(共48张PPT)
中考英语复习语法专题
无惧繁难
–
句子理解
通用版
2021
2021年3月
了解句子基本结构;
了解句子成分;
学会写个句子;
如何理解长难句;
句子结构
PART
01
了解句子
01
五种基本句型
主语
+
系动词
+
表语
He
is
a
true
hero.
主语
+
不及物动词
I
don’t
agree.
主语
+
及物动词
+
宾语
I
love
English.
主语
+
及物动词
+
直接宾语
+
间接宾语
My
friend
offered
me
a
ticket.
主语
+
及物动词
+
直接宾语
+
宾语补足语
We
keep
the
room
clean.
There
be句型
谓语动词be与后面主语(或多个主语中离得最近的一个)的人称和数保持一致;
There
be的句型的时态与时间状语保持一致。
There
is
a
sofa
and
some
books.
There
are
some
books
and
a
sofa.
There
was
a
bridge
here
last
year.
祈使句
祈使句一般用来表示命令、请求、劝说、号召、警告等;主语是第二人称you,常省略;谓语动词用原形,没有时态、人称和数的变化。
Be
a
creative
boy!
Be
quiet!
Please
give
me
a
hand.
Pass
me
the
ball,
please.
简单句的要点
一句话有且只有一个谓语动词。
He
is
a
true
hero.
I
don’t
agree.
I
love
English.
My
friend
offered
me
a
ticket.
We
keep
the
room
clean.
There
is
a
sofa
and
some
books.
Pass
me
the
ball,
please.
并列句
并列句由两个或两个以上简单句并列而成,有两套或两套以上的主谓结构。
各分句可以独立存在;
分句间用连词或特殊符号连接。
Work
hard,
and
you
will
realize
your
dream.
Hurry
up,
or
you
will
be
late.
Linda
is
short,
but
she
is
good
at
running.
复合句
复合句由一个主句和一个或一个以上的从句构成;
复合句只有一个主句;
从句是主句的某一个句子成分;
从句根据性质不同,可分为名词性从句、形容词性和副词性从句。
复合句
名词性从句可在主句中起名词作用,能充当主语、表语、宾语、同位语等句子成分,我们通常称之为主语从句、表语从句、宾语从句等。
I
told
him
that
he
had
to
be
honest.
复合句
形容词性从句即定语从句;
Yesterday,
I
bought
the
book
which
I
have
read
three
times.
He
is
the
first
woman
who
climbed
the
mountain.
复合句
副词性从句即状语从句;
I
was
late
for
class
because
I
got
up
late.
When
the
teacher
came
in,
all
the
students
stopped
reading.
复合句的要点
复合句是由两个或两个以上的简单句复合而成;
复合句只有一个主句;
He
is
the
first
woman
who
climbed
the
mountain.
I
was
late
for
class
because
I
got
up
late.
I
told
him
that
he
had
to
be
honest.
复合句的要点
复合句中的从句(包含引导词、连词或关系词)一定是完整的句子,而主句则不一定;
He
is
the
first
woman
who
climbed
the
mountain.
(完整)
I
was
late
for
class
because
I
got
up
late.
(完整)
I
told
him
that
he
had
to
be
honest.
(缺少直接宾语)
句子成分
PART
02
了解句子
02
句子成分是什么?
组成句子各个部分的成分称为句子成分;
根据在句子中的作用的不同,句子成分主要分为基本成分、修饰成分和独立成分等类型;
基本成分:主、谓、宾、表、补
修饰成分:定、状、同位
独立成分:感叹、呼语、插入语
基本成分
–
主语
主语是句子陈述的对象或执行动作的主体;
主语可以由具有名词性质的词、短语或句子充当,如:名词、动名词、不定式、the+形容词、代词、数词、介词短语或句子;
主语通常位于句首;
基本成分
–
谓语
谓语是对主语动作或状态的陈述或说明;
谓语由具有动词性的词或短语充当;
谓语主要分为两种:
动作:表达“做什么”
状态:表达“是什么”
谓语动词在不同的时态下有形式变化。
基本成分
–
宾语
宾语表示动作、行为的对象或承受者;
介词的对象或内容也被称为宾语;
主语可以由具有名词性质的词、短语或句子充当,如:名词、动名词、不定式、the+形容词、代词、数词或句子;
基本成分
–
表语
表语用来说明主语的身份、特征、性质或状态;
表语常位于系动词后,与系动词一起构成复合谓语;
表语由名词性或形容词性的词、短语、句子充当。
基本成分
–
补语
补语是对句子主语或宾语的补充说明;
主语补足语常看作表语;
宾语补足语和宾语一起构成复合宾语,用来补充说明宾语的行为、状态、特征、身份等。
修饰成分
–
定语
定语用于修饰、限定、说明名词或代词的品质与特征;
定语可放在名词或代词之前称为前置定语,也可放在名词或代词之后称为后置定语。
定语可由名词性或形容词性的词或短语充当。
修饰成分
–
状语
状语用于修饰动词、形容词、副词或句子;
状语用于说明时间、地点、原因、目的、结果、方式、条件、程度和伴随情况等。
修饰成分
–
同位语
同位语对名词或代词进行解释或补充说明;
同位语一般位于名词或代词之后,常用逗号隔开;
名词、代词、数词、动名词以及句子都可以充当同位语。
独立成分
在句中与其它成分有意义、语气或情感上的联系,而没有语法关系;
独立成分,主要有三种:感叹语、呼语和插入语。
分析成分
I
saw
my
friend
Lily
dancing
in
the
classroom
and
she
was
happy.
主
谓
宾
定
同位
补
状
连
主
系
表
Mr.
Chen
is
our
teacher
and
he
asks
us
students
to
learn
English
every
day.?
写好句子
PART
03
由简入繁
03
主要步骤
查
补
写
找
1、找
谓语动词,确定由几个简单句构成;
2、写
简单句的主干(主、谓、宾、系、表等);
3、补
写句子定、状、补等成分;
4、查
句子时态等;
找
谓语动词
实义动词在不同的时态中有不同的形式(以do为例):
状态
时间
一般
进行
完成
过去
did
was/were
doing
had
done
现在
do/does
am/is/are
doing
have/has
done
将来
will
do
或者
am/is/are
going
to
do
过去将来
would
do
或者
was/were
going
to
do
找
谓语动词
be动词在不同的时态中有不同的形式:
状态
时间
一般
完成
过去
was/were
had
been
现在
am/is/are
have/has
been
将来
will
be
过去将来
would
be
找
谓语动词
被动语态中动词在不同的时态中有不同的形式(以do为例):
状态
时间
一般
完成
过去
was/were
done
现在
am/is/are
done
have/has
been
done
将来
will
be
done
概括起来,谓语动词的形式主要有原形、单三、过去式、助动词+非谓语(分词、不定式)四种形式。
找
谓语动词
She?ate?an
apple
yesterday.
She?eats?an
apple
every
day.
I?eat?an
apple
every
day.
She
will?eat?an
apple.
She
is?to
eat?an
apple.
She
is?eating?an
apple.
She
has?eaten?an
apple.
找
谓语动词
动词原形可能出现的情况:
1)一般现在时,主语非单三人称;
We
like
English.
2)助动词后;He
doesn’t
read
every
day.
3)情态动词后;He
can
swim.
4)祈使句的句首;Keep
your
desk
tidy!
5)非谓语动词
to
do(即不定式,有时省略to);
Could
you
help
me
(to)
wash
the
car?
找
谓语动词
动词的过去式只出现在过去时态和虚拟语气中:
He
was
a
student
three
years
ago.
She
did
her
best
to
succeed.
They
were
watching
the
match
at
this
time
yesterday.
I
told
him
I
would
help
him.
I
wish
I
could
fly
in
the
sky.
找
谓语动词
“助动词+非谓语动词”的形式主要存在于进行、完成和将来时态中:
He
will
be
here
in
an
hour.
I
am
writing
a
new
book.
She
was
listening
to
me
carefully.
They
have
cleaned
the
room.
写
句子主干
句子的主干即“主语+谓语+宾(+宾补)”或“主语+系动词+表语”的形式,去除了所有的修饰成分(定语、状语等)
我喜欢漂亮的画。
I
love
picture.
主
谓
宾
定
补
修饰成分
补修饰成分每日的是补写定语、状语等修饰成分。
我喜欢漂亮的画。
句子主干:I
love
picture.
定语:漂亮的
beautiful
完整的句子:I
love
beautiful
picture.
主
谓
宾
定
主
谓
宾
定
查
错误改正
上面写的例句中有什么错误?
我喜欢漂亮的画。
I
love
beautiful
picture.
picture是可数名词,用作单数时,需要有限定词;也可以用复数来表示这一类事物。因此应该改为:
I
love
beautiful
pictures.
写并列句
先写简单句,再用并列连词连接。
我不擅长英语,但我很努力。
简单句:I’m
not
good
at
English.
I
work
hard.
连词选择:but
连词连接两个句子:
I’m
not
good
at
English,
but
I
work
hard.
写复合句
查
合
定
写
1、写
简单句;
2、定
复合句类型;
3、合
根据复合句类型合并句子;
4、查
根据复合句类型特点检查错误;
写复合句示例
众所周知,中国是一个有着悠久历史的伟大国家。
写简单:China
is
great
country.
China
has
a
long
history.
定类型:定语从句
合主从:
China
is
a
great
country
which
has
a
long
history.
查错误:“众所周知”未翻译,As
we
know。
正确的句子是:As
we
know,
China
is
a
great
country
which
has
a
long
history.
理解长难句
PART
04
由繁入简
04
句子结构
主语
谓语部分
理解长难句
理解长难句的核心秘诀:确定谓语动词个数
如果只有一个,则去掉定、状、同位语等即可。
如果有两个或以上,一般来说,就需要看看每两个谓语动词之间是否有并列连词或者复合句的标志词,然后再剥离各句的修饰成分,基本上可以确定句子意思。
理解长难句示例
As
I
am
working
with
older
students
who
are
aged
from
16
to
18,
I
have
also
noticed
that
they
have
more
subjects
than
I
did
at
their
age.
谓
谓
谓
谓
谓
谓
标志词
标志词
标志词
标志词
谓
主
谓
定语从句
定语从句
宾语从句
https://www.21cnjy.com/help/help_extract.php中小学教育资源及组卷应用平台
长难句理解练习
(1)It’s
interesting
to
have
a
chance
to
teach
English
abroad
because
you
see
a
completely
different
education
system.(19words)
(2)I
am
teaching
in
Belgium
(比利时)
this
year
and
I
have
realized
that
there
are
some
big
differences.(17words)
(3)As
I
am
working
with
older
students
who
are
aged
from
16
to
18,
I
have
also
noticed
that
they
have
more
subjects
than
I
did
at
their
age.(29words)
(4)The
first
reason
I
love
swimming
is
that
I
feel
totally
relaxed
whenever
I
leave
the
pool.
(5)Not
only
is
it
good
for
your
health,
but
you
never
know
when
you’ll
need
your
ability
to
swim.(20words)
(6)Just
as
you
are
reading
letters
and
find
meaning
in
them,
musicians
read
notes
and
create
meaning
in
the
form
of
music.(22words)
(7)I
can
read
the
ideas
or
hear
the
works
of
someone
who
lived
hundreds
of
years
ago,
which
is
really
exciting.(21words)
(8)In
the
same
way,
styles
of
music
are
different
around
the
world,
giving
us
the
chance
to
understand
many
different
cultures.(21words)
(9)When
I’m
happy,
I
want
to
sing
and
dance
to
a
happy
song
to
celebrate
my
happiness;
and
I
listen
to
slow
and
quiet
music
when
I’m
feeling
down.(31words)
(10)However,
when
the
Ming
Dynasty
was
established
(建立),
the
army
caught
Ma
Wenhe
and
took
him
to
one
of
the
emperor’s
sons,
Prince
Zhu
Di.(24words)
【解析】
(1)It’s
interesting
to
have
a
chance
to
teach
English
abroad
because
you
see
a
completely
different
education
system.(19words)
解析:这是由because引导的主从复合句,because前面的是主句,后面的是从句。前面的句子是我们初中的重点句型结构:It’s
+adj+to
do
sth
做某事怎么样的意思。
(2)I
am
teaching
in
Belgium
(比利时)
this
year
and
I
have
realized
that
there
are
some
big
differences.(17words)
解析:这是一个有and连接的并列句,前后两个句子地位一样,没有谁是主句谁是从句的区别。但是and后面有一个宾语从句,就是后面that引导的句子是realized的宾语。
(3)As
I
am
working
with
older
students
who
are
aged
from
16
to
18,
I
have
also
noticed
that
they
have
more
subjects
than
I
did
at
their
age.(29words)
解析:这句话逗号的前面是一个含有定语从句的主从复合句,这个定语从句的关系代词是who,修饰前面的students;后面是一个含有宾语从句的主从复合句,由that引导。
(4)The
first
reason
I
love
swimming
is
that
I
feel
totally
relaxed
whenever
I
leave
the
pool.(17words)
解析:这句话比较复杂,里面出现了好多从句。“I
love
swimming”是定语从句,修饰reason;is后面的that到最后是一个表语从句,表语从句里面还有一个whenever引导的时间状语从句。
(5)Not
only
is
it
good
for
your
health,
but
you
never
know
when
you’ll
need
your
ability
to
swim.(20words)
解析:这句活有一个not
only引导的倒装句,把is提前了,同时还是not
only
but
also组成的复合句,know后面还有一个宾语从句。
(6)Just
as
you
are
reading
letters
and
find
meaning
in
them,
musicians
read
notes
and
create
meaning
in
the
form
of
music.(22words)
解析:as在这里是“和……一样”,逗号前面讲的是人们通过字母获取意思,后面一句话说的是音乐家从乐谱中创造音乐。
(7)I
can
read
the
ideas
or
hear
the
works
of
someone
who
lived
hundreds
of
years
ago,
which
is
really
exciting.(21words)
解析:这里面有两个定语从句,一个是有who引导的,修饰前面的someone。一个是which引导的非限制性定语从句,修饰前面整句话。也就是说which指代的是前面这句话的内容。
(8)In
the
same
way,
styles
of
music
are
different
around
the
world,
giving
us
the
chance
to
understand
many
different
cultures.(21words)
解析:这句话的难点在最后一部分,giving一直到最后在这里做伴随状语。
(9)When
I’m
happy,
I
want
to
sing
and
dance
to
a
happy
song
to
celebrate
my
happiness;
and
I
listen
to
slow
and
quiet
music
when
I’m
feeling
down.(31words)
解析:这句话虽然单词个数最多,但是并不难,句型结构比较对称。When引导两个时间状语从句。
(10)However,
when
the
Ming
Dynasty
was
established
(建立),
the
army
caught
Ma
Wenhe
and
took
him
to
one
of
the
emperor’s
sons,
Prince
Zhu
Di.(24words)
解析:这句话有一个时间状语从句,后面的主句有两个并列谓语,一个是caught,一个是took。
译文:
(1)有机会到海外教英语是有趣的因为你会看到一种完全不同的教育系统。
(2)今年我在比利时任教,我已经意识到有一些很大的不同。
(3)当我和那些16到18岁的更大一点的学生在一起学习的时候,我也注意到他们拥有比我在那个年龄更多的科目。
(4)我喜欢游泳的第一个原因就是当我离开游泳池的时候我感到完全放松。
(5)不仅它对你的健康有好处,而且你从不会知道你什么时候需要游泳的能力。
(6)就像你阅读字母从中发现意思一样,音乐家阅读乐谱创造音乐形式的意思。
(7)我能读懂千百年前的那些人的想法和听到他们的工作,这真的是令人兴奋的。
(8)同样,世界各地的音乐类型不同,这也给了我们理解许多不同文化的机会。
(9)当我开心的时候我想唱快乐的歌和跳舞来庆祝我的开心,当我感到消沉的时候我听缓慢的和安静的音乐。
(10)然而,当明朝建立的时候,军队抓走了马文和把他带给皇帝的一个儿子,太子朱棣。
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