体论述首段的观点。属于这种结构的文章主题在首段。
3)分总顺序。前面几段分别说明，末段总结。主题在末段。
4)对比。进行对比的各事物之间的基本共同点或差异为主题。
5)分类。分类说明的各大项相加为主题。
2. 文章标题的选择或拟定
标题用来帮助读者迅速推测出整篇文章的主要内容，抓住文章讨论的中心，把握作者的观点和意图，点明文章主题。标题可以是单词，短语，也可以是句子。它的特点是：短小精悍，涵盖性强，简洁新颖。
要恰当地选好标题，需要了解标题的基本拟定方式。一般来说，标题的拟定方式是：以话题为核心，将控制性概念的词按一定的语法浓缩为概括主题句句意或中心思想的词组。要选好标题，还要注意三个原则，一是概括性原则，要求标题应在最大程度上覆盖全文，囊括文章的主要内容，体现文章的主题要旨。
二是针对性原则，针对性原则是对标题外延的一种界定。概括性原则要求文章标题包括文章的主要内容。但如果标题过大，就违背了针对性原则。针对性原则要求标题不能太过于概括，而是要直接指向文章的主要特点。即标题的外延既不能太大也不能太小。要量体裁衣，大小适度。三是醒目性原则。标题是文章的点睛之笔，是文章的灵魂和门面。相应的要避免下列三种错误： ①概括不够(多表现为部分代整体，以点代面，以偏概全，从而导致范围太小)；②过度概括(多表现为人为扩大范围)；③以事实、细节替代抽象具体的大意。(共18张PPT)
第3讲 推断背景关系，理解意图态度和识别不同语气表达的不同感情
设题形式：
Where are the two speakers
Where does the conversation (most likely)take place
题型特点： 主要从两个方面来考查：一是直接或者间接提到某个地点；二是通过双方交流的信息推断出场景。
解题要领： 要善于抓关键词，用常识进行推理。
内容背景题
( ) 例Where are the two speakers (2010·湖南卷Conversation 6)
A. In a dining hall. B. In a hospital.
C. In a lecture room.
【录音原文】
M: Mary, can I sit here
W: Sure, Mark. What are you having for lunch Let me see…， what's in your plate Ah, pork and fried chicken again
M: They are really delicious. And I cannot imagine a meal without meat.
W: You never eat vegetables. That's not good for you. How was your cold, then Have you seen a doctor
M: It's nothing serious, and it's not necessary to bother the doctor. I've taken some medicine, and I'll be well soon.
W: You're so careless about your health.
【录音原文】
M: Well, do not speak to me like my doctor, I know what's good for me.
W: Oh, I finally understand Dr. Kevin's lecture.
M: What do you mean
W: He said men live shorter than women, because they always pay little attention to their health.
思路点拨：由重点词where可知本题考查场景，再由关键词：女孩的“What are you having for lunch？”可定位到餐厅场景。本题选A。
设题形式：
What is the probable relationship between the two speakers
What are the two speakers
To whom is the man speaking
题型特点： 主要考查对说话人关系的把握。
解题要领： 听录音时，要聚焦于与说话人身份或谈话内容相关的信息词。
人物关系题
( )例What is the probable relationship between the two speakers (2010·湖南卷Conversation 3)
A. Teacher and student.
B. Classmates.
C. Doctor and patient.
【录音原文】
M: I'm thinking about going to the rock concert in the student's center tonight. Will you join me
W: Sorry, I don't think I'll go to the concert tonight. I'll have to wait for my doctor's call, and then prepare for the exam.
M: Are we having an exam tomorrow
W: Yeah, our class will be having a math exam tomorrow morning. Did you forget it
M: Yes, I don't think I'll go to the concert, either.
思路点拨：由题干可知本题考查人物关系。再由录音关键词“our class”和 “having an exam”可知两人在谈论考试，这样的场景明显定位到同学关系。所以正确答案是B。
设题形式：
What does the man/woman mean
What do we know about the man/woman
What can we infer from the conversation
题型特点： 主要要求考生对对话的内容进行逻辑推理，然后推断出说话人的意图、观点和态度。
解题要领： 听录音时，要特别注意语音、语调、语气和提示词等内涵意义，还要留心转折、让步、否定、虚拟的转换，作出综合判断，揣摩出说话者的意图、观点和态度。
推断、理解说话者的意图、观点和态度
( )例What does the man mean？(2009·湖南卷)
A. He got there in only five minutes.
B. He has a good reason for being late.
C. He is used to waiting for the woman.
【录音原文】
M: Don't be mad at me. I'm only five minutes late.
W: This is the last time I'm waiting for you. I mean it.
M: You know, I always have a good excuse. I promise you you'll never have to wait for me again.
W: I hope e on, let's go to get our tickets now. Oh, by the way, you have got your wallet with you, don't you I left mine at home.
思路点拨：由题干知本题考查说话者意图。由男士所说“I'm only five minutes late.”“I always have a good excuse.” 体现了男生对于自己的约会迟到是振振有辞的态度。所以正确答案是B。
题型特点： 新考纲要求学生根据说话者的语气和语调判断出说话者的心思和意图，体会出说话者的喜、怒、哀、乐、惊、惧、爱、恶等情感。
解题要领： 俗话说“听话听音，锣鼓听声。” 考生要善于抓感叹词，注意说话者的语气和语调。
识别不同语气表达的不同情感
( )例How does the woman feel about the man's hobby (2010年湖南高考样题)
A．Surprised. B. Doubtful.
C．Excited.
【录音原文】
W: How good are you at sports, John
M: Are you kidding？I'm terrible！But I love to watch sports.I go to football and baseball games all the time.And I buy three or four different sports magazines every week.
W: Wow. Really!
思路点拨：根据对话中女士的语气“How good are you at sports，John？”和“Wow. Really！”可以推断女士的吃惊的情感。(共35张PPT)
第28讲 看图作文
(2011·湖南卷)
假设你参加所在年级的英文写作比赛，请按如下要求完成一篇短文：
1．简要描述下图内容，并点明主题；
2．联系实际，表达该图带给你的启示。
注意：1. 词数不少于120个；
2. 不能使用真实姓名和学校名称。
________________________________________________
________________________________________________
________________________________________________
思路点拨：本文为一篇看图作文，要求考生简要描述图画内容，并点明主题。同时要求联系实际，谈谈该图带来的启示。属半开放性作文。应用第一人称写作，基本时态为一般现在时。可按“三段式”来写此文——描写图画、联系实际和谈谈启示。开头段描写图画，就图写图，无需发挥任何的主观意见和言论。首先描写图画：海洋由水滴组成、森林由树木组成、社会由个人组成。最后一句点明主题“积少成多”。要力求句式多变，避免表达的单调。第二段为文章主体段，此段可联系学生学校生活的实际，分析 “积少成多”的哲理。结尾段谈启示和感受，要注意前后呼应，深化主题。
标杆作文1
【作文点评】
本文定为五档，得分24分。文章很好地完成了试题规定的任务：首先作者描述了图画内容，点明主题：积少成多。第二段作者联系现实，举了两个例子来进一步论述这个哲理。第三段作者谈到了自己的感受，认为我们要想取得成功，就必须付出努力，呼应了前文，深化了主题。本文层次清楚，脉络清晰，要点表达完整，表达方式灵活多样，如，表达“由……组成”时作者使用了3个不同的短语：be made up of, consist of, make up，避免了用词上的单调重复。
【作文点评】
英语谚语“Rome is not built in one day”使用得恰到好处，增加了文章的说服力和逻辑性。倒装句(Only through our persistent efforts and diligence can we realize our great dream.)、定语从句(As an English proverb goes)及条件状语从句(We must work hard if we want to succeed)的运用不仅增添了文章的表现力，而且还让读者读起来朗朗上口。本文不愧为一篇上乘之作。
标杆作文2
【作文点评】
本文定为四档，得分19分。文章较好地完成了试题规定的任务：有图片描述，点明了主题(积少成多，团结就是力量)。作者也联系实际谈到了启示，内容要点是比较到位的。语法结构和词汇能满足任务的要求。使用了复杂多变的句式结构，如非限定性定语从句(which is very meaningful)，with复合结构(only a couple of ants drowning in the river)等。文章采用了较恰当的衔接手段，层次清楚，达到了与目标读者交流的目的。但短文也出现了一些语言错误，如主谓一致错误many drops of water forms a sea(forms应为form)；语法结构错误The story is about some ants swam across a big river successfully(ants后面应加that)；
【作文点评】
动词使用错误At first these ants tried to across the river one by one(across应为cross)；缺少谓语But one small ant is too weak to against the power of the river(against应为go against)；时态错误They swim in the river together(swim 应为swam)。这些句子结构、谓语动词和非谓语动词的错误在评分时被认定为严重语法错误，在高考评卷时每处扣一分，但相同错误不重复扣分。
标杆作文3
【作文点评】
本文定为三档，得分14分。文章基本完成了试题规定的任务，包含了多数内容要点，但漏掉了一个关键要点，即缺少对图片内容的描述。评分时要降低一个档次，即扣掉5分。文章应用了简单的语句间的连接成分，全文内容基本连贯，层次较为清楚。文中出现了一些语法结构或词汇方面的错误(如：we known/ Sometime / we may failed / if we made a team /that you success will increasing/ The game need cooperation/ Hardly had you learnt how to play with you teammate when you will find fun in it / With so much competitions 等)，但不影响理解。整体而言，短文基本达到了预期的写作目的。
2004年湖南单独命题以来，看图作文就出现过两次：第一次是2004年，试题呈现两幅城乡生活环境的对比图；第二次是2008年，试题呈现爱迪生、海伦·凯勒和莎士比亚的头像及提供三位伟人的简单信息。
看图作文主要属于记叙、描写或说明方面的文章。根据所给图画的数目和形式不同，看图作文考查的方式有组图(记叙类)、对比图、单张图画(漫画评论类)3类。
看图作文首先要看懂图画内容，分清内容的主次，确定所写内容的详略，要做到所写内容既要符合图画所描绘的情景，又要连贯流畅。在确定写作内容后，要进一步将所写内容概括成“写作要点”，以便为后面的写作确定框架。最后，依据所概括的要点写成合乎要求的短文。
图画提示实质上与文字提示如出一辙，都反映一个整体思想。一篇成功的看图作文不外乎3个部分：
●简述图片。针对每幅图片写一至两个句子，也就是我们口试中常用的就事论事进行看图说话而已。如：
As can be seen in the picture…
The picture tells us…
●发表感想。就每幅图片或整体主题发表自己的一些看法。如：
The implied meaning of this picture should be taken into consideration seriously. In the first place…In the second place…
●简短结论。最后用一至两个简短句子进行小结，起到画龙点睛的作用。如：
As far as I am concerned./As for me, we should take strong measures to deal with the problem. On the one hand…On the other hand…Only in this way can we solve the problem of…
在看图写作过程中，无论哪一部分都要蜻蜓点水似的点到。切忌顾此失彼，写得出的地方使劲写，写不出的地方避开它，会最终导致遗漏内容而失分。简述图片，发表感想，简短结论，各个部分既要有自己独立的内容，又要自然联成一休，结合起来表达一个完整的主题。即“开头——发展——结局”或“概括——分析——结论”。
常见的3种看图作文的写法：
★组图
组图通常呈现一件事情发生的始末，考生要根据几幅图的先后顺序介绍事情的全过程。有时需要发表考生个人的感想。写作时，要根据主题的需要来概括每幅图的写作要点，一定要分清主要内容和次要内容，必写内容和非必写内容。
例：(2011·北京卷)假设你是红星中学高二(1)班的学生李华。下面四幅图描述了近期发生在你们班的一个真实故事，请根据图片的先后顺序，为校刊“英语园地”写一篇短文。词数不少于60。
思路点拨：本文为记叙文，记述了近期发生在你们班的一个真实故事，故应用第一人称写作，基本时态为一般过去时，按时间来安排写作顺序。考生首先要注意细心观察图片，写出内容要点。图片主要内容有：老师上课不慎摔倒；同学们急忙把她送到医务室；同学们看望正在住院的老师；老师坐着轮椅给学生上课。最后你也可以写一写你的感受。
【参考答案】Last Monday, we were having our Chinese class when the teacher suddenly slipped and fell. We were all worried about her. One of the boys carried her on the back, with the help of some others to the clinic immediately. It turned out that her right leg was broken and she had to stay in the hospital. The following day, we went to visit her with flowers and fruit. Seeing her lying in bed with her leg wrapped in bandages, we felt sorry for her and hoped that she would recover soon. This Thursday she returned to the class on a wheelchair to give us lessons. We were all deeply moved and proud of having such a responsible teacher.
The story took place 时间和地点.
事件起因(要点一，图片一的内容). 事件的发展(要点二、三……，图片二、三……的内容). 事件结局(最后一个要点，最后一张图片的内容)
From the story, I feel自己的看法或感想．
常见的3种看图作文的写法：
★对比图
对比图通常是提供两到三张图画，考生应对图画进行全面而细致的研究，除了掌握每一幅图画的信息，还应该对图画之间的相应联系或彼此之间的差异有所理解，从而在整体上把握图画所传达的信息。这种命题形式主要是考查考生描写和议论的表达能力。
例：(2011·福建卷)为纪念汶川大地震三周年，某英文报发起关于灾区新貌的征文活动。请根据以下图片提示，以“Great Changes”为题，用英语写一篇短文应征。内容要点如下：
1. 某中学灾后三年来的变化，如教学与活动场所，以及师生精神面貌等；
2. 发生变化的原因；
3. 你的感想。
注意：
1. 短文标题与开头已给出，不计入总词数；
2. 可根据图片提示适当发挥；
3. 词数：120左右。
Great Changes
I am deeply impressed by the great changes that have taken place in the school over the past three years.
___________________________________________
___________________________________________
___________________________________________
思路点拨：本篇书面表达是一篇看图作文。要求学生描述汶川大地震灾后三年来的变化，上面两幅图实质上是前后对比图。第一幅图是发生地震时的情景，我们可以看到楼房倒塌，财产受损，满目疮痍。第二幅图是重建后的情景。我们可以看到教学楼，实验楼在废墟上拔地而起，师生在新建的校园里愉快地生活和学习。第三幅图描述的是在一张中国地图上伸出很多只手，寓意全国人民伸出援助之手帮助灾区重建家园，这实际上是灾区发生变化的根本原因。感受部分属开放性写作，考生可从“众人拾柴火焰高”、“团结就是力量”、“一方有难，八方支援”等角度来发挥。可按题目提供的内容要点来安排写作顺序。写作时要注意详略得当，重点突出，应重点描述灾后的变化及变化的原因。
【参考答案】
I am deeply impressed by the great changes that have taken place in the school over the past three years.
On May 12, 2008, a severe earthquake destroyed almost everything in the school, leaving badly damaged buildings. It is now, however, taking on a new look. Tall buildings have been put up, including classroom and laboratory buildings, and a library. There is also a newly built standard playground. In the new environment, teachers and students are living happily and working hard. It is really amazing that the once ruined place has now been turned into a beautiful school, full of life.
【参考答案】
Obviously, without the help of the whole society, there would be no new school today. It is love and concern that have brought about the great changes. Many hands make light work. We can work wonders if we unite as a family, caring for each other and helping those in need. Union is strength.
作文主题 have taken place in地点since时间．
In the past, 描述过去的情景(图片一的内容). But now our village/school/city is taking on a new look. 描述现在的情景(图片二的内容).
There are many reasons for 作文主题. First, 第一个理由. Second, 第二个理由. Third, 第三个理由 …Last but not the least, 最后一个理由.
I think自己的感想．
常见的3种看图作文的写法：
★单张图画
单张图画通常是提供一幅图画(一般是漫画)并配以一定的文字提示。考生要仔细观察图画所传达的表面信息，结合文字提示，还要能深刻挖掘该幅图画所表达的深层含义，即现实意义。这种命题形式主要是考查考生说明和议论的表达能力。
例：(2011·江苏卷)下面这幅照片展现了女儿为回家的妈妈拿包的情景。请根据你对这幅照片的理解用英语写一篇短文。
你的短文应包含以下内容：
1．描述照片内容，如情景、人物、动作，等等；
2．结合自身实际，谈谈你的感想；
3．举例说明你能为家长减负做些什么。
注意：
1. 可参照图中文字及下面文章开头所给提示，作必要的发挥想象。
2. 词数150左右。开头已经写好，不计入总词数。
3. 作文中不得提及考生所在学校和本人姓名。
The burden of students has been a hot topic for years, but the load of parents has received little attention, especially from their own children.
____________________________________________________
思路点拨：本文为看图作文，考查角度独到新颖(为家长减负)，主题是孝敬父母。描述图片内容时应使用第三人称，在写自己的感想和减负措施时应用第一人称。短文基本时态应为一般现在时。可按题目提供的内容来安排写作顺序。文章可分为三个部分：(1)描述图片内容；(2)自己的感想；(3)举例说明自己为家长减负可做的事情。后两个部分为开放性写作，考生可根据自己的生活体验来自由发挥。
【参考答案】
The burden of students has been a hot topic for years, but the load of parents has received little attention, especially from their own children.
The picture shows us a touching moment when a little girl comes to greet her working mom. Realizing her mom must be very tired after a day's work, the girl helps to remove the bag from her shoulder. In response, the mom kneels down to show how happy and thankful she feels.
【参考答案】
All this reminds me of my mother who has been doing whatever she could to let me have the best. But, totally engaged in my own study, I seldom pay attention to what mother needs and feels, and always think studying well is the only thing I could do in return. Now I know I can do my bit to help with the everyday washing, bedroom cleaning, or at least prepare breakfast myself, so as to share mother's daily burden. The picture convinces me it is even more important to be a good daughter than a “good” student.
As can be seen in the picture, 图画内容. The picture tells us概括图片大意．
The implied meaning of this picture should be taken into consideration seriously. To begin with, 揭示含义/原因/结果1. Second, 揭示含义/原因/结果2.
In my opinion/ As for me, we should take some measures to deal with the problem. First we should具体措施1. Second, we must具体措施2. Only in this way can we solve the problem of 图画内容．(共17张PPT)
第27讲 阅读简答（2）
*
(2010·湖南卷)
Secret Santas
On Christmas morning, Linda wakes up, and tries to imagine the wide eyed surprise of children in another household as they unwrap the presents she carefully chose for them. Linda has never met the children, but that's all part of the joy of giving as secret Santas, she says.
“It's an amazing feeling to buy gifts on an anonymous (匿名的) basis，” says Linda.
“It brings a whole new meaning to the holidays.”
*
Linda and Tony are an American couple living in Toronto, Canada, and Linda did charitable work as a member of the American Women's Club of Toronto. As the name suggests, members are U. S. citizens living in Toronto, who join together for fellowship and community service.
To find her “adopted” family, Linda goes to the local schools and requests a wish list for a family that's struggling to survive. Last year she helped a single mother with three children. The mother works as a cleaning lady in a nursing home.
*
“The list is always heartbreaking. They have an opportunity to ask for anything and do just the opposite, asking for basic clothes or simple toys，” she says. “We always buy the kids a new winter coat, hats, and gloves.” She also buys gifts for the parents.
*
Last year Linda asked the mother for a second wish list — one that didn't include the basics. “Every child should have a Christmas that sticks with them for a lifetime.” She purchased iPods for the two older children and a video game system for the youngest. “I have learned a very valuable lesson in all of this，” says Linda. “Pay attention to what's going on in your own backyard — no matter where you live.”
The joy of giving as secret Santas is much sweeter when the gift is anonymous.
*
81. What reaction does Linda imagine the children will have？(No more than 5 words) (2 marks)
______________________________________________
82. Why did Linda join the American Women's Club of Toronto？(No more than 10 words) (2 marks)
______________________________________________
83. Why did Linda ask for a second wish list？(No more than 15 words) (3 marks)
______________________________________________
84. What kind of people does “secret Santas” in the passage refer to？(No more than 12 words) (3 marks)
______________________________________________
本文为记叙文。讲述了居住在多伦多的美国人Linda充当秘密圣诞老人，给那些需要帮助的孩子以匿名的方式给他们送去圣诞礼物的故事。
81. They will feel greatly surprised. 细节理解题。根据…Linda wakes up, and tries to imagine the wide eyed surprise of children in another household as they unwrap the presents she carefully chose for them.可知孩子们打开她精心选择的礼物时会感到非常吃惊。
思路点拨
82. She joined in for fellowship and community service. 细节理解题。根据…who join together for fellowship and community service.可知Linda加入这个多伦多美国妇女俱乐部的目的是为了获得友谊和便于社区服务。
83. She wanted to give children some other gifts rather than the basics. 细节理解题。根据Last year Linda asked the mother for a second wish list — one that didn't include the basics.可知Linda想给孩子们送一些其他的礼物而不是一些基本的生活用品。
84. It refers to people who give away anonymous gifts on Christmas. 推断题。根据最后一句The joy of giving as secret Santas is much sweeter when the gift is anonymous.可知“秘密圣诞老人”指的是那些在圣诞节时以匿名的方式给孩子们送去礼物的爱心人士。
五、概括主旨大意型、确定文章标题型和判断推理型的解题技巧
概括主旨大意型
主旨大意型考查考生对语篇的整体理解能力以及分析、推理、归纳等能力。不同的文体，主旨大意的归纳方法也不尽相同。一般来说，说明文、议论文在文章第一段的段首或段尾，文章最后一段的段首或段尾往往会以主题句的形式呈现文章的主旨大意。
对于这类题目可以通过了解文章中段落和主题句的形式来总结文章的主旨大意。而对于其他类型的文章，如记叙文文体，则要在把握全篇的基础上对文章进行概括和总结，最后给出文章的主旨大意。这类题要求考生用最简洁而又内容丰富的词或短语高度概括文章的中心思想。做题的步骤是先找到主题句，通过对主题句进行加工、整合或重组，才能得出最佳答案。
确定文章的标题，其实质是要求对文章作深层次理解，是文章主旨大意的一种升华，这类题往往具有以下特点：
①概括性。标题在最大程度上概括全文，体现文章的主旨大意，它是文章主旨大意的一种确认方式。因此，在给文章起标题时，要仔细体会文章字里行间所蕴含的作者的思想态度，从全局出发进行归纳总结，防止本末倒置，主次不分，以点带面，以偏概全。
确定文章标题型
②针对性。文章标题要有一定的内涵和外延界限，不能太大也不宜太小，要量体裁衣，大小适度。
③醒目性。文章标题是文章的点睛之笔，其恰当与否会影响文章的可读性，读者会根据标题来选读文章，故标题应比较醒目，甚至比较离奇，以达到吸引读者的目的。
判断推理型考查考生根据文中全部信息或事实，在通篇理解文章的基础上领会作者的言外之意，并作出正确的推理和判断。推理判断题包括理解和推测作者或人物的观点、态度、意图、身份、情感，对作者或文段所涉及的人物、事件作出评价等，该题型属于深层理解试题。与阅读理解题中的推断题一样，简答题的答案在原文中是不能找到的，它要求考生以文章中的某些词、整篇文章的行文结构、作者的写作手法等为依据，进行合理的推断。
判断推理型
要准确理解文段的隐含信息，除了要熟练地掌握基本的语言知识，准确理解句子的字面意思外，还要求我们运用自己已有的知识、经验，结合文段的相关信息进行推理、判断。在题目设计中出现的形式有：数据推断题、知识推断题、逻辑结论推断题、作者情感态度意图推断题等。此类问题常涉及infer, conclude, imply, learn, intend, purpose, attitude等词。
该题常见的设问方式有：
①What can we infer/conclude from the passage
②What can we learn from the passage
③What does the passage imply but doesn't tell us directly
④What's the purpose of the passage
⑤What's the writer's attitude
⑥What does the writer suggest in the passage (共31张PPT)
第23讲 推理判断题
(2011·湖南卷B篇)
…
In September, 1940, my mother, sister and I went to Swansea, where my father's ship was getting ready to sail, we brought him a family photograph to be kept with him at all times and keep him safe.
…
61. We can infer that the mother and children went to Swansea ______.
A. to meet a friend
B. to see the father off
C. to take a family photo
D. to enjoy the sailing of the ship
思路点拨：B 推理判断题。Swansea定位，讲到父亲会从Swansea起航，我们带给他family photograph的目的是be kept with him和keep him safe，推断出我们是去给父亲送行。
英语阅读中，有时作者并未把意图说出来，读者要根据字面意思，通过语篇逻辑关系，研究细节的暗示，推敲作者的态度，理解文章的寓意，这就是判断推理题。
推理题在提问中常用的词有： infer, imply, suggest, indicate等。
通过定义、定语从句/词组或同位语从句/词组等来确定词义。
1. 直接定义：如果生词是句子或段落所解释的定义，理解句子或段落本身就是推断词义。 如： In slang the term jam constitutes a state of being in which a person finds himself or herself in a difficult situation.
根据上下文的定义可知jam一词在俚语中的意思是 “困境”。 定义句的谓语动词多为：be, mean, deal with, be considered, to be, refer to, be called, be known as, define, represent等。
细节推断题
要求学生根据语篇关系，推断具体细节，如时间、地点、人物关系、人物身份、事件、具体信息等。判断推理是一种创造性的思维活动。但它并非无章可循。
推理判断题要在阅读理解整体语篇的基础上，掌握文章的真正内涵。①要吃透文章的字面意思，从字里行间捕捉有用的提示和线索，这是推理的前提和基础；②要对文字的表面信息进行挖掘加工，由表入里，由浅入深，从具体到抽象，从特殊到一般，通过分析、综合、判断等，进行深层处理，符合逻辑地推理。③要忠实于原文，以文章提供的事实和线索为依据。立足已知，推断未知。
例: (2011·江苏卷B篇)
Your National Park watchdog
Attractions
Do you：
◆Love the National Park，value it and hope to safeguard its future
◆Wish to see the beautiful landscape of the Park protected
◆Like to enjoy peaceful，informal recreation within the Park
Aims
The Friends organization aims are to help protect and improve the Pembrokeshire Coast National Park for all to enjoy.We are a voluntary organization and registered charity without financial links to the National Park Authority.
Activities
We encourage everyone to enjoy the National Park through regular talks and visits to interesting places in the Park with expert guides.
We keep an eye on planning applications，Park Authority policies and threats to the National Park such as massive leisure complexes.We work with like minded organizations such as the Campaign for National Parks to make our voice more effective.
We help children to understand the National Park by sponsoring publications such as an adventure booklet and projects in local schools.
Benefits
◆Guided visits to places of interest which may not always be available to the general public.
◆All members receive our regular News and Views.
◆Talks by experts in their fields on current issues.
◆A discount is available on Friends items for sale.
◆Satisfaction of participation in work parties, for those willing and able to be involved.
If interested，please complete the Application Form at www.fpnp.org.uk.
60. Which of the following is discouraged by the Friends organization
A. To build massive complexes for public amusement.
B. To prevent possible damages to the National Park.
C. To help protect and improve the Park for all to enjoy.
D. To sponsor publications and projects in local schools.
思路点拨：应用文，以海报形式呈现，内容：关于国家公园的介绍以及征募会员介绍。
60. A 推理题。要注意问题是discouraged by…， 通过文章第三大标题Activities第二段第一句We keep an eye on planning applications…such as massive leisure complexes.可以推断出选A是Friends organization所不支持的，为正确选项。
高考阅读测试中有些是考查学生对文章作者的主导思想、被描写人物语气、言谈话语中流露的情绪、性格倾向和作者或文中人物态度、观点等方面的理解题。做这一类题时一定注意：
(1)由表及里地准确把握字里行间的意思，不能主观臆断，凭空想象，随意揣测，更不能以自己的观点代替作者的观点。
(2)特别注意那些描写环境气氛的语言，以及表达感情、态度观点的词语。要体会文章的基调，揣摩作者的态度，悟出作者的弦外之音。
(3)能结合自己平时积累的有关英语国家的文化传统、风俗习惯等背景知识来识别评价。
人物性格、态度及观点判断题
例：(2011·江苏卷A篇)We know the famous ones — the Thomas Edisons and the Alexander Graham Bells — but what about the less famous inventors What about the people who invented the traffic light and the windshield wiper(雨刮器) Shouldn't we know who they are
Joan McLean thinks so. In fact, McLean, a professor of physics at Mountain University in Range, feels so strongly about this matter that she's developed a course on the topic. In addition to learning “who” invented “what”， however, McLean also likes her students to learn the answers to the “why” and “how” questions. According to McLean, “When students learn the answers to these questions, they are better prepared to recognize opportunities for inventing and more motivated to give inventing a try.”
Her students agree. One young man with a patent for an unbreakable umbrella is walking proof of McLean's statement. “If I had not heard the story of the windshield wiper's invention，” said Tommy Lee, a senior physics major, “I never would have dreamed of turning my bad experience during a rainstorm into something so constructive.” Lee is currently negotiating to sell his patent to an umbrella producer.
So, just what is the story behind the windshield wiper Well, Mary Anderson came up with the idea in 1902 after a visit to New York City. The day was cold and stormy, but Anderson still wanted to see the sights, so she jumped aboard a streetcar. Noticing that the driver was struggling to see through the snow covering the windshield, she found herself wondering why there couldn't be a built in device for cleaning the window. Still wondering about this when she returned home to Birmingham, Alabama, Anderson started drafting out solutions. One of her ideas, a lever(操作杆)on the inside of a vehicle that would control an arm on the outside, became the first windshield wiper.
Today we benefit from countless inventions and innovations. It's hard to imagine driving without Garrett A. Morgan's traffic light. It's equally impossible to picture a world without Katherine J. Blodgett's innovation that makes glass invisible. Can you picture life without clear windows and eyeglasses
56. By mentioning “traffic light”and “windshield wiper”， the author indicates that countless inventions are ______.
A. beneficial, because their inventors are famous
B. beneficial, though their inventors are less famous
C. not useful, because their inventors are less famous
D. not useful, though their inventors are famous
【思路点拨】生活中离不开小发明，鼓励年轻人要善于把握发明的契机，推动社会的进步。
56. B 观点态度题。根据第一段but 处：but what about the less famous inventors What about… windshield wiper？可以得出结论。这些人的发明不是很有名，确实是非常有用的。答案为B。
有些内容文章中没有明确说明，要求考生根据语篇，对事件可能的结局或下段可能涉及的内容等进行预测推理。做这类题时应把握作者的写作思路(如文章可能按事件发展的经过描写，也可能按因果关系、对比关系来叙述)，要把握句、段之间的逻辑关系，了解语篇的结构。摸准逻辑发展的方向，从而作出比较科学的、合情合理的预测。
文章思路、结构、写作意图及
写作方法等推测提
有时题目要求考生根据文章的论述，推测作者的写作意图、短文组织结构及运用某种写作手法的目的。作者一般不直接陈述自己的意图，而是通过文章所提供的事实和形象，客观地使读者信服某种想法或意见。这种题型要求同学们不但能理解文章的内容，同时还要具备对作者阐述问题的写作方法及文章结构进行归纳总结和分析的能力。
例：(2011·四川卷D篇)“Experience may possibly be the best teacher, but it is not a particularly good teacher. ” You might think that Winston Churchill or perhaps Mark Twain spoke those words, but they actually come from James March, a professor at Stanford University and a pioneer in the field of organizational decision making. For years March (possibly the wisest philosopher of management) has studied how humans think and act, and he continues to do so in his new book The Ambiguities of Experience.
He begins by reminding us of just how firmly we have been sticking to the idea of experiential learning: “Experience is respected; experience is sought; experience is explained.” The problem is that learning from experience involves(涉及) serious complications(复杂化)，ones that are part of the nature of experience itself and which March discusses in the body of this book.
In one interesting part of the book，for example，he turns a doubtful eye toward the use of stories as the most effective way of experiential learning. In our efforts to make stories interesting, he argues, we lose part of the complicated truth of things. He says “The more accurately(精确的)reality is presented，the less understandable the story，and the more understandable the story, the less realistic it is. ”
Besides being a broadly knowledgeable researcher, March is also a poet, and his gift shines through in the depth of views he offers and the simple language he uses. Though the book is short, it is demanding: Don't pick it up looking for quick, easy lessons. Rather, be ready to think deeply about learning from experience in work and life.
55．What can we learn from Paragraph 3
A. Experience makes stories more accurate.
B．Stories made interesting fail to fully present the truth.
C．The use of stories is the best way of experiential learning.
D．Stories are easier to understand when reality is more accurately described.
56．What's the purpose of this text
A．To introduce a book.
B．To describe a researcher.
C．To explain experiential learning.
D．To discuss organizational decision making.
【思路点拨】本文主要介绍了组织决策理论大师詹姆斯·马奇的一部新书。
55. B 推理判断题。根据第三段中的In our efforts to make stories interesting, he argues, we lost part of the complicated truth of things. 可知有趣的故事无法完全地展现事实，故B项正确。
56. A 作者意图题。文章主要介绍了詹姆斯·马奇的一部新书，故选A。
有时，阅读理解题还要求考生推断所读材料的来源或所读材料的读者对象。判断材料的来源主要根据文章的体裁和题材。一般来说，广告类，时事新闻类，娱乐新闻类，影评，应用文类通常出现在报纸、杂志、海报上。说明文通常出现在教科书或实用技术手册里面。判断读者对象主要通过寻找关键的信息词。
来源、读者对象推测题
例：(2011·四川卷B篇)
Exploit your parking space
An unused parking space or garage can make money. If you live near a city center or an airport, you could make anything up to ￡200 or ￡300 a week. Put an advertisement(广告)for free on Letpark or Atmyhousepark.
Rent(出租)a room
Spare room Not only will a lodger(房客)earn you an income, but also, thanks to the government backed “rent a room” program, you won't have to pay any tax on the first ￡4500 you make per year. Try advertising your room on Roomspare of Roommateeasy.
Make money during special events
Don't want a full time lodger Then rent on a short term basis. If you live in the capital, renting a room out during the Olympics or other big events could bring in money. Grashpadder can advertise your space.
Live on set
Renting your home out as a “film set” could earn you hundreds of pounds a day, depending on the film production company and how long your home is needed.A quick search on the Internet will bring up dozens of online companies that allow you to register your home for free—but you will be charged if your home gets picked.
Use your roof
You need the right kind of roof, but some energy companies pay the cost of fixing solar equipment(around￡14,000), and let you use the energy produced for nothing. In return, they get paid for unused energy fed back into the National Grid. However, you have to sign a 25 year agreement with the supplier, which could prevent you from changing the roof.
48. For whom the text most probably written
A. Lodgers.
B. Advertisers.
C. House owners.
D. Online companies.
【思路点拨】本文是一篇应用文，包含了5则小广告，主要是告诉房屋拥有者如何利用房产赚钱——你可以利用停车场赚钱，可以将房屋租给房客，还可以租做剧作场景，如果你不想长期出租还可以在盛大事件期间短期出租房屋，最令你意想不到的是，你还可以利用房顶获得免费的能源。
48. C 推理判断题。文章中5则小广告都是告诉房屋拥有者如何利用房产赚钱的，所以这篇文章主要是写给房屋拥有者的，故C项正确。(共20张PPT)
第25讲 信息的表述
*
(湖南省长沙市一中2011 届高三月考七)According to the surprising findings of a new study by U. S. investigators, chewing sugarless gum during class and while doing homework can have a positive effect on academic performance in teenagers.
*
Study leader Craig A. Johnston of the Children's Nutrition Research Center at Baylor College of Medicine in Houston, Texas, and his colleagues studied more than 100 eighth grade students, 52 girls and 56 boys, aged between 13 and 16 years, in four math classes. The experts randomly(任意地) assigned teenagers into two groups: one group was asked to chew Wrigley's sugar free gum during class, while doing homework, and also while performing a standardized test. They chewed at least one stick of gum 86 per cent of the time they were in math class and 36 per cent of the time they were doing homework. The participants of the other group did not.
*
Johnston and his team found that 14 weeks later, the gum chewers had a 3 percent increase in their math scores on the Texas Assessment of Knowledge and Skills achievement test, a small but statistically significant change, according to experts. There was no difference found in math scores between the participants in the two groups in another test called the Woodcock Johnston Ⅲ Tests of Achievement. However, the experiment revealed(展现) that gum chewers had better final grades in the class compared to their non chewing peers(同龄人). According to Johnston, chewing gum reduces stress and anxiety as well as it increases arousal(兴奋).
*
Researchers say that the studies and research are focused on investigating the effect of chewing gum on focus, alertness, concentration, situational stress, weight control and oral health. According to them, the study is really meaningful and should raise interest in parents “when related to small steps that can lead to better academic performance.”
The new study is being built on previous research that was conducted in a laboratory setting and showed that gum chewing can help reduce stress, improve alertness and relieve anxiety. The current findings, for the first time, provide a possible role for chewing gum in helping to improve academic performance in a “real life” classroom setting.
*
A surprising finding — chewing gum results in 1. ________
Ⅰ. Purpose of the study:
To investigate the effect of chewing gum on focus, alertness, concentration, situational stress, weight control and 2. ________.
*
Ⅱ. The research:
◆ Researchers: Craig A. Johnston and 3. ________
◆ Participants: 4. ________ eighth grade students aged between 13 and 16 years
◆ Contents:
*
◆ Results:
● Gum chewers' math scores increasing by
8. ________ on the Texas Assessment of Knowledge and Skills achievement test
●9. ________ in the Woodcock Johnston III Tests of Achievement between the two groups
● Gum chewers having better final grades
Ⅲ. Researchers' Analysis:
◆ Chewing gum reduces 10. ________.
◆ Chewing gum increases arousal.
该文为说明文。主要讲述的是科学家发现青少年在上课期间或在做家庭作业时口嚼口香糖对学习成绩提高有积极作用。
思路点拨
*
【答案及解析】
1. better academic performance / higher marks 概括改写题。根据全文内容， 尤其是第一段内容可推知。
2. oral health 直接题。根据倒数第二段Researchers say that the studies and research are focused on investigating the effect of chewing gum on focus, alertness, concentration, situational stress, weight control and oral health. 可得知。
*
【答案及解析】
3. his colleagues/team 直接题。根据第二段Study leader Craig A. Johnston of the Children's Nutrition Research Center at Baylor College of Medicine in Houston, Texas, and his colleagues studied…可得知。
4. over 100 / more than 100 直接题。根据第二段…more than 100 eighth grade students, 52 girls and 56 boys, aged between 13 and 16 years, in four math classes.可得知。
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【答案及解析】
5. 14 weeks 直接题。根据第三段Johnston and his team found that 14 weeks later可得知。
6. math class(es) 直接题。根据第二段They chewed at least one stick of gum 86 per cent of the time they were in math class and 36 per cent of the time they were doing homework.可得知。
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【答案及解析】
7. Chewing no gum / Not chewing gum 改写题。根据第三段the experiment revealed(展现) that gum chewers had better final grades in the class compared to their non chewing peers(同龄人)可得知。
8. 3 percent 直接题。根据第三段第一句Johnston and his team found that 14 weeks later, the gum chewers had a 3 percent increase in their math scores…可得知。
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【答案及解析】
9. No difference /(Almost)the same 直接题。根据第三段There was no difference found in math scores between the participants in the two groups in another test called the Woodcock Johnston Ⅲ Tests of Achievement.可得知。
10. stress and anxiety 直接题。根据第三段chewing gum reduces stress and anxiety…
理解是前提，而表述是目的和归宿。要正确有效地表述信息要注意以下几点：
一、注意文字的简洁性
有以下几个规律可循：
(1)用名词所有格形式“'s”代替介词of。如Citizens' longer living就巧妙地运用了名词所有格形式“'s”， 如用of, 则变成了the longer living of citizens, 在字数上不符合要求。
(2)词性转换。如“The‘graying’of the United States”， 在表达时运用词性转换技巧，将原来的名词gray转换成现在分词时，含有动态意义，表示“逐渐变老”， 言简意赅。
(3)句子结构转换。主要通过加工压缩信息抓住要点。言简意赅， 击中要害。因此怎样加工压缩信息就成了广大考生必备的一种技能。一般的， 阅读填空题要掌握以下几种技能：
①词形变形能力。主要是看其前后的动词形式再作确认。如果前后都是动词原形那就不变；如果前后是v. ing形式， 那就要随其变形。
②删减多余词汇能力。一般主要是删去不影响主要意思表达的修饰词汇。如形容词、副词、冠词等等。如今年湖南高考的第76题删去了creating；第79题去掉了修饰形容词various。
③以群体代替个体。如有的将a/an ＋n.变为其对应的复数形式。
④原意改换能力。或用同义或近义词代替；或用反义词或派生词改换；或用从句改写， 或用意思接近的名词短语代替原句较长的句子。如今年高考题第73题。原句是Some can help find the right schools based on one's interests.在例举式表格中Find the right schools that one __73__. 根据原句based on one's interests可得知答案用同意句改写替换。即： is /becomes interested in或shows/takes/has interest in；再如短文中的原信息是两个完整的句子： One likely development will be a gradual change in the family unit.The other likely development will be a change in the proportion of the nation's workforce.将句子的核心词进行转换，变成“Family unit change”和“Workforce proportion change”， 从而达到“每空不超过3个单词”的要求。
二、注意表述的概括性
概括性是英语阅读填空所考查的重点，要求对阅读信息具有较强的综合归纳能力。在解答这类题时，要找出共性，根据标题词的特点表达，平时注意积累典型的概括性词汇。有时不仅需要记清楚一些概括性词汇，还要熟练掌握该词汇的常用搭配，以便迅速锁定最佳词语。
三、注意表述的对称性
对称性是英语阅读填空的又一要求。考生必须对试题所在表格中的上下、左右进行研究，挖掘出其表达形式的共性，如名词短语、介词短语、非谓语动词短语及特殊符号等都应该保持一致。
四、注意表达的正确性
正确表达是英语阅读填空的基本要求。考生在找出相关信息后，必须仔细研究，作出正确的表达。务必要避免时态、人称、单复数形式的错误，更不能出拼写、标点符号等低级错误。(共15张PPT)
第19讲 长难句理解
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(2011·湖南卷A篇)
When first entered, Vanak Restaurant does not look like much of a restaurant, but once the pleasant smells of kabob(烤肉串)hit the senses, you are incapable of calling it anything less.
…
56. When first entering the restaurant, one can find that it ______.
A. is splendidly decorated
B. has pleasant smells of kabobs
C. is crowded with dining tables
D. looks like a common restaurant
B 该题正确答案就是根据首段这一长句命制的。句子主干由转折连词but并列，前一分句说明该餐馆与大多数餐馆不一样，后一分句说明当烤肉串的诱人的香味一旦触及人的味觉就使人不能自已。由此可知B项为最佳。
思路点拨
在阅读理解中，考生会经常碰到许多结构复杂的句子，也就是所谓的长难句。命题者在句子理解难度上大做文章，无非是想通过增加句子长度和使用复杂结构来干扰考生正常的阅读习惯和思维方式，从而达到考查考生综合阅读能力的目的。长难句在阅读理解中容易给考生造成阅读障碍，形成一种心理压力，使考生失分。
一、长难句的基本特征
(一) 含多重从句和修饰语的复合句。
这些句子往往较长，一个从句套着另一个从句，环环相扣，使得考生不明白整个句子结构。考生应通过仔细分析找出主干和修饰成分，这样整个句子结构就清晰了。
(二) 分隔结构和成分省略的干扰。
为了调整语气和增加补充信息，更主要的是为了平衡句子结构，避免头重脚轻，使语义严密，结构紧凑，英语中将语法关系密切的两个句子成分用其他语法成分分隔开来，这就是所谓的分隔结构。考试中出现较多的是插入语、用破折号插入的新话题或补充信息。此外，还有一些句子成分(一般是定语)过长而出现后置，只不过它只是句子原有成分位置的调整，没有新增信息。
省略主要是为了避免重复，突出关键词并使上下文紧密连接。成分省略一般和从句相结合，一正一反，使句子富于变化，增强表现力。
(三)正常语序的改变。改变语序主要指倒装句式。 这些句子往往和一些副词、连词相关，有明显的标志。
当然，被动句、双重否定句等句式在阅读考试中也屡屡出现。希望考生能结合阅读实践来体会上述句法特征。
二、长难句的理解技巧
一般说来，长难句理解主要采用“主干成分分析法”，按“先干后枝”的原则处理，即按“主句→从句→修饰语”的顺序进行。具体步骤如下：
第一步：整句结构分析。通过语法分析，迅速弄清整个句子的结构，把握住句子的基本框架，确定整个句子是简单句、并列句还是复合句。
“I felt there was a need for a book like this.” she says. “I didn't want to lecture, but I wanted other diabetics to know that things get better when we're self controlled and do our part in managing the disease.”
整个句子是个简单句，即：she says“…”。只不过，前后两个引号为两个并列的宾语从句。第一处引号“I felt there was a need for a book like this.”的主语为I，felt后跟了一个宾语从句“there was a need for a book like this”。第二处引号“I didn't want to lecture, but I wanted other diabetics to know that things get better when we're self controlled and do our part in managing the disease.”由but连接两个分句，第二个分句有主句I wanted other diabetics to know…， 宾语从句that things get better 及时间状语从句when we're self controlled and do our part in managing the disease。
第二步：主干成分确定。找出句子的核心成分，确定主句的主语和谓语。
Miss Germaine's mother looked anxious through the wedding and Mr. Cordell's parents are reported to be less than delighted.
本句由两个分句组成，and连接两个并列单句。句意： Germaine小姐的母亲在整个婚礼过程中看上去很焦虑，Cordell先生的父母亲据报道也不开心。
第三步：从句功能分析。找出句中从句的引导词，分析从句类型(是否为定语从句、名词性从句或状语从句等)和从句之间及从句和主句之间的关系。
Whereas a woman's closest female friend might be the first to tell her to leave a failing marriage，it wasn't unusual to hear a man say he didn't know his friend's marriage was in serious trouble until he appeared one night asking if he could sleep on the sofa.
whereas引导了一个从句，即 a woman's closest female friend might be the first to tell her to leave a failing marriage, 而it wasn't unusual to hear a man say he didn't know his friend's marriage was in serious trouble until he appeared one night asking if he could sleep on the sofa.为主句，其中it为形式主语，真正的主语为不定式 to hear a man…。省略to的不定式say作宾语补足语，say后面接了一个宾语从句he didn't know，know后面又接了一个宾语从句his friend's marriage was in serious trouble和时间状语从句until he appeared one night，现在分词短语asking 作伴随状语，asking 后面又接了一个宾语从句if he could sleep on the sofa。
句意：一个女人最亲密的女友，很可能第一个奉劝她结束不幸的婚姻。然而，我们常听到男人说，他是在朋友突然来到自己家里并要求睡在沙发上时，才明白朋友的婚姻有了麻烦。
第四步：短语功能分析。找出非谓语动词短语、介词短语、形容词短语、名词短语等短语，分析其功能以及它们与谓语动词/非谓语动词/从句/主句之间的关系等。
If you ask people to name one person who had the greatest effect on the English language, you will get answers like “Shakespeare”， “Samuel Johnson”， and “Webster”， but none of these men had any effect at all compared to a man who didn't even speak English — William the Conqueror.
首先找出并列复合句，即but连接的两个句子，再看but前的并列句中有一个if引导的条件状语从句，but后的并列句中有一个who引导的定语从句，修饰a man。句意：如果你要求别人说出对英语的影响最大的人，你可能会得到像“Shakespeare”， “Samuel Johnson”和 “Webster”之类的答案。但是与一个甚至不会说英语的人——“征服者”William相比，这些人就毫无影响力了。(共20张PPT)
第24讲 短文和表格信息的理解
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(2011·湖南卷)A person searches various websites for different reasons, such as school, work, or entertainment. For teenagers, many informative resources on the Internet can be used. As a matter of fact, there are educational, music and art websites that are truly helpful to teenagers, because they can help make one's life easier.
*
Educational websites are helpful to a teenager in doing school work and searching for a college. Some can help studying for testes, explaining a lesson, and doing homework. Some can help find the right schools based on one's interests. And still others have pages devoted to the social life at each of the colleges or the specific activities that occur at a certain school.
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Some free music sites enable a teenager to diversify their musical tastes. On these sites, all types of music are available such as pop, rock, jazz and country. One can type in a song, category or artist and his or her entire catalog appears. Then, the listener can make multiple playlists without creating an account(账户) with the site.
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There are various art websites that can help students to appreciate and create art pieces. On these sites, a student can view numerous photos and art pieces from different mediums or create an account with the website to upload their art pieces for people to see. In addition, one can enjoy various art projects that people have created on display for the rest of the world.
Truly informative resources are offered on the Internet. The best suggestion one can receive is to try to look for new websites that can help in the educational, music, or art area, so one can become well rounded and informed.
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Truly Helpful Websites for Teenagers
Many 71.__________ are available on various websites.
I. Educational sites: helping one 72. __________ and search for a college
·Study for tests, explain a lesson, and do homework
·Find the right school that one 73. __________
·Learn information about college social life and 74. __________
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Ⅱ. Free music sites: 75. __________ to diversify musical tastes
·Listen to all types of music
·Type in a song, category, or artist to get an entire catalog
·make multiple playlists 76. __________
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Ⅲ. 77. __________： helping one appreciate and create works
·View photos and works from mediums
·78. __________ for others to see
·79. __________ on display
Helpful websites can make teenagers 80. __________
本文为说明文。具体介绍了怎么帮助青少年找到对他们学习生活有帮助的网站。
思路点拨
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【答案及解析】
71. informative resources 直接题。从文章第一段For teenagers, many informative resources on the Internet can be used. 可以找到。
72. do school work 直接题。从文章第二段Educational websites are helpful to a teenager in doing school work可以得出答案。
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【答案及解析】
73. is interested in 改写题。根据文章第二段Some can help find the right schools based on one's interests. 意义改写。属于同义改写。
74. specific school activities 直接题。从文章第二段最后一句话…at each of the colleges or the specific activities that occur at a certain school. 可以得出答案。
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【答案及解析】
75. enabling one 直接题。从文章第三段Some free music sites enable a teenager to diversify their musical tastes. 可以得出答案。
76. without an account 直接题。从文章第三段最后一句话the listener can make multiple playlists without creating an account with the site. 可以得出答案。
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【答案及解析】
77. Art sites 直接题。从第四段第一句话There are various art websites that can help students to appreciate and create art pieces可得出答案。
78. Upload art pieces 直接题。从第四段…create an account with the website to upload their art pieces for people to see. 可得答案
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【答案及解析】
79. Enjoy art projects 直接题。在第四段one can enjoy various art projects可得答案。
80. well rounded and informed 直接题。从文章最后一段最后一句可得答案。
理解的正确与否，直接关系到答题的正确性，而首当其冲的是对短文和表格信息的理解。
一、对短文的理解技巧
对短文的正确理解是做好英语阅读填空的必要前提。它主要包括以下四个方面的理解：
(1) 快速阅读，抓住中心：快速阅读、抓住文章中心是正确理解短文的关键。一方面，抓住了文章中心就能确保理解的正确性，使对文章的理解不会迷失方向；另一方面，表格的标题就是文章中心的高度浓缩，抓住了文章中心是正确解答标题的前提。那么如何快速抓住文章中心呢？
①综合分析文章的首尾句。一般说来，文章的首句为文章的主题，而尾句是文章的总结、结论或建议、希望，通过分析首尾句并结合全文内容，快速归纳出文章的中心。
②注意文章中的信息词。文章的主题句有时不在第一句，而是用连接词but / yet所连接的后面一句或含有副词however / though的句子。利用这些信息词快速找出主题句，归纳出中心。
③综合分析段首句。有些短文没有主题句，考生必须根据每段的第一句进行归纳总结，结合全文内容得出文章的中心。
(2) 弄清体裁，理清脉络：作者对不同体裁的文章，用不同的写作方法。但是，不管是用何种方法，写作思路或短文结构基本上是一致的，即“总——分——总”。
阅读填空的短文一般是说明文、议论文或记叙文。对于说明文，作者首先会提出一个说明的对象，然后从不同的角度对其介绍过程、解释原因或说明理由，最后得出结果并提出建议、想法或希望；对于议论文，作者首先可能提出一个观点，接着从不同方面对其进行论证，最后得出结论；对于记叙文，作者首先可能交代整个事件及其人物、事件、地点和结果，然后记述事件所发生的过程，最后记述事件的影响或人们对它的评价。
(3) 顺藤摸瓜，抓住信息： 如果说文章中心是藤的根，那么文章的结构就是藤，信息则是藤的果实。如何在枝繁叶茂的藤上找到藤的果实呢？我们就得顺着藤去摸。读文章也是如此，考生只有根据文章的中心和作者的思路、文章的结构，才能将所需的信息一个一个地找出来。
(4) 根据语境，理解信息： 在文章中，作者决不会随便滥用信息、细节，他所引用的每一个信息、细节都有其目的或作用。因此，考生在读短文时，应该用批判的眼光去考查信息间的相互关系，从而推断出细节的作用、意图，达到对短文的深层理解。
二、对表格的理解技巧
对试题的正确理解是正确解答英语阅读填空的另一个重要方面。它包括对表格结构的理解及试题设计的理解两个方面。
(1) 根据表格结构，揣测命题意图： 表格结构既是试题的载体，又是命题人对文章理解方式的体现。它是根据一定的线索设计的，一般包括行和列。而行、列又根据文章的对应信息给予小标题。因此考生应该根据试题表格结构的特征，逆推命题人对文章的理解思路，从而揣测命题的目的意图，准确把握信息范围及对文章的理解方向。
(2) 根据试题设计，弄清问题的要求： 表格填空实际上是作者对文章理解思路的再现。表格中给出了部分信息，为考生的作答提供了具体暗示和线索，考生应该利用这一暗示和线索来推断所填写内容的要求。通过对表格中上下左右信息与短文相关信息的比较、推断，然后确定问题的正确答案。(共38张PPT)
第9讲 简单句与并列句
1. — Someone wants you on the phone.
— ______ nobody knows I am here. (2011·新课标卷25)
A. Although B. And
C. But D. So
【解析】选C。本题要把握前后两个句子的逻辑关系。前半句为，有人给你打电话；后半句为，没人知道我在这儿，根据句意可知前后两句明显为转折关系，故选C。
2. ______ a strange plant! I've never seen it before. (2011·辽宁卷33)
A. Which B. What
C. How D. Whether
【解析】选B。what引导一个感叹句。
简单句所涉及的考点主要包括感叹句和反意疑问句。
一、感叹句
______ she sings! I have never heard a better voice.
A. How beautiful
B. What beautiful song
C. How beautifully
D. So wonderful
【解析】选C。此为“how＋副词＋主语＋谓语”形式的感叹句。
简单句
感叹句的基本结构特点是：
What ＋ a(n) (＋ adj.) ＋ 单数可数名词(＋ 主语＋ 动词)!
What ＋ adj. ＋ 不可数名词或复数可数名词！
How ＋ adj. /adv. (＋ 主语 ＋ 动词)!
How ＋ adj. ＋ a(n) ＋ 单数可数名词(＋ 主语＋ 动词)!
二、反意疑问句
考点1.主从复合句后面的反意问句
I don't suppose our team might have been beaten by theirs last night, ______？
A. do I B. might it
C. hasn't it D. was it
【解析】选D。陈述部分有I don't suppose时，反意问句应与其后的宾语从句的主谓一致，本句的非推测句为： I don't suppose our team was beaten by theirs last night, 反意问句便是： was it。
如果陈述部分是主从复合句，后面的反意问句通常与主句的主谓一致。如果主句的谓语动词是think, believe, suppose, imagine, guess, expect等，后面的反意问句要注意3种情况：
1. 如果主语是第一人称I, 后面的反意问句需与从句的主谓一致。
2. 如果主句的主语是其他人称，则后面的反意问句常需与主句的主谓一致。
3. 如果主句的动词是否定式，后面的反意问句要用肯定式。
考点2.强调结构后面的反意问句
It was at the gate that you met her, ______？
A. wasn't it B. was it
C. didn't you D. did you
【解析】选A。强调结构“It is / was＋被强调部分＋that …”后的反意问句需与It is / was一致。
强调结构“It is / was＋被强调部分＋that …”后的反意问句需与that前面的主谓一致。
考点3.并列句后面的反意问句
The man works hard and he is the best worker in his factory, ______？
A. does he B. doesn't he
C. is he D. isn't he
【解析】选D。两个并列句后面的反意问句的主谓一般需与后一个分句保持主谓一致。
两个并列句(常见的连词有： or, and, but, while, for等)后面的反意问句的主谓一般需与距离它近的那个分句的主谓一致。
考点4.否定句后面的反意问句
He had little idea that it was getting so serious, ______？
A. didn't he B. did he
C. wasn't it D. was it
【解析】选B。陈述句是含有否定词little的否定句，反意问句用肯定形式。
1. 前面的陈述部分有半否定词hardly, rarely, scarcely, few, little, seldom等时，反意问句用肯定形式。
2. 陈述部分虽有否定前(后)缀词(如： dis ， in ， un ， less)时，反意问句仍要用否定形式。
考点5.祈使句后面的反意问句
Lily, help me put up the picture on the wall, ______？
A. will you B. don't you
C. are you D. didn't you
【解析】选A。陈述句是肯定祈使句，反问部分用will you。
1. Let's开头(包括听话者), 反意问句用shall we；Let us开头(不包括听话者), 反意问句用will you。
2. 其他形式的肯定祈使句后面，一般用will you。
考点6.情态动词后面的反意问句
— I think it's high time that she made up her mind.
— The police must have known all about this, ______？
A. mustn't they B. haven't they
C. mustn't it D. hasn't it
【解析】选B。陈述部分用“must(may，might)＋v. ed”表示推测时，若句中不带有明显的过去时间的状语，问句部分动词应该与must(may, might)后的动词形式保持一致。
情态动词用于推测，后面的反意问句的谓语一般要与情态动词后面的动词相一致。
考点7. have后面的反意问句
It's seven o'clock now. We have to leave for the cinema, ______？
A. haven't we B. don't we
C. isn't it D. wasn't it
【答案】选B。
1. have表“有”时，后面的反意问句的谓语可用have或do的适当形式。
2. have表“让、吃、患”等意思时，后面的反意问句的谓语用do的适当形式。
3. have to表“不得不”时，后面的反意问句的谓语要用do的适当形式。
4. have ＋ done构成完成时时，后面的反意问句的谓语要用have的适当形式。
考点8. 其他几种特殊的反意问句
例1: There will be an English party tomorrow, ______？
A. isn't there B. isn't it
C. won't there D. won't it
【解析】选C。在there be句型中，反意疑问句的主语用there, 反意疑问句谓语部分视具体的助动词、情态动词或系动词而定。
考点8. 其他几种特殊的反意问句
例2: It's the first time that he has been to Australia, ______？(辽宁锦州一中高中2011届高三第五次模拟卷)
A. isn'the B. hasn't he
C. isn't it D. hasn't it
【解析】选C。由句型it's the first time that ＋从句可知，主语是it, be是is。因此用isn't it。
考点8. 其他几种特殊的反意问句
例3: — Alice, you feed the bird today, ______？
— But I fed it yesterday.
A. do you B. will you
C. didn't you D. don't you
【解析】选B。Alice 为称呼语， 后接一个祈使句，因此用will you。
1. 陈述部分是There be结构时，反意问句的主语用there来充当。
2. I wish表示愿望，后面的反意问句常用may I。
3. I'm 开头，后面的反意问句常用aren't I。
4. 以So, Oh开头的句子，若是肯定句，其后的反意问句也用肯定；若是否定句，其后的反意问句也用否定。
5. 在句型It's the first/second/third…time that从句中，在It's＋时间段＋since从句中，以及It won't be long before从句中等等，反意部分由前面It＋be来决定，与从句的谓语动词无关。
考点1.转折并列句
例1: We thought there were 35 students in the dining hall, ______， in fact, there were 40.
A. while B. whether
C. what D. which
【解析】选A。分析两句的关系可知应该用表示对比的连词while。
并列句
例2: Excuse me for breaking in, ______ I have some news for you.
A. so B. and
C. but D. that
【解析】选C。 but 放在表示歉意的话之后，只起连接作用； but 的语义非常丰富，用法灵活多变。随着高考语境性意义的加强， but 出现的频率也越来越高，因为它在试题中对正确答案的选择起着重要的制约作用。下面是 but 的一些基本用法。
一、but 用作并列连词，意为“但是”，“然而”，表示转折意义。
Rick made some more records, but he wasn't as popular as he had been before.
里克虽然灌制了更多唱片，但不像以前那样受欢迎。
此时要注意 but 与 however 的区别。 however 表示“可是”，“但是”的意义时，常用作副词，可以放在句首、句中、句尾，并常用逗号将它与句子分开。
However，he didn't make his mark in the end.
然而，他终未成功。
二、 but 可置于表示歉意的话(如 Excuse me 或 I'm sorry )之后，提出请求或说出可能触犯对方的话，它没有实际意义，只起连接作用，可以省去。
I am sorry, but I don't think I know you.
很抱歉，我想我不认识你。
Excuse me, but can you tell me how to surf the net
劳驾，你能告诉我怎么上网吗？
主要由but(但是), yet(可是), while(而，却)等连词连接。
考点2.选择并列句
Bring the flowers into a warm room ______ they'll soon open. (2011·辽宁卷31)
A. or B. and
C. but D. for
【解析】选B。and表并列关系。此句考查句型：祈使句＋and ＋陈述句。
主要由or(或者，还是，否则), either…or…(不是……就是……), neither…nor…(既不……也不……), otherwise(要不然)等连词连接。
考点3.联合并列句
______， and I'll get the work finished.
A. Have one more hour B. One more hour
C. Given one more hour D. If I have one more hour
【解析】选B。从句子结构上看， and连接了两个分句， 两句间存在着一种顺承关系。其中前一分句为不完整句子，即一个名词短语，表示一种条件或假设，相当于if条件状语从句，该句相当于If I am given one more hour, I'll get the work finished. 后一分句表示一种结果或推论。
一、祈使句
1. 祈使句主要用于请求，发出邀请，给予指示、忠告或警告，也可用于发出命令等。
2. 祈使句的特点是：一般不出现主语(you), 但有时为了指明向谁发出请求或命令，也可以说出主语；谓语动词一律用原形；否定式一律在动词前面加don't。
二、句型中陈述句的时态或语气决定着祈使句表示的条件性质。
1. 当陈述句是一般将来时或一般现在时的时候， 祈使句是真实条件句。
Work hard, and you can make rapid progress in your study.
努力学习，你将很快取得进步。
2. 当陈述句的谓语动词是would / should / could / might ＋ 动词原形或完成体时，祈使句表示非真实条件句。
Come tomorrow and I would tell you everything.
明天来，我就告诉你所有的事情。
三、“祈使句 ＋ and ＋ 陈述句”句型的3种变化形式
1. “祈使句 ＋ 破折号 ＋ 陈述句”
Try some of this juice — perhaps you'll like it.
尝尝这种果汁，也许你会喜欢的。
2. “名词词组 ＋ and ＋ 陈述句”
名词词组中通常含有more, another, further, earlier等词。
It is really very dangerous. One more step, and the baby will fall into the well.
真危险。再多迈一步， 这个小孩儿就掉进井里了。
Another ￡500, and I could buy a car.
假如我再有500英镑， 就能买辆小汽车了。
One step further and you'll lost.
再多走一步， 你就会迷失方向了。
A few minutes earlier, and I could have seen the famous scientist.
要是我早来几分钟， 就能见到那位著名的科学家了。
3. “祈使句 ＋ or ＋ 陈述句”
or表示“否则”、“要不然的话”， or可用or else或otherwise替换， 从反面来预测结果。
Take the chance, or you will regret it.
抓住机会吧， 否则你会遗憾的。
Watch your step, or else you might fall into the water.
留神脚下， 不然你会掉进水里的。
Do as you're told, otherwise you'll be in trouble.
叫你怎么做就怎么做， 否则你会有麻烦的。
主要由and, not only…but also…(不但……而且……), when(＝ and just at this time就在这时)等连词连接。
考点4.因果并列句
It must have rained last night, ______ the ground is wet this morning.
A. because B. since
C. as D. for
【解析】选D。表示对前一分句的内容加以推断性的原因，用for。
主要由for(因为), so(因此)等连词连接。(共24张PPT)
第18讲 判断词性、词义和词形(二)
1. 主要考查的知识点：从属连词和并列连词的基本用法及意义。
2. 复习重点：
①各种从句(名词性从句、状语从句、定语从句)连词的基本用法及在语言环境中的活用；引导各种从句的从属连词：如名词性从句的引导词what, who, which, when, where, whatever, whoever, whichever, whether；状语从句引导词where, wherever, when, if, how, unless, until; 定语从句引导词that，which, who, whom, whoever, whomever, whichever, where, when, why 等。
Ⅰ.连词
②介词＋连词引导的定语从句。
③特殊句型中的连词。
④并列连词的基本意义及语法作用；并列句的各种关联词：如and, but, or, though, although, so等。
Ⅰ.连词
3. 连词的判断
(1)从属连词的判断：
①设空前面为名词，后面的句子可能是定语从句或同位语从句。如是定语从句而从句缺主语或宾语时则该空应填关系代词that, which(先行词指物), who, whom(先行词指人)；如果空格前面的名词(即先行词)在定语从句中充当状语，应填where, when, why 等连接副词；作定语时用whose(whose＋ 名词＝the ＋名词＋of which)。如果是同位语从句，则根据句意判断所缺连词。
Ⅰ.连词
【特别注意】
a. 空格前面是句子，且有逗号与空格后的句子隔开，可考虑为非限制性定语从句的连词，连词的选用同样根据先行词及先行词在句中的作用而定；若是前面的整个句子作先行词，连词用which 或as(这一点)。
b. 设空形式为：“……名词 ＋介词______……”时，多为“介词＋连词”引导的定语从句。
例：I'll never forget the days ______ I lived in the factory with the workers，______ is a great help to my article.
第一空设空前是名词，可考虑该空为定语从句的连词，再根据后分句中的谓语动词是不及物动词 live，其后不需要宾语，故可推出先行词the days在从句中作状语，应填关系副词when；而第二空设空前是句子，有逗号与后面分句隔开，且是对前面整个句子进行说明，因此应填非限制性定语从句引导词 which。
思路点拨
②设空位于句首，且包含空格的句子与后面的句子有逗号隔开，该空可判断为状语从句的连词。设空位于句中，空格前后的两个句子都分别是完整意义的句子，该空可考虑填状语从句的连词。再根据上下文句子的逻辑关系，填写恰当的状语从句引导词。
例：After the war，a new school building was set up ______ there has once been a theatre.
空格位于两个句子中间，两个句子分别有完整意义，故推出可填状语从句连词。再分析两个句子之间的逻辑关系“战争后，在曾经是一个戏院的地方，一所新的学校被建造起来了，”可推断出该空连词应填where。
思路点拨
③设空前面为动词或短语动词，空格部分一般为宾语从句连词。从句缺主语或宾语时则该空应填连接代词who, whom, what(所……的)；从句不缺少任何成分时，填that；从句缺少状语时，则应考虑填连接副词where, when, why等；或者根据前后句子之间的逻辑意义，可填if/whether(是否)。系动词后为表语从句。
例1：We don't have to tell children ______ they should take from the story, just to make eye contact to create “a personal experience”.
该题干扰因素是空格前面的名词children。其实，分析该句语法结构可知，空格后面的句子也是充当宾语(tell 后带双宾语)，而宾语从句中缺少的是宾语(作take的宾语)，应该填what。
思路点拨
例2：— I prefer shutting myself in and listening to music all day on Sundays.
— That's ______ I don't agree. You should have a more active life.
空格设置在系动词be后，后面句子不表示对内容的补充说明，是表语从句，再结合上下文逻辑意义，所填词在从句中充当地点状语，故填where。
思路点拨
④设空位于句首且包含空格的句子在句中充当主语时，该空连词为主语从句连词，再根据主从句的逻辑关系，填写恰当的连词(特别注意用it作形式主语后的连词用法)。
例：______ we will go outing depends on whether it is fine tomorrow.
设空位于句首，______ we will go outing 是主语从句，再根据主从句之间的逻辑关系，该空连词意义应该是“是否”之意，而主语从句连词位于句首，不能用if，故该空填Whether。
思路点拨
(2)并列连词的判断：
两个句子意义完整(有时有逗号分开，有时没有)。只能根据两个句子之间的关系确定连词的选用。
例：I loved the teacher. She had an unpleasant voice and way of speaking, ______ she was encouraging and inspiring. For some reasons she was impressed with my work and me.
设空前后都是句子，有逗号分开，根据上下文意义：“我喜欢这个老师。她有不足(an unpleasant voice and way of speaking)，然而她总是在鼓励我。”可知为转折关系，所以应填并列连词yet(however要与后面的句子用逗号隔开)。
思路点拨
1. 主要考查的知识点：
①介词的基本用法及在语境中的活用。②固定搭配
2. 介词的判断：
①在句子中不缺主语、宾语或表语的情况下(即名词或代词在句子中不作主语、宾语或表语时)，设空在名词或代词前面一定填介词(设空前后名词或代词并列关系除外)；
②不及物动词后带宾语时，设空在动词与宾语之间应填介词(或副词)；
③设空形式为：……“名词 ______ 连词……”时，空格处要填介词。再根据语境填写恰当意义的介词。
Ⅱ.介词
例：People buy fruits ______ color.
分析句子可知该句主语是people，宾语是fruits，而设空在名词color前，可知color在句中不能充当主语、宾语或表语，根据句意(前后名词非并列关系)，故要填介词by(凭借；靠)。
思路点拨(共28张PPT)
第8讲 非谓语动词与with复合结构
1. The ability ______ an idea is as important as the idea itself. (2011·湖南卷21)
A. expressing B. expressed
C. to express D. to be expressed
【解析】选C。主语the ability 为“能力”，抽象名词。通常使用动词不定式作定语。句意：表达思想的能力与思想本身同等重要。我们也可以联想到be able to do “能够干”而得出答案。
2. The players ______ from the whole country are expected to bring us honor in this summer game. (2011·湖南卷23)
A. selecting B. to select
C. selected D. having selected
【解析】选C。select 与the players 间有动宾关系。因此select用过去分词形式表被动完成。句意：从整个国家挑选出来的运动员有望在今年的夏季运动会给我们带来荣誉。
考点1.非谓语动词的逻辑主语
______ around the fire, the tourists danced with the local people. (2011·辽宁卷30)
A. Gather B. To gather
C. Gathering D. To be gathering
【解析】选C。 句子主语是the tourists, gather和tourists存有逻辑上的主谓关系，因此用现在分词作状语。
非谓语动词
1. It's ＋ adj. ＋ for / of sb. to do sth.句型中的不定式的逻辑主语为“sb.”。
2. 非谓语动词作状语时，他们的逻辑主语一般就是句子的主语。当非谓语动词的动作由句子主语发出时，非谓语动词用主动形式；当非谓语动词的动作是句子主语所承受时，用过去分词或不定式、动词的 ing形式的被动形式。
3. “代词主格或名词的普通格 ＋ 非谓语动词”构成独立主格结构。非谓语动词逻辑主语为代词或名词。
4．动名词复合结构由“物主代词或名词所有格＋动名词”构成独立主格结构。这种结构既可用作主语，也可用作宾语，但作宾语时，还可用代词宾格或名词普通格＋动名词结构。
5．不定式的复合结构：for sb. to do sth.。
考点2.独立成分作状语
______you the truth, I feel like ______ to bed now.
A. Telling; going B. To tell; going
C. Telling; to go D. To tell; to go
【解析】选B。to tell you the truth作独立成分；like是介词，其后跟动名词作宾语。
非谓语动词作独立成分的有： judging by/ from, provided/ providing, given, to be true, to tell you the truth等。
考点3.非谓语动词的时态
例1：Claire had her luggage ______ an hour before her plane left. (2011·陕西卷14)
A. check B. checking
C. to check D. checked
【解析】选D。Claire在飞机起飞之前的一小时让人把行李检查了。have sth. done让某人做某事。
考点3.非谓语动词的时态
例2：The next thing he saw was smoke ______ from behind the house. (2011·新课标卷27)
A. rose B. rising
C. to rise D. risen
【解析】选B。句意：他接下来看见的事是从房子后面正冒着烟。现在分词rising表动作正在进行，和修饰词smoke间有主谓关系。rising from behind the house现在分词短语作后置定语。
动词不定式一般表示在谓语动作之后的事情，要表示发生在谓语动词所表示的动作之前的事情，须用不定式的完成式；动词的 ing形式一般表示与谓语动词动作同时进行的动作，若要表示发生在谓语动词所表示的动作之前的事情，须用动词的 ing形式的完成式。
考点4.非谓语动词的句法功能
1. 作主语、表语：
动名词表示一般性、经常性的动作。不定式表示一次性的动作。动名词、不定式作主语常用it作其形式主语，但no use, no good作表语时，真正主语常用动名词。
2. 作宾语：
(1)有些动词只跟动名词作宾语
常用的这类动词有： mind, finish, enjoy, excuse, imagine, keep, practice, suggest, miss, consider, prevent, appreciate, advise, avoid, allow, admit, delay, escape, permit, forbid等。
(2)有些动词只跟不定式作宾语
常用的这类动词有： want, wish, hope, expect, agree, decide, learn, pretend, ask, promise, plan, refuse, beg, demand, manage, offer, prepare, claim, struggle等。
(3)remember, forget, regret后接动名词和不定式的区别：后接动名词表示先于谓语动词的动作；后接不定式表示后于谓语动词的动作。
(4)want, need, require和deserve后接动名词和不定式的用法：当它们后面所接的动词与句子的主语是动宾关系时，用动名词的主动式或不定式的被动式。
(5)在try, stop, mean, go on, can't help后，用动名词和不定式所表达的含义不同，要注意：
try doing sth. 试着做某事
try to do sth. 尽力做某事
stop doing sth. 停止做某事
stop to do sth. 停下来做另一件不同的事
mean doing sth. 意味着做某事
mean to do sth. 打算做某事
go on doing sth. 继续做刚做的事
go on to do sth. 继续做另一件事
can't help doing sth. 情不自禁做某事
can't help (to) do sth. 不能帮助做某事
3. 作宾语补足语：
例1： Michael put up a picture of Yao Ming beside the bed to keep himself ______ of his own dreams. (2011·重庆卷33)
A. reminding B. to remind
C. reminded D. remind
【解析】选C。keep himself reminded of his own dreams(姚明的图片)使他想起自己的梦想。过去分词 reminded作宾补。
例2： Even the best writers sometimes find themselves ______ for words. (2011·浙江卷14)
A. lose B. lost
C. to lose D. having lost
【解析】选B。可以从lost for words. (欲言又止；迷失语言)这一习语来理解。动词lose的基本义是“使……迷路”，引申义是“使……沉溺于”(使动用法容易被考生忽略)，与逻辑主语themselves的关系是被动，只有选项B满足。
熟悉并掌握哪些动词或短语如advise, allow, like, wish, want, help等须接不定式作宾语补足语；哪些动词或短语如find, suggest, lead to等可接动词的 ing形式作宾语补足语；哪些动词或短语如feel, see, watch, hear, have 等既可接动词的 ing形式又可接过去分词作宾语补足语；何时用主动形式作宾语补足语，何时用被动形式或过去分词作宾语补足语，一般由非谓语动词与宾语的关系确定。
4. 作定语：
例1：On receiving a phone call from his wife ______ she had a fall, Mr. Gordon immediately rushed home from his office.(2011·江西卷32)
A. says B. said
C. saying D. to say
【解析】选C。saying作后置定语修饰a phone call from his wife来自他妻子的一个电话说。
4. 作定语：
例2：Tsinghua University, ______ in 1911, is home to a great number of outstanding figures. (2011·福建卷23)
A. found B. founding
C. founded D. to be founded
【解析】选C。过去分词founded(成立于)作非限制性定语修饰Tsinghua University(清华大学)。
(1) 注意非谓语动词的形式，不定式作定语一般用主动式，只有当不定式的逻辑主语不是句子的主语或宾语时，才用被动式；现在分词作定语表示主动意义，动作正在进行；过去分词一般表示被动、完成含义。
(2) 非谓语动词的位置：非谓语动词短语作定语时，都要放在所修饰的词之后；单个的动词的 ing形式或过去分词作定语时，一般放在所修饰的词之前。
不及物动词的不定式作定语，与修饰的名词构成动宾关系时，不及物动词后面的介词不能丢。
5. 不定式与现在分词作结果状语的区别：
不定式、现在分词都能表示结果，其区别是：不定式一般表示出乎意料的结果，不定式前常用only修饰；而动词的 ing形式表示自然或必然的结果。
More highways have been built in China, ______ it much easier for people to travel from one place to another. (2011·陕西卷20)
A. making B. made
C. to make D. having made
【解析】选A。句意：在中国更多的公路已被修建，这样使得人们从一个地方到另一个地方更为容易。making分词短语表意料之中的结果。若是only to make则表示意料之外的结果。
考点5.不定式to的省略
1. 动词see, watch, hear, feel, notice, observe, look at, listen to, let, have, make 接不定式作宾补时，不定式的to须省略，但句子变为被动语态时，不定式的to不能省略。
2. why, would rather, had better, may as well, cannot (help / choose) but等后须跟省to的不定式。
3. 介词but, except等前若有行为动词do, 其后常用省to的不定式作宾语；若没有行为动词do, 则用带to的不定式。
4. 不定式作表语时，若主语中有行为动词do 的某一形式时，不定式的to可有可无。
例1： It was a pity that the famous painter died ______ his painting unfinished.
A. of B. from
C. out D. with
【解析】选D。本题考查with复合结构充当状语的用法，不是词组die of…， die from…和die out。
with复合结构
例2：With his mother ______ him, he is getting on well with his work.
A. help B. to help
C. helping D. helped
【解析】选C。这是with的复合结构， his mother与help是逻辑上的主谓关系，所以排除D, 如选B则有将来的意思，显然不合语境，选C表示“他妈一直在帮他”， 正合句意。
with 复合结构在句中一般作状语和定语，常见形式有：
1．“with+名词/代词+介词短语”。
The man was walking on the street, with a book under his arm.
2. “with+名词/代词+形容词”。
He likes to sleep with the door open.
3. “with+名词/代词+副词”。
The square looks more beautiful with all the lights on.
4. “with+名词/代词+名词”。
He left home, with his wife a hopeless soul.
5. “with+名词/代词+done”。在此结构中，过去分词和宾语是被动关系，表示动作已经完成。
With the problem solved, he went out to play.
6. “with+名词/代词+ ing分词”。此结构强调名词是 ing分词的动作的发出者或某动作、状态正在进行。
He felt more uneasy with the whole class staring at him.
7. “with+宾语+to do”。此结构中，不定式和宾语是被动关系，表示尚未发生的动作。
With nothing to do, I'll go out for a walk in the park.(共6张PPT)
第2讲 获取具体事实
Who used the car this morning (2011·湖南卷 Conversation 1)
A．The son. B．The aunt.
C．The mother.
【录音原文】
M: Mom, I can't find my car keys. I put them here in the drawer last night.
W: Oh, yes. I had to go and see Jane this morning. So I took the car. I think I put the keys in my purse.
M: They aren't in there, mom. Did you leave them in the car
W: Of course not, dear. Oh, here they are — in my pocket.
*
C 由题干可知本题是明显的细节题，重点是“who”和“used the car”。仔细听录音会发现从“so I took the car”可得出答案。故答案为C。
*
设题形式：
1. When should Susan go to meet professor Brown
2. What is the woman's house number
3. On which day will the Japanese music concert be held
4. What's the man's job now
5. How does the man pay for the tickets
6. Where is the woman going
*
题型特点： 这类题要求考生必须听清具体信息并且作适当的处理。
解题要领： 首先抓住问及的事件、地点、人物、时间、价钱等关键信息；其次要科学应对，去伪存真。如：对于涉及事件，地点，人物细节题，要排除干扰项；对于涉及时间，价钱和数字，则要听清来龙去脉，作适当的计算。(共10张PPT)
第15讲 七大实用解题技巧(二)
完形填空命题的基本形式是独立的语篇，它以自身的内容提供完整的语篇信息，但其中有时渗透着相关的如文化科学、历史地理、风俗民情等方面的知识。考生在做题时，若能积极地调动自己的文化背景和生活常识，巧妙地加以运用，特别是注意中西文化的差异，将会大大简化复杂的分析与判断过程，节省宝贵的时间，顺利地沿作者的思路阅读。
Ⅴ. 技巧五：背景常识
例：(2011·山东卷)
When they discovered that Black Wednesday were going to perform at our local theatre, they all bought __38__ for performance.
38. A. flowers B. drinks
C. clothes D. tickets
38. D 根据常识可知，要去观看乐队的表演，观众当然要购票。
思路点拨
主要是答题时通过分析词语习惯用法、固定短语等搭配关系和句子结构，进行有效地判断推理，从而选出正确选项。因此，同学们平时要有意识地记忆一些常用的词语习惯用法、固定短语搭配，学会分析句子结构。这类题目要求我们不仅能够记忆这些词和词组，还要学会灵活使用，准确判断。常见句型的掌握也很重要。有些句型在经过反复使用刺激后，会形成一定的思维定式，这对确定题目答案很有帮助。
Ⅵ. 技巧六：注意习惯用语，熟记常见句型
例：(2011·陕西卷)
The second rich man, seeing the worrying situation, stopped for a short time and gave the villagers all his food and drink, since he could see that money would be of little __34__ to them.
34. A. interest B. concern
C. use D. attraction
34. C be of little/no/great/much use为一固定的习惯表达，意为“没(很)有用”。
思路点拨
解答完形填空题需要考生进行认真的阅读、理解、推理和判断，需要对4个选项进行仔细的辨别、分析，从而去伪存真。有时我们会遇到这样的情况，对某个题目的正确选项的含义、用法不甚明白， 但发现其他选项有显而易见的谬误。这时，我们可以尝试着用排除法。所谓排除法就是将干扰项逐项检查、验证，发现错误的选项立即剔除。随着选择范围的缩小，选中正确选项的几率逐渐增大。排除法如果运用得好，可以大大节省时间和精力。
Ⅶ. 技巧七：巧用排除方法，缩小选择范围
例：(2011·四川卷)
Some days later, I was told that a guy who was working with us that day, “could probably have made a fortune __24__ the necklace he found.”
24. A. hiding B. stealing
C. selling D. wearing
24. C 根据上文make a fortune(发财)可知，只有通过将他捡到的那条项链卖掉这一方式，故很容易排除A、B、D三个选项。
思路点拨(共30张PPT)
第6讲 情态动词与虚拟语气
1. — No one ______ be compared with Yao Ming in playing basketball.
— Oh, you are really his big fan. (2011·湖南卷28)
A. can B. need
C. must D. might
【解析】选A。can强调能力，是“能，会”的意思。句意：在打篮球方面没有人能与姚明相比。你真是他的铁杆粉丝。
2. — I don't really like James. Why did you invite him
— Don't worry. He ______ come. He said he wasn't certain what his plans were. (2011·北京卷24)
A. must not B. need not
C. would not D. might not
【解析】选D。根据句意，James可能不会来的。因为他自己不确信他的计划是什么。might not 表可能性，“可能不”。
情态动词
考点1. could与was/were able to的区别
Although the fire in the hotel was very big, they ______ escape from it.
A. can B. could
C. was able to D. were able to
【解析】选D。A的时态不对， C选项主谓不一致。could和was / were able to虽都表过去的能力，但后者还表达“付诸了行动”的意思。
could一般只表过去的能力；若表示过去的能力得到了实施，一般用was / were able to, 不用could。
考点2.表示“可能性”的can, may, must
Liza______well not want to go on the trip — she hates traveling.
A. will B. can
C. must D. may
【解析】选D。句意： Liza极有可能不想去旅行——她讨厌旅行。may well not很可能不，表示否定猜测。
例2：It ______ be the postman at the door. It's only six o'clock. (2011·江西卷23)
A. mustn't B. can't
C. won't D. needn't
【解析】选B。 can't 表“不可能”，否定推测。根据前后句意思只能用can't。needn't“不必要”；mustn't表“禁止，不许”，won't表将来。
肯定推测一般用must, should, may/might或could(一般不用can), 其中， must的语气最强，意为“肯定”， should次之，意为“很可能，应该”， may/might语气最弱，意为“也许”。否定推测语气不很肯定时常用may/might not或could not, 意为“可能不，也许不”；否定语气较强时则用can't, 意为“根本不可能，想必不会”；用于疑问句表示惊异、怀疑的感彩时用can。
考点3. “情态动词+have done”的用法
例1：They ______ have arrived at lunchtime but their flight was delayed. (2011·新课标卷32)
A. will B. can
C. must D. should
【解析】选D。 should have done表“过去本应该做而未做的”。句意：他们本应该在午饭时候到达的，但是他们的航班误点了。must have done过去一定干过某事，表肯定推测。can have done表过去可能性，“过去本有可能干”。
例2：— I left my handbag on the train, but luckily someone gave it to a railway official.
— How unbelievable to get it back! I mean, someone ______ it. (2011·江苏卷34)
A. will have stolen B. might have stolen
C. should have stolen D. must have stolen
【解析】选B。might have done表过去很有可能已做某事。而must have done 则表示过去一定有人做过某事。如果被别人偷走了，那么就不可能把东西弄回。will have done 是将来完成时；should have done 过去本该做而未做。
must have done表示对过去事情的肯定推测。
can't / couldn't have done表示对过去所发生的事情所做的否定推测。
may have done表示过去所发生的事情作可能性推测。
might / could have done表示对过去所发生的事情作可能性推测，或者表示本来可以做而事实上未做的事情。
should / ought to have done表示本应该做的事情而事实上未做，含有对对方的责备。
needn't have done表示做了本不应该做的事情。
考点4.特殊情况
John promised his doctor he______not smoke, and he has never smoked ever since.
A. might B. should
C. could D. would
【解析】选D。考查情态动词在语境中的特殊用法。句意：约翰答应医生不再吸烟，从那以后，他再也没有吸过烟。由句意可知空格处表示意愿。
might 用作may的过去式，表示“可以，可能”；should 作情态动词，表示“应当”， 相当于ought to; could可用来代替can说明现在的情况，提出请求、想法、建议等；would 用于过去情况，表示“愿意”， “肯”， “会”等。
John, look at the time. ______ you play the piano at such a late hour
A. Must B. Can
C. May D. Need
【解析】选A。must在此表示特定的语气和态度，意为“偏要，硬要”。
1. can的几个习语
“can but +动词原形”表示“只能，大不了”。
“can't but +动词原形”表示“不得不”。
“can't help +动词 ing形式”表示“不得不，禁不住”。
“can't …too…”表示“无论怎样都不为过，越……越……”。
2. must有时表示 “偏要，偏偏”， 也可作名词，意为“必须做的事情”。
3. should可作“竟然、万一”解。
考点5. shall的3种用法
①表说话人的意图。在陈述句中主语是第二﹑三人称，表说话者给对方的承诺﹑决心﹑警告、威胁等；
②征求对方的意见或向对方提出请求时，主语为第一、三人称的疑问句。
③表示强制。用于法令、条约、规章中，意为“必须，应该”
— Will you read me a story, Mummy
— OK. You ______ have one if you go to bed as soon as possible. (2011·陕西卷24)
A. might B. must
C. could D. shall
【解析】选D。shall在此表“许可”。
虚拟语气
考点1.虚拟条件句的三种基本类型
I ______ through that bitter period without your generous help. (2011·陕西卷22)
A. couldn't have gone B. didn't go
C. wouldn't go D. hadn't gone
【解析】选A。句意：没有你的慷慨帮助，我就不可能熬过那段痛苦时期。此句为与过去事实相反的虚拟语气。without your generous help＝if I hadn't had your generous help。从句用过去完成时，主句则用情态动词＋完成时。couldn't have gone through表“过去不可能经历”。
1. 若与现在事实相反，条件从句的谓语用一般过去时(be通常用were), 主句谓语用“would (should, could, might)+动词原形”。
2. 若与过去事实相反，条件从句的谓语用过去完成时，主句谓语用“would (should, could, might)+have+过去分词”。
3. 若与将来事实相反，条件从句的谓语用一般过去时(be通常用were)或should+动词原形或were to+动词原形，主句谓语用“would (should, could, might)+动词原形”。
考点2. 使用虚拟语气的几种从句
— Where are the children The dinner's going to be completely ruined.
— I wish they ______ always late. (2011·北京卷28)
A. weren't B. hadn't been
C. wouldn't be D. wouldn't have been
【解析】选A。wish后有3种形式的虚拟语气句子。此句根据前一分句where are the children？可知是在问孩子现在在哪里？因此对方才会说我希望他们不要总是迟到。因此选A。
1. wish后的宾语从句和if only后的句子：表示与现在事实相反的愿望，从句谓语用一般过去时或过去进行时；表示与过去相反的愿望，从句谓语用过去完成时；表示将来没有把握或不太可能实现的愿望，常用“would (could)+动词原形”。
2. as if / as though引导的方式状语从句或表语从句：表示与现在事实相反，从句谓语用一般过去时或过去进行时；表示与过去事实相反，用过去完成时；表示将来的可能性不大，用“would (could)+动词原形”。
温馨提示：若从句所说的内容可能为事实，也可用陈述语气。
3. It's (high / about) time后的定语从句：从句谓语通常用一般过去时或“should+动词原形(should不可省)”。
4. would rather后的宾语从句：通常用一般过去时表示现在或将来的愿望，用过去完成时表示过去的愿望。
5. 一个“坚持”(insist)、两个“命令”(order, command)、三个“建议”(advise, suggest, propose)、四个“要求”(demand, require, request, ask)后的宾语从句：一般用“should+动词原形(should可省)”。
温馨提示：动词insist, suggest后的宾语从句除可用虚拟语气外，也可用陈述语气，注意区别。
6. It's+suggested, ordered, required, demanded等表示“建议、要求、命令”的动词的过去分词+that主语从句：常用“should+动词原形(should可省)”。
7. “要求、建议、命令”等意义的名词后的表语从句或同位语从句：从句中的动词也用“should+动词原形(should可省)”。
8. It's+important / necessary / impossible+that主语从句：常用“should+动词原形(should可省)”。
考点3. 虚拟语气的特殊情况
1. 错综时间虚拟条件句
Maybe if I ______ science, and not literature then, I would be able to give you more help. (2011·北京卷30)
A. studied B. would study
C. had studied D. was studying
【解析】选C。考查虚拟语气的特殊用法——错综时间虚拟条件句。从句中含有then，可推知此句是一个与过去事实相反的虚拟语气，所以用过去完成时。而主句则用了与现在事实相反的would be。句意：也许如果我那时学习了理科而不是文学的话，那么(现在)我就能给你更多的帮助。
所谓错综时间虚拟条件句即条件从句与主句所指时间不一致，如从句指过去，而主句却指现在或将来，此时应根据具体的语境，结合上面提到的三种基本类型对时态作出相应的调整。
2. 含蓄虚拟条件句
I knew my uncle ______ no time. Otherwise he ______ me company to go hiking.
A. did have; would have kept
B. had; had kept
C. has; would have kept
D. had had; had kept
【解析】选A。本题考查强调和虚拟语气。第一句说的是事实，故不用虚拟语气， did 在此处表示强调；第二空表示对过去事实的虚拟，故用would have kept。
例2：We ______ John's name on the race list yesterday but for his recent injury. (2011·江西卷28)
A. will put B. will have put
C. would put D. would have put
【解析】选D。but for“要不是因为”。此句表示“要不是因为John最近受伤了，我们昨天就会把他的名字打入竞赛名单里。”受伤这一动作发生于过去，因此该句表与过去事实相反。主句用would have done的形式。
假设情况不用if从句来表示，而是用without, but for, otherwise, or, but等表示一种含蓄条件。表示与现在或将来相反，用“would (should, could, might)+动词原形”；表示与过去相反用“would (should, could, might)+have+过去分词”。
3. 虚拟语气的省略与倒装
______ in your position, I would go.
A. If I B. Were I
C. If was I D. If I am
【解析】选B。该结构可还原为： If I were in your position。
虚拟条件从句中若有were, should, had时，可将其提到句首，并将if省略。(共43张PPT)
第5讲 时态与语态
1. In 1492, Columbus ______ on one of the Bahama Islands, but he mistook it for an island off India. (2011·湖南卷27)
A. lands B. landed
C. has landed D. had landed
【解析】选B。本题考查时态中的一般过去时，强调过去某个时间里发生的动作或状态。句意：1492年，哥伦布曾在巴哈马群岛中的一个岛屿登陆，但是他误以为是印度边缘的一个岛屿。题干给出具体的过去时间in 1492，所以排除A和D。干扰项C现在完成时表示过去发生并且已经完成的动作对现在造成影响或后果，此题表达的重点是哥伦布过去登陆了这个岛，并不强调对现在的影响。
2. In the near future, more advances in the robot technology ______ by scientists. ( 2011·湖南卷34)
A. are making B. are made
C. will make D. will be made
【解析】选D。本题考查动词的时态及语态。句意：在不久的将来，科学家将会使机器人技术更加先进。主语是more advances，时间是in the near future，所以动作一定是发生在将来，又因为主语被提到了前面，“进步”是被取得的，所以句子需要用被动语态。故选D。
英语中，动词有十六种时态，而湖南高考要求考生掌握十种时态，它们是：一般现在时、一般过去时、一般将来时、现在进行时、过去进行时、过去将来时、将来进行时、现在完成时、过去完成时以及现在完成进行时。
动词的时态
考点1.一般现在时与现在进行时
Planning so far ahead ______ no sense — so many things will have changed by next year. (2011·全国新课标卷23)
A. made B. is making
C. makes D. has made
【解析】选C。句意：提前这么早计划没有意义，第二年这么多事情将会发生变化。此项用一般现在时表明这一客观事实。选项A一般过去时，选项B现在进行时，选项D现在完成时都与接下来的一句语境不符。
一般现在时表示经常性、习惯性或不依时间的变化而发生变化的动作。时刻表上安排的将要进行的事情也可用一般现在时表示。
现在进行时表示现在正在进行的动作，或现阶段一直进行的动作。非持续性动词(如： go, come, leave, die 等)的现在进行时表示将要发生的动作。
温馨提示：
(1)在以when, until (till), as soon as, by the time, after, before等引导的时间状语从句或以if, unless, once等引导的条件状语从句以及由no matter when, however, even if等引导的让步状语从句中，如果主句中的动词用一般将来时，从句中的动词通常用一般现在时代替一般将来时。
(2)always, often, constantly, frequently, forever等副词和现在进行时连用，表达说话人的某种感情，即“赞扬”或“厌恶”等，可译为“老是、总是”。
(3)某些动词的现在进行时可表示计划或安排好了的将来动作。常见的这类动词有： go, come, leave, arrive, start, take off等。
考点2. 现在完成时与一般过去时
It is the most instructive lecture that I ______ since I came to this school. (2011·湖南卷30)
A. attended B. had attended
C. am attending D. have attended
【解析】选D。句意：自从我来了这所学校以后，这是我听过的最有教育意义的一场讲座。这里考查了定语从句和时态两个知识点。因为前面的谓语动词是is，并且谈论的是从过去开始持续到现在的一段时间里发生的动作，所以用现在完成时。故选D。
现在完成时强调过去发生的事情一直延续到现在的情况，或者过去发生的事情对现在的影响或结果。属于现在时态的范畴。表示延续性的动作时常用“since+时间点/for+时间段”作状语；而表示非持续性的动作时常用副词already, yet, ever, just, never等作状语。
一般过去时表示在过去时间里已经发生的动作，常与过去时间状语yesterday, last week, in 2003, three days ago等连用。
相同点：都表示动作发生在过去。
不同点：现在完成时表示与现在有关；一般过去时表示与现在无关。
温馨提示：(1)比较、区别have gone to(去了)与have been to(去过)的不同用法。
(2)现在完成时一般不与具体的过去时间状语或when连用。
(3)短暂性动词的完成时一般不与段时间状语连用。
(4)在It / This / That is the first / second time (that) …结构中， that引导的从句常用现在完成时。
考点3.过去进行时与一般过去时
— That must have been a long trip.
— Yeah, it ______ us a whole week to get there. (2011·北京卷27)
A. takes B. has taken
C. took D. was taking
【解析】选C 。 根据上句must have been可知trip发生在过去，因此第二句选用一般过去时took。句意：——那一定是一次长久的旅行。——是啊，我们花了整整一星期才到达那儿。
过去进行时表示在过去某一时刻或过去某一段时间正在进行的动作，常与时间状语this time last year, that time, last night或由when, while, as 引导的时间状语从句等连用。
温馨提示：过去进行时与副词always, constantly, continually, forever等连用时表示赞美或讨厌的感彩。
考点4. 过去完成时与一般过去时
By the time Jack returned home from England, his son ______ from college.(2011·辽宁卷34)
A. graduated B. has graduated
C. had been graduating D. had graduated
【解析】选D。从句动作是过去时，主句动作发生在过去的过去，因此用过去完成时。
过去完成时表示过去某时间或某动作之前已经发生的事情或存在的状态，即：过去的过去。持续性动词的过去式常与since+时间点、for+时间段、when/before+过去时的从句、by/before+过去时间等状语连用。
温馨提示：(1)动词expect, hope, suppose, think, want等的过去完成时表示过去未曾实现的希望、计划或打算等。
(2)过去完成时用于某些特殊结构
① It / This / That was the first / second time (that)+过去完成时
② It was+段时间+since+过去完成时
③ no sooner …than …或hardly …when …的主句谓语要用过去完成时
④ 含“by+过去时间点”或“by the time+一般过去时”的句子常用过去完成时
考点5.现在完成时与现在完成进行时
— You look so tired, what have you been doing
— We have been discussing the problem but we ______ a conclusion yet.
A. haven't drawn B. have been drawing
C. didn't draw D. weren't drawing
【解析】 选A。根据前后语境可知，到目前为止我们还没有达成结论，尽管我们到现在为止一直在讨论问题。yet一般与完成时连用。
现在完成进行时由“have/has + been+现在分词”构成，表示从过去某个时候开始一直延续到现在的动作；现在完成时表示动作已完成。
考点6.一般将来时与将来进行时
— I hear you ______ in a pub. What's it like
— Well, it's very hard work and I'm always tired, but I don't mind. (2011·江苏卷21)
A. are working B. will work
C. were working D. will be working
【解析】选A。 句意：——我听说你在一个酒吧干活。工作怎样？——哦，工作很艰难，我总是累的，但我不介意。此句用进行时表明一段时间在进行的动作。如果选用将来时或将来进行时的话，那么就不会出现下一个对话情景。选C过去进行时，与下句太不符合。
一般将来时表示将来某个时间要发生的动作或存在的状态，或在现在看来即将要发生的动作或存在的状态，常与时间状语tomorrow, next week, in a few days等连用。
将来进行时表示将来某时间正在发生的动作，或将来某时间可能会发生的事情。
一般将来时强调打算、计划、安排，而将来进行时强调客观的可能性或主观的决心、意志。
温馨提示：will / shall与be going to的区别：
① be going to可用于条件状语从句表示将来，而shall / will一般不可。
② 迹象表明要发生某事，只用be going to。
③ 若强调某个意图是经过事先考虑好的，用be going to；说话时的临时决定，则用will / shall。
动词的语态
考点1.两种特殊的被动语态
1. 双宾语动词的被动语态
She was ______ the bike for 25 dollars，but she wouldn't take it.
A. provided B. supplied
C. offered D. gave
【解析】选C。 offer 作“出价，开价”讲，常有offer sb. money for sth.和offer sb. sth. for money两种搭配。此处是将后者用于被动语态中。
英语中有些动词可以有两个宾语，如： give, buy, bring, show, pass, offer, lend, leave, tell, write, sing, teach等，这些动词用于被动结构时，可以将其中任何一个宾语变为主语，而另一个宾语仍保留在谓语后面。如： He bought me many books. → I was bought many books. 或 Many books were bought for me.
2. 短语动词的被动语态
— Why does Lingling look so unhappy
— She ______ by her classmates.
A. has laughed
B. has laughed at
C. has been laughed
D. has been laughed at
【解析】选D。由by短语可知该用被动语态，即可排除A、B。laugh是不及物动词，没有被动语态，而laugh at才是及物动词短语，可用被动语态。
短语动词是由“动词+介词”， “动词+名词+介词”等结构构成的动词短语，在被动语态结构中，不能漏掉其后的介词。在“动词＋名词＋介词”这类动词短语的被动结构，“名词＋be＋动词过去分词＋介词”也是高考热点。如：take care of→care be taken of; make good use of→good use be made of; take advantage of→advantage be taken of。
考点2.主动表被动的若干情形
— Shall we go fishing tomorrow
— Sounds great, but with so much homework ______， I really can't afford the time.
A. done B. to do
C. being done D. doing
【解析】选B。“with+宾语+不定式”结构中的不定式表示将来，且常用主动表被动。
1. 系动词(如look, sound, smell, feel, taste, prove等)要用主动表被动。
2. 英语中有些动词如： open, close, shut, lock, move, read, wash, clean, cook, cut, wear, carry等，当主语是物，且又表示主语的特征和状态时，要用主动形式表被动含义。
3. 不定式to blame用作表语，通常用主动表被动。
4. “主语+be+形容词+to do”结构中的不定式通常要用主动形式表示被动意义。这类形容词常见的有： convenient, comfortable, dangerous, difficult, hard, easy, impossible, interesting, nice, pleasant, safe, tough, tricky, unpleasant等。
5. 不定式用于某些动词(如： have, get, want, need等)的宾语后作定语时，如果不定式的逻辑主语是句子的主语，通常用主动形式表示被动意义。
温馨提示：若不定式的逻辑主语不是句子的主语，则应用被动式。
6. 在“with+宾语+不定式”结构中，不定式表示将来的动作，且其逻辑主语是句子的主语，该不定式常用主动表被动。
7. be worth后的动名词要用主动表被动。
温馨提示：be worthy却不一样，其后常接不定式的被动式或of+动名词的被动式。
8. 表示“需要”的动词need, want, require或动词deserve(“应受，应得，值得”)后的动名词用主动式表被动意义。但这些动词后的动名词若改为不定式则要用被动式表被动。
考点3.不及物动词和有些及物动词(短语)无被动语态
Great changes ______ in the city and a lot of factories ______.
A. have been taken place; have been set up
B. have taken place; have been set up
C. are taken place; are set up
D. were taken place; were set up
【解析】选B。 take place 为不及物动词短语，一般不用被动语态，即可排除A、C、D。
常见的没有被动语态的动词(短语)有： occur, take place, happen, break out, belong to, appear, disappear, cost, last, agree with等。
考点4. 作状语的动词被动语态
If they win the final tonight, the team are going to tour around the city ______ by their enthusiastic supporters. (2011·浙江卷19)
A. being cheered B. be cheered
C. to be cheered D. were cheered
【解析】选C。 考查非谓语动词，因此首先排除B和D(前面已经有are going to tour，又没有连词，不可能出现两个独立谓语)。A和C都表示被动，区别在于being done表示正在被发生的动作，而动词不定式to be done表示具体、一次性、将要被发生的动作。句意：如果他们今晚赢得了决赛，整队将在热情的粉丝欢呼下周游这个城市。这里用to be done表示伴随。
考点5. 作后置定语的动词被动语态
The Town Hall ______ in the 1800's was the most distinguished building at that time.
A. completing
B. completed
C. having been completed
D. to have been completed
【解析】选B。 completed作后置定语修饰the Town Hall, 表被动完成。相当于定语从句which/ that was completed。选C错误，因为现在分词完成时不能作限定性后置定语。
考点6. “get/become及其他系动词＋过去分词”表示被动，构成系表结构
They got ______ after returning from the big party last week.
A. separate B. separating
C. separated D. to separate
【解析】选C。 get ＋过去分词为固定系表结构。get separated (分离)。类似结构还有get dressed“穿着”， get married“结婚”， get changed “换衣服”等等。
考点7.形式被动意义表主动的短语一般都由“be ＋v. ed＋介词或少量的不定式”组成，如be faced with(面临)，be determined to do(下决心干)，be caught in(遇上), be devoted to (致力于), be known for(因……出名)，be lost in(陷于，埋头于) 等等。在句中作状语时只需去掉be。
______ to achieve high grades in the final examination, he tried to study harder and harder.
A. Being determining B. Determined
C. To determine D. Determine
【解析】选B。 be determined to do作状语时，be去掉。
考点8. 带复合宾语的动词被动语态结构
The missing girl was last seen ______ under the big tree.
A. read B. to read
C. reading D. to be reading
【解析】选C。由句中语境可知空白处表示的是当时的现场情景，动作正在发生。故用reading作主补。带复合宾语的动词变为被动时，一般将主动结构中的宾语变为被动结构中的主语，宾语补足语不变。宾语补足语可以是现在分词结构，表明动作正在发生，也可以是动词不定式结构表明动作已发生，强调动作发生的全过程。
考点9.当句子的谓语为say, believe, report, expect, think, know, consider, suggest等动词时，被动语态有两种形式①谓语动词用被动语态，动词不定式作主补，②用it作形式主语，真正主语在后面用主语从句来表示。类似句型有：It is said/ reported/ believed/ known/ suggested/ considered/ hoped/ thought …that…
The crowd cheered wildly at the sight of Bolt at the Bird's Nest, who was reported ______ the world record in the running races.
A. breaking B. having broken
C. to have broken D. to break
【解析】选C。 表示据报道用“be reported ＋不定式”。此处用不定式完成时表动作已发生。此句中的后一分句我们也可以这样改写：It was reported that Bolt had broken the world record in the running races.(共16张PPT)
第20讲 事实细节题
*
(2011·湖南卷A篇)When first entered, Vanak Restaurant does not look like much of a restaurant, but once the pleasant smells of kabob(烤肉串)hit the senses, you are incapable of calling it anything less.
Owned by a local couple, this Persian restaurant has an inviting, homelike atmosphere that many restaurants lack.
The space is small with only a few dining tables and nearly no decoration，but the environment is truly charming.
Lying in a hardly noticeable street corner，the restaurant still attracts all customers, especially those experienced in the delights of Middle Eastern cooking.
A common sight is that of old Persian men sitting in the corner talking loudly about world topics，watching news events on TV，drinking a black tea known as Persian chai, and reading local Persian newspapers all the while trying to finish off their plates piled with food.
The variety of food at the restaurant is limited，but the amount of each dish is fairly large.Most of the meals can serve two people and are under $10, so not only is it affordable but practical as well.
The food especially appeals to health conscious eaters because each dish is very healthy，made with limited fat and oil and served straight off the grill (烤肉架)．
The main dish that the restaurant is popular for is its kabobs，which are different styles of grilled meat.
One delicious and extremely healthy dish is the Joojeh Kabob，which is made of grilled chicken pieces served with either rice or bread.Another great kabob is the Chelo Kabob, a kabob consisting of grilled beef.
Although the restaurant is small，the atmosphere and the food is delicious.It is a place that should not be overlooked.
57. What activity is also mentioned apart from dining in the restaurant
A. Watching news events on TV.
B. Drinking a kind of black coffee.
C. Reading local English newspapers.
D. Discussing world topics in low voices.
58. The food of the restaurant ______.
A. is served in small amounts
B. is rather expensive
C. is rich in variety
D. is very healthy
59. What is the dish Joojeh Kabob mainly made of
A. Rice. B．Chicken.
C. Bread. D．Beef.
57. A 细节理解题。要找到在这个餐厅除了吃还能干什么，关键词：TV，tea，newspaper等，从第五段第一句可知。
58. D 细节理解题。从第六段和第七段即可得出答案。
59. B 细节理解题。从倒数第二段可知。
思路点拨
一篇文章在确定主题之后，通常要通过大量的事实和细节对主题进行解释和说明。因此有很多的题干是根据短文的细节而设计的。文章的细节题有可能是直接理解题，如事物的起因、过程、结果及发生的时间、地点等。也有些是间接理解题，要求你在理解的基础上，通过自己的思维将理解的内容系统化，条理化。选项的表述通常不是用文章的原话，而是使用同义的词语来表达。考生一定要回到短文中找出与答题内容相关的词语和句子，在理解原文的基础上选择答案。
一、所谓细节题的表现形式多种多样，大致可总结如下：
1. 是非题
出题形式：
三正一误(三项正确，只有一项不符合原文内容)：
Which of the following is true except…？
Which of the following is mentioned except…？
三误一正(三项错误，只有一项符合原文内容)：
Which of the following is true
2. 例证题
例子为高考阅读理解的常见考点之一，这类题的基本结构为The author provides in Line…(或Paragraph…)an example in order to…意思是问文中举出某现象或例子的目的。如果文章是说明文和议论文，文章中举出一些例子无非是为了说明一定的道理。关键在于这个例子在原文出现的位置，但不管如何，这个例子之前或之后不远处通常都有一句总结说明性的话，这句话就是答案，即举例的目的。如果例子与全文主题有关，则例证主题，答案为主题句。如果例子与段落主题有关，就例证段落主题，则答案为段落主题句；否则，答案为例子前后总结说明性的话。
3. 其他形式的细节题
(1)定义
①与主题有关的篇章定义，理解它有助于做主旨题。
②具体对某个现象或术语加以定义，有时成为词义题的考试内容。
(2)年代与数字
这个考点有几种出题方式，但不管以何种形式出现，只要题干问年代与数字，答案就对应于文章中的年代与数字。
(3)比较
比较考点的表现形式主要有：①比较级与含有比较意义的词汇手段和句型结构；②表示绝对意义的字眼：first(第一)，least(最不)，uttermost(最)等；③表示唯一性的词汇：only，unique等。
阅读最好能圈出表示最高级、唯一性和绝对意义的词汇，便于做题时对回原文定位。
(4)原因
这种题的答案在原文中通常有一些表示因果关系的词汇手段提示：
①表示因果关系的名词：result，reason；
②表示因果关系的动词：result in(结果)，result from(由于)，base…on…(以……为基础)，be due to(由于)；
③表示因果关系的连词或介词：because，for，why；
④表示因果关系的副词：as a result，consequently等，阅读时对这些提示词应该予以注意。
除了上述原文有因果关系提示词的显性原因考点之外，隐性原因(两个句子之间为因果关系，但无有关提示词)也是常见考点。不管是显性原因考点，还是隐性原因考点，原文相关句出现的格式都是先说原因，后说结果，而在题干中通常给出结果，就其原因提问。
二、解题方法：
1. 直接理解题
多数细节理解题是直接考查考生对具体信息的近义或反义理解能力。寻找相关的近义或反义表述，是一种有效的解题方式。
代词复指题也属于一种直接理解题。一般是在人物或事物关系比较复杂的情况下使用这种题型，所以理清人物及事物之间的逻辑关系是关键所在。可采用“逻辑关系梳理法”，使人物或事件关系条理化、简明化、明朗化。
二、解题方法：
2. 转换理解题
转换理解题要求考生在理解具体事实的基础上，通过自己的思维将理解的内容系统化，条理化，形象化，具体化。
一是“首尾定位法”。比如计算、排序、选图等题。排序题要求考生根据事件发生的先后顺序和句子之间的逻辑关系，找出事件发生的正确顺序，即先找出第 一个动作和最后一个动作，迅速缩小选择范围，从而快速选出正确答案。
二是利用同义词、近义词和反义词：即命题者常常会利用近义词或反义词来考查学生对细节的捕捉与理解能力。(共19张PPT)
第22讲 词义猜测题
(2011·湖南卷C篇)
…
The scientists used detailed genetic analysis to prove that the African savanna elephant and the African forest elephant have been distinct species for several million years. The divergence of the two species took place around the time of the divergence of Asian elephants and woolly mammoths. This result amazed all the scientists.
…
67. The underlined word “divergence” in paragraph 4 means “______”.
A. evolution B. exhibition
C. separation D. examination
思路点拨：C 文中divergence of the two species指代前文the African Savanna elephant and the African forest elephant have been distinct species, divergence与distinct同义替换，对应选项C。
猜词是英语阅读的重要技巧，也是高考中常考的题型。考生要学会“顺藤摸瓜”，通过构词、定义、对比、因果、联想、上下文等线索(各种已知信息)确定词义。要求猜测词义的词一般为实词(动词、名词、形容词等)。就方法来说，主要根据上下文线索和构词法。高考阅读文章中更侧重前者。
通过定义、定语从句/词组或同位语从句/词组等来确定词义。
1. 直接定义：如果生词是句子或段落所解释的定义，理解句子或段落本身就是推断词义。 如： In slang the term jam constitutes a state of being in which a person finds himself or herself in a difficult situation.
根据上下文的定义可知jam一词在俚语中的意思是 “困境”。 定义句的谓语动词多为：be, mean, deal with, be considered, to be, refer to, be called, be known as, define, represent等。
根据定义猜测词义
2. 同位语：构成同位关系的两部分之间多用逗号连接，有时也使用破折号、冒号、分号、引号和括号等。需要注意的是：同位语前还常有or, similarly, that is to say, in other words, namely, or other, say, i．e. 等副词或短语出现。
3. 定语从句：定语从句有时起着解释和说明的作用，据此我们可以推断出所修饰词的含义。如： The herdsman,_who looks after sheep, earns about 650 yuan a year.
定语从句中 looks after sheep 就表明了 herdsman 的词义为“牧羊人”。
(2010年四川师大附中高三模拟题)
You should never put a cotton swab or other object into the ear canal. But you can use a swab or cloth to clean the outer part of the ear. The experts agree with the old saying that you should never put anything smaller than your elbow in your ear.
( )What does a “swab” mostly probably mean
A. something soft, small and used in clinics
B. something hard, long and used at home
C. something thin, wet and like an elbow
D. something safe, big and like a toy
【答案及解析】A 根据But you can use a swab or cloth to clean the outer part of the ear. 可判断or后面的名词cloth与swab是同位关系，据此可以判断swab是一种用来清洗耳朵等部位的棉制或布制的医药用品，即“棉签”。
1. 根据对比关系猜测词义
在一个句子或段落中，有时对两个事物或现象进行对比性的描述，我们可以根据生词的反义词来猜测其词义。英语中表示对比关系的词汇和短语主要是unlike, not, but, however, despite, in spite of, in contrast 和while 引导的并列句等。 如： Andrew is one of the most supercilious men I know. His brother, in contrast, is quite humble and modest.
该例中supercilious对许多人来说可能是个生词，但是句中短语in contrast(相对照的，相对比的)提示我们supercilious和后面词组humble and modest(谦卑又谦虚)是对比关系。分析出这种关系后，我们便能猜出supercilious意为“目空一切的，傲慢的”。
根据逻辑关系猜测词义
2. 根据类比关系猜测词义
表示类比关系的词和短语主要有similarly, like, just as, also, as well等。如： Green loves to talk, and his brothers are similarly loquacious.
该句中副词similarly表明短语loves to talk与生词loquacious之间为类比关系。以此可以推断出loquacious词义为“健谈的”。
3. 根据因果关系猜测词义
在句子或段落中，若两个事物、现象之间构成因果关系，我们可以根据这种逻辑关系推知生词词义。如： Tom is considered an autocratic administrator because he makes decisions without seeking the opinions of others.
根据原因状语从句的内容，我们可以推断出生词autocratic指“独断专行的”。
4. 根据同义词的替代关系猜测词义
在句子或段落中，我们可以利用熟悉的词语，根据语言环境推断生词词义。如： Although he often had the opportunity, Mr. Tritt was never able to steal money from a customer. This would have endangered his position at the bank, and he did not want to jeopardize his future.
作者为避免重复使用endanger一词用其同义词jeopardize来替代它，由此推知jeopardize词义为“使……陷入危险，危及、危害”。
1. 我们可以根据上下文与生词密切相关的句子，对生词进行合情合理同时合乎上下文语境的推测。我们也可以根据生词后举出的有关例子进行适当归纳，猜测生词的词义。例如： You can take any of the periodicals:_The World of English, Foreign Language Teaching in Schools, or English Learning.
根据下文举出的英语杂志名称可知，periodicals是“期刊”之意。
根据上下文及生活常识猜测词义
2. 有时仅靠分析篇章内在逻辑关系无法猜出词义。这时，就需要运用生活经验和普通常识确定词义。例如： The snake slithered through the grass.
根据有关蛇的生活习性的知识，我们可以推断出slither的词义为“爬行”。
(2010年湖南省六校联考)
…But sometimes I just feel loath to talk to these people. Sometimes, I just want to be alone, quietly, without being forced to listen to their gossip or other useless words.
( )The underlined word “loath” in this paragraph has the closest meaning to ______.
A. unwilling B. eager
C. pleased D. hurt
【答案及解析】A 根据后面的语境“我宁愿安静地独处，不愿意去听这些闲言碎语”，可见作者“不愿意”与这些人说话。故loath是“不愿意”之意。
英语单词的构成方法主要有三种，即复合法、派生法和转化法。英语单词大多是由词根、词头(前缀)、词尾(后缀)所组成。词根是单词最基本的部分，表达单词的基本含义。在词根前头或后头加上前缀或后缀，可以用来引申或转变原词的意义。只要我们掌握了各种词根、词头、词尾的基本含义，那么就可以很容易地猜测所构成的新词的含义了。中学英语中常见的前缀和后缀有：
根据构词法来猜测词义
super (超), inter (在……之间), able(能……的), mini (极少的，微型的)，micro (极微小的), re (再，反复), sub (分支的，底下), co (共同), post (后), pre (前), trans (超越；转换), under (在……之下；低于……；不足), hood(状态；性质；时期), ish(如……的；有点儿……的); proof(防……的；……不能穿透的), scope(景), ship(身份；资格；权力；性质), some(易于……的), wards(向), mis (误；恶), un (不；非), in (不；非), im (不； 非), dis (不), non (不；非)， less(不；无), anti (反；防), sino (中国)。如： He fell into a ditch and lay there, semiconscious,_for a few minutes.
根据词根conscious(清醒的，有意识的)，结合前缀semi(半，部分的，不完全的), 我们便可猜出semiconscious词义“半清醒的，半昏迷的”。
(2010年广东华南师大附中高三综合测试)
Sharks are among the few animals in the world that almost never get cancer and eye cataracts. Understanding why can help us improve human health. Chemicals extracted from shark cartilage have killed cancerous tumors in laboratory animals, a research that someday could help prolong your life.
( )The underlined word “prolong” in the paragraph means ______.
A. save B. protect
C. lengthen D. improve
【答案及解析】C 可根据构词法来判断词义。prolong 是个派生词，前缀pro 是“支持，亲”之意，long是“长”之意，故可判断prolong是“延长(寿命)”的意思。
代词that/it/they/them所指代的内容多在这一句的前、后句中(特别是前句)，或者前几个句子中，找到指代的内容后把它放在那个代词的位置上，看看这句话是否合理，与前面的内容是否一致，然后再判断它是否为正确答案。
判断代词的确指对象(共31张PPT)
第11讲 定语从句与状语从句
Julia was good at German, French and Russian, all of ______ she spoke fluently. (2011·湖南卷25)
A. who B. whom
C. which D. that
【解析】选C。前面谈到了3种语言即German，French和Russian，它们为先行词。all of which ＝of which all＝and all of them，作非限定性定语从句。
考点1.限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句的比较：
Ⅰ. 定语从句
限制性定语从句 非限制性定语从句
形式 其前无逗号 其前有逗号
翻译 译在先行词前(即：从句译作先行词的定语) 译成与主句并列的一个分句(即：译作两句)
功能 修饰名词或代词 可修饰名词或代词，也可修饰整个主句
关系词 可用that引导；作宾语的关系代词常可省 不可用that引导；关系词一律不省
意义 起限制作用(若被省去，原句意义不完整) 起补充说明作用(若被省去，原句意义不受影响)
考点2.介词+关系代词连用时，介词的选用
She showed the visitors around the museum, the construction ______ had taken more than three years. (2011·江西卷34)
A. for which B. with which
C. of which D. to which
【解析】选C。博物馆的建设花了3年多时间。我们可以说whose construction，也可以说the construction of which＝of which the construction，介词of 表所属关系。
介词提前时，定语从句的形式为：介词+which/whom, 不能用that或who。介词的选用一般根据后边动词与介词的搭配关系选择。
考点3.as和which引导非限制性定语从句的比较
例1：Ted came for the weekend wearing only some shorts and a T shirt, ______ is a stupid thing to do in such weather. (2011·全国大纲卷7)
A. this B. that
C. what D. which
【解析】选D。which引导非限定性定语从句。代指前句整个内容。
例2： ______ is know to everybody, the moon travels round the earth once every month.
A. It B. As
C. That D. What
【解析】选B。A、D不能引导定语从句，C不能引导非限定性定语从句。As is known to everybody＝As everybody knows “正如大家所知道的”。该句也可换成It is known to everybody that the moon travels round the earth once every month. ＝What is known to everybody is that the moon travels round the earth once every month.
as和which的相同点：
(1)先行词都可指代整个主句；
(2)都可在从句中作主语、宾语或表语。
as和which的不同点：
(1)as引导的从句可位于句首，而which则不行；
(2)as有“正如……”之意，而which表示“这一点”。
考点4.关系代词与关系副词的选用
I will never forget the day ______I came to my university and the day ______I spent in a new city.
A. when; which B. which; when
C. what; that D. on which; when
【解析】 选A。第一个时间名词the day 在从句中作状语，因此要用关系副词when；第二个时间名词the day 在从句中作动词spent的宾语，因此要用关系代词which或that来引导定语从句或省略关系代词。
如果先行词是时间、地点或理由，而引导词在从句中作时间、地点、原因等状语时，引导词用when, where, why；有时尽管先行词是时间、地点或理由，但是引导词在从句中不作状语，而是作主语、宾语或表语，引导词则用that或which。
Men are more suited to occupational environments ______ require decisive action while women are better at jobs ______ a considered approach is most important. (江苏南京金陵中学高三第4次模拟卷)
A. which; that B. /; when
C. which; when D. that; where
【解析】选D。第一空用关系代词that或which 作主语，不可以省略。第二空用关系副词where，因为句子意思完整，不缺主语或宾语。根据先行词job 和定语从句意思，确定用关系副词where＝at which表地点，作地点状语。
定语从句中如果先行词是地点，而引导词在从句中可作地点状语，引导词用where；如果先行词是时间，而引导词在从句中可作时间状语，引导词用when。
考点5.定语从句与同位语从句与强调句型的区别
Was it in the street ______ our school is located in ______ the car accident happened
A. where; that B. where; which
C. that; which D. which; that
【解析】选D。本题考查定语从句和强调句型。第一空考查定语从句， that或which作第二个in的宾语；第二空考查强调句型。
1. 区别定语从句与同位语从句最简单的方法是：在先行词与从句之间加be动词，若句子成立，则是同位语从句；若句子不成立，则可能为定语从句。
The news that he has passed the exam pleased him and his family.
由于“The news is that he has passed the exam.”句子成立，因此“that he has passed the exam”是The news的同位语。
The news that he told me this morning is not interesting.
由于“The news is that he told me this morning”不成立，于是“that he told me this morning”不是The news的同位语，而是限定The news的定语从句。
2. 区别定语从句与强调句最简单的方法是：若将It is / was和that / who去掉而句中不缺成分，结构完整，说明原句是强调句型；若结构不完整，则说明原句可能为定语从句。
状语从句分为时间、地点、原因、条件、让步、结果、目的、方式及比较状语从句。
状语从句
考点1.when, while, as引导时间状语的特殊点
You can pay now or ______ you come back to pick up the bike.
A. when B. then
C. while D. since
【解析】选A。come是短暂性动词，而while从句的谓语动词必须是延续性的，所以排除C, when引导时间状语从句，与now对称。
1. 表示带有规律性的“每当”或从句和主句的动作存在先后关系时，一般用when。
2. 表达“随着”或“一边……一边……”的含义，一般用as。
3. as作“当……时候”解，从句的谓语一般不可是状态动词。
4. while从句的谓语动词不可是短暂性的。
考点2.时间、条件状语从句的时态一致性
例1：The big fire lasted as long as 24 hours ______ it was brought under control. (山西太原五中2010— 2011学年度第二学期月考)
A. after B. before
C. ahead D. since
【解析】选B。before 引导时间状语从句用于以下句型：
①时间段＋before从句表示“隔了多少时间才…”； ②it will be/ won't be long before从句，表示“很久就……/不久就……”。该句表示：大火一直持续了长达24小时才被控制住。
例2：As is reported, it is 100 years ______ Qinghua University was founded. (2011·四川卷6)
A. when B. before
C. after D. since
【解析】选D。该句考查句型it is/has been ＋时间段＋since 从句。句意：清华大学已成立了100年了。since从句后的动词一般为非延续性动词，表动作的开始。
1. 句型“It will be+段时间+before从句”，表示“不久……就……”。从句用一般现在时代替一般将来时。
2. 句型“It is+段时间+since+一般过去时。”主句常用现在完成时，从句常用一般过去时。若从句谓语动词是延续性的，表示动作的终止；若从句谓语动词是短暂性的，则表示动作的开始。
考点3. as引导状语从句的用法
例1：Try ______ she might, Sue couldn't get the door open. (2011·新课标卷22)
A. if B. when
C. since D. as
【解析】选D。as 引导让步状语从句。Try as she might＝ Though she might try，该句型主要有以下几种形式：
①零冠词名词＋as ＋主语＋be ②形容词(＋名词)＋as ＋主语＋be ③动词原形＋as＋主语＋情态动词
as引导原因状语从句说明原因语气较弱，着重点在主句，常译为“由于，因为”。
例2：______ he was, he often ended up in financial troubles.
A. Though well paid B. As well paid
C. Well paid as D. Well paid
【解析】选C。 此处as引导让步状语从句， well paid可看作形容词放于句首。
as/though引导让步状语从句时，意为“虽然”， 从句中的形容词、副词、名词(其前一般不用冠词)或动词原形放于句首构成倒装(though也可不倒装)。although 引导让步状语从句时不倒装；while 引导让步状语从句时只能位于句首。
考点4.what引导方式状语从句的用法
Reading is to the mind ______ food is to the body.
A. what B. that
C. which D. of which
【解析】选A。该句意为“阅读之于心灵犹如食物之于身体”。
what引导方式状语从句，一般只用于A is to B what C is to D这一句型中，意思是“A对于B的重要性，就如同C对于D的重要性一样”。
考点5. such … as与such … that的区别
People were shocked by such a bloody murder in Virginia ______ no one experienced ever.
A. as B. which
C. where D. that
【解析】选A。as引导的定语从句， as常与such, the same搭配使用。
such…as引导的是定语从句， as须作主语、宾语、表语等；such…that引导的是结果状语从句， that不作成分。
考点6.表示“一……就……”的时间状语从句
— Did you keep it in mind to give Jennifer the money you owed her
— Yes, I gave it to her ______ I saw her.
A. while B. the moment
C. suddenly D. once
【解析】选B。the moment在此作连词，意思是“一……就……”。
1. as soon as常用一般现在时表将来。
2. hardly…when…或no sooner…than…结构中，主句谓语用过去完成时，从句谓语用一般过去时。
3. 表示时间概念的副词充当连词，如： immediately, directly, instantly等。
4. “the+瞬间名词”， 如： the moment, the minute, the second等。
考点7. while引导让步状语从句表示“尽管，虽然”的用法
______ all of them are strong candidates, only one will be chosen for the post. (2011·陕西卷19)
A. Since B. While
C. If D. As
【解析】选B。while表“尽管，虽然”，引导让步状语从句。其意义相当于although或though。句意：尽管他们所有人都是强有力的候选人对象，但仅有一个将被获选担任这个职位。(共36张PPT)
第26讲 阅读简答（1）
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(2011·湖南卷)Two weeks ago, I had a quarrel with my husband.After he had driven off in anger, I realized that I wasn't going to feel any better just sitting there. Feeling abandoned and guilty, I put on my gym shoes to get some fresh air.
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Our driveway has a slope(斜坡) that is easier just to jog down if you are lazy, taking advantage of gravity. Instead of stopping at the end of the slope, I decided to see if I could just jog to the end of the street. I had tried a few months ago and failed miserably. Since that first attempt I had been jogging regularly and was significantly fitter, but still very lazy. However this time around I managed to reach the stop sign with ease and I figured I would go a little further.
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After about one kilometer, however, I noticed that my upper body was tense. To make the movement easier I had to relax my body, and tried to take deep breaths of fresh air.
I kept giving myself the excuse to stop. No one would be disappointed. No one would even know. But I didn't stop. I wanted to keep going harder, better, faster, stronger. To my great surprise, I ran 4.9 km in 31 minutes. When I got back, I had tears in my eyes. I did something I thought I could never do.
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It was the first long run of my life. Since then, I have improved my stride(步幅) and time.After every run I feel fitter, happier and motivated to keep progressing. I love the runner's high. I normally jog because I want to look good. I want to run because it makes me feel good.
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81．Why did the author feel guilty？(No more than 9 words)(2 marks)
______________________________________________
82．What did the author fail to do miserably a few months ago (No more than 11 words)(2 marks)
______________________________________________
83．What excuses did the author keep giving herself to stop？(No more than 9 words) (3 marks)
______________________________________________
84．How is running different from jogging to the author？(No more than 14 words) (3 marks)
______________________________________________
本文为记叙文。记叙了作者第一次长跑的经历。
81. She had a quarrel with her husband. (2分)细节理解题。根据第一段第一句可知答案。
82. She failed to jog to the end of the street. (2分)细节理解题。根据第二段第二、三句可知答案。
83. No one would be disappointed or even know. (3分) 细节理解题。根据第四段第二、三句可知答案。
84. Running makes her feel good while jogging makes her look good. (3分)细节理解题。根据最后一段最后一句可知答案。
思路点拨
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阅读简答题评分标准：
(1)语意相同或相近且语法正确，酌情给分。
(2)实词拼写错误，每个扣0. 5分，但所扣分数不超过该题总分。
(3)语法错误，每处扣0. 5分，但所扣分数不超过该题总分。
(4)各小题均不得超过规定词数，否则酌情扣分。
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示例：
81. (1) She did something wrong. (扣1分)
(2) A quarrel或Had a quarrel. (扣1分)
82. (1)She didn't manage to go to the end of the street. (扣1分)
(2)(To) the end of the street. (扣1分)
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示例：
83. (1) I would never disappoint anybody if I stopped. (扣1分)
(2) No one would be disappointed. (扣1.5分)
(3) No one would even know. (扣1.5分)
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示例：
84. (1) I jog to look good and run to feel good. (扣 0.5分)
(2) At every run she feels fitter, happier and motivated to keep progressing. (扣1.5分)
(3) She jogs because she wants to look good. (扣1.5分)
(4) She wants to run because it makes her feel good. (扣1.5分)
(5) At every run I feel fitter, happier and motivated to keep progressing. (扣2分)
一、明确设题类型
通过对2007、2008、2009、2010年湖南省4套阅读简答题的分析，我们可以总结出该题型的命题设计类型一般有以下四种：同义词和近义词猜测型；具体细节理解型；概括主旨大意和确定文章标题型；判断推理写作态度和意图型。
二、解题步骤
1．正确审题：一是对问题的内容正确理解；二是对问题的要求准确把握。
2．查找相关信息，使答案有据可查、有本可依，保证答案内容正确。
3．正确表达答案要有针对性，避免答非所问。
三、解题技巧
1．合理安排答题时间：该题参考的合适时间是10分钟，即6分钟阅读文章和题目要求，4分钟书写答案和检查核对。
2．书写答案时，要注意大小写和标点符号。即使答案只有一个单词或短语，第一个字母也要大写，而且别忘了用英文句点。
3．注意表达的简洁性，不要增加与原文无关的内容，同时应用压缩和组织信息的方法。
4．答案表述时不能出现时态、句式、词形等语法错误，同时还要尽量注意表达对称和前后左右的语言形式。
5．答问的协调性。一定要注意提问方式和答案的协调性。不同类型的问题要求有不同形式的回答，不能仅仅为了答案的简洁而忽略了问题与回答在形式上的对应。例如，就目的提问，答案就应当用表示目的用语，如for短语，不定式短语；就原因提问，答案应当用because of 短语或because 从句；就事件的可能性提问，答案通常用简短而完整的简单句；提问词是what，多用名词或名词性短语、名词性从句来回答；提问词是how，则多用“by doing sth./ by means of sth.” 的形式回答。
四、词义猜测型、细节理解型的具体解题方法
这类题的目的在于考查考生转述(paraphrase)或解释(explain)某个词或语句在特定场合下的特定含义的能力。该类题要求考生不仅要读懂原文，而且要表达出来。要注意该题型与阅读理解题中的词义猜测题略有不同，它通常要求从本篇文章中找到与画线部分生词或短语意思相同的熟悉的词或短语。考查考生通过上下文，结合已知的信息，猜测尚不熟悉的词或短语，进一步考查对文章词句的理解深度。
词义猜测型
该类题常见的设题方式有：
① Find in the passage a word closest in meaning to the underlined word.
② The word “…” in line …/ paragraph…refers to…
③ The expression “…” in line …/ paragraph…is closest in meaning to…
解答这类题时，要注意找出原词在文章中的同义替换词。如果没有，还要注意破折号、同位语从句、定语从句、插入语等具有解释、说明作用的语言成分。
该类题与传统的词义猜测题不同的一点在于，它要求考生在通读全文或文章一部分的基础上找出一个与文章中特定的词同义或近义的词，而不是从所提供的备选选项中直接选出答案。要做好此类题，首先要具备一定的词汇量和必要的语法知识，同时，还要有一定的阅读技巧。文章中的每一个词都与文章本身有着众多的联系，通过分析这些因素，我们就会得出阅读材料中某个词的明确意义。
我们可以采用以下方法做题：
①直接定义猜词法；②利用标志词或标点符号猜词；③利用定语从句、同位语从句等句法现象猜词；④依据文章中的逻辑关系猜词；⑤利用构词法猜词；⑥利用上下文信息或暗示猜词。
细节理解题所占比重最大，以how, what, why提问的问题为主。做题时首先要审清题目要求，然后用直接定位的方法找到所需要的细节在文章中的出处。一般来说，考生在文章中找到答案出处并不太难。但关键是如何从答案出处中归纳出问题的答案，因为简答题要求考生要用最简短的语言回答，而不能原封不动地照搬原文的整句话。所以，需要转换表达方式，通常可采用词语替代、词类转换、分句合并和句型转换等方式来达到这个目的。
细节理解型
压缩信息常见的解决方法有：
1．短语单词化
例：We are not_in_favor_of smoking in public places.
→We're against smoking in public places.
练：It is time to put_an_end_to racial discrimination.
→It is time to end racial discrimination.
2．句子短语化
例：The girl who_had_been_caught_stealing was set free at last.
→The girl caught_stealing was set free at last.
练：While_he_was_reading_the_book,_he heard a loud noise.
→Reading_the_book，he heard a loud noise.
3．符号替代法
例：One_dollar_and_eighty seven_cents was all Della had saved.
→$1.87 was all Della had saved.
练：Jack's apartment is one_hundred_and_
two_square_meters.
→Jack has an apartment of 102m2.
4．间接替代法
例：China as well as some other countries won't_threaten_any_other_country,_for_it_never_has_the_intention_to_invade_other_countries.
→A_peace loving_country like China won't be threatening.
练：The judge punished those_who_had_driven_too_fast by fining 200 yuan each.
→Those_over speeding_drivers/The_traffic law_breakers were punished by the judge.
5．转换法
(1)词语替代法。此法是指用词性相同的同义词，近义词或同义词组，反义词组对原句的某些成分进行简单的替代，而句子的结构保持不变。
例：Is Meimei at_home
→Is Meimei in
练：An idea suddenly came_to_my_mind.
→ An idea suddenly occurred_to_me.
(2)词类转换法。此法是指利用某些派生词或词性相异的词组来替代原句中的某些成分，这时句子结构会发生变化。
例：The_rain_was_very_heavy last night.
→ It rained_heavily last night.
(3)合并分句法。把两个意义相关的简单句合并为一个简单句。
例：He is a new teacher. He_is_called Sun Jun.
→He is a new teacher called Sun Jun.
练：The woman is our new director. She_is_wearing_red_clothes.
→The woman in_red_/_wearing_red_clothes is our new director.
(4)句型转换法。句型转换是句子类别的转换，它要求学生对所学的句子结构和词形的变化做到概念清楚，运用准确。
①比较状语从句句型转换：最高级＝比较级＋than any other/the other…＝no other ＋原级as…
例：Li Lei is taller_than_any_other_student in his class.
→ Li Lei is the_tallest_student in his class.
练：This flower is more_beautiful_than_any_other flower at the exhibition.
→No_other_flowers_are_as_beautiful_as_this_one at the exhibition.
→This_flower_is_the_most_beautiful_one at the exhibition.
②状语从句与不定式转换
例：The little girl was so_tired_that_she_couldn't_go farther.
→The little girl was too_tired_to_go farther.
练：The bear wants to climb the tree in_order_that_it_can get the apple on it.
→The bear wants to climb the tree in_order_to get the apple on it.
③宾语从句与不定式转换
例：We all hope that_we_will_be_able_to_play games on the sports field.
→We all hope to_play games on the sports field.
练：He_ordered_that_we_should do our homework in the classroom after school.
→He ordered_us_to do our homework in the classroom after school.
④从句转换
例：He will miss the train if_he_does_not_take_a_taxi.
→He will miss the train unless_he_takes_a_taxi.
⑤从句与分词、动名词转换
例：When_I_was_going_shopping_yesterday,_I came_
across an old friend of mine.
→ Going_shopping_yesterday,_I met an old friend of mine.
练：I suggest that_you_should_phone your aunt before turning_up at her house.
→I suggest you_calling your aunt before visiting her house.(共17张PPT)
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第7讲 主谓一致
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1. One third of the country ______ covered with trees and the majority of the citizens ______ black people. (2011·湖南卷26)
A. is; are B. is; is
C. are; are D. are; is
【解析】选A。分数及百分比后接名词的谓语动词由名词的单复数来决定。名词为单数谓语动词就用单数；名词为复数，谓语动词则用复数。a/the majority of(大多数)后接复数谓语动词用复数。
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2. The factory used 65 percent of the raw materials, the rest of which ______ saved for other purposes. (2011·安徽卷27)
A. is B. are
C. was D. were
【解析】选D。the rest of ＋n.后的谓语动词单复数由名词单复数而定。此句中which指代raw materials(原材料)。根据前后句的时态一致性可知要用一般过去时。进行含义。
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考点1.代词作主语
Nothing but stamps and envelopes ______ for sale.
A. are B. is
C. are left D. remain
【解析】选B。nothing作主语表单数概念，谓语动词用单数。but后的名词不影响谓语动词的单复数。
主谓一致的原则：形式一致；内容一致；就近一致。
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1. 由each, either, neither, one, the other, another, anyone, anybody, anything, everyone, everybody, everything, someone, somebody, something, nobody, no one, nothing等指代单数名词的不定代词作主语时，谓语动词用单数。
2．主语是who, what, which, all, more, most, some, any, none, the rest等时，谓语动词的形式须依据具体情况而定。
3. such, the same 起指示代词作用时，应根据其所指定的内容来决定单复数。
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考点2.名词作主语
Apples of this kind ______ well.
A. sells B. sell
C. is sold D. are sold
【解析】选B。n. ＋ of this kind后的谓语动词由名词单复数来定。sell well 畅销，用主动表被动。
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1. 主语是board, family, class, team, group, crowd, audience, company, crew, committee, enemy, government, party等名词，如果作为整体，谓语动词用单数形式；如果作为其中一个一个的成员，谓语动词用复数形式。
2. 主语是时间、距离、价格、度量衡单位等名词或短语，不论它们是单数还是复数，谓语动词一般用单数形式。
3. 主语是news, politics, physics, plastics, mathematics等名词时，谓语动词常用单数形式。
4. 主语若是书名、剧名、报纸杂志名称或国家、单位名称时，即使名词是复数形式，谓语动词也只能用单数形式。
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5. 主语是clothes, compasses, goods, glasses, trousers, scissors, shoes, gloves等名词时，谓语动词常用复数形式。
6. 主语是kind of, type of, pair of, amount of, quantity of+名词时，谓语动词的形式须依照kind, type, amount, pair, quantity的数而确定。
7. 主语是the number of +名词复数时，谓语动词用单数形式。但主语是a number of +名词复数时，谓语动词却用复数形式。
8. population作主语时，谓语一般用单数；但其前有(百)分数时，谓语一般用复数。
9. 主语是 means, works(工厂), sheep, fish, Japanese, Chinese等名词时，谓语动词的形式须依照它们在句中的意义来确定。
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考点3.两个或两个以上的名词连在一起作主语
No bird and no beast ______ on the lonely island.
A. are seen B. is seen
C. see D. sees
【解析】选 B。 no A and no B 后谓语动词用单数。
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1. 用and连接并列主语，谓语动词通常用复数形式。如： To play football and to go swimming are useful for character training. 但是如果并列主语指的是同一个人，同一事物或同一概念时，如bread and butter; soda and water; coffee and water; aim and end; salt and water等，谓语动词用单数形式。 如When and where to go for the on salary holiday hasn't been decided yet.
2. the+n1+and+n2指同一个人，如the writer and painter, 谓语动词用单数形式。
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3. and所连接的两个名词前分别有every, each, no, many a 等修饰时，谓语动词用单数形式。
4. 主语是连接词or, either…or…， neither…nor…， whether…or…， not… but…， not only…but also…等连接的名词或代词时，谓语动词的形式须与最接近的名词或代词保持一致。
5. 主语是“A+ with / as well as / along with / together with / like / rather than / except / but / including / plus / besides / in addition to+B”结构时，谓语须与A保持一致。
6. more than one+名词单数；a+名词单数+or two等作句子的主语时，谓语动词用单数形式。
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考点4. “the+形容词或分词”作主语
The wounded ______ been carried to hospital already.
A. is B. are
C. has D. have
【解析】选D。“the+分词”指人作主语时，谓语动词一般用复数形式。
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1. “the+形容词或分词”指人作主语时，谓语动词一般用复数形式。
2. “the+形容词或分词”指抽象概念作主语时，谓语动词一般用单数形式。
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考点5.句子、短语作主语
Most of what has been said about the Smiths______also true of the Johnsons.
A. are B. is
C. being D. to be
【解析】选B。
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1. 主语是不定式或动名词时，谓语动词常用单数形式。
2. 主语是从句时，谓语动词一般用单数形式，但在“主语+系动词+表语”结构中，如果是what从句作主语，其谓语的单复数取决于后面的表语。
3. 在强调句型“It +be +被强调部分+ that/who …”中， be总是用单数形式；that/who 后的谓语动词的形式必须跟被强调的主语保持一致。
4. 定语从句中谓语动词的形式必须跟先行词保持一致。
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Barbara is the only one of the athletes who ______ a winner of the 100 metre race in our town since 1998.
A. is B. are
C. have been D. has been
【解析】选D。 当one 之前有the 或the only/very/just时，定语从句则是修饰the (only/very/just) one 的，谓语动词用单数。此题中后有时间状语since 1998，故用现在完成时。
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温馨提示：在“one of +名词复数+定语从句”结构中，定语从句的谓语动词一般用复数形式，但当one前面有the (only)修饰时，定语从句的谓语动词一般是用单数形式。
5. 当There / Here be后有几个主语时， be与邻近的主语保持一致。(共19张PPT)
第10讲 名词性从句
1. Before a problem can be solved, it must be obvious ______ the problem itself is. (2011·湖南卷31)
A. what B. that
C. which D. why
【解析】选A。空白处后句子缺表语。因此不能选B。B中的that 只起引导作用，无实意。而该句选what既起了引导作用，又作了句子成分表语。
2. It is still under discussion ______ the old bus station should be replaced with a modern hotel or not. (2011·重庆卷22)
A. whether B. when
C. which D. where
【解析】选A。该句中it作形式主语，真正的主语是由whether…or not引导的从句。句意：是否这个旧车站该由现代宾馆取代还在讨论中。
考点1.名词性从句的种类及连接词
I want to be liked and loved for______I am inside.
A. who B. where
C. what D. how
【解析】选C。what 引导的宾语从句作for 的宾语， what在从句中作am的表语。
名词性从句具有名词的功能，分为主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句四种。它由以下三种连接词引导：
1. 连词： that, whether, if。
2. 连接代词： who, whom, whose, which, what等。
3. 连接副词： when, where, why, how等。
考点2.连词that的用法
Keep in mind ______ you want others to respect you, you must respect others first.
A. that when B. that if
C. if when D. when if
【解析】选B。that引导一个宾语从句，宾语从句中又有一个由if引导的条件状语从句。
1. that引导名词性从句时既无词义也不在从句中作任何成分。
2. that引导主语从句、表语从句、同位语从句时一般不可省，引导宾语从句时常可省。但是， and连接两个由that引导的宾语从句时，第一个that可省，第二个that不可省。
3. that从句一般不作介词的宾语。但： in that “因为”， except / but that“除了”例外。
考点3.whether, if的用法
It's reported that Pakistan is considering ______ to continue its information cooperation with the US because the US didn't inform them in advance before they took action to kill Bin Laden. (2011·成都七中高三最后一套模拟卷)
A. what B. how
C. whether D. if
【解析】选C。在 whether后只能用不定式或后接or not，不能接if，即whether to do 或whether or not。
whether, if引导名词性从句时，表示“是否”， 不在从句中作任何成分，二者常可通用，但在下面几种情况下一般只用whether:
(1)引导主语从句。
(2)引导表语从句。
(3)引导同位语从句。
(4)在动词discuss之后。
(5)在介词之后。
(6)后面紧跟or not。
(7)动词不定式前。
考点4.名词性从句的语序
I really wonder ______ will stop Japan from its annual whale hunt in the Antarctic. (山西太原五中2010— 2011学年度第二学期月考4月)
A. that it is what B. what it is that
C. what is it that D. that is it what
【解析】选B。空白处为一宾语从句作动词wonder的宾语。而宾语从句是一个强调句，强调what。宾语从句要采用陈述语序。
名词性从句用陈述语序，为：连词(+被修饰语)+主语+谓语。即主谓不倒装。
考点5. what与that引导名词性从句的区别
例1：It is not always easy for the public to see ______ use a new invention can be of to human life. (2011·重庆卷34)
A. Whose B. what
C. which D. that
【解析】选B。空白处作动词 see 的宾语。宾语从句按顺序为a new invention can be of what use to human life，疑问词what前置。因此选B。
例2：Modern science has given clear evidence ______ smoking can lead to many diseases. (2011·天津卷13)
A. what B. which
C. that D. where
【解析】选C。that引导词作名词evidence的同位语从句引导词。该词只起引导作用，无实义，不可省略。
1. 在名词性从句中，that只起连接主句和从句的作用，在从句中不充当任何成分，本身也没有词义，即从句中不缺少任何成分时用连词that.
2. that在从句中作主语时通常用it作形式主语，而将that从句置于句末作真正的主语。但what不能用it作形式主语。
3. that可引导同位语从句，但what不能。
考点6.由reason作主语时，表语从句的连接词
The reason why he can't go to school is ______ he is ill.
A. because B. why
C. that D. which
【解析】选C。reason作主语时，其后的表语从句一般用连词that。
reason作主语时，表语从句所用连词为that, 一般不用because或why等。
考点7. that引导同位语从句和定语从句的区别
例1：______ was known to all that William had broken his promise ______ he would never play computer games again. (2011·湖南雅礼中学高三第8次月考卷)
A. As; which B. As; that
C. It; that D. What; that
【解析】选C。it作形式主语，第一个that后引导从句作真正主语。名词promise后接that引导的同位语从句。对前一名词内容进一步补充说明。
例2：Helping others is a habit, one ______ you can learn even at an early age. (2011·山东卷改编)
A. it B. that
C. what D. who
【解析】选B。one是a habit的同位语。作为定语从句的先行词，后用which或 that作定语从句动词learn的宾语。关系代词作宾语也可省略。
that引导同位语从句时， that在从句中不作成分(一般不省), 且不可用which来取代；that引导定语从句时， that须作主语、宾语或表语(作宾语时常可省), 且常可用which来取代。(共14张PPT)
第30讲 要点作文
(2011·全国大纲卷)假定你是李华，你所喜爱的Global Mirror周报创刊五周年之际征集读者意见。请你依据以下内容给主编写封信，内容主要包括：
1．说明你是该报的忠实读者
2．赞赏该报优点：
1)兼顾国内外新闻
2)介绍名人成功故事
3．提出建议：
刊登指导英语学习的文章
注意：
1．词数100左右，开头语已为你写好；
2．可以适当增加细节，以使行文连贯。
Dear Editor in Chief,
Congratulations_on_the_5th_anniversary_of_Global_Mirror!
________________________________________________________________________
Sincerely yours，
Li Hua
思路点拨：本文为应用文中的书信写作，属传统的指导性写作。写好此文，需注意以下几点：一是时态把握要准确。文章基本时态为一般现在时，同时兼顾其他的时态。二是要点要齐全，且详略得当。题目已给出了较为详尽的写作要求，要点作出了明确的规定，这些要点不能有遗漏。写作重点可放在报纸优点的介绍上面。三是切忌照译，要适当地增加细节，恰当地使用连接过渡词，使行文连贯流畅。
【参考答案】
Dear Editor in Chief，
Congratulations_on_the_5th_anniversary_of_Global_Mirror!
I'm a regular reader of your newspaper. I like it very much mainly for the following two reasons. First, it covers both national and international news, so that, by simply turning the pages, I can learn all important things that have happened during the week. Equally attractive are the success stories of world famous people, which help me understand how a person can work hard to make the world a better place.
【参考答案】
As a young student, I suggest that Global Mirror carry articles to guide us in our English learning, and I hope that it will become even more popular.
Sincerely yours，
Li Hua
【作文点评】
文章要点齐全，写作层次清楚，时态、语态正确，较好地完成了写作任务。作者能紧扣要点框架适当地增加细节，文中衔接词语，如first, equally, and, as a young student，等的使用使文章前后连贯，承接自然。倒装句(Equally attractive are the success stories of world famous people)，非限定性定语从句(which help me understand how a person can work hard to make the world a better place)及虚拟语气(that Global Mirror carry articles to guide us in our English learning)等复杂句式的使用也给文章增色不少。
要点作文分为提供全部写作要点和提供部分写作要点。提供全部写作要点的作文要求考生根据给定的内容，在增加适当的过渡词汇的基础上，写出一篇内容完整的短文。而另一种情况是命题者给出了部分写作内容，同时又要求考生根据提示作一定程度的合理发挥，具有一定的开放性，也就是通常所说的半开放性作文。
要点作文是高考常考题型，也是最为基本的考查考生写作能力的题型，学生写好要点作文是写好其他类型作文的基础。这类试题通常考查的是根据提示语写短文、书信、演讲、报道、介绍和说明人物或情况等，以检查考生是否掌握所学文体的基本格式。
具体写作时，同学们还应注意以下几个方面：
1．认真审题，防止走题。动笔前，考生应仔细阅读命题要求，确定写作体裁，写作格式在湖南省2011年高考阅卷中定为1分；确定写作要点：一是背景材料的部分内容是否需要在写作中予以体现，二是命题者给定了写作方向，需要考生自己发挥，这个发挥范围有多大，考生都要做到心中有数，做到不过于发挥也不遗漏要点；确定人称和时态，一般情况下，说明文、议论文多用一般现在时态，记叙文常用一般过去时态。
2．根据提示，理顺写作要点。理顺要点是防止多写、漏写、乱写的保证。高考中，遗漏一个要点起码是扣3分的。有时要点作文所提供的要点顺序并非就是写作时的顺序，因此，写作前将要点标出，并按照一定的逻辑关系，如时间顺序、空间顺序、事件发生的先后顺序等，把这些要点排列并整理好。
3．紧扣要点，组句成文。在理顺要点后，把这些要点清楚地表达出来是非常关键的一步。要点作文不是简单地把汉语提示转换成英文，不能简单地直译。考生要用平时自己最有把握的单词、短语和句型，围绕主题，将意思完整清楚地表达出来。在遇到自己想不起来或找不着相应的英语词汇或句型时，学会用相近的句子来表达。同时，还要注意使用一些表示并列、递进、让步、转折、因果等意义的关联词语，以增强文章的连贯性和流畅性。对于基础比较好的考生，提倡有意识地用“高级词汇”来代替“低级词汇”，用较“复杂结构”来取代较“简单结构”，使文章呈现亮点，增加得高分的机会。
一、问题解决型
In recent days, we have to face a problem A，which is becoming more and more serious. First说明A的现状. Second, 举例进一步说明现状．
We should take a series of effective measures to cope with the situation. For one thing, 解决方法一. For another thing, 解决方法二. Finally, 解决方法三．
Personally, I believe that我的解决方法. I'm confident that a bright future is awaiting us because带来的好处.
二、积极有利型
Nowadays, 主题plays an important role in our life. For example，举例说明主题的现状．
Generally, its advantages can be listed as follows. First，好处一. Besides, 好处二．
Through the above analysis, my attitude toward this matter is positive, and the reasons are simple. It not only brings us 好处之一， but also gives us 好处之二 we have not expected.
Therefore, I can see its bright future from now on.(共6张PPT)
*
第1讲 理解主旨要义
*
What does the man want to buy？(2011·湖南卷Conversation 4)
A．A camera. B．A mobile phone.
C．A music player.
*
【录音原文】
M: Hi, I like to buy a mobile phone, please.
W: What functions do you want, sir
M: Just basic functions, please.
W: OK, then I recommend the PE310.
M: Er… What if I also want to store some music
W: How about the RT230 It's also a wonderful music player. If you want to listen to music and take photos, then FG160 may be a good choice.
*
【录音原文】
M: How much is that
W: $300. But if you pay in cash, you can get a 10% discount.
M: You mean $ 270 But that's still very expensive.
W: Then how about the first one It costs just $100.
M: OK. I'll take the first one, then.
*
B 由录音原文I like to buy a mobile phone, please.以及后文的对话可知。
*
设题形式：
1. What is the conversation about
2. What's the main idea of the talk
3. What is the passage mainly about
4. What is the man/woman going to do
5. What are the two speakers talking about
6. What is the talk/ dialogue about
题型特点： 要求考生对所听的材料作出归纳和概括。
解题要领： 首先浏览题干和选项；其次把握重点段落和主体细节。(共9张PPT)
第16讲 解题步骤
*
(2011·湖南卷)Does going to college really pay off Certainly!
I remember taking __48__ English class in college on the short story. Our first assignment was to read __49__ short stories and then discuss which one was better.After reading both, I wasn't sure. Over the __50__ several months, my professor taught me __51__ one story was so much better than the other. __52__ was rich in metaphor(隐喻)and character development, while the other was humorous __53__ too shallow.
*
I couldn't see this at first. Yet, in a few months, my brain got reeducated and __54__ could see the difference between good and bad writing and could appreciate literature at a whole new level.
Going to college helps build a strong mind, which leads __55__ greater success in one's life.
作者通过记录自己在大学的一个片段，得出大学对于学生的重要作用。
2011年湖南卷完形填空(二)所考查的语言点有：冠词、代词、数词、形容词、介词和连词。
48. an 名词前缺少冠词修饰，留意English前的冠词应填an。
49. two 后文的better，both以及the other均有所提示。
50. next 按照记叙文时间发展先后顺序，填next，此题略有难度。
思路点拨
51. why 句意：教授告诉“我”的是为何一个比另一个更好，所以应填why。
52. One 后文while the other给予提示。
53. but while前后对比得出答案。
54. I 此句缺少主语，容易得出答案I。
55. to 固定搭配lead to。
思路点拨
解题的一般步骤是：
一、通读全文，把握语篇。弄清文章的体裁、题材(话题)、写作主线、段落大意、段落层次等有利于考生真正读懂全文大意，也有利于在“填空”时进行必要的逻辑推理。
二、先易后难，尝试填空。在通读全文，基本把握文章大意之后，就可以动手填空了。主观填空的过程是一个判断空白处应填词语的“语义”和正确的语法“形式”的思维过程，要坚持从易到难的原则。根据我们的英语知识积累和语感，有些答案可能不需要过多的思考一眼就能看出来。如有关习惯用语、常用句式等，通常就可在这一步完成。遇到一时想不起来的空，先跳过去，不要用太多的时间停留在一个单词上。填出容易的词语后，大意更趋明朗，语境更加清晰，有助于后面的难题的推敲和判断。
三、利用语境，推敲语义。要抓住上下文的内容联系和逻辑关系，进行多角度，全方位分析，从而准确地判断所填词的意义。推敲语义时，不要忽略连接词、代词、插入语、转折词等的作用。因为这些词往往是改变语境的关键词，具有因果、让步、递进、转折、指代、列举、承上启下的特殊功能。
四、复读全文，确认答案。进行复查是必要的。复查的方法是将填好空的短文从头至尾通读一遍，以最后确定答案。这一步要解决两个问题。第一是从语义和逻辑的角度审视全文，看看所填单词语义上是否正确和最佳。检查一下所填单词是否能使文意上下连贯，前后照应，逻辑顺畅，能否自然地融入语篇。第二是从语法的角度审视全文，检查所填单词的词性和词形的正确性。从语法的角度看看所填词语词形变化是否正确。对自我感觉有问题的地方，要仔细揣摩，准确定夺。(共27张PPT)
第13讲 五大高效解题步骤
(2011·湖南卷)People in communities have slowly been pushed apart through the years, mostly because people simply aren't taking the time to say a simple “hello”. After considering this phenomenon, I decided I was going to __36__ the way I was doing things.
My __37__ came one morning when I was in the community library. I passed by a girl who __38__ her books out of her locker. Thinking like most that someone else would help her pick them up, I continued my way. However, when I had to __39__ because I stupidly forgot my book, I noticed she had just finished packing them up by herself. No one had stopped to __40__ her.
“OK，” I thought to myself, “this is where I should have changed.”
My best opportunity came a few days later when I saw a man __41__ by himself waiting for the library to open, so I sat down next to him and began a __42__. It was difficult to get started, and even when I had to say goodbye, almost every __43__ from my new friend had a tone (语气) of doubt in it.And who could blame him
People aren't used to making an __44__ chat with a stranger. But a change, no matter how __45__ it is needed, doesn't just happen. It takes people like us to make it possible. I __46__ you to take a small step out of your comfort zone and try to make someone's day a little brighter. Together, we can really make society come __47__ as a whole.
36．A. change B．explain
C．learn D．show
37．A. trouble B．doubt
C．wish D．opportunity
38．A. took B．dropped
C．got D．pulled
39．A. come out B．stand by
C．go back D．turn up
40．A. please B．greet
C．help D．praise
41．A. sitting B．walking
C．riding D．running
42. A. discussion B．lesson
C．report D．conversation
43. A. joke B．response
C．cry D．story
44．A. unchangeable B．unprepared
C．unforgettable D．unfinished
45．A. desperately B．frequently
C．simply D．widely
46．A. allow B．warn
C．order D．advise
47．A. later B．straighter
C．closer D．slower
2011年湖南卷完形填空(一)12个空以动词的考查为重，共6题(36、38、39、40、41、46)，其中第39题考查短语动词的辨异；其次为名词，共3题(37、42、43)；形容词2题(44、47)；副词1题(45)。无连词和介词的考查。命题继续坚持“考查语境，突出语篇，注重实词”的原则，有效地考查了学生对语篇的理解能力，词汇在语篇中的辨析与运用能力和连贯思维能力。
思路点拨
【全文大意】文章通过作者记叙自己在社区图书馆的经历，来劝告人们通过尝试与陌生人交流来增进彼此之间的关系，符合了当下“和谐社会”的大环境。
【解析】36. A 考查动词。根据文义，作者在思考了社区内人与人之间距离逐渐疏远这一现象后，决定改变之前的行为。值得注意的是，后文即对作者的行为进行描述，第三段的最后一词即为change，符合前后对应原则。
【解析】37. D 考查名词。句意：一天早上，当我在社区图书馆的时候，我的……出现了。可以通过理解得出答案，但也可以简单地按照完形名词解题法寻找重复，第四段第三个词即为答案。
【解析】38. B 考查动词。对应后文pick up，可知小女孩之前是书掉落，选dropped。
【解析】39. C 考查短语。根据文义，作者后来发现没人帮助小女孩，说明作者必定重新返回原来的地方。
【解析】40. C 考查动词。前文someone else和后文的no one对应，所以动作也应该对应，所以选help。
【解析】41. A 考查动词。后文so是解题点，说明作者的动作也和一位男士的动作一致，故选sitting。
【解析】42. D 考查名词。寻找重复后发现，第44题后面一个词chat即为本题答案，因此选chat的同义词conversation。
【解析】43. B 考查名词。句意：我的新朋友的每个……中都显示出怀疑的语气。joke，cry和story在文中均未提及，直接排除，选response。
【解析】44. B 考查形容词。此题考查文章归纳总结能力。文章说：对于一个陌生人，人们并不习惯于进行……的交谈。此句是由前文作者对于陌生人的反应而总结出来的。前文作者对陌生人的交谈很不顺利，如何开始、如何结束都显得十分困难，因此本题应选择与“困难”相近的词。纵观备选项，unprepared(未准备好的，即兴的)较符合文义。
【解析】45. A 考查副词。句意：和陌生人交谈的方式的改变无论是……的需要，它都不会发生。此题单纯从文义理解比较困难，建议用排除法。frequently, simply, widely这3个选项均不是文章讨论的内容，可以排除，剩下答案desperately(十分，非常地)修饰这种需要的迫切程度。
【解析】46. D 考查动词。最后一段作者针对与陌生人疏远这种情况，建议人们努力改善，答案则容易得出。
【解析】47. C 对应第一段的apart，此处应选择相对应的反义词closer。
1. 细读首句，预测主题
“完形填空”所选短文第一句往往是全文的关键句或是主题句。它是文章的“窗口”，通过它，可以大致了解全文的概貌与作者的立意。所以，细读首句，重视首句，正确理解首句是解题的关键，是正确预测的基础。要细心阅读，客观分析，理性思索，以期挖掘出更多的有用的潜在信息，为后面的解题打下坚实的基础。
2. 跳读全文，领会大意
要学会跳读技巧。借助首尾句所给启示，捕捉文中关键词的词义信息，跳过空格，快速把短文从头到尾通读一遍，大概了解文章的体裁、背景、内容、结构、情节发展、前因后果、论点论据等，进一步从整体上理解短文大意。同时对空格估计填什么词可作试探性的猜测，为下一步选择答案做好准备。切忌急于求成，看一句填一空。若一开始就忙于填空，势必无法掌握文章中心，造成顾此失彼，错误百出的不良结果。
3. 通读全文，试选答案
根据大意，以全文为背景，以上下文为依托，选取语法上正确，文义上贴近的词语填入，初步完成空格。试填选项时，一定要注意在语境理解上下工夫，要抓住上下文的内容联系和逻辑关系，进行多角度、全方位分析。可先读所要填词的句子，复读上一句，兼顾下一句，即“瞻前顾后”。在阅读全文时，不要忽略连接词、代词、插入语、转折语等的作用。因为这些词往往是改变语境的关键词，具有因果、让步、递进、转折、指代、列举、承上启下的特殊功能。
4. 细读全文，推敲难题
有些空格在初步完形时就可以定局，可部分空格答案还不明朗。做到这一步，我们将短文中被挖去的词“复位”了一些，对语境的了解更清晰，更准确了。我们要充分利用这一有利条件，联系上下文，根据常识，运用逻辑推理，结合语境和已选答案所提供的信息，对候选项再次进行仔细推敲，缜密考虑，选出最佳答案。
5. 复读全文，调整答案
在完形空格后，要把全文再浏览一遍，仔细检查一下你选的答案是否能使文意上下连贯、前后照应，逻辑顺畅，能否自然地融入语篇。既要检查语境、语法、惯用法的正确性，也要考虑内容和逻辑的合理性。对感觉有问题的地方，要仔细揣摩，准确定夺。(共20张PPT)
第31讲 (半)开放作文
(2011·陕西卷)假定你是中学生李华。在一位名叫Tiger Mom的学生家长的博客上，你看到如下内容。请你根据博客内容、写作要点和要求，给这位家长回复。
I'm the mother of a fourteen year old. I have a rule for my daughter: be among the top 5 students or get punished in one way or another. She has been doing very well in school, but some friends of mine keep telling me that I put too much pressure on her. Am I wrong
【写作要点】
1．表明自己的看法；
2．陈述自己的理由(可举例说明)；
3．提出至少两条建议。
要求：
1．短文须写在答题卡的指定区域。
2．短文词数不少于100(不含已写好的部分)。
3．内容充实，结构完整，语意连贯。
4．书写须清晰、工整。
Hi, TigerMom，
What puzzles you is actually a puzzle for many parents in China. My idea is______________________________________________ _______________________________________________
思路点拨：本题要求根据博客内容给这位家长回复，具有相当大的开放性，属于开放性作文。博客内容包括：要求14岁的女儿必须考入前五名，否则就要受到惩罚；女儿表现不错，但一些朋友认为她给孩子的压力过重。根据要求，针对以上两点表明自己的看法，并举例陈述理由(高分固然重要，但并不代表一切；压力不利于孩子健康成长；惩罚孩子会产生负面影响等)，这是文章的核心部分；最后提出自己的建议(采纳朋友的建议；让孩子有更多的朋友并参加一些社会活动等)。
思路点拨：
考生首先要认真审题， 文章以一般现在时为主。在组织内容时，可恰当使用连接词和过渡词。为了提升文章的档次，可使用一些高级词汇和句式。另外，注意续写内容与所给内容要紧密衔接。
标杆作文1
【作文点评】
本文定为五档，得分24分。文章很好地完成了试题规定的任务：首先作者表明了自己的态度，然后举例说明了自己的理由，最后作者给这位家长提出了解决问题的4条建议。该文语言流畅，结构清晰，逻辑严密；使用了复杂多变的句式结构，词汇选用恰当、丰富。语言错误较少；有效地采用了不同的连接手段，完全达到了与目标读者交流的目的。
标杆作文2
【作文点评】
本文定为四档，得分20分。文章要点齐全，作者首先表明了自己的态度，然后从3个方面陈述了自己的理由，最后作者从3个层面提出了具体的改进意见。文章分为三段，一段一个内容，条理清楚，层次分明。文章采用了较适当的衔接手段，To begin with, In addition, Last but not least等连接词使用得十分恰当。高级句式结构，如非限定性定语从句(which might hurt both you and your daughter)，倒装句(Only in this way can your daughter develop healthily)等的使用使文章增采不少。
【作文点评】
美中不中的是短文出现了一些语言错误，如动词错误the worse consequence you are get (are应为will)，时态形式错误Once she lose her control (lose应为loses)，词性错误she has no choose but to quarrel with you (choose应为choice)，非谓语动词错误you should comfort your daughter instead of punish her (punish应为punishing)，句子结构错误you can take her go shopping to relax herself (her后加to)等。
标杆作文3
【作文点评】
本文定为三档，得分15分。本文语言较为流畅，层次比较清楚，连接比较自然，句式和词汇也较为丰富，但出现了一些语言错误，如You asked your daughter to work hard and gain high scores in the school is not wrong(结构错误), letting your know(代词错误), a low grades(单复数错误)等 。最严重的错误是作者的态度相互矛盾，而且观点和陈述的理由互不相干。作者的观点是给孩子更多的自由，而第二段却讲的是严格要求的好处，不能论证前面提出的观点，逻辑上很混乱。也就是说文章缺失一个要点，也可以说是跑题了。
(半)开放作文是一种比传统的“书面表达”限制更少，留给考生自由发挥空间更多的书面表达题型。这样的考试模式注重突出语言的应用、突出在语境中对学生语言能力的考查。与传统的“书面表达”相比，这种“开放作文”对学生构思、表达、写作以及语句的组织应用能力有了更高的要求。它要求考生在写开放作文时，要注意审题，尽可能做到内容充实、逻辑清晰、表达得体、语言准确。这样的考试模式能让考生发挥出自己的特长，有利于高校选拔优秀学生。
湖南的写作命题既有别于北京和上海的开放作文，又有别于其他省份的情景作文，其开放程度介于他们中间。从近几年的湖南考题来看，都是给定了写作范围，但没有明确写作要点，给了考生较大的自由发挥空间。
对于(半)开放作文，同学们写作时要注意以下事项。
1. 认真审题，即：审语境、审人称、审时态；
2. 要紧扣主题，符合要求，首尾呼应；
3. 注意写作对象和语言风格，要有读者意识；
4. 要进行细致描写，有细节的支撑；
5. 要有主次之分，详略得当；
6. 要力求内容新颖，必须符合逻辑；
7. 要做到思想健康，积极向上。
一、提供建议型
I'm glad to receive your letter asking for my advice on how to 书信主题.
Here are a few suggestions. First, it is important to第一件应该做的事情， as you'll be able to 手段. Then, it also helps to第二件应该做的事情. Besides, it should be a good idea to第三件应该做的事情. You can also第四件要做的事情. 这样做的好处．
Best wishes.
二、释疑解惑型
As a 作者身份， I understand your situation. The problem you are facing is common among our teenagers/students. However, 作者的基本看法或观点. Here are a few suggestions.
First, 第一个建议. 这样做的理由．
Second, 第二个建议. 这样做的理由．
Hope you get better soon and make great progress.
三、主题演讲型
Ladies and gentlemen，
Today I will talk about 演讲主题. As you know, there are many advantages of 演讲主题．
First of all, 分要点一. 展开一句或两句. Besides, 分要点二. 展开一句或两句. Last but not least, 分要点三. 展开一句或两句．
In a word (In my opinion/Personally), 重申主题/总结主题.
四、阐述谚语/名言型
A famous saying goes that名言或谚语， which reminds us that释义. Indeed, we can learn many things from it.
First of all, 理由一. For example, 举例说明. Secondly, 理由二. Another case is that 举例说明. Furthermore, 理由三．
In my opinion, 我的观点．
