2020-2021学年译林版（2019）高中英语必修3优选作业：Unit1 Nature in the balance Grammar

Unit1 Nature in the balance
1.2 Grammar：省略句
省略句
省略句的定义：为了避免重复，或为了使句子更简练，在一些句子中常常省去一个或某几个成分，这种语法现象在英语中叫省略。
在英语句子中，常见的省略情况有以下几种：
一. 状语从句中的省略
1. 在when, while, if, as if, though, although, as, until, once, whether, unless等连接的状语从句中，若从句中的主语与主句主语一致且谓语中含有be动词，常省略状语从句中的主语和be动词。当从句的主语为it时，则从句中主语和be动词常被省略。
①She fell asleep while (he was) doing his homework.
他在做作业时睡着了。
②Often she would weep when (she was) alone.
她一个人时，常常哭泣。
③If (it is) possible, I'll go outing.
如果可能的话，我将去郊游。
【跟踪典例】 完成句子
①While ___________(cycle), don't forget the traffic lights.
骑车时，不要忘记看红绿灯。
②He opened his mouth as if ___________(say) something.
他张开嘴好像要说什么。
③If ___________(leave)?untreated, the condition?may?become chronic.?
如果得不到治疗，此病可能会转成慢性。
【答案】
① cycling ② to say ③left
注意：有些由if构成的省略结构，已属固定短语，如if any, if necessary, if possible, if not, if so：
①There are few, _if_any_, mistakes in that book.
那本书就是有错误也不多。
②_If_necessary_, ring me at home.
如果必要，可以打电话到我家找我。
③_If_possible_, I wish to go there next summer.
如果可能，我希望明年夏天去。
④He may be busy. _If_so_, I’ll call later. If not, can I see him now?
他可能很忙，要是这样，我以后再来拜访。要是不忙，我现在可以见他吗?
2. 在than, as等引导的比较状语从句中常省略某些成分。
①I know you better than (I know) him.
我了解你胜过了解他。
②He runs as fast as Bob (runs)．
他跑得和鲍勃一样快。
二．定语从句和宾语从句中的省略
1．定语从句中的省略
(1)在限制性定语从句中，作宾语用的关系代词whom, which, that可省略(但whom, which紧跟在介词后时不能省略)。
The man (who/whom/that) you want to meet has come.
你要见的人来了。
(2)修饰way的关系词that/in which可以省略。
Do you know the way (that/in which) work is measured?
你知道衡量工作的方式吗？
2．宾语从句中的省略
(1)及物动词后接宾语从句时，连接词that一般可以省略；但如果及物动词接两个或两个以上that引导的宾语从句，那么只有第一个that可以省略。
①I believe (that) beauty comes from within.
我相信美丽来自内心。
②He said (that) the text was very important and that we should learn it by heart.
他说这篇课文很重要，我们应该牢记在心。
(2)when, where, how和why引导的宾语从句有时可以仅保留引导词。
She wants to learn English well, yet she doesn't know how (she can learn it well)．
她想学好英语，但她不知道怎样才能学好。
【跟踪典例】把句中可以省略的部分用横线标出来
①Among the many dangers which sailors have to face, probably the greatest of all is fog.
②Please send us all the information that you have about the candidate for the position.
③Jerry did not regret giving the comment but felt that he could have expressed it differently.
④She didn't go to school yesterday. I don't know why she didn't g to school yesterday.
【答案】
①Among the many dangers which sailors have to face, probably the greatest of all is fog.
②Please send us all the information that you have about the candidate for the position.
③Jerry did not regret giving the comment but felt that he could have expressed it differently.
④She didn't go to school yesterday. I don't know why she didn't go to school yesterday.
三. 动词不定式的省略
1．当不定式在形容词afraid, anxious, eager, glad, happy, ready, willing等后作状语时，to后的内容常省略。
You can't force him to answer the question if he's not ready to (answer the question)．
如果他不愿意回答这个问题，你不能强迫他。
2．某些使役动词如：make, let, have等和感官动词如：see, watch, notice, observe, hear等后面作宾补的不定式须省略to，但若这些动词用于被动语态，则to不省略。
We often hear her sing an English song in the classroom.
→She is often heard to sing an English song in the classroom.(被动语态)
我们经常听见她在教室里唱英语歌。
3．并列的不定式可以省略后面的不定式符号to。但若两个不定式之间表示对比关系时，不省略to。
①He likes to swim more than (to) skate.
比起溜冰他更喜欢游泳。
②He believes it important to study rather than to play computer games.(比较)
他认为最重要的是学习而不是玩电脑游戏。
4．当不定式在某些动词后作宾语时，常可省略。常见的动词有agree, afford, expect, forget, hope, know, manage, pretend, remember, refuse, want, wish, would like等。
I asked him to see the film, but he didn't want to (see the film)．
我请他看电影，但是他不想去。
5．介词but, except(除了)前有实义动词do的具体形式时，后面的不定式不带to。
All he could do was nothing but wait and see.
他所能做的只有等等看。
6．当不定式在be going to, be able to, have to, ought to, used to后作复合谓语时，不定式可省略。
They don't go shopping as much as they used to (go shopping)．
他们不像过去那样经常去购物了。
注意：(1)省略的不定式内容若含有作助动词用的have或be的任何形式时，to后要保留原形的have或be。
(2)类似这样用法的还有动词短语be going to, be about to, be supposed to, have to, used to及形容词glad, happy, pleased, delighted等。
①He didn't come, but he ought to have (come)．
他没来，但他应该来。
②—Are you a farmer?
—No, but I used to be (a farmer)．
——你是个农民吗？
——不是，但我过去是。
【跟踪典例】单句改错
①There were so many cars held up by the heavy rain on the road that we had no alternative but wait.
②We can do nothing but to give up.
③He was noticed leave the office.
④The city now is much noisier than it used to.
⑤My mother wouldn't let me to go to see the film.
【答案】
①but后加to ②去掉to ③noticed后加to ④to后加be ⑤去掉第一个to

Ⅰ. 单句语法填空
1. Once __________ (addict) to online games, teenagers are harmed both physically and mentally.
2. __________ (concern) about the student, the teacher called his parents to find out why he was so often ab-sent from class.
3. A vaccine can't be put onto the market unless __________ (test) on a large scale.
4. Film has a much shorter history, especially when __________ (compare) to such art forms as music and painting.
5. When __________ (publish), the novel will become one of the best sellers of the year.
6. Xiaoming must have been playing football at that time, and his sister __________ (play) the piano.
7.Some poisonous mushrooms, if __________ (consume) mistakenly, can be deadly.
8. At the age of twenty he left his hometown, __________ (determine) not to return without achieving his goal.
9. She wondered why he didn't do it as __________ (require).
10. It is a difficult skill to master, but once __________ (obtain), it will benefit you for the rest of your life.
11. In the film, the actor threw himself off the horse as if __________ (shoot) to death.
12. Water in many places is not safe to drink unless ___________ (boil) .
13. When __________ (expose) to danger and conflict, men tend to increase blood pressure, feeling nervous or anxious.
14. When __________ (ask) later what the call was about, your friend always answers, "Oh, nothing really.”
15. If __________ (convenience) I will visit you this weekend.
I. 阅读理解
A
Now, cities large and small often have remains of earlier historic streets and sidewalk pavements（人行道）.Yet they often go unprotected even when they may be older than neighbouring historic buildings that have enjoyed protection for tens of years.
There are many reasons to protect historic pavements - culture value, economics, environmental benefits and public safety. Pavements represented an important step in the modernization of city environments in the 19th century.
Before the laying of pavement, streets of dirt caused many problems to citizens, especially in wet weather when they became muddy（泥泞的），which limited the movement of people and vehicles.
To solve the problem, cities experimented with a wide range of materials in an attempt to balance durability（耐用性），economics, sources of materials and noise considerations.
The earliest pavement in many cities were cobblestones-naturally rounded stones. They were cheap and durable,but rough and noisy. Loose stone pavements were cheap and smooth, but not very durable. Wood also appeared in the 1850s as a popular option-smooth, quiet and affordable,but not very durable.
In many cities and towns, brick（砖）streets are the only historic pavements that have survived. This fact covers up the truth of pavement experimentation between the 1850s and 1920s, when a city could use up to a dozen different paving materials at the same time! Indeed, each city developed a unique "pavement identity" in the materials chosen and the way they were laid.
It is easy to think of the past when seeing historic pavements, as recalling "old world" city qualities. However, they are more similar to the early high buildings and parks-important city features that showed the modernization of the city. At a time when cities are becoming increasingly similar, such pavements also help define an important sense of place.
1. What is the present situation of historic pavements？
A. Failing to represent modem environments.
B. Failing to receive protection they should get.
C. Being brought back to its former glory.
D. Being highly valued as cultural buildings.
2. Why was the first pavement built in history？
A. To help develop the local economy.
B. To prevent earth from being washed away.
C. To limit the movement of people and vehicles.
D. To bring convenience to citizens' life.
3. What is mainly talked about in Paragraphs 4-6？
A. Popularity of different paving materials.
B. Different experiments on city identity.
C. Advantages and disadvantages of stone pavements.
D. Development of pavements of different materials.
4. What does the writer want to express about historic pavements in the last paragraph？
A. They are similar to tall buildings.
B. They make cities appear similar.
C. They are unique of a particular place.
D. They represent the modernization of today's city.
B
There are many ways to deal with the plastic pollution. Tom Szaky's way may be one of the bravest. He has gone back to an old way-using reusable containers. The idea was used in the last century. It was introduced to the world by Coca-Cola in the early 1920s, when Coke was sold in expensive glass bottles that needed returning. They asked for two cents, about 40 percent of the full cost of the soft drink, and got about 98 percent of their bottles back, to be reused 40 or 50 times. Bottle deposit programs remain one of the most effective methods.
Ten months ago, Szaky started Loop, an online delivery service that uses strong reusable containers. The biggest part of his risk is that Loop pushes far beyond the common reusable bottles. From food packaging to washing powder packaging,the containers are in different sizes and made from different materials. One of his products is Haagen-Dazs ice cream that is packed inside a special box to keep the ice cream from melting.
17 years ago, Szaky founded TerraCycle, a small waste management company. He thought up a way to deal with plastics, cigarette wastes, and a long list of other wastes. Gradually, he became more interested in thinking of how to recycle different kinds of waste in the best way.
Loop is part of the reappearance of the reusable packaging as a best choice to plastic waste. The food and drink companies are more likely to use reusable bottles. A company said they have started the United States' first state-wide reusable beer system. More obviously, Szaky's idea of reusable packaging for products has attracted more and more companies to pay attention to the reusable packaging.
5. What do we know about Tom Szaky from paragraph 1？
A. He invented Coke bottles.
B. He recommended using reusable containers.
C. He invented a new kind of container.
D. He asked people for deposit.
6. Why does Szaky keep the ice cream in a special box？
A. To help keep its temperature. B. To make it easy to eat.
C. To make it sweeter. D. To help it melt quickly.
7. What can we infer about the reusable packaging in the future？ ______
A. It will solve plastic waste completely.
B. It will bring about a lot of new waste.
C. It will attract more and more attention.
D. It will make Loop lose a lot of customers.
8. What is the best title for the text？
A. Different New Ways to Deal with Plastic Pollution
B. The Story of a Creative Inventor
C. The World's Attitude to Plastic Pollution
D. An Old Idea of Fighting against Plastic Pollution
Ⅱ. 语法填空
阅读下面短文，在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。
Day after day,?a small blue truck speeds along the streets of Funen. A dog sits beside the driver, looking at him as if 1 (listen) to his order. Whenever the truck goes by,?the people of Funen turn and stare,?some in wonder,?others in admiration. On its sides 2 ? (print) the words TRACKER DOG and a telephone number. ?
Yes,?the passenger in the blue truck is a dog that 3 ? (be) used to find lost things or follow the tracks of persons and animals. Within seven years,? the dog and his 4 ? (own) Anderson have found lost things worth nearly $400, 000, among 5 ?are watches,? jewelry,? money,? cows,? pigs,? and other dogs. Of course,? the secret of the dog is his sensitive nose. ?
Each year the dog and Anderson answer about 700 calls ? 6 ?help. Four out of five times they find what they are asked to look for. ?Whenever the phone rings at Anderson’s house,?the dog is 7 ? (immediate) excited. He quickly runs to the truck,?eager to be off in search of the 8 ? (lose). ?
On the way,? Anderson repeats again and again the names of 9 ?they are looking for. So by the time they arrive,?the dog is ready 10 ?(get) to work. He circles here and there until he picks up the smell of an object in a place where it doesn’t belong.
基础帮
Ⅰ.单句语法填空
1.【答案】addicted
【解析】句意：青少年一旦沉迷于网络游戏，身心都会受到伤害。分析句子结构可知，设空处所给单词addict的逻辑主语是teenagers，且与其是被动关系，应该填过去分词形式，构成“Once+过去分词”结构作状语。Once addicted实际上是省略了they are的条件状语从句。由于主句和从句主语一致，且从句中有动词be，故可省略从句中的主语和be动词，故填addicted。
2.【答案】Concerned
【解析】句意：出于对那个学生的关心，老师打电话给他的父母，问他为什么经常缺课。短语be concerned about意思是"担心……"，分析句子可知，本句是原因状语从句的省略，原句是Because he was?concerned about the student...，从句的主语和主句的主语一致，从句省略了引导词、主语和系动词was，句首单词大写首字母，故填Concerned。
3.【答案】tested
【解析】考查非谓语动词。句意：除非大规模试验，否则疫苗无法投入市场。分析句子可知，本句考查unless引导的条件状语从句的省略，原从句是“unless it is tested on a? large scale.”，从句的主语it代指的是主句主语A vaccine，故可以将it省略，谓语动词使用的是被动语态，把be动词省略，直接使用过去分词做状语，即“unless tested on a? large scale”，故填tested。
4.【答案】compared
【解析】句意：电影的历史要短得多，尤其是当它和像音乐与绘画这样的艺术形式相比时。所给动词compare与其逻辑主语film之间是动宾关系，需用一般现在时的被动语态。句中从句的完整形式为when film is compared to such art forms as music and painting. 主从句主语一致时，when引导的从句可省略主语+be动词。故填compared。
5.【答案】published
【解析】句中will become作谓语，空格处用非谓语形式，the novel与publish之间为被动关系，分析句意可知，此处可以用when引导的时间状语从句，根据主将从现原则，此处可以理解为用一般现在时的被动语态，(it is) published，主句主语?the novel 和从句主语相同，可以省略主语和be动词；也可以理解为用过去分词形式作状语。故填published。
6.【答案】playing
【解析】and前后句子时态一致，由前面的have been playing football可知，and后的句子时态也应该为现在完成进行时，主语his sister是单数，因此空格处为has been playing，为了避免重复，省略have been，因此空格处为playing，故填playing。
7.【答案】consumed
【解析】句意：一些有毒的蘑菇，如果误食，可能会致命。考查从句的省略句式，if引导的条件状语从句，当其主语与主句一致，谓语动词含有be动词时，可将主语和be动词省略；动词consume的逻辑主语是mushrooms，构成被动的关系，因此使用被动语态be done形式，把主语和be动词省略，故填consumed。
8.【答案】determined
【解析】句意：二十岁时他离开了家乡，决心不达目的就不回去。be determined to do sth.决心做某事，固定搭配，因为空处主语和主句主语一致，所以此处省略了主语he和be动词，所以空处需用determined作状语。故填determined。
9.【答案】required
【解析】句意：她不明白他为什么没有按要求做。require动词，要求，与主语“he”之间是动宾关系，用被动语态，由be动词+动词过去分词构成；句中as引导方式状语从句，当状语从句的主语和主句的主语一致时，从句可以将主语和be动词省略。故填required。
10.【答案】obtained
【解析】句意：这是一项很难掌握的技术/技巧，但一旦掌握，你将受益一生。分析句子成分可知，设空处相当于一个条件状语从句“once it is obtained”，且与主句主语it一致，从句谓语有be，可以省略，设空处直接填obtained。故填obtained。
11.【答案】shot
【解析】句意：在这部电影中，那个演员从马上摔了下来，仿佛被枪杀了。在英语中，如果主句的主语和从句的主语一致，且状语从句的谓语动词中有be动词，从句的主语连同be可一起省略，该类状语从句多为时间、地点、条件、方式或让步等，连词为when, while, though, if, unless, although, as if 等，后面通常接分词、不定式、形容词、名词等。故此处原句为as if the actor was shot to death变为as if shot to death。故填shot。
12.【答案】boiled
【解析】句意：许多地方水不煮沸就不能安全饮用。unless引导的状语从句的主语与主句的主语一致，此处省略了主语+be动词is。boil煮沸，与主语"water"是被动关系，需用一般现在时的被动语态，构成unless the water is boiled，将unless从句中主语和be动词省略后为boiled。故填boiled。
13.【答案】exposed
【解析】分析句子结构可知，when引导的时间状语从句的主语和主句主语一致，可省略主语和be动词，完整表达为When they are exposed to danger and conflict...，expose与逻辑主语men是被动关系，故用过去分词。故填exposed。
14.【答案】asked
【解析】句意：之后，当被问及电话是关于什么的时候，你的朋友总是回答：“哦，没什么。”分析句子结构可知，此处是when引导的时间状语从句的省略，当主从句主语一致时，省略从句主语，由于逻辑主语your friend和ask之间是被动关系，直接省去be动词，要用过去分词作状语，故填asked。
15.【答案】convenient
【解析】???????句意：如果方便的话，我这个周末去拜访你。分析句子结构可知，If ______ (convenience)是省略句，完整句子应改为If it is convenient，同时省略了主语和be动词，此处应用convenient，“方便的”，形容词，故填convenient。
能力帮
I. 阅读理解
A
【解题导语】这是一篇议论文。文章谈的是古建筑人行道的保护和历史，并呼吁其应该得到保护。
1. B. 细节理解题。根据第一段最后一句Yet they often go unprotected even when they may be older than neighbouring historic buildings that have enjoyed protection for tens of years. （然而，尽管它们比周围那些享受了十来年保护的历史建筑还要古老，但是它们却没有得到保护。）可知历史人行道尽管比一些得到保护的建筑古老得多，但它们还是没有得到应得的保护。故选B.
2. D. 细节理解题。根据第三段中的Before the laying of pavement, streets of dirt caused many problems to citizens, especially in wet weather when they became muddy（泥泞的），which limited the movement of people and vehicles.（在铺人行道之前，泥泞的街道给市民造成了很多问题，尤其是在潮湿的天气它们变得泥泞的时候，这限制了人和车辆的行动。）可知本段论述了没有人行道的状况，道路泥泞阻碍出行，反过来可知修建人行道就是为了解决通行问题，便利生活，故选D.
3.D. 主旨大意题。根据文章第四段To solve the problem,cities experimented with a wide range of materials in an attempt to balance durability（耐用性），economics,sources of materials and noise considerations.（为了解决这个问题，各城市实验了各种各样的材料，试图在耐用性，经济，材料来源和噪音之间找到平衡），再根据第五段和第六段，分别讲述了天然鹅卵石、裸石及砖块各自的优缺点，可知，这三段主要讲人行道上的不同材料的发展。故选D.
4. C. 推理判断题。根据最后一段第二句However, they are more similar to the early high buildings and parks -important city features that showed the modernization of the city. （然而，它们更类似于那些展示城市现代化发展的重要城市标志---大楼和公园）可知作者认为古建筑人行道的作用，就等同于现代城市中的那些标志性建筑，这些人行道也是一个特定的地方所独有的。故选C.
B
5. B. 细节理解题。根据第一段中Tom Szaky's way may be one of the bravest. He has gone back to an old way-using reusable containers.（ Tom Szaky的方式可能是最勇敢的。他又回到了老方法---使用可重复使用的容器）可知，Tom Szaky建议使用可重复使用的容器。故选B.
6. A. 细节理解题。根据第二段中One of his products is Haagen-Dazs ice cream that is packed inside a special box to keep the ice cream from melting.（他的其中一个产品是哈根达斯冰淇淋，它被包装在一个特殊的盒子里，以防止冰淇淋融化）可知，Szaky把冰淇淋放在一个特殊的盒子里，是为了帮助冰淇淋保持温度，不融化。故选A.
7. C. 推理判断题。根据最后一段中More obviously, Szaky's idea of reusable packaging for products has attracted more and more companies to pay attention to the reusable packaging.（更明显的是，Szaky的产品可重复使用包装理念已经引起了越来越多的企业对可重复使用包装的重视）可推知，可重复使用的包装会吸引越来越多的人注意。故选C.
8. D. 标题确定题。根据第一段中There are many ways to deal with the plastic pollution. Tom Szaky's way may be one of the bravest. He has gone back to an old way-using reusable containers.（有很多方法来处理塑料污染。Tom Szaky的方式可能是最勇敢的。他又回到了老方法---使用可重复使用的容器）结合文章主要介绍了Tom Szaky通过使用可重复使用的容器来处理塑料污染，说明了可重复使用的容器想法的起源和发展，以及Szaky是如何利用可重复使用容器的。可知，D选项An Old Idea of Fighting against Plastic Pollution"一个与塑料污染作斗争的旧观念"最符合文章标题。故选D.
这是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了Tom Szaky通过使用可重复使用的容器来处理塑料污染，说明了可重复使用的容器想法的起源和发展，以及Szaky是如何利用可重复使用容器的。
Ⅱ. 语法填空
本文讲述了国家公园的来历和作用：1916年，美国建立了世界上第一个国家公园系统，从那时起，它就成为其他国家更好地保护环境和让人们享受大自然的典范．
1. 考查状语从句的省略。分析句子可知，as if引导状语从句，此处强调“好像正在听他的指令”，应用现在进行时is listening，因为状语从句的主语与句子主语一致，此处省略了主语，所以此处be动词也省略，故填listening。
2. 考查动词时态、语态和主谓一致。根据上文Whenever the truck goes by, the people of Funen turn and stare，可知时态为一般现在时；主语its sides与动词print之间是被动关系，故用被动语态，its sides是可数名词复数，故be动词应用are，故填are printed。
3. 考查时态和主谓一致。根据空前the passenger in the blue truck is a dog可知，时态为一般现在时；that ______(be) used to find lost things or follow the tracks of persons and animals是一个定语从句，that指代先行词a dog，表示单数，所以谓语动词用单数形式，故填is。
4. 考查名词。根据空前的形容词性物主代词his可知，空处应填一个名词，此处指它的主人, 用owner，根据空后Anderson可知，该空应填名词单数，故填owner。
5. 考查非限制性定语从句。此处为介词 + 关系代词引导的非限制性定语从句, 先行词是物, 只能用关系代词which。故填which。
6. 考查固定用法。calls for help呼救, 寻求帮助, 是固定用法。故填for。
7. 考查副词。修饰形容词excited应用副词形式, 故填immediately。
8. 考查形容词。句意是说它渴望离开去寻找丢失的物品。表示“丢失的物品”要用the lost，故填lost。
9. 考查宾语从句。分析句子可知，空处引导一个宾语从句，作介词of的宾语，引导词在从句中作宾语，表示“寻找的东西”，应用what引导，故填what。
10. 考查固定短语。be ready to do sth. 是固定短语，意为“准备好做某事”，故填to get。