2012届高考英语二轮专题复习精品之必备词汇辨析(九)
1、if only, only if
由这两个词组引导的条件从句虽然都可以用来表示主句所需要的 "条件",但是两者在表示说话人的语义意图方面却有差异。1. only if 引起的条件状语从句,是一个对“条件”限制更严的“限制性条件状语从句”,表示“只有...(才);只有在...的时候,唯一的条件是...”的意思;与if引起的一般条件句相比,它有一种增强主句语势的作用。
例如:He will succeed only if he does his best.他只有尽力而为才能成功。I'll come only if you really need me.只有当你真正需要我的时候,我才来。Only if the case is urgent should you call out the doctor in the middle of the night.只有患者情况紧急时,你才可以在半夜叫医生看病。
if only引导的条件句,通常用来表示说话人对某事所寄予的某种强烈愿望,相当于as long as。它可以独立使用,用来表示由于客观条件限制,为某事不大可能或完全不可能实现而感到惋惜或遗憾的复杂心情,常用虚拟语气。
例如:If only I were as clever as you!要是我像你一样聪明该多好啊!If only you had not told Tom what I said, everything would have been all right. 要是你没有把我的话告诉汤姆就好了,那样就不会出什么问题了。It is hard to avoid mistakes; if only they are conscientiously corrected, it will be all right.错误总是难免的,只要认真地改正,也就好了。
2、if, whether[来源:21世纪教育网]
这两个词都是指“是否”,用来表示犹豫不定,引出包含正反两面的疑问。
1).一般情况下两者可以替换使用,但whether显得正式一些。例如:I am not sure if/ whether the sports meet will be held tomorrow. 我不知道明天是否会举行运动会。
2).但在引导表语从句,同位语从句,在不定式之前,介词之后及句首时,只能用whether。如:The question is whether it is worth doing.问题是这样做是否值得。We had no idea whether he had gone without Jane.我们不知道他有没有带着简一起走。He doesn't know whether to accept the offer or not.他不知道该不该接受帮助。It depends on whether we have enough time to do it. 这取决于我们是否有足够的时间去做这件事。Whether he comes or not doesn't concern me.他来不来与我无关。
需注意,当if置于句首时,只能引导状语从句,表示“假如”,不能引导名词性从句。
3).倘若引导的是一个选择疑问句,则以用whether更为妥当。若要用if引导的话,if和or not中间必须有词语隔开,不能连写。如可以说 I wonder whether/ if he has come or not. 不可以说 I don't care if or not your car breaks down, 而须将if改成whether。
4).有时用if可能会产生歧义,如Tell me if you want the book.可有两种解释:“假如你需要这本书,请告诉我”,或“请告诉我你是否要这本书”。若用whether的话,则只能作第二种解释。
3、in addition, in addition to
这两个词组都可表示“除了,此外,另,又,还”等意思,用来表示两个事物或动作之间的增补关系。但两者的语法功能和用法不同。21世纪教育网
1)in addition是一介词短语,作副词用,相当于词组as well,其后不能跟名词或其他任何成分,一般位于两个句子中间或位于句末。位于两句中时,常用一逗号与句子隔开。例如:There are many shops around the railway station. In addition, there are some newly-built hotelsthere.火车站附近有很多商店,此外,还有一些新建的旅馆。Aunt Mary gave us sandwiches for our picnic and a bag of cookies in addition. 玛丽舅母为我们去郊游准备了三明治,另外还准备了一袋甜饼。
2) in addition to是一短语介词,其后接名词或代词等作其宾语,意义大体相当as well as和 besides。如:In addition to English, he has to study a second foreign language. 除了英语以外,他还必须学习第二外语。They have one hour to read newspapers in addition to their ordinary work. 除了日常工作以外,他们有一小时读报的时间。
4、ill, sick21世纪教育网[21世纪教育网
这两个形容词都有“生病的,身体不适”的意思。
ill作上述解释时,通常在句中作表语或补语,不作定语,它的后面可接with和from表示原因。若ill 作“坏的,恶劣的,邪恶的”解时,只能作定语。如:He has long been ill with high fever.他一直在发高烧。That ill woman killed her own daughter.那个坏女人杀了自己的女儿。She became ill from anxiety.她由于焦虑而病倒了。
sick和ill一样,可在句中充当表语或补语,但它还能作定语,保持原意义不变。它作表语或补语时,另有“呕吐,恶心”的意思。sick后可用with表示原因,用for表示“渴望”,用of表示“厌倦,厌恶”等。
如:She got 500 yuan a month for looking after the sick man. (此处的sick不能用ill代替。)她照顾这个病人每月可赚五百元。My daughter was sick with a cold.我的女儿是因感冒而病的。He began to feel sick as soon as the ship started to move.船一启航,他就开始晕船了。The little girl is obviously sick for home.很明显,这个小女孩想家了。I am sick of his bad manners.他的不良举止真让我厌恶。The old man was sick of life, and wished he were dead.那个老人对生活感到厌倦,真想死了算了。
5、intend, mean, propose
这组词都有“打算,有心做某事”之意。
intend:“打算,有...意向,意欲”,指经过考虑后打定主意要做某事或获得某物,常带有坚定的决心。常跟不定式及其复合结构,常用短语:intend for 打算送给/供...使用;intend...as...打算...He explained to her at length what he intend to do in the following week. 他详细地向她解释了下周打算做什么。Having always been musical from an early age, the singer seems to have been intended for theconcert stage.那位歌手有音乐天赋,好像生来就是为了登台演唱的。
mean:“打算,想象,有...意图”,不如intend正式,强调心里想做的意思,但不强调决心,短语:mean...for 准备让...做...Everyone believed that it'll be a very suitable match because John and Julia were obviously meant for each other.每个人都认为他们的结合会很般配,因为约翰和朱利亚显然是天生的一对。He shouldn't have done it, of course, but he was thoughtless. And he meant to pay the money back.当然,他本来不该那么做,但他考虑不周到,再说他是打算还钱的。
propose:“打算,建议”,指宣布或明确确定某人的意图,含有公开宣称或清楚这一意图之意。可接名词,动名词,不定式及从句。Summarizing the year'swork, the managing director in the company proposed a greater project of the next year.公司的总经理总结了一年的工作,提出了下年度更大的工程计划。Generally speaking, what's reached in the end may be better or worse than what was proposed.一般来说,最终所达到效果总要比计划的好或差。21世纪教育网
6、in advance, in advance of
in advance是介词短语,在句中作副词用,作方式状语,表示“事先,预先,提前”等意。例如:It is desirable that we should read descriptions of particular instruments in advance.我们最好是事先阅读特殊仪器的说明。The iron mine fulfilled the state production plan one month in advance.这个铁矿提前一个月完成了国家生产计划。
in advance of是一短语介词,后接名词或代词作宾语,表示“在...前面,超越”等意。例如:In the parade, the band will march in advance of the football team. 游行中,乐队将走在足球队的前面。Galileo's ideas were in advance of the age in which he lived. 伽利略的想法超越了他所生活的时代。
7、in case, in case of, in the case of
in case主要有两种用法:1).用作复合从属连词,引导一个条件状语从句和表示否定意义的目的状语从句,表示“万一,倘若,如果”和“免得,以防”的意思;2).作副词用,在句中充当状语,常位于句末,通常我们可以说just in case,意为“以防万一,为了提防”。例如:You'd better take your umbrella, in case it rains. 你最好带上伞,以防万一下起雨来。It may rain, you'd better take an umbrella just in case. 可能会下雨,你最好拿把伞,以防下雨。The bus is usually on time, but start early, just in case. 这辆公共汽车一般是准时的,但是要早点动身,以防万一。
in case of 是一短语介词,后接名词或代词作宾语,位于句首时,一般表示条件,意为“假使,万一,如果”。位于句末时,一般表示目的,表示“以防”的意思。例如:In case of fire, ring the alarm bell. 万一失火的话,请按警铃。The wall was built along the river in case of floods. 该墙沿河而建,以防水灾。
in the case of 也是一短语介词,后可接名词,代词或动名词作宾语,意思是“对于,就……来说,至于……”。例如:Poverty depresses most people; in the case of my father it was otherwise.贫穷使大多数人垂头丧气,至于我父亲,却不一样。In the case of learning English, we must practise a lot.就学习英语来说,我们必须大量练习。
8、in a word, in word, in words
in a word 为“总而言之,简而言之”用来表示总结归纳,与in short, in brief意思相同。该结构中的a也可用one代替。例如:His condition is, in a word, becoming worse.他的状况,简而言之,越来越差。Lily is clever, polite and well-behaved. In a word, she is worth praising. 莉莉聪明又懂礼貌,总而言之,值得表扬。21世纪教育网
in word为“口头上”,指以口头的形式表示,而并非落实在行动上。它与in deed(行动上)相对。例如:He is a friend in word only.他只是一个普通朋友。I don't want you simply to promise me in word that you will be good. 我不想你只是在口头上答应你会好好干。
in words为“用语言”,指用口头或书面语言的形式表示及描述,它不和行动相对,仅涉及语言文字本身。如:He never expressed his idea in words.他从来不说出自己的想法。The little boy can describe the beauty of the scene in words. 这个小男孩能用语言描述美丽的景色。
9、in charge, in charge of, in the charge of
in charge是一用作表语或后置定语的介词短语,意为“负责,看管”。句子的主语一般应是表示人的名词或代词,charge可以有形容词修饰。例如:John was in complete charge while the manager was on holiday. 约翰在经理度假时负全责。The person in overall charge was Jones. 总负责人是琼斯。
in charge of和in the charge of都是属于短语介词,其后都接名词或代词作宾语。它们虽然只有冠词之差,但意义却有差异。in charge of表示“管理,看管”的主动意义,因此,句子的主语往往是人。
in the charge of 表示“被... 管理,在...管理之下”的被动意义,句子的主语一般是物,在使用过程中,也可用in one's charge形式。例如:He will be in charge of that work for the time being. 他将暂时负责那项工作。An experienced worker is in charge of the project. 一位经验丰富的工人负责这项工程。The documents are in the charge of Comrade Lee. 文件由李同志保管。
10、in favour, in favour of
in favour是一介词短语,在句中作表语或名词后置修饰语,意为“受赏识的;受欢迎的”,有被动的含义。例如:That child is clearly in favour ; she had been given an extra biscuit. 那个小孩显然很受宠爱,她多得了一块饼干。The delegation is in favour.代表团受到了欢迎。
in favour of是一短语介词,其后接名词或代词作其宾语,构成介词短语。在句中作表语或名词后置修饰语,表示“赞成,支持”和“有利于...”等意。作后种意义时,该词组可以呈in someone's favour形式。例如:The majority of people are in favour of the proposed legislation. 大多数人赞成已提出来的立法。Those in favour of the new plans put up your hands please. 那些赞成新计划的人请举手。The evidence seems to be in favour of the defendant. 证据看来对被告有利。The exchange rate is in our favour. 兑换率对我们有利。
11、in one's mind, on one's mind
in one's mind用于表示“想着,考虑”的场合,所想着的事情不带有沉重和焦虑的含义。on one's mind用于表示“惦记,操心,焦虑”的场合,表示心中想的是重要的,严肃的或是不愉快的事情。例如:I wonder what s in her mind. 我想知道她在想些什么。I turned the question over in my mind. 我反复考虑了这个问题。She has something important on her mind. 她有重要的事情惦记着。There are too many problems on his mind. 他心事重重。
12、in time, on time
in time有两个意思,既可表示“及时”,后常接for引起的介词短语,表示目的;还可表示“最终”的意思。例如:Preventive measures were taken in time with good results. 及时采取预防措施收到了良好的效果。I was just in time for the steamer. 我正好赶上轮船。The candle-light will in time go out of itself. 烛火终会熄灭的。You will learn how to do it in time. 你最终会学会怎样干这件事的。21世纪教育网
on time表示“准时,按时”的意思,in time也有这一种意思,但不常见。此外,在美国英语中,它还表示“以分期付款方式”之意。例如:All the guests were on time at the meeting. 所有来宾都准时出席了会议。In spite of our late start, we managed to arrive on time. 尽管我们动身晚,我们还是设法准时到了。The more expensive items are usually bought on time. 比较昂贵的商品常以分期付款的形式购买。[来源:21世纪教育网]
www.2012届高考英语二轮专题复习精品之必备词汇辨析(六)
1、fairly, quite, rather
这三个副词都可用来说明形容词和副词的程度,十分容易混淆。
1).fairly意为“相当,还算”,是这一组词中语气最轻的一个。quite为“相当,或多或少地,在某种程度 上”,语气比fairly稍强。rather为“相当,有点,颇”,在这三个副词中语气最强。试比较下列各句: 21世纪教育网
This film is fairly good.这部电影还可以看看。
Your composition is quite good.你的作文还不错。
His homework is rather good.他的作业相当不错。
又如:
This book is fairly easy.这本书还算浅易。
He is quite grown up.他差不多长大成人了。
That is rather hard to explain right away.要立即说明是颇有难度的
2).fairly只用于修饰褒义的形容词和副词,如可以说She is fairly clever,不可说She is fairly foolish。rather主要用于贬义,如rather poor/bad/stupid/ugly,但它也可以用在某些褒义的形容词和副词前,具有比fairly更强烈的褒义,相当于very,如rather good/ well/pretty /clever。
另外,若在没有褒贬意义的词前用fairly,表示说话人赞同;若用rather,则表示不赞同。试比较: This soup is fairly hot.这汤蛮热的。 This soup is rather hot.这汤太烫了。 She is fairly tall for her age.就她的年龄来说,她长得算是高了。 She is rather tall for her age.就她的年龄来说,她长得过于高了。
3).rather可与too及比较级连用,而fairly和quite则不可。如: My mother is rather better today.我母亲今天病好多了。 This book is rather too difficult for the juniors and rather too easy for the seniors. 这本书对低年级学生说来未免太难,对高年级学生说来又嫌太容易。
4).quite和rather还可和动词连用,fairly则不可和动词连用。如: This does not quite satisfy me.这没有完全使我满意。 I don't quite follow you.我不大懂你的话。 They rather expected to win the match.他们颇想赢得这场比赛。 I rather like her.我相当喜欢她。
5). quite和rather都可修饰名词,但须放在不定冠词前。如: That was quite an accident.那是一次不太寻常的事故。 It's rather a pity.这真是相当遗憾。当名词前有形容时,quite和rather可放在不定冠词后,也可放在不定冠词前。如:They had a quite good time. 也可说quite a good time。It is a rather cold day. 也可说rather a cold day。
2、familiar with, familiar to
这两个形容词短语都表示“熟悉”的意思,但用法不同。familiar to表示“(某事)对(某人来说)是熟悉的”意思;因此,句子的主语总是表示事物的名词,介词to后接人称名词或代词的宾格形式。例如:This subject is familiar to us.我们熟悉这个课题。These are the rules that are familiar to every schoolboy.这些是一个学童都熟知的规则。
familiar with则表示“(某人)对(某事)是熟悉的,精通的”的意思。因此,句中的主语总是人称名词或代词,介词with后接事物名词。如:We are all familiar with the three states of matter.我们都熟悉物质的三态。They are familiar with English.他们精通英语。
3、fall, drop
两者均表示“落下”。fall表示物体由于本身的重量失去平衡或其他原因向下坠落,多为无意识的行为。它是不及物动词。fall也常作连系动词,表示“变得,进入某种状态”。
drop表示物体由高处往低处落下,或让物体落向低处。它既可指有意识的行为,也可指无意识的行为,当指无意识的行为时,可与fall交换使用。drop为及物动词或不及物动词。如:
The man fell/dropped from the top of the building.(两者都指无意识的行为。)
Her hair falls to her shoulders.(指无意识的行为。)
Many trees fell in the storm.(指无意识的行为。)
One after another, all three of them fell asleep. fall作连系动词。)
He dropped a letter into the post-box.(指有意识的行为。)
The enemy plane dropped several bombs.(指有意识的行为。)
4、famous for, famous as
这两个形容词短语都表示“以……而出名”的意思。但在用法和含义上有异。
famous for 主要有三种用法:
1.主语是表示人的名词或代词时,意为“以某种知识技能,作品或特征而出名”。
2.主语为地点名词时,表示“以某种特产或特征出名”。
3.主语为事物名词时,表示“以其内容,特征,价值等而被人所知”。如:
He is famous for his skill in playing football.他因球艺而出名。
The area is famous for its green tea.这个地区以产绿茶而著称。
Guilin is famous for its beautiful scenery.桂林因美丽的风景而著称。
This grammar book is famous for its practical usage.这部语法书以其实用而出名。[来源:21世纪教育网]
famous as 也有三种用法:
1.当主语是表示人的名词或代词时,意指“以某种身份或职业而出名”。
2.当主语为地点名词时,表示“作为什么产地或地方而出名”。
3.当主语为事物名词时,表示“以某种形式而出名”。如:
Mark Twin was famous as a children-story writer.马克.吐温作为儿童故事作家而著称。
This area is famous as a green tea producing place.这个地区作为绿茶产地而著名。
This book is famous as a reference book.这本书作为参考书而出名。
5、farther
further这两个词都是far的比较级形式。
1.farther和further都可指具体的距离,即空间时间上的“较远”。如: Let's not go any farther/further.我们别再走了吧。 The service desk is at the farther/further end of the hall.咨询处在大厅稍往里的地方。
2.further还可用于抽象的引申义,如时间,程度和数量等,表示“进一步,更进一层”,此时,不能与 farther换用。如: I may be able to give you some further information about it. 关于这个问题,我还可以给你一些 信息。 The problem will be further discussed at the class meeting. 这个问题在班会上还将进一步讨论。
6、favourable, favoured, favourite
这三个形容词尽管词根相同,但在意义上有所差异。favourable主要有下列三种意思:1. 赞许 2.有利的 3.讨人喜欢的,良好的。例如:
The teacher made a favourable report on the boy's work at school.教师报告说,该生在校成绩优良。
It was a favourable time for our trip, since business was light.生意清淡,正是我们旅行的好时光。
He made a favourable impression on his future colleagues.他给他未来的同事留下良好的印象。
favoured在表示“有利的(条件或地位等)”的意义时,一般可用favourable代替;有时favourite也有这一含义。此外,它还可表示“受优惠的,优惠的”意思。如:
He has gained a favoured (or: favourable/favourite) position.他已取得了有利的地位。This country cannot have the treatment of the most-favoured-nation clause.这个国家不能享有最惠国条款上的待遇。
favourite作形容词时,主要表示“最受人喜欢的”意思。它还可用作名词,表示“最受人喜欢的人或物”。如:
My favourite type of food is Chinese food.我最喜欢的食品是中国食品。
Who is your favourite novelist 谁是你最喜欢的作家?
He is a favourite writer.他是最受人喜欢的作家。
This book is a great favourite of mine.这是我最喜欢的一本书。
His last son, John, is his favourite.他的小儿子约翰是他最喜欢的。
7、far too, too far
1).修饰形容词和副词的too可以被far修饰,以示强调。far too即表示“实在太,过于”的意思。如: The coffee is far too hot.咖啡过于烫了。 He was at the airport far too early.他来飞机场太早了。
2).too far是“太远了,太过分”的意思。在词组结构里,副词too(过于,太)被用来修饰形容词或副词 far。如: It is too far to the music hall.离音乐厅太远了。 You've gone too far. 太过分了。
3).除far以外,too还可以被all, rather, much等修饰,表示“实在太”,或被a bit修饰,表示“有点儿”。如: The holidays were all too short.假期太短了。 You're going much too fast.你走得太快了。 This dress is a bit too small for me.这条裙子对我来说太小了点儿。
8、find, find out
find是及物动词,表示“找到,发现”的意思,其后可跟名词,复合结构或that从句。如:I have looked for him several hours, but I haven't found him yet.我找了他好几个小时,但还是没有找到。I found it necessary to learn French if you know English.我发现如果你懂英语的话,有必要学法语。
find out是一个短语动词,表示通过研究,观察或调查等一系列工作后“找出或发现”,其后一般跟名词,代词或从句。如:We soon found out that he was a secret agent.我们很快查明他是个特务。They have found out the truth.他们已经查明了真相。
9、fast, quick, rapid
这一组形容词表示“快的,迅速的”。
1).fast多指运动着的人或物体本身具有高速度的特点,或指一段时间内持续的快速运动。quick一般用于指迅速的,一瞬间的或短暂的动作与反应,侧重匆忙的含义,不强调速度。它另可指智力方面反应灵敏, 以下例句和短语中的fast和quick都不能相互替换: a fast runner, a fast train, a fast job, a quick turn, a quick answer, be quick about one's work。
又如: The clock is five minutes fast.这只钟快了五分钟。 He was such a fast talker that nobody could understand him.他说话如此之快,以致于没有人能 听懂他的意思。 She is very quick at learning languages.她学语言很快。 He had a quick mind, and answered all the questions put to him by the reporter.他反应很快,回答了记者提出的所有问题。
2).rapid常与fast相互换用,但前者侧重动作本身,后者常指动作中的人或物体。rapid有急促的含义,它所指的动作可能是一个或一连串的。如:rapid progress, rapid pace, rapid practice。又如: The improvement in her health is rapid.她恢复得很快。 This school promised rapid results in the learning of languages.这所学校承诺在语言学习方面见效相当快。
3).这一组词的副词也有同样的区别。如: He speaks e here quickly! She ran rapidly up the stairs. 21世纪教育网
10、first, firstly, at first
first表示“第一,首先”的意思,可以用作形容词或副词。如:This is the first time that I've heard of it.这是我第一次听说。To answer this question, we must consider a few factors first.为了回答这个问题,我们必须首先考虑几个因素。
firstly只用于列举事实或论点,如:第一,第二,最后(firstly, secondly, lastly),此时,可与first, second, last互换使用。如:Firstly (or: First) brush your teeth, secondly (second) wash your face.你先刷牙,后洗脸。[来源:21世纪教育网]
at first表示“起初”的意思,它有at the beginning的含义,主要相对“后来”而言的。如:At first, he found English difficult.他起初觉得英语很难学。If at first you don't succeed, try, try, and try again.如果你第一次未成功,就应该多试几次。
11、fault, mistake
1).fault作“过失,缺点,毛病”解,指道德、性格和习惯上的弱点或行为上的过失,也指违反某一规定所造成的错误。如: He is still a good boy with all his faults.他尽管有这样那样的过错,但还是一个好孩子。 It was the boy's fault. He didn't obey the traffic rules.是那个孩子不好,是他没有遵守交通规则。
2).mistake作“错误,过失,误会”解,指因认识不足或判断失误而无意中犯下的错误。如: Since a lot of people make mistakes in life, I'll give you a change. 因为很多人在一生中都会犯错误,所以我会给你一个机会。 The mistake was made entirely through your fault.出了这个错完全是由于你的过失。
12、for a moment, for the moment, in a moment, at the moment
for a moment常与持续性动词连用,表示“一会儿,片刻”的意思。如:Please wait for a moment.请等一下。He read the paper for a moment and went out.他看了一会儿报纸,就出去了。
for the moment常用于现在时,意为“暂时,目前”。如:Stop discussing for the moment, please.请暂停讨论。Let's leave things as they are for the moment.让我们暂时维持现状吧。21世纪教育网[来源:21世纪教育网]
in a moment常与终止性动词连用,一般用于将来时,表示“一会儿,立即,马上”等意义。如:I'll come back in a moment.我马上就回来。He'll meet you in a moment.他一会儿就见你。
at the moment用于现在时,表示“此刻”的意思;用于过去时,表示“那时”的意思。如:I'm busy at the moment.我此刻很忙。I was busy at the moment.我那时很忙。 [来源:21世纪教育网]
13、festival, holiday, vacation21世纪教育网
1).festival意为“节日”,指喜庆日和持续一段时间的文娱活动,如the Spring Festival(春节),the film festival(电影节),the TV festival(电视节)。21世纪教育网
2).holiday为“假日,休息日”,主要指按风俗习惯或法律规定的纪念日及休息日。其复数形式可表示延续一段时间的“假期”,美式英语中则习惯用单数。如:a pleasant Roman holiday (愉快的罗马假日), the Christmas holidays (圣诞节假期),the school holiday (学校的假期)。
3).vacation为“假期”,指放下工作与学习的一段常时间的休息时间,常可用holidays替换。如 a paid vacation (带薪假期),the winter vacation/holidays (寒假),the summer vacation/holidays (暑假)。 21世纪教育网
14、free, freely
free用作副词时,主要表示下列两种意义:1.“自由地,随意地(in a free manner)” 2.“免费地”。如:Don't let the dog run free on the main road.不要让狗在公路上随意乱串。Babies are allowed to travel free on buses.婴儿乘公共汽车可以免费。
freely也可表示“自由地,随意地”的意思,可以与free互换。它还常用于以下四种含义:1. 自愿地,坦诚地;2. 活动和行为“没有阻力地”;3. 慷慨地,大方地;4. 大量地。如:
I freely admit that what I said was wrong.我主动承认我所说的不对。
You may speak quite freely in front of me. I shall not tell anyone what you say.在我面前,你可以坦诚地谈,我不会把你说的话告诉别人的。
Oil the wheel, then it will turn more freely.给轮子上点油,那么它会转得更好。
He gives freely to many organizations that help the poor.他对那些帮助穷人的组织慷慨援助。
The wound was bleeding freely.伤口大量出血。
15、fine, good, well
这三个形容`词都表示“好”。
1).fine作“好”解时,程度胜过good。它可以指人的身体安好,还可用来指优秀,高尚,优美,文雅,令人满意,天气晴朗等。它另可表示纤弱,稀薄,细致,精致,单纯等。如fine weather (好天气), fine artist (优秀的艺术家),fine salt (精制盐),fine gold (纯金)。
2).good是一个意义极其广泛的词,几乎可用来指除“健康”以外的所有的“好”,如美好,美丽,良好, 愉快,高明,充分,完全,适当,正确,有效,亲切,有礼貌,精神好及质量好等。如:good days, good students, a good chance, a good book, good looks。
3).well用作形容词时,只能表示身体和情况的“良好”,即指身体正常或痊愈,情况顺利或处于令人满意的状态,不能用来指工作,学习与劳动等方面的“好”。它着重指一时的或某一段时间的状态。well在句中只能作表语,不能作定语。试比较:
He looks good.他看来是个好人。
He looks well.他看来很健康。
I'm feeling very good.我感到情绪很好。
I'm feeling very well.我感到身体很好。
又如:
The patient didn't feel well after the operation.术后,病人没有感到身体有好转。
I am not well.My head aches.我不太舒服,头很疼。
Everything is well with us.我们一切都好。
All is not well in that mountainous country.那个山村的情况不太好。
www.2012届高考英语二轮专题复习精品之必备词汇辨析(八)
1、hair, a hair, hairs
hair指人或动物的“头发,毛发”。hair可指人或动物的全部“头发,毛发”,强调整体。作此解时,它是不可数名词。充当主语,用单数形式。如: What lovely hair the girl has!那女孩的头发真美! My mother's black hair was going gray.我妈妈的黑发正在变白。 21世纪教育网
a hair是指“一根头发或毛发”,此时的hair是可数名词的单数形式。如: I found a long golden hair on the tablecloth.我在桌布上发现一根金发。 The little boy has got a white hair on his head.这个小男孩的头上有一根白发。
hairs指“多根头发或毛发”,它是可数名词的复数形式,其前可有数词或表示数量的a few, several, many等词修饰。如: The cat has left its hairs all over my clothes.那只猫粘得我衣服上都是猫毛。 My aunt has a few gray hairs.我的婶婶已有几根白发。
2、hand on, on hand
hand on是一动副型短语动词,一般用作及物动词,表示“传下去;转交”等意思。例如:Everyone in class should read this, so when you have finished, please hand it on.班上每个人都应把这看一下,所以你看完后,请往下传。
That family trait is handed on from father to son.那种家风是父子相传的。
Would you hand on this telegram to your friend 你把这份电报转交给你的朋友好吗?
on hand是一习语,在句中作表语或状语,意为“现有在手头的;准备好了的”和“在近处,在手边;临近”等,含有即将来临的意味。例如:
I am sorry I have no cash on hand.对不起,我手头没有现金。
Always have your dictionary on hand when you study.学习时要随时把词典放在手边。 Soon school will end and vacation will be on hand.学期即将结束,假期就要来临。 21世纪教育网
3、happen, take place
这两者都表示“发生”。
happen为“发生,(偶然)发生”,较多地用来指某个事件的突然发生,强调其偶然性,主语往往是事件,事故等一类的词汇。它也可后接动词不定式,及用于It happens that...结构,表示“碰巧”的意义。如:
The road accident happened under my eyes.我亲眼目睹了这场交通事故。
I never know what's going to happen next.我永远不知道将会发生什么。
My cousin happened not to be at home.我的表兄碰巧不在家。
How does it happen that you know her 你怎么会碰巧认识她的?[21世纪教育网]
take place为“发生,举行”,常指有计划安排的事情的发生与进行,不含偶然的意味。如: When does the popular concert take place 这场流行音乐会几时开始?
The talk is planned to take place in the Great Hall of the People on December 9. 这次会谈将定于十二月九日在人民大会堂举行。
The conversation with the principal of our school took place several hours ago. 这个由我校校长参加的会议是在几个小时前举行的。
Great changes have taken place in our country since 1980. 自1980年以来,我们的国家发生了翻天覆地的变化。
在不强调偶然性与计划性的场合,两者有时可以通用。如:What has happened / taken place 发生了什么? The May Fourth Movement happened / took place in 1919.五四运动发生在1919年。
4、hanged, hung
动词hang的过去式和过去分词分别有两种形式,即hanged, hanged和hung, hung,但由于它们的意义不同,所以易引起混淆。hanged是动词hang作“绞杀,吊死”讲时的过去式或过去分词。例如:The judge sentenced the criminal to be hanged.法官判处罪犯绞刑。She hanged herself.她上吊死了。
hung是动词hang作 "悬、挂"的意思时的过去时或过去分词。例如:The hall is hung with red flags.大厅里挂着红旗。I hung the picture yesterday.我昨天把画挂了起来。
5、happen, happen to
happen是不及物动词,不能用于被动语态,其过去分词也不能用作形容词。它常指某事情,事故,故事等“发生”,主语往往为表示事物的名词或代词。此外,happen后亦可接动词不定式和that从句,表示“恰好,碰巧”的意思。后接动词不定式时,主语必须是表示人的名词或代词;其后若接that从句,常用it作形式主语,that从句作真正主语的结构形式,即It happens that... 。
例如:Many changes have happened in our country since liberation.解放以来,我国发生了很多变化。We happened to be only two miles short of the plant.当时我们恰好离厂只有两英里。It happened that she was there.恰好她在那儿。
happen to是一习语,意为“临到,发生于”,其中to是介词,后接表示人或事物的名词或代词,主语通常是anything, something, what等。例如:If anything happens to him, let me know.如果他发生意外,就通知我。What happened to the machine 机器出了什么毛病?
6、harm, hurt, injure, wound21世纪教育网
这一组动词均表示“伤害,损害”。
harm表示引起对身体,物质或精神上的严重损害,常指伤害人的肉体,损坏东西以及损害健康,品 质,事业等。如: Hard drinking will harm your stomach.过量饮酒会伤胃。 I don't believe those fairy tales will harm our students. 我认为那些神话故事不会对我们的学生有害处。 There was a fire in the street, but the theatre wasn't harmed at all. 街上起火了,但是那家戏院完好无损。
hurt常指思想感情方面的伤害,含有引起极大苦恼之意。当指肉体上的伤害时,强调疼痛的剧烈程 度。hurt的过去分词只能作表语,不能作定语,而本组内的其他动词则无此限制。如: It hurts me when you talk like that.你那样同我说话,我很心痛。 My head still hurts.我的头仍然很疼。 She was hurt to think of her not being invited to the party. 一想到没被邀请去参加那个聚会,她就感到受到了伤害。
injure着重指人的容貌、内部器官、生理机能的损害,常与harm通用,但更强调伤势的严重。它也可指对人精神的伤害。如: You will injure yourself by smoking too much.过度抽烟对你的身体有害。 The boy injured his shoulder while playing football.在踢足球时,他弄伤了自己的肩部。 She was so injured in her pride that she rushed out into the dark street. 她的骄傲受到了伤害,所以她冲到了漆黑的大街上.
wound专指外力对身体造成的伤害,尤其指战争和灾害中的受伤,一般指外伤,不指内伤。它也可指感情,荣誉方面的创伤。如: The bullet wounded the soldier in the head.子弹击伤了这个战士的头部。 Fifty PLA men were wounded in the sea battle.在这场海战中,五十位人民解放军受了伤。 What you have said has seriously wounded the feeling of Maggie. 你说的话伤透了麦琪的感情。
7、hard, hardly
这两个词词义相近,不少人常常将hardly误作hard的副词。其实hard本身也可用作副词,并且它们的用法和意义完全不同。
hard既可作形容词,意为“勤奋的;困难的”等;亦可作副词,表示“拼命地,努力地”的意思。例如:This is a hard work.这是一项艰苦的工作。He worked hard when he was young.他年轻时,工作努力。
hardly只用作副词,意思是“几乎不,简直不”,它与seldom, scarcely等词一样,本身含有否定的意义,故在句中不能另加否定词。此外,hardly 位于句首时,该句采用倒装语序。例如:I hardly know what to say.我简直不知道说什么好。What he said was hardly true.他说的话不会是真的。Hardly can I endure this weather.我简直受不了这天气。
8、have a word with, have words with
have a word with表示“和……谈谈,说几句话”的意思。这种谈话往往是不够充分详尽的,或者说是很随便的。例如:I'll have a word with you this afternoon.今天下午我要和你说几句。I had a chance to have a word with him when we met accidentally at the drugstore.上次我们在药店偶然相遇的时候,我有机会和他交谈了一下。[来源:21世纪教育网]
have words with用于贬义,表示“和……发生口角,与...争吵”的意思,相当于quarrel with 。例如:They had words with their neighbours over some trifles.他们因一些琐事与邻居发生口角。They've had words with each other, I hear.听说,他们发生过口角。
9、have, there be
have表示某人或某事物“拥有,具有,含有某人,某事物或某性质”,强调占有。如: The poor fellow had neither friends nor money.那个穷家伙既没有朋友也没有钱。 This sentence has two different meanings.这句话有两个不同的意思。 These two short stories have much in common.这两个小故事有很多相似之处。
there be表示某处“有”某人或某事物,强调存在。此结构中的there本身没有“在那里”的意思,需要 表达该意义时,句末须另加there。there be句型为倒装结构,谓语动词要和后面的主语保持人称与数上 的一致。当有几个并列的主语时,一般应以最靠近谓语动词的主语为准。此结构中还可以用助动词及情 态动词。如:
There are exceptions to every rule.每个规则都有例外。
There was an apple tree and four pear trees in their courtyard. 他们的大庭院里有一棵苹果树和四棵梨树。
There used to be a chemical works there.那儿以前有个化工厂。
There can't be more than five or six hotels in this town. 在这个镇上,不可能有超过五六家宾馆。
Let's get through the work quickly. There seems to be little time left. 我们赶快把工作完成,时间好像所剩无几。
10、have sth. done, have sb. do, have sb. doing21世纪教育网[21世纪教育网
have sth. done主要有两种用法和意义:
1. 表示“使(让,要,叫)某事被做”,强调主语意志,过去分词done所表示的动作由他人完成。2. 以主语为重点,意味着对主语不利的事,常有“遭受”的含意。此时,done所表示的动作执行者不明。在使用中,done由其他实义动作执行者代替。例如:
I have my photograph taken.我(让人)照了个相。
I had my watch repaired yesterday.我昨天(让人)把我的表修了。
He had his arm broken.他的胳膊折断了。
He had his house burnt down in the fire.他的房子在大火中烧光了。
have sb. do 和have sb. doing都用来表示“让(使)某人做某事”的意思,动词do和doing的动作均由sb.执行。这两个词组不同的是前者的do表示一般意义,而后者的doing则强调一直做某个动作。在使用中,do和doing可由其他实义动词代换。例如:I had him take my photograph.我让他给我照相。He had Joe clean his shoes.他要乔给他擦鞋。Try to have her speaking!设法让她继续说话。
11、have to, must
have to 和must 都可用来表示义务,有时可通用。前者比较强调客观需要,后者则着重说明主观看法, 表示个人的意志。试比较:
You shall have to work hard if they want you to get it done this week. 如果他们要你这周完成这项工作的话,你就得努力工作。(表示外界条件的客观需要。)
I must go there to help the poor. 我必须去帮助那些穷人们。(表示说话人自己的看法。)
在某些不需要强调这两种差别的场合,两者可以互相换用。如: I am afraid we have to / must leave now.我们恐怕必须得走了。 21世纪教育网
must还能表示一种揣测,作“一定,必定是”解,have to则无此意义。如:This must be the book you want. 这一定是你要的书。 He must have spent a long time writing this report. 他一定花了不少时间写这份报告。
www.[]2012届高考英语二轮专题复习精品之必备词汇辨析(七)
1、gather, collect
gather为“收集,聚集”,可用于人或事物,指把零散的人或事物聚集起来。collect为“收集,采集”,只能用于事物,不能用于人。当指一般性的收集,即把分散的事物集合在一起时,与gather同义,可以相互换用。如gather/collect flowers(采花),gather/collect fallen leaves(聚拢落叶)。它另可指为某种目的而有选择地收集,着重计划性和选择性。[21世纪教育网]
试比较:gather books 把书聚集在一起 -- collect books 收集藏书gather money 攒钱 -- collect money 筹募资金gather stamps 把邮票集中在一起 -- collect stamps 集邮gather thoughts 集中思想 -- collect thoughts 组织思想
2、gaze, glare, stare
gaze为“凝视”,指聚精会神地注视,含有倾慕,神往或惊喜等意味。它常和介词at, on, into连用。如:He gazed into the blue sky.他出神地望着蓝天。She gazed at/on the film star with admiration.她带着倾慕的眼神看着那个影星。[21世纪教育网]
glare为“怒视”,指凶狠愤怒地注视,强调敌对的态度。它常和介词at连用。如:The angry farther glared at his daughter.怒气冲冲的父亲愤怒地看着自己的女儿。The men who were fighting glared at each other.正在打架的两个人愤怒地看着对方。
stare为“盯着看,呆看”,指出于惊奇或痴呆,无礼地,目不转睛地看。它常和介词at, on, into连用。如:His eyes were staring at her like those of a wild animal.他的眼睛像野兽般地盯着她看。He stared on the foreigner in wonder.他好奇地盯着那个外国人看。
3、get in, get on
这两个短语均可表示“上车”。get in后接小轿车,出租车等小型车辆。由于其车身较低,只有进入的概念,没有上的概念。get on后接公交车,火车等大型车辆,以及飞机,自行车,摩托车,马匹等,指上车上马时要脚登上阶梯或踏脚等。表示“下车,下马”时,也相应地用get out of a car/taxi 及get off a bus/train/horse等。如:
They invited us to get in the car and go to the amusement park.他们邀请我们上车去游乐场玩。
When the singer got out of the taxi, he was welcomed by a group of young people.当这位歌手走出车门时受到了一群年轻人的欢迎。
They are calling us to board the plane; let's get on. 他们在叫我们登机,我们走吧。
4、get into trouble, go to the trouble
get into trouble为“出事,遇到麻烦”,指由于行为不慎等原因而招惹麻烦,陷入困境。如:
If you go this way, you might get into trouble with the police.如果你这么做的话,警方会找你的麻烦。
He has got into trouble; let's go and help him.他遇到了麻烦,我们去帮助他吧。
此结构中的get也可作及物动词,后接宾语,表示“使某人陷入困境”。如:His bad habit was always getting him into trouble.他的坏习惯使他惹上了麻烦。
go to the trouble为“费事,不辞辛苦”, 指主动地去承担麻烦,后可接动词不定式或接of短语。它与take the trouble同义。如:
The host went to the trouble to make me comfortable.主人为了我的舒适而不辞麻烦。She went to the trouble of shortening the trousers for her younger brother.她主动揽下了把她弟弟的裤子改小的任务。
为了加强语气,此结构中的trouble前可用a lot of等修饰语代替the。如:I'll stay here for dinner, but please do not go to a lot of trouble for me.我会留下来吃饭,但请别特地为我做很多菜。
5、gift, present21世纪教育网
这两个词皆可作“礼物”解,常可互换使用。gift的基本含义是强调give(给),表示一种“赠与”,它可指新的,珍贵的礼物,也可指一件旧的物品。它不强调给予者与受予者之间的关系,不具有为所接受的东西付酬谢的含义,也排除了回报之意。如:
He gave gifts of money to the poor. 他将钱赠予穷人们。The gold chain was a Christmas gift from her aunt. 这条金链子是她阿姨送给她的圣诞礼物。
present专指为表达敬意、亲情、友谊而赠送的实物,强调赠送者与接受者之间的亲密关系。如:Students exchange presents on New Year's Eve. 除夕之夜,学生们互赠礼物。
6、give away, give way
这两个动词词组意义完全不同。give away是一个及物动词词组,后需接宾语,它的主要意义为“分发(奖品,考卷,书本等物品),失去(机会),泄露(底细,机密,想法)”。如:
The principal gave away the prizes at the sports meeting.校长在运动会上颁奖。
You have given away a good chance.你失去了一个良机。
The heroic girl refused to give away the secret to the enemy.女英雄在敌人面前拒绝泄漏秘密。
give way是一个动宾结构的词组,后面不能再接宾语。它主要用来指人显示谦让和屈服的“让路,让步”,以及具体事物的“崩塌"。如:
The boy gave way to the old lady.这男孩给一位老太太让路。
It's his mother's fault for giving way to him too often.老是迁就这孩子是他妈妈的错。
The old wall gave way and injured three children.这堵墙崩塌了,致使三个孩子受伤。
7、give in, give up[来源:21世纪教育网]
这两个短语动词作“投降”讲时,通常可以互换使用。如:Completely surrounded by our troops, the enemy finally gave in / up.由于我军将敌军团团围住,他们终于投降了。
give in还可表示“屈服;让步”的意思,此时它作不及物动词用,后不能跟宾语。如:Stubborn as he was, he finally gave in.他虽然很固执,但最后还是让步了。Both sides argued with reason, and neither would give in.双方都振振有词地辩论着,可谁也不服谁。
give up 则还可表示“放弃(希望);戒除”的意思,作及物动词用,其后接名词或动词作宾语。如:All hope of finding the missing aircraft was given up and the search abandoned.要找到那架失踪的飞机已经毫无希望,于是搜索停止了。He soon gave up smoking when he heard the medical report.他听了那次医学报告后,不久就把烟戒了。
8、give off, give out
这两个短语都表示“散发,发出”之意,一般可以换用,但侧重点有所不同。give off通常用来表示“散发,发出”某种气体或气味。如:
Boiling water gives off steams.开水散发出蒸汽。
This milk must be bad, for it is giving off a nasty smell.牛奶一定变质了,因为它散发出一种令人恶心的气味。
The chimney no longer gives off volumes of waste gas into the atmosphere, as protective filters are being used.加装了防护过滤器以后,这烟囱已不再向空中散发成股的废气了。
give out 则通常用来表示“散发”某种光,声,热,信号等物理现象。此外,它还可以表示“分发,宣布,耗尽”等现象。如:
The leaves gave out a whirring sound.树叶发出沙沙声。
The sun gives out light and heat to the earth.太阳向地球发出光和热。
The ship gave out radio signals for help.船发出无线电信号求助。
The government gave out food to people out of work.政府向失业者分发食品。
He gave out that the president was dead.他宣布说总统去世了。
It was feared that food supplies would give out before the besieged town could be relieved.都害怕在那城市解围之前断了粮。
Both the man and the horse gave out after the long ride.赶了很长一段路后,人马俱乏。 21世纪教育网
9、glad, happy, pleased
glad为“高兴的,乐意的”,指一时短暂的强烈喜悦,只能用于人。它只能作表语,不作定语,后可接介词of短语,不定式或that从句。如:I'm glad of your success in the games.你在比赛中获得胜利,我为你感到高兴。We're glad that you have won the gold medal.我们很高兴你能获得金牌。
happy为“幸福的,高兴的”,隐含一种强烈的满足感,可用于人或事物。它可作定语及表语,后可接介词 about, at, over, with短语及不定式或that从句。如:The story has a happy end.这个故事的结局皆大欢喜。I am so happy that you could visit us.很高兴你能来看我们。
pleased为“喜悦的,满足的”,指持续时间较长的喜悦,只能用于人。它多作表语,很少被用作定语,它的后面可接介词at, about, with短语,不定式或that 从句。如:There is nothing to be pleased about.没什么可高兴的。Mother was pleased with my full mark in arithmetic.我算数得了满分,妈妈很高兴。
10、go on doing, go on to do, go on with[来源:21世纪教育网][来源:21世纪教育网]
这三个词组都表示“继续”的意思,但用法和含义上有差异。go on doing指做某一事情因故暂停,尚未做完,再“继续”做下去。它还可表示“一直做某事”。如:Although it was late, she went on working.虽然很晚了,她还继续工作着。After a short break, he went on reading the text.暂停了一会儿后,他又接着读课文。You shouldn't go on living in this way!你总不能一直就这么生活下去。
go on to do则表示某一件事已做完,再“接着”去做另一件事。如:He went on to talk about the world situation.他接着又谈了谈世界形势。Father said mother had gone to the hospital, and went on to say that grandmother was coming to take care of us.父亲说母亲已经住院去了,接着又说祖母将来照料我们。
go on with 是一个动副介型短语动词,其后通常接名词或代词作宾语。如:May I go on with my work now 我现在可以继续做我的工作了吗?Please go on with your story.请继续讲你的故事。
11、gold, golden
gold为“金的,金制的”,表示是真金的质地;golden 为“金的,金色的”,指金黄色的外表。golden还常用于引申意义,含有贵重,重要,幸运等意思。试比较:a gold watch 金表 -- a golden watch 金色的表再如:gold coin (金币), gold bar (金条), gold mine (金矿), gold chain (金链条), golden hair (金发), golden sunlight (金色的阳光), golden age (黄金时代), golden years (金色的年华), golden saying(金玉良言)。
12、go to school, go to the school
这两个词组只有冠词之差,但意义迥然不同。go to school是习语,表示“上学(求学)”的意思;go to the school是指到一所特指的学校去,不一定是去求学,可能是因为有什么事情需去办等等。如:Is he old enough to go to school 他够入学年龄了吗?I'll go to the school to talk with the master.我将去学校与校长谈谈。 21世纪教育网
13、go to sea, go to the sea
go to sea属习语,它表示“去当水手,出航”的意思。
go to the sea 则表示“去某一特定的海边”的意思。试比较:The boy was tired of looking for a job near his home and eventually decided to go to sea.这孩子不愿在他家附近工作,最后便决定当水手。Owing to a high wind, the ship could not go to sea.由于大风,船不能启航。They usually go to the sea in midsummer.他们通常在仲夏时到海滨去。
14、good at, good with
good at 指“擅长于,善于某一科目、某种业余消遣或某种活动”,其后接名词或动名词。如:He is good at maths.他擅长数学。We are not only good at destroying the old world. We are also good at building the new one.我们不但善于破坏一个旧世界,我们还善于建设一个新世界。
good with 通常指“善于使用,处理某物或对待某人”,其后通常接表示工具,人体器官或人的名词。如:He was good with his hands and heads.他心灵手巧。He is good with these tools.他善于使用这些工具。She understands children, so she is good with them.她了解孩子们,所以与他们相处得很好。
15、good for, for good
good for是一个形容词短语,可以表示下列三种意义:1.价值为...;有支付...能力的2.有效的;对......有利3.有必需的精力,意愿。例如:
It is a coupon good for 100 pounds.那是一张价值一百英磅的息票。
He is good for a thousand dollar contribution.他能捐献一千美元。
This battery is good for three months.这种电池大约可用三个月。
The return half of the ticket is good for three months.回程票有效期为三个月。
This dictionary is good for your English study.这本辞典对你的英语学习有益。
This kind of medical herb is good for T.B.这种草药对结核病有疗效。
He is good for several years' more service.他还有精力再服务几年。
for good是一个介词短语,for是介词,good是名词;在句中充当时间状语,表示“永久地,一劳永逸地”的意思。如:He says that he is leaving the country for good.他说他此次出国将不再回来了。He hoped that the repairs would stop the leak for good.他希望这次修好后,漏处不再漏了。
16、gone, lost, missing
gone表示“丢了,没了”,含有一去不复返的意味,在句中可作表语和补语,但不能做定语。如:My fever is gone, but I still have a cough.我的烧已经退了,但还有些咳嗽。She looked down at her dress and found her necklace gone.她低头看了一下自己的衣服,发现项链不见了。
lost 表示“丢失”,含有失去后难以回归的意味,在句中可作定语,表语和补语。如:The parents found the lost child at last.父母亲终于找到了自己丢失的孩子。His elder brother was lost at sea.他的哥哥在海里失踪了。
missing表示“失踪了,不见了”,强调某人或某物不在原处,在句中可作定语,表语和补语。如:My Japanese-Chinese dictionary is missing.我的日汉词典不见了。The police are trying their best to find the missing school-girl.警方正在尽力寻找这个失踪的女生。
17、grateful to, grateful for21世纪教育网
grateful to指“对……表示感激”,其中的介词to表示对象,宾语通常是人或组织团体,to 也可用towards代替。
grateful for指“为……表示感激“,其中的介词for表示原因,宾语通常是某一件事。如:
I shall be deeply grateful to our Workers' Union as long as I live. 我一辈子都深深感谢我们的工会。
I'll be very grateful to you if you will give me an early answer. 如果您能早点给我答复,我将非常感激您。
We're grateful for all that you've done to us.对你所做的一切,我们表示万分感谢。
介词to和for可同时与grateful连用,to短语应置于for短语之前。如:
I'm very grateful to you for having taken so much trouble.对您的不辞麻烦我们表示非常感激。
They were particularly grateful to us for our timely help.他们对我们所给予的及时的帮助表示了特别的感谢。
21世纪教育网
www.2012届高考英语二轮专题复习精品之必备词汇辨析(二)
1、base与basis
这两个词在作名词时可表示"基础;基地",但其意义是不同的。base用来指某物体的具体"基础"或底部的"支柱"。
例如:
We camped at the base of the mountain.我们在山脚下扎营。
Our company's base is in New York , but we have extended many branches all around the world.我们公司的总部设在纽约,但是分公司遍及全世界。
而basis则用来表示抽象意义上的"基础",常用于比喻句。
What's the basis of your opinion 你的意见的根据是什么?
We are willing to develop economic relations with all countries on the basis of mutual benefits.我们愿意在互利互惠的原则下同各国发展经济关系。21世纪教育网
2、be about to
这个短语与"be to do","be going to do"两个短语都可用来表示"将要做某事,但含义和用法有所不同。be about to 从时间上来讲,等于be just going to do,意思是"即将,马上就要去做"。因此,在由这个短语构成的句子中,一般不可再加上表示时间的状语(如at once, next)
例如:
I am about to leave for Shanghai.我将要去上海。
be to do主要表示安排或计划要在将来做的事情,它还可以表示命令等语气,相当于should, must 等。它可以同将来的时间状语连用。
例如:
The US President Bill Clinton is to visit Japan next week.美国总统比尔 克林顿将于下周访日。
The letter is to be handed to him in person.这封信必须面交他本人。
be going to do 一般可以和be to do 换用,它在通常情况下表示计划,安排或准备去做某事的意向,但并不一定马上去做。它一般都与时间状语连用;此外,它还可以用来表示某种推断或可能性。
例如:What are you going to do for your holiday 假期有什么打算吗?
It's going to rain soon, look at those black clouds.看那些乌云,快要下雨了。
3、beat; hit; strike
这三个词都有"打;击;敲"的意思,但仔细分辩,还是有其各自的用法。beat 表示"连续不断地打击";尤其指心脏的跳动。hit表示"撞击"(尤指一次性的)或命中(目标)。而strike除了与hit同义外,还可以理解为划(火柴);给人深刻印象等。
例如:
The man looked dead but his heart was still beating.这个人看上去已经死了,可心脏还在跳动。
He hit the ball so hard that it went over the wall.他使劲地击球,结果球越过了墙。
She struck (or: hit) him hard on the head with a vase.她用一只花瓶使劲地往他头上一敲。
He went in, struck a match and lit a candle to give light. 他进屋,划了根火柴并点燃了蜡烛照亮了房间。
The foreigner was deeply stricken by the beauty of the West Lake.外宾对西湖之美印象极深。
4、before long; long before
这两个词组只是在顺序上有所颠倒,其含义却完全不同。before long = soon ,表示"不久以后"。
例如:I hope you will be back before long.我希望你不久就回来。21世纪教育网21世纪教育网
而long before = long time ago很久以前,
例如:I saw that American film long before.我很久以前就看过那部美国电影了。
有时long before后面可以跟一个句子,这时候before是连词,引出一句时间状语,表示"在…… 前很久"的意思。例如:He had been a party member long before he came to our school.他到我们学校来之前早就是一个党员了。
5、begin
这个词看来再普遍不过了,但它用于某些词组时,其意思就会有所不同,让我们看一下:
1.begin by 作"先(做某事)"解。
例如: I must begin by telling you about the factory itself. 我先给你们谈一谈工厂本身。
2.begin with它的意思是以…开始。
例如:Knowledge begins with practice.知识从实践开始。
3.to begin with
1). 首先We can't go. To begin with, it's too cold. Besides, we've no money.我们不能去。首先天太冷。此外,我们没有钱。
2). 开始时To begin with, they had little support but later on people began to trust them.开始时支持他们的人很少,但后来人们开始信任他们了。21世纪教育网
6、believe与believe in
believe作及物动词时,其后可跟名词,表示相信的意思;后接从句时表示认为。
例如:
I don't believe his story.我不相信他所说的。
I believe he told us the truth.我认为他告诉我们的是真的。
而believe in是一个动介型短语动词,这时believe是不及物动词,一起表示信任即trust" 的意思。
例如:She doesn't believe in God.她不信奉上帝。
They believe in astrology and let it rule their lives completely.他们相信占星术并且由它来绝对支配他们的生活。
believe与believe in的后面均可接人的名词或代词,但其意义不同。试比较:I believe in him. (= I trust him.) 我信任他。I believe him. (= I believe what he says.)我相信他的话。[来源:21世纪教育网]
7、beside与besides
这两个词都是介词,且只相差一个字母,但意义却相差甚远。beside的意思是在……旁边 和与……比较起来。
例如:May I sit beside you 我可以坐在你的旁边吗?
This year's profits don't look very good beside last year's results.与去年相比,今年的利润看来不太好。
besides的意思是除……之外(还),相当于 "in addition to"。
例如:There were three other people at the meeting besides Mr. Smith.与会的除了史密斯先生外,还有三人。
注:besides还可作副词用,解释为此外,而且。
例如:I don't feel like dancing tonight. Besides, I will have an exam tomorrow.我今晚不想跳舞,再说我明天还要测验呢。
8、blow up与blow out21世纪教育网21世纪教育网
blow up一词的含义颇多,可归纳为:
1. 炸毁The soldiers blew up the bridge with dynamite.士兵们用炸药把桥炸毁了。
2. 发脾气,责骂 When we arrived a little late, our boss blew us up.我们晚到了一会儿,老板就骂了我们一顿。
Mary was two hours late home from the party and his father really blew her up.玛丽聚会后回到家里比她答应的时间晚了两小时就遭到她父亲的一顿骂。
3. 打气 Be sure to blow up the type before you drive off.开车之前,一定要把轮胎打足气。
而blow out则表示吹灭。
She blew out the candle on her birthday cake.她吹灭了生日蛋糕上的蜡烛。
Blow out the lamp, please.请吹灭灯。
9、break into与break in[来源:21世纪教育网]
这两个词组长得很像,有人甚至认为它们完全可以互换,其实则不然。 "break into"表示破门而入,闯入。
例如:
A house was broken into between midnight and 5am.在午夜到早上5点这段时间,有人闯入一家房子。
The robbers broke into his home and robbed him of many possessions.强盗们闯进他的家中,抢走了许多财物。
但它还有一个意思,就是突然开始……",即to suddenly start to do sth."。
例如:
The audience broke into cheers as the band came on stage.当这支乐队一出场,观众就报以热烈的掌声。
而 "break in"的另外一个意思是打断(话);插嘴。
例如:Don't break in when he is telling the story.他讲故事的时候,别打断他
There's no doubt about it," he broke in."那是毫无疑问的,他插嘴说。
Excuse me for breaking in on your conversation.请原谅我打断了你们的谈话。
10、burn out与burn up
这两个词组都是动副型动词,在表示烧光,烧尽时,可通用。
例如:The big fire burned out (up) two tall buildings.这场大火把两座高楼烧掉了。
burn out主要指灯泡,设备等烧坏;它还可以表示放火将……赶出。
例如:
Any electric light bulb will eventually burn out.任何灯炮最后总会烧坏。
I turn on a switch but the light had burnt out.我打开电源,但电灯已经烧坏了。
Hundreds of families have been burnt out of their homes.有人放火使数百人无家可归。
11、but do与but to do
这两个词组都可表示除了做……之外的意思,相当于except do与except to do。它们属于 "but不定式结构,即but是介词,后接带to的不定式和不带to的不定式。比如在but前面的句子中出现了实义动词do, but后一般接不带to的不定式。反之则用but to do的形式。
例如:
He could do nothing but wait.他除了等,别无它法。
He had no choice but to kill himself.他除了自杀外,别无其它选择。
12、by heart与at heart
这两个词组在句中均作状语,在意义上却有所不同。by heart 指靠记忆(by memory),常与动词get, learn, know等连用。
例如:
The students have learned many new words by heart.学生们已背熟很多新单词了。
He has made the speech so many times that he knows every word of it by heart.这篇演讲他讲过好多次了,因此,他能把里面的每句话记得清清楚楚。21世纪教育网
at heart有两种意义:一是在本质上;二是在内心深处;关心的。
例如:His manners are rough, but he is a kind man at heart.他态度粗鲁,但在本质上是个善良的人。When I say "Don't eat sweets", I have your health at heart.当我说你不要吃甜食时,我是在关心你的健康。
He has the welfare of the poor people at heart.他把贫苦人民的福利放在心里。
13、by turns与in turn
by turns表示轮流地,交替地的意思,相当于alternately, 多用来强调某一时期反复发生的动作,
例如:
We clean the classroom by turns.我们轮流打扫教室。
She went hot and cold by turns.她一阵发热一阵发冷。
in turn有两种意义:一是依次地;轮流地,含有one after another和in proper order的意义;二是转而,反过来。
例如:
They spoke at the meeting in turn.他们依次在会上发了言。
Theory is based on practice and in turn serves practice.理论以实践为基础,反过来又为实践服务。
14、by chance与by any chance
by chance表示偶然地,意外地,碰巧的意思,相当于by accident,在句中作状语。
例如:
I had no idea he was there. I met him by chance.我不知道他会在那儿,我是偶然碰见他的。
The news came to my ears by chance.我是偶然听到这个消息的。
by any chance表示万一;也许的意思时,在句子中作插入语,它一般用于否定句或疑问句中。
例如:
If, by any chance, he failed to come, we'll ask John to work the machine.万一他不来,我们就叫约翰开机器。
Have you by any chance a map of Shanghai 你也许有上海的地图吧?[来源:21世纪教育网]
15、but for与but that
but for表示要不是的意思,相当于if it were not for, if it had not been for。它常用于虚拟语气。for 是介词,其后只能接名词(词组)。
例如:But for your help and guidance, I should fail.要不是你的帮助与指导,我早就失败了。
but that 表示除……以外,除非等意思,相当于except that; 也可以表示要不是的意思。but that后接从句。例如:
We ask nothing from you but that you should give a clear statement of the facts.我们什么也不要你的,就是要你把实情清楚地交代出来。
He would have helped us but that he was short of money at that time.要不是他当时没有钱,他就帮助我们了。
It will go hard but that we shall bring more land under cultivation.除非我们扩大耕地面积,否则事情就不好办。
www.2012届高考英语二轮专题复习精品之必备词汇辨析(三)
1、can, be able to
这两个词都可以表示“能够”。can通常用来表示现在的一般能力。如:Look, I can do it.嗨,我会做这事啦。而当表示将来能力时,一般要用will be able to。此外,be able to 还表示要经过一番努力才能做到的事。如:
If I concentrate on the work, I'll be able to work out the problem.如果我集中思想于工作的话,我就可以想出这个问题的解决方法。
I'll be able to speak French in another few months.再过几个月我就可以说法语了。21世纪教育网
2、call on, visit
call on:“拜访”,为社交用语,强调较正式的访问。如:I hope to call on you at your office at three o'clock today.我希望今天下午三点钟到办公室去拜访你。
visit:“访问,参观”,指为一定目的去访问某人或参观某地。如:Professor Li is often visited by his students.学生们常去看望李教授。
注意:call at与call on都可以作“访问”解,但call at后接地点;call on后接人。如:I called at the bank and drew some money today.今天我去银行取了些钱。
3、centre, middle
centre“中心”,指圆和球体的中心点并可用作比喻,指事物或活动中心。如:
He placed the flowers in the centre of the table.他把花放在桌子的中央。
At the centre of the park there is a monument in memory of the hero.在公园的中央有一个英雄纪念碑。
London is the political, economical and cultural centre of Britain.伦敦是英国政治,经济和文化中心。
middle:“中间”,指空间或时间意义上与两端等距离的中间部分。如:
He telephoned me in the middle of the night.他半夜给我打来电话。
Soon they were in the middle of the river.不久他们来到河中央。21世纪教育网
4、chance, opportunity
chance表示“机会;可能性(强调偶然性)”,如:
If we can swim, the chances are that we can save our lives.如果我们会游泳的话,我们就有可能得救。
Harold has lost a lot of money so he wants to take a chance on stock exchange.海洛得丢了很多钱,因此他想在股票上碰一碰运气。
而opportunity表示机遇(强调好时机),既可作可数名词又可作不可数名词。如:
This has been my only opportunity to practise speaking English.这一直是我练习英语口语的唯一机会。
I am very glad to have had the opportunity to talk to you.我很高兴能有机会与你交谈。
5、certain, sure
certain表示“有把握的,确信的”,语气较强,主语可以是人也可以是物,表示有充分的信心。有时也有“某些”的含义。如:
It is certain that the temperature will rise.气温一定会上升。
He is certain to come.他一定会来。
sure“确信的,无疑的”,作此义解时,主语常为人而不是物。如:He is sure to succeed.他一定会成功。
注意:certain和sure在接不定式和of短语时意思上有差别。
试比较:They are certain/sure to succeed.他们一定会成功。They are certain/sure of success.他们有成功的把握。第一例用不定式表示说话人对某事的推断,有“一定,必然”的含义;第二例用of短语表示主语本人的信念,有“确信,对...有把握”的含义。
再如:The strike is certain/sure to take place.罢工必然会发生。They are certain/sure of victory.他们确信会获得胜利。
6、care about, care for
这是两个动介型短语动词,后接名词或代词作其宾语。在表示“为...担忧”的意思时,两者可交换使用。
care about主要用来表示“对...感兴趣;关心;在乎”的意思。如:I don't much care about going.我并不很想去。I don't care about what people think.我不在乎人们怎么认为。21世纪教育网
care for则主要用来表示“喜欢,对...中意”和“照顾”等意思。如:She doesn't seem to care for him.她好像不喜欢他。Small children are well cared for in nurseries when their parents are working.当父母在工作时,孩子们在托儿所里受到良好的照顾。
7、carry on, carry out[来源:21世纪教育网]
carry on意为“进行,继续”,强调一个行为的进行过程。它可以不跟宾语,也可接表示“工作,讨论,竞赛,战斗”等一类的名词作宾语,相当于continue。它另可作“经营”解,相当于manage。如:
Don't let me interrupt you, just carry on.别让我打断你,请继续。
I'll try to carry on the work in spite of difficulties.尽管有困难,但我还是会继续这项工作。Rising costs make it hard to carry on the business.成本上升给生意经营带来了困难。
carry out意为“进行,贯彻,实现”,含有按照某个要求或准则进行的意思。它必须接宾语,且宾语往往是表示“工作,活动,职责,命令,计划”等一类的名词。此词语相当于put into practice。如:
I have some difficulties in carrying out her order.我感到执行她的命令有些困难。
The government was trying to carry out the policy of "family planning".当时,政府正尽力贯彻“计划生育”政策。
8、catch up with, keep up with
catch up with为“赶上(某人或某事)”,有追上并可能超过的含义。如:We'll do out best to catch up with the advanced industrial countries.我们将尽力赶超先进的工业国家。
keep up with作“不落后于(某人或某对手)”解,有与之并驾齐驱的含义。如:The girls had to run to keep up with the boys.这些女孩子不得不加快脚步以赶上男孩子们。
9、cause, reason
cause指造成一种事实或现象的“原因”,尤指自然原因或客观原因。如:What's the cause of his success 他成功的原因是什么?
reason指说明一种看法或行为的“理由”,它往往是通过逻辑推理得出的。如:Give me your reasons for refusing.给我你拒绝的理由。This is the reason why he killed the woman.这就是他杀掉那个女人的原因。
10、clothes, clothing, cloth
这三个词都与人们穿的“衣”有关,但含义却不同。clothes永远以复数的形式出现,指人们穿的各种衣服包括裤子,内衣,衬衫等;其前不能用数词修饰。如:These clothes are new.这些衣服是新的。Do I have to change my clothes for the meeting 我去参加会议要换衣服吗?
clothing是集体名词,为衣物的总称,是一种区别于其他事物的概念。除了衣裤之外,它还包括帽,袜,手套,被褥之类的东西,如:The shop sells articles of men's clothing.这个商店卖男式服装。In winter, children need warm clothing.冬天,孩子们需要暖和的衣服。
cloth一般用作不可数名词,指“棉布,毛织品”;它亦可作可数名词,指“某一特定用途的一块布”,复数形式是cloths。如:He will take three yards of cloth to make a suit.他做一套衣服要三码布。She cleaned the window with an old cloth.她用一块旧布擦窗户。21世纪教育网
11、chief, main
这两者都表示“主要的”。chief表示所指的对象在重要性、地位、等级方面高于其他同类事物,暗示其他事物处于从属或次要地位。[来源:21世纪教育网]
main多用来形容事物的某一组成部分,表示该部分在重要性、力量、大小等方面超过其 他部分,起着主体的作用。The chief reason for going to school is to learn. 去学校主要是去学习的。The president is chief of the armed force.总统是武装部队的首脑。Our main meal is in the evening.我们的主餐是在晚上。Note down the main points of the speech.请记下讲演的要点。
12、choose, select
choose为“挑选,选择”,使用范围较广,指从众多的对象中挑选,这种挑选取决于个人的意志与判断,不强调客观标准。它所选择的对象可以是不同种类的,可以是有形的或无形的。choose带有最终选定的含义,即表示选定后不再变化。如:
In the new department store there is a lot to choose from.在新的百货商店有很多可供选择的商品。
He chose Miss Li for his wife.他选李小姐为妻。
You have to choose between life and dead.你必须在生与死之间作出选择。
select为“挑选,精选”,语气比choose重,多用于正式场合。它指仔细地,审慎地精选,强调客观性,而不是主观性。它所挑选的对象可以是有形的或是无形的,但一定是同一种类的。如:
The best machines were selected and sent to the exhibition.最好的机器被选去参展了。He selected a birthday present for his dear daughter.他为他亲爱的女儿挑选了一个生日礼物。
13、come to one's help, come for one's help
come to one's help表示“来帮某人的忙”,与come to help someone意义相同。如:When they heard my cry, they immediately came to my help.他们一听到我的叫声就赶忙来帮忙了。When one man is in difficulties, ten thousand come to his help.一人有难,万人帮忙。
come for one's help表示“来求某人帮助”,与come to ask someone for help意义相同。如:When he is short of money, he often comes for my help.他缺钱花的时候,他常来找我帮忙。She couldn't solve the problem, so she came for our help.她不能解决这个问题,因而来找我们帮忙。
14、continual, continuous
这两个形容词均可表示“连续不断”的意思,但它们在含义上有区别。continual指某一动作不时重复,重复之间有短暂停顿的含义;还有使人不愉快的含义。如:We are not happy with those continual interruptions.我们对那些不断的打扰很生气。My work has been delayed by his continual visit.我的工作被他频繁的拜访给耽搁了。
continuous指某一动作在一段时间内没有中断的含义,表示“持续不断”的意思。如:We felt tired after two days' continuous flight.经过两天不停的飞行,我们感到很累了。There was continuous fighting on the frontier all day yesterday.昨天一整夜,边界上的战斗没有停过。
15、compare...to, compare...with
compare...to为“把...比喻为,把...比成“,指不同类事物的比较,表示抽象的比喻。compare...with为“把...与...比较”,指两个同类的事物相比较,表示人和人,事物与事物之间异同的程度。21世纪教育网
Life is compared to a voyage.生命常被比作一次航行。
People compared him to a little white cat.人们把她比作一只小白猫。
Compared with many women, she was indeed very lucky.与许多其他女人相比,她的确很幸运。
Compare your translation with his, you'll find how many mistakes you've made.与他的翻译相比,你会发现你的有很多错误。21世纪教育网
16、consider, regard as, treat as
consider和regard as都表示“认为是”,两者常可换用。前者偏重经过考虑后的看法,后者则偏重“把...看作”的含义,且必须与介词as连用。如:
They considered Miss Shen a good English teacher.他们认为沈小姐是一位优秀的英语教师。
I regard her as my own sister.我把她看作自己的亲妹妹。
They regarded me as their best friends.他们把我看作是最好的朋友。
treat as表示“对待,当作”,指在某种认识的基础上对待某人某物,着重点在行动,而不是看法。treat as 中的as也可用like代替。如:
Don't treat me as/like a child.别待我象孩子似的。
They treated me as/like a member of the family.他们待我像家里人一样。
consider 后可接从句,也可跟带有名词,形容词,不定式及介词短语的复合结构;regard as后除接名词外,还可接形容词,分词及介词短语等;treat后则只能接名词。如:
I consider that he is the most suitable man to do this work.我认为他是担任此项工作最适合的人选。
They considered my opinion valuable.他们认为我的观点很有价值。
I regard him as stupid.我认为他很蠢。
She considered herself to be correct.她认为自己是对的。
We can't regard the matter as settled.我们不认为事情已经解决。
He regarded it as of little use.他觉得这没什么用。21世纪教育网
17、coloured, colourful
虽然这两个形容词的词根均是colour,但它们的含义不同。coloured表示“有某种颜色的(having the colour specified)"的意义,常用以构成复合词。如:
She is wearing a cream-coloured dress today.她今天穿着奶油色的衣服。
Coloured people were looked down upon at that time in America.那时在美国有色人种被人瞧不起。
colourful表示“富有色彩的(full of colours),色彩鲜艳的”等意思。如:
The girls looked very attractive in their colourful dresses.女孩子们穿着色彩鲜艳的衣服显得非常漂亮。
Colourful wall paper would brighten up your room.色彩艳丽的墙纸会使你房间焕然一新。
www.