第3讲 猜测词义题
高考对考生推测词义能力的考查是非常重视的。这就要求我们在阅读时要通过上下文交代的内容作出合乎逻辑的推理。在必要时,做些语法分析,通过词与词的关系,确定其词性;有时根据常识和生活经验或构词法知识,完全可以对那些从未见过的生词的词义作出正确的推测。
The word “…” in line…most nearly/probably means ______.
In line…, the word “…” refers to ______.
In line…, the word “…” could best be replaced by which of the following
The word “…” as used in line…in this passage means______.
The word “…” as used in line…is closest in meaning to ______.
In line…, “…” could properly be replaced by______.
By “…”, the author means ______.
做这种题时,特别要注意的是,对于那些我们熟悉的词千万不要妄自、草率下结论,一定要结合上下文判断它在文中的意思。具体有以下5种方法:
1. 利用“同义关系”猜测词义
(1)被考查的词汇在文章中往往被同义词、同位词、定语从句等来解释或限定,根据这些词可以很容易猜测词义。
William Shakespeare said, “The web of our life is of a mingled_yarn (纱线), good and ill together. ”
The underlined word “mingled” in the paragraph most probably means “______”.
A. simple B. mixed
C. sad D. happy
解析:B a mingled yarn 应与good and ill together同义,指交叉的,好的与坏的并存。
(2)作者常会用be, mean, refer to, in other words, that is (to say)等指示性词或词组来进一步解释说明某一词或短语,即生词和这些指示词后面部分的含义一样。
Mary felt perturbed,_that is, she was greatly disturbed by her sister's action.
解析:你可能对句子中的perturbed不熟悉,但后面that is所引导的句子是对它的解释,从而可以猜出,它和disturbed的词义相近。
(3)有时候标点符号,如破折号、冒号或括号均可以表示同义关系或解释。
Genetic learning is learning by a species — animals of the same kind — as a whole…
解析:句中的破折号就是对画线部分的最好的注释,因此species指 “物种。”
(4)有时作者也常用such as, like, for example, for instance等进一步解释说明前面某一词句或某一现象。通过所举的例子,便可理解生词的含义。
2. 利用上下文的“对比、转折”关系来猜测词义
通过意思相反或对应的两个句子或两部分来判断其中某一部分的意思。这时只要知道其中一部分的含义,则另一部分也就一目了然了。两部分之间常用while, but, however, on the contrary, on the other hand等来表示转折,根据这样的标志词可以准确解释词义。
Born in Chicago in 1902, brought up and schooled in Nebraska, the 19 year old college graduate Ralph Tyler became hooked_on_teaching while teaching as a science teacher in South Dakota and changed his major from medicine to education.
The words “hooked on teaching” underlined in the passage probably mean “______”.
A. attracted to teaching
B. tired of teaching
C. satisfied with teaching
D. unhappy about teaching
解析:A 根据 “…while teaching as a science teacher in South Dakota and changed his major from medicine to education. ”可知他原来的专业是医学,在South Dakota做科学教师时被吸引到教育行业。
3. 根据上下文的因果关系理解词义
有什么样的原因就会产生什么样的结果。因果关系是文章中一种很普通的语言表达关系。在这种关系中如果知道了原因,结果也就不难知道了;反之,如果知道了结果,原因也就不难发现。
When Andrea Peterson landed her first teaching job, she faced the daunting task of creating a music program with almost no money for equipment or supplies in a climate where standard based learning was the focus and music just provided a break for students and teachers.
The underlined word “daunting” in the passage most probably means “______”.
A. discouraging B. interesting
C. creative D. unbearable
解析:A 根据文章中“creating a music program with almost no money for equipment or supplies in a climate where standard based learning was the focus and music just provided a break for students and teachers. ”可知这个任务是令人气馁的,没有钱买乐器,而且音乐课也不受重视。
4. 通过上下文提供的信息来推测词义
Karen, grown up in a very traditional family in the western United States, maintained high moral(道德的) standards throughout her youth. In 1984, at the age of 23, she married Bill. They were_blessed_with two children, a boy and a girl.
The underlined part in the passage most probably means “______”.
A. were lucky in having
B. were asked to adopt
C. regretted having
D. gave birth to
解析:A 从最后一句可知他们生了两个孩子,这应是非常幸运的。be blessed with 的意思是“幸运地拥有”,所以“were lucky in having”最贴切。
5. 运用“生活经验和常识”猜测词义
Shopkeepers in Modbury population 1,500, agreed to stop handing out disposable plastic bags to customers on Saturday. They said paper sacks and cloth carrier bags would be offered instead.
The underlined word “disposable” in the passage probably means “______”.
A. acceptable
B. valuable
C. throw away
D. long lasting
解析:C 根据第二句“They said paper sacks and cloth carrier bags would be offered instead. ”可判断出塑料袋将被禁止提供,取而代之的是纸袋和布袋,因为塑料袋是用完即被丢弃,纸袋和布袋可以重复使用,可以推断出disposable的意思是“可丢弃的。”
B 猜测词义题。由the quality of your relationships depends on the amount of time you invest(投入) in them. 可以猜出词义。第1讲 主旨大意题
文章是由段落组成的,段落的主题是段落的中心思想。而就一篇文章而言,具体段落的中心思想又是为文章整体的中心思想服务的。寻找中心思想的方法是:通过分析篇章结构,找出每小段的主题句,进而通过主题句找出文章主题。
主题句通常有这样的特点:①有一个话题(topic);②阐述控制性概念(controlling idea)。主题句偶尔也可在一段文章中间;有的文章无明显主题句,主题句隐含在段意之中,这就需要读者进一步加工概括了。该题型提问的形式主要有三类:第一类是Main Idea型;第二类是Topic/Title型;第三类是Purpose and Attitude型。
Ⅰ. Main Idea型
这种题型针对某一语段或某一语篇的主题思想或目的设题;有的也会针对文中的某一关键段落的思想和目的进行设题。
Which of the following best describes the main point of the passage
The main (general) idea of the passage is______.
From the passage we know that ______.
What's the main idea /topic / subject /point of this passage
What does the passage mainly deal with
The article is written to explain ______.
All the details in this passage support the main idea______.
What does the last paragraph mainly discuss
The first paragraph mainly tells us______.
What's the main idea of the third paragraph
解答此种阅读题要注意以下几点:
1. 找出文章的主题句(Topic sentence),即中心思想,其他句子则为支撑句或扩展句(Developing details),是用来阐述、解释、支持或发展主题句所表达的主题思想的。
2. 在许多文段中,没有可以概括全段意义的主题句,必须根据文章中所提供的事实细节,进行全面分析,然后归纳成一般概念。但必须注意:既不能以偏概全,也不能在概括时过于宽泛,要恰如其分。
Ⅱ. Topic/Title型
在阅读理解的命题中,有时要求确定相应的标题,以考查考生对全文中心思想的理解。
The best title/ headline for this passage might be______.
The text (passage) could be entitled______.
What is the best title for the passage
Which of the following can be the best title for this passage
The topic of the passage is______.
解答此种阅读题要注意以下几点:
1. 给文章加标题,首先要把握好文章大意,不能把文章某一段的大意看做是整篇文章的大意,更不能把文章细节看成是文章大意,以防标题的片面性。
2. 注意文章的体裁及文章意图。根据不同体裁,结合叙述的过程、说明的用途、议论的主题等,从而正确地确定标题。
60. B 主旨大意题。从文章的第一段第二句话可以看出举办the Edmonton的乡村音乐节的目的是呼唤人们对乡村音乐的真实情感。
63. B 主旨大意题。从文章的开头可以看出本文的中心大意是“一个家庭的聚会”。第4讲 推理判断题
推理判断题主要考查考生根据已知信息做出合理的推断或判断的逻辑思维能力,要求考生阅读时善于揣测、体会作者的态度、观点、意图等。作者的态度、观点、意图会渗透在文章的字里行间,有时可能比较明显,有时可能比较含蓄、隐晦,需要仔细琢磨、揣测才能得知。
What can be concluded from the passage
Which of the following statements can be inferred from the passage
What did the paragraph preceding this section likely deal with/discuss
We can infer/learn from the (last) paragraph that______.
The author seems to be in favor of (against) ______.
From the passage we can draw the conclusion that______.
The author believes that______.
The author's main purpose in writing the passage is ______.
The author's attitude toward…is best described as one of ______.
解答此类阅读题要注意以下几点:
1. 严格按照阅读材料中所提供的信息进行推理,千万不要掺杂自己的主观想法或经验;
2. 如果某选项中的内容是阅读材料的简单重复,那它就不是推论,也就不是正确答案;
3. 如果某选项所表达的内容与经验相吻合,文中却没有涉及, 那它属于主观臆断的结论, 也不是正确答案;
4. 如果某个选项表达的内容虽在文中提到,但很片面或很不完整,那也不是正确答案;
5. 文中的虚拟语气和情态动词(should, must, may, etc. )往往能流露出作者的弦外之音,这有助于我们确定正确答案;
6. 注意作者在文章中使用的措辞,比如作者在形容词前用了too, excessively, rather等,则常带有否定的口气;
7. 某些过渡词如however, but, on the contrary, what is more等,后面所表达的内容往往能反映作者的观点和态度。
C 推理判断题。从文章的最后一段倒数第三句可得知答案。第2讲 细节事实题
细节理解题就是我们常见的wh 题,它们大多是根据文章中的具体信息如事实、例证、原因、过程、论述等进行提问的;是对文章(或某一段落)中某一些特定细节或重要事实的辨认能力。细节理解题占阅读理解题总量的一半以上。有些细节题可以在文章中直接找到答案,有些则要我们在理解的基础上将有关内容系统化才能找到,比如计算、排序、是非判断、图形比较等。做此类题的方法一般是先用寻读法找出与问题相关的词语或句子,再对相关的部分进行细读,找出正确答案。
细节理解题的主要特点及做题要求:
1. 对应性:此类题的正确答案应与文中的细节一一对应,而不能是在未经查阅找到细节的出处时,就贸然依照自己的理解答题,也不能在细节对应还模糊不清的时候,就一锤定音。
2. 准确性:准确性是细节理解题的核心要求。最近几年高考试题中此类题更多地倾向于将题目中的信息与原文有关细节信息进行语义上的转换。在转换过程中,考生一般的错误是未注意到转换的准确性,常常将细节信息中的范围、程度、语义色彩等改变,从而导致错误。
3. 区分性:有时命题人故意利用一些貌合神离的手段,比如给出与原文一模一样的词语来迷惑考生,让考生不假思索地选定答案,而实际上选项中的词语与文中的相同词语根本就不是对应同一事情。此类题属细节理解中的难题,要求考生找到细节对应点后,再仔细分析,结合句子的语境来辨析各选项与文中细节的异同。
Which of the following statements is (not) true (or correct)
Which of the following is not mentioned in the text
All of the following are true except ______.
The author (The passage) states that ______.
According to the passage, when (where, why, how, who, what, which, etc. )…
要掌握这类题的解题方法,就要先了解出题者的提问方式。出题者的提问一般具有技巧性和艺术性。也就是说,命题者提问通常是要设障碍的。归纳起来,此类提问技巧一般有隐含提问法、真伪证实法、间接提问法三种。
1. 隐含提问法
出题者使用同义词语、参照词、代词等,使考生对阅读内容和问题产生模糊感。例如:
The basketball team never lacked vociferous (大叫大嚷的) young supporters, but they rarely responded to this show of enthusiasm.
Question:Who seldom reacted to that enthusiastic show
A. The young people.
B. The players.
解析:B 因为the basketball team 和 players;seldom reacted 和rarely responded是两对同义关系的词语,而they又与basketball team有参照关系,所以答案应该是B。
2. 真伪证实法
出题者要求考生确立文章中的事实,不让其问题直接与文章中的事实对号入座,而是提出似是而非,或完全错误的事实让考生去判断。对于这类题目,考生不要根据自己读文章的最初印象马上加以判断,而必须找到与问题相对应的文章部分,找出正确肯定的事实,才可以据此判定否定的或错误的答案。
3. 间接提问法(迂回提问法)
这又是一种设障提问技巧。问题不直接提出,而是绕着弯子提出。比如,涉及时间、距离及数据等时,你必须经过复杂的测算才能确定答案,有时选择答案给你的数据与文章中的数据不符,只是一个近似数值(其他选择答案完全不沾边,完全错误),或者提问者只给你一部分事实,让读者续出相应的事实使其更完整正确(这又叫做省略提问法)。
58. B 细节理解题。从文章的第一段最后一句可知表述与A相反;文章的第二段第三句可知C不符合文意;由文章第三段可知D为错误选项。从文章第二段第二句可知当人们空腹或混合着饮料一起饮酒时酒精的吸收会更快。故B项符合题意。
59. A 细节理解题。从文章的第四段可知答案。B、C、D均为在确认酒驾之后的惩罚。而题目为suspected。