人教版九年级中考英语二轮复习语法专题—非谓语动词讲解(word版+PPT版)(共56张PPT)

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名称 人教版九年级中考英语二轮复习语法专题—非谓语动词讲解(word版+PPT版)(共56张PPT)
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更新时间 2021-03-31 21:23:32

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(共56张PPT)
人教版
九年级
九年级中考英语总复习
非谓语动词
Language
points
一、非谓语动词概述
一个简单句本来只有一个主要动词(一个谓语),如果出现了两个或以上动词,那么另外的动词就要变形,改变外形的动词称为“非谓语动词”。如:“write写”是动词,可用作主要动词,但是添加符号-ing和to后,形成writing和to
write就不再是动词了,就变成了名词、形容词、副词三重词性了。to
write就叫做“不定式”,而writing有两种叫法,如果呈现的是名词词性就叫“动名词”,呈现的形容词、副词词性时就叫“分词”。分词又分为现在分词和过去分词两种。现在分词通常由“动词原形+-ing”构成,有主动、进行之意;过去分词通常由“动词原形+-ed”构成,有被动、完成之意,现在分词和过去分词都有不规则变化形式。不管是现在分词还是过去分词,都呈现的是形容词、副词词性。
Language
points
“动名词”字面意思就是动词变成了名词,因而动名词具备名词词性。分词的“分”表示区分,区分事物就需要用形容词、副词对其修饰,因而分词同时具备形容词、副词双重词性。不定式中的“不定”即不稳定,同时具备名词、形容词、副词三种词性就是词性不稳定的体现。
谓语动词
非谓语动词
原形
不定式
动名词
分词
watch
to
watch
watching
watching
动词
名词、形容词、副词
名词
形容词、副词
谓语
主语、宾语、表语、定语、状语、补语。
主语、宾语、
表语、定语、
表语、定语、
状语、宾补。
Language
points
eg:He
lives
in
Shanghai.
他住在上海。(live为谓语动词)
He
wants
to
live
in
Shanghai.
他想住在上海。
(want谓语动词,to
live非谓语动词)
The
girl
to
live
in
Shanghai
is
my
sister.住在上海的女孩是我妹妹。
(is谓语动词,to
live非谓语动词)
Swimming
is
a
good
form
of
exercise.
游泳是一种很好的运动。
(非谓语动词作名词成分,动名词充当主语)
Language
points
eg:Reading
and
writing
are
necessary
skills.
读和写是必备的技能。
(非谓语动词作名词成分,动名词充当主语)
I
enjoy
playing
football.
他喜欢踢足球。
(非谓语动词作名词成分,动名词充当宾语)
I
like
doing
research.
我喜欢做研究工作。
(非谓语动词作名词成分,动名词充当宾语)
I
often
go
swimming(分词做状语)
in
the
swimming(动名词做定语)
pool
near
my
home.
我经常去我家附近的游泳池游泳。
Language
points
二、动词不定式
动词不定式是由“to+动词原形”构成的,否定形式为“not
to+动词原形”构成的,这里的to没有词义,只是为了构成不定式的一种符号,是非谓语动词形式的一种,动词不定式具有名词、形容词、副词词性,所以动词不定式除了不能作谓语以外,其他成分都可以作,因此,在句中可以作主语、表语、宾语、定语、状语和补足语。
1、动词不定式作主语
这种情况一般要改成it作形式主语的形式,后接不定式,为了避免头重脚轻。
Language
points
?
“It
is+形容词+for
sb.+to
do
sth.”意为“做某事对某人来说是……的”,此句中的形容词多为描述性的词语,不对人或物的品格进行评价。如difficult,easy,hard,important,dangerous,impossible等。
eg:To
learn
English
is
very
important
for
me
对我来说学英语很重要。
=It
is
very
important
for
me
to
learn
English.
For
you
to
make
more
friends
is
a
good
plan.
广交朋友是个好办法。
=
It's
a
good
plan
for
you
to
make
more
friends.
Language
points
?
“It
is+形容词+of
sb.+to
do
sth.”意为“做某事对某人来说是……的”。此句中的形容词用于描述人的性格、品质。如:kind,good,nice,right,wrong,clever,careless,polite,foolish等。
eg:It
was
stupid
of
him
to
press
the
emergency
button.
他按了紧急按钮,这真愚蠢。
Language
points
2、动词不定式作宾语
?
“谓语动词+动词不定式”,此类动词很多,这些动词通常用来表明意图、强调态度、展示能力。常见的有:want,like,wish,hate,prefer,hope,continue,manage,try,ask,offer(主动提出),start,forget,promise,mean,pretend(假装),intend(打算),begin,attempt(试图),decide,learn,desire(渴望),agree,care,choose,determine(查明),undertake(承担,承诺),expect等
eg:Some
students
hate
to
study
English.
有些学生不喜欢研读英语。
He
likes
to
go
to
the
movie.
他喜欢去看电影。
She
wants
to
help
Mary.
她想要帮助玛丽。
She
pretended
not
to
go.
她假装不去。
Language
points
?
另外tell,advise,show,teach,find
out,decide,discuss,learn,forget,know,explain等动词(短语),常跟“疑问词+不定式”作宾语。
eg:Please
teach
me
how
to
play
the
piano.
请教我怎么弹钢琴。
No
one
could
tell
me
where
to
get
the
book.
没有人能告诉我去哪里得到这本书。
?
find,think,feel等动词可用于“动词+it+adj./n.+to
do
sth.”句型,其中it作形式宾语,动词不定式为真正的宾语。
eg:I
think
it
necessary
for
us
to
have
a
good
rest
after
the
boring
work.
我认为对我们来说,在烦闷的工作之后好好休息是有必要的。
She
felt
it
her
duty
to
help
the
old
man.
她觉得帮助这个老人是她的责任。
Language
points
3、动词不定式作宾语补足语
动词不定式做宾语补足语可以分为两种情况,一种是,带to的动词不定式做宾补,另一种是,主动语态里不带to,而变为被动语态时候要加上to。
?
带to的动词不定式做宾补的动词主要有:请求允许与建议(ask,allow,advise);期望邀请与鼓励(expect,invite,encourage);教导告诉与想要(teach,tell,want);希望等待与愿意(wish,wait
for
would
like)
eg:I
told
him
not
to
give
up.
我叫他不要放弃。
Do
you
want
me
to
go
there
instead
of
you?
要不要我代你到那儿去?
The
father
allowed
his
son
to
travel
abroad
alone.
父亲答应让他的儿子单独出国旅行。
Language
points
?
动词不定式做宾补,主动语态里不带to,而变为被动语态时候要加上to。多属于感官使役:一注意(notice);一感觉(feel);二听(hear;listen
to);三让(make,have,let);四看(see,look
at,watch,observe观察到)。例如:make/have
sb.
do
sth.
常见的感官使役动词有:
记忆口诀:一感:feel二听:hear,listen
to三让:make,let,have五看:look
at,see,watch,notice,observe
使用口诀:感使动词真奇怪,to在句中象妖怪。主动句里它走开,被动句里它回来。动词let要除外,to词可来可不来。
eg:I
made
him
do
it.
我叫他做这事。
I
saw
him
play
basketball.
我看见他在打篮球
They
had/made
the
girl
clean
the
floor.
他们叫这个女孩打扫地板。
Language
points
4、动词不定式作状语
动词不定式作状语,主要掌握,不定式作目的状语,原因状语和结果状语。
?
目的状语,位于句首或句末,位于句首时表示强调。
eg:I
went
to
town
to
buy
some
books.
我去城里买了一些书
To
make
sure
that
he
was
at
home,I
called
him
up
in
advance.
为了确定他在家,我事先打电话给他。
He
came
to
China
to
learn
Chinese
twenty
years
ago.
他在20年前到中国学中文。
Language
points
?
原因状语,多用于:sb.+be+adj.+to
do……
常用在
glad,sorry,happy,sad,surprised,troubled等与情绪有关的形容词后。
eg:I
am
glad
to
see
him.
我很高兴看到他。
Sue
was
troubled
to
see
trash
everywhere.
苏看到到处是垃圾很苦恼。
Sara
was
excited
to
see
the
rock
band.
莎拉看到摇滚乐团很兴奋。
?
结果状语,多用于“too……to与enough
to……”结构中。
eg:He
lived
to
be
200.
他活到了200岁。
I
am
too
tired
to
study
well.
我太累了而不能学习好
Language
points
5、动词不定式作表语
动词不定式作表语,通常是说明主语的内容是什么,性质,特征等。
eg:His
wish
is
to
be
a
teacher.
他的愿望是当一名老师.
My
dream
is
to
be
a
scientist.
我的梦想是当一名科学家.
Language
points
6、动词不定式作定语
?
主谓关系:被修饰词的名词或代词实际上是不定式的逻辑主语。
eg:We
need
someone
to
help
with
the
work.
=Someone
help
with
the
work.(主谓关系)
我们需要有人帮忙做这项工作。
?
动宾关系:被修饰词的名词或代词实际上是不定式的逻辑动宾。
eg:I
have
many
letters
to
write.
我有许多信要写。
=to
write
many
letters
(动宾关系)
Language
points
?
同位关系:被修饰词的名词实际上是指的同一件事。
eg:I
made
a
plan
to
learn
from
Lei
Feng.
我指定了一个学习雷锋的计划.
?
状语关系:被修饰词的名词实际上是动词不定式动作的方式,时间等,这些名词多是抽象名词
eg:That
is
the
way
to
do
it.
那样做才对。
I
don't
have
time
to
go
there.
我没有时间去那里。
Language
points
7、带疑问词的动词不定式
动词不定式前可与疑问词
[how/what/when/where/which/whose(+名词)]
+动词不定式,意为“应该如何做/何时做/何地做/做哪些事……”。在句子里作主语,宾语,表语等,注意why后的不定式不带to。
eg:I
don't
know
what
to
do
next.
我不知道接下来做什么.(作宾语)
We
haven’t
decided
where
to
go
for
lunch.
(作宾语)
我们还没有决定去哪里午餐。
Where
to
go
is
not
decide
yet.
去哪儿还没有决定。(作主语)

可以单独使用,相当于一个特殊疑问句
eg:What
to
do
next?=
what
will
you
to
do
next?
下一步怎么办?
Why
go
there?=Why
do
you
go
there?
为什么去那里?
Language
points
8、动词不定式难点
不定式与它所修饰的词构成动宾关系,如果不定式是不及物动词的时候,后面必须加上适当的介词。
eg:I'm
looking
for
a
house
to
live
in.
我正在找一个房子住。
I
need
a
piece
of
paper
to
write
on.
我需要一张纸在上面写字。
There's
nothing
to
worry
about.
没什么可担心的。

不定式作定语且修饰的名词是:place
time
或ways时,不定式后的介词要省去。
eg:He
has
no
money
and
no
place
to
live.
他没有钱也没有地方住
Language
points
9、动词不定式的否定形式
不定式的否定式不难理解,就是not/never
to
do……,不带to的不定式是not/never
do……。
eg:He
decided
not
to
play
football.
他决定不去踢足球。
I
told
him
never
to
play
football
in
the
street.
我告诉他不要在街上踢球。
Language
points
10、动词不定式的几个重要知识考点
?
带疑问词的动词不定式(疑问词+to+动词原形)可以和宾语从句互换。
eg:I
don't
know
what
to
do.
=I
don't
know
what
I
should
do.
我不知道应该做什么。
We
don't
know
how
to
solve
this
problem.
=We
don't
know
how
we
can
solve
this
problem.
我们不知道如何解决这个问题。
Language
points
?
不带to的动词不定式变被动语态时,被省略的to需要还原。
eg:They
heard
the
children
sing
that
morning.
那天早上他们听到孩子们唱歌。
→The
children
were
heard
to
sing
that
morning.
The
teacher
made
the
little
boy
stand
in
the
classroom.
老师让那个小男孩站在教室里。
→The
little
was
made
to
stand
in
the
classroom
by
the
teacher.
We
saw
them
play
football
just
now.
我们刚才看见他们踢足球。
→They
were
seen
to
play
football
just
now.
We
often
hear
her
sing
in
English.
我们经常听到她用英语唱歌。
→She
is
often
heard
to
sing
in
English.
Language
points
?
“too…to…”结构常与“so…that…”
和“not……enough
to……”进行转换。
eg:He
is
too
young
to
go
to
school.
他太小了,不能上学。
=He
is
so
young
that
he
can't
to
go
to
school.
(that后为否定句)
=He
is
not
old
enough
to
go
to
school.
(old是young的反义词)
He
is
too
poor
to
buy
it.
他太穷了,以至于买不起这东西。
=He
is
so
poor
that
he
cannot
buy
it.
(that后为否定句)
=He
is
not
rich
enough
to
buy
it.
(rich是poor的反义词)
Language
points
?
Why
don't
you
+动词原形?=Why
not
+不带to的不定式?表示“为什么不……?”
eg:Why
don't
you
ask
your
teacher?
为什么不问你的老师呢?
=Why
not
ask
your
teacher?
Why
don't
you
get
her
a
photo
album?
为什么不给她买个相册呢?
=Why
not
get
her
a
photo
album?
?
had
better
+(not)+不带to的不定式,表示“最好(不)做……”。
eg:You
had
better
not
eat
too
much.
你最好不要吃太多。
You'd
better
not
stay
there
today.
你今天最好别待在那儿。
Language
points
?
Would/Could/Will
you
please+不带to的不定式?
建示“你能……吗?”
eg:Would
you
please
wait
for
me?你能等我一下吗?
Will
you
please
close
the
door?你能把门关上吗?
?
prefer
to
do
sth.
rather
than
do
sth.
表示“宁愿做某事而不愿做某事”。
eg:I
prefer
to
stay
at
home
rather
than
go
shopping.
我宁愿待在家里也不愿去购物。
I
prefer
to
play
basketball
rather
than
go
fishing.
我宁愿打篮球也不愿去钓鱼。
Language
points
三、动名词
动名词是由“动词原形+-ing”构成的,但是它不是表示正在做,而只是表示“做……”这件事!“动词原形+-ing”有两种叫法,如果呈现的是名词词性就叫“动名词”,呈现的形容词、副词词性时就叫“分词”。动名词的构成和现在分词一样,但功能完全不同,动名词具有名词的功能,又保留了动词的性质。分词具有形容词、副词的功能且保留了动词的性质。因此动名词在句中作主语、宾语、表语、定语等。
1、动名词作主语
?
动名词作主语,谓语动词一般用三单形式。
eg:Reading
is
an
art.
读书是一种艺术。
Climbing
mountains
is
really
fun.
爬山真是有趣。
Language
points
?
动名词作主语,在动词的基础上加-ing,使该动词或动词短语,有名词的各种特征,可作名词使用。
eg:It
is
fun
playing
with
children.
和孩子们一起玩真好。
There
is
no
joking
about
such
matters.
对这种事情不是开玩笑。
?
动名词作主语的几种类型

直接位于句首做主语。
eg:Swimming
is
a
good
sport
in
summer.
游泳是夏天的一项好运动。

用it作形式主语,把动名词(真实主语)置于句尾作后置主语。动名词做主语时,不太常用it作先行主语,多见于某些形容词及名词之后。
eg:It
is
no
use
telling
him
not
to
worry.
告诉他不要担心是没有用的。
注意:常见的能用于这种结构的形容词还有:better,wonderful,enjoyable,interesting,foolish,difficult,useless,senseless,worthwhile等。important,essential,necessary等形容词不能用于上述结构。
Language
points

用于“There
be”结构中。
eg:There
is
no
saying
when
he'll
come.
很难说他何时回来。

用于布告形式的省略结构中。
eg:No
smoking
(
=No
smoking
is
allowed
(here)
).
禁止吸烟
No
parking.
(禁止停车)
Language
points
2、动名词作宾语
?
作动词的宾语
eg:I
enjoy
singing.我喜欢唱歌。
He
always
avoids
offending
others.
他总是避免冒犯别人。
My
brother
enjoys
dancing
disco.
我弟弟喜欢跳迪斯科。
She
always
advises
saying
quietly.
她经常建议小声说话。
?
作介词的宾语
eg:The
rain
prevented
us
from
completing
the
work.
下雨妨碍我们完成工作。
I
know
who
is
responsible
for
breaking
the
window.
我知道窗户是谁打破的。
We
are
thinking
of
making
a
new
plan
for
the
next
term.
我们正考虑为下学期制定新的计划。
Shall
we
have
a
rest
or
get
down
to
doing
our
work?
我们休息呢还是开始干活?
On
leaving
school,he
went
into
business.
一离开学校,他就投身到商业中去了。
Language
points
补充:下列动词和词组只能用动词-ing形式作宾语。
enjoy喜欢
consider
考虑
escape逃脱
give
up放弃
risk冒险
deny否认
object
to
反对
imagine
想像
delay耽误
put
off推迟
advise建议
allow允许
admit承认
permit允许
finish完成
suggest
建议
practise练习
avoid避免
mind介意
keep
(on)继续
miss错过
be
good
at擅长
be
used
to习惯于
can't
help忍不住
Language
points
3、动名词作表语
多数情况下动名词作表语可转换成作主语,但分词不转换成作主语
eg:Her
hobby
is
reading
novels.
=Reading
novels
is
her
hobby.她的业余爱好是看小说。
One
of
the
best
exercises
is
swimming.
游泳是最好的运动项目之一。
His
favourite
sport
is
hiking.
他最喜欢的体育项目是徒步旅行。
My
job
is
playing
all
kinds
of
musical
instruments.
我的工作是演奏各种乐器。
Language
points
4、动名词作定语
动名词作定语,说明被修饰词的性质、特征或用途。
eg:He
may
be
in
the
reading
room.
他可能在阅览室里。
They
set
up
an
operating
table.
他们搭起一个手术台。
I
often
go
swimming(分词做状语)
in
the
swimming(动名词做定语)
pool
near
my
home.
我经常去我家附近的游泳池游泳。
Language
points
四、分词
分词分为现在分词和过去分词两种。现在分词通常由“动词原形+-ing”构成,有主动、进行之意;过去分词通常由“动词原形+-ed”构成,有被动、完成之意。注意现在分词和过去分词也有不规则变化形式。不管是现在分词还是过去分词,都呈现的是形容词、副词词性,因此分词在句中作表语、定语、状语、宾补等。
一般来说,不定式所表示的动作发生在谓语动词所表示的动作之后;现在分词所表示的动作与谓语动词所表示的动作同时发生;过去分词表示的动作发生在谓语动词所表示的动作之前。
Language
points
1、分词作定语
分词具有形容词的性质,因此可以在句中作定语,作定语时可以分成两种情况:单个分词修饰名词,常前置;如果是分词短语修饰名词,则常后置。
?
现在分词做定语
eg:Do
you
know
the
boy
standing
at
the
door?
(后置)
你认识站在门口的那个男孩吗?
→Do
you
know
the
boy
who
is
standing
at
the
door?
A
developing
country
needs
to
change.
发展中国家需要改变。(前置)
→A
country
that/which
is
developing
needs
to
change.
They
lived
in
a
house
facing
the
south.
(后置)
他们住在一所朝南的房子里。
→They
lived
in
a
house
that
faced
the
south.
The
man
wearing
a
red
tie
is
our
head.
(后置)
戴红领带的那个人是我们的头。
→The
man
who
wears
a
red
tie
is
our
head.
Language
points
?
过去分词做定语
eg:The
broken
window
was
repaired
this
morning.
(前置)
打破的窗户今天早上修好了。
→The
window
that/which
was
broken
this
morning
was
repaired.
He
is
a
man
loved
and
respected
by
all.
(后置)
他是一个被所有人所爱和尊敬的人。
→He
is
a
man
who
is
loved
and
respected
by
all.
Language
points
补充:现在分词作定语与动名词作定语的区别。

现在分词作定语时可以位于名词之前,也可以位于名词之后作后置定语。
eg:We
need
to
keep
up
with
the
fast
changing
world.
(前置)
我们需要跟上快速变化的世界。
The
girl
singing
in
the
next
room
is
my
friend.
(后置)
在隔壁房间唱歌的女孩是我的朋友。

现在分词一般表示所修饰的名词,表示该名词的动作,而动名词表示该名词用途,目的等。
eg:现在分词:a
flying
bird
飞行的鸟
a
swimming
boy
正在游泳的男孩
动名词:waiting
room
候车室
a
swimming
suit
泳衣
Language
points
2、分词作表语
现在分词表示主语的性质、特征;过去分词表示主语处于某种状态。
eg:The
situation
is
encouraging.
形势令人鼓舞。
The
boy
is
too
excited
to
say
a
word.
男孩激动得说不出话来。
The
door
remained
unlocked.
门仍然没锁。
补充:?
如何区分现在分词作表语与进行时态

现在分词作表语主要用于说明主语的性质或特征。
eg:The
idea
was
so
exciting.
这想法是那样激动人心。
His
story
was
simply
amazing.
他的故事简直令人吃惊。
The
present
situation
is
terrifying.
目前形势令人惊恐。

动词的进行时态表示动作正在进行。
eg:They
are
repairing
the
bridge.
他们正在修桥。
I
am
looking
for
my
glasses.
我正在找我的眼镜。
This
question
is
being
discussed
at
the
meeting.
这个问题正在会上讨论。
Language
points
?
如何区分过去分词作表语与被动语态

过去分词作表语表示主语的特点或所处的状态,被动语态则表示一个被动的动作。
eg:The
cup
is
broken.
杯子是破的。(过去分词表状态)
The
cup
was
broken
by
my
brother.
(被动语态表动作)
这个杯子是我弟弟打破的。

过去分词作表语除用于系动词be后面外,还可用于get,become,grow,turn等词后面,而被动语态没有此种用法。
eg:We
became/got
excited.
我们变得兴奋起来。(√)
We
were
excited
by
the
news.
听到这个消息我们很兴奋。(√)
We
became/got
excited
by
the
news.
(×)
Language
points
?
分词作表语与动名词作表语的区别
虽然现在分词和动名词都可以作表语,但意义上也是有区别的。现在分词作表语相当于形容词作表语,而动名词作表语则相当于名词作表语。
eg:The
job
is
tiring.
这工作很累人。
(现在分词作表语)
The
street
there
is
disgusting.
(现在分词作表语)
那里的街道令人恶心。
He
hobby
is
painting.
他的爱好是画画。
(动名词作表语)
One
of
her
duties
is
keeping
the
files.
(动名词作表语)
她的职责之一是管理档案。
Language
points
3、分词作宾语补足语
分词作宾语补足语时,若宾语与分词之间是主动关系,则用现在分词表示主动;如果宾语与分词之间是被动关系,则用过去分词表示被动。
eg:He
was
heard
singing
in
the
next
room.
有人听见他在隔壁房间唱歌。
(主语he与补足语“唱歌”之间是主动关系,故用现在分词singing)
One
of
the
glasses
was
found
broken.
发现一只玻璃杯坏了。
(主语one
of
the
glasses与补足语“打破”之间是被动关系,故用过去分词broken)
Don't
leave
the
water
running
while
you
brush
your
teeth.
刷牙时不要让水流淌。
(宾语the
water与补足语“淌”之间是主动关系,故用现在分词running)
Language
points
?
感官动词feel,hear,listen
to,see,watch,notice,observe,look
at(一感二听五看)及find等既可以接现在分词又可以接过去分词充当补足语。
eg:If
you
wave
your
book
in
front
of
your
face,
you
can
feel
the
air
moving
against
your
face.
如果你在脸前挥舞你的书,你能感觉到空气在你脸上移动。
The
air
can
be
felt
moving
against
your
face,
if
you
wave
your
book
in
front
of
your
face.
如果你在脸前挥动你的书,可以感觉到空气在你的脸上移动。
The
next
morning
she
found
the
man
lying
in
bed,
dead.
第二天早上,她发现那个男人躺在床上,已经死了。
The
next
morning
the
man
was
found
lying
in
bed,
dead.
第二天早上,人们发现那人躺在床上,已经死了。
Language
points
?
表示“致使”动词get,have,leave等既可以接现在分词又可以接过去分词充当补足语。
eg:-Good
morning.
Can
I
help
you?
早上好,
有什么能为您效劳?
-I’d
like
to
have
the
package
weighed,
madam.
夫人,我想称一下包裹的重量。
?
表示“意欲;命令”的动词如like,want,wish,order等常接过去分词充当补足语。
eg:You
must
tell
us
exactly
what
you
would
like
done.
你必须准确地告诉我们该做什么。
The
father
wants
his
daughter
taught
the
piano.
这位父亲想让女儿学钢琴。
I
wish
it
done
quickly.
我希望很快将此事做完。
Language
points
4、分词作状语
在英语中,分词主要有两种:现在分词和过去分词。在句子中作状语的时候,可以用来表示目的状语、时间状语、条件状语、原因状语、结果状语、方式状语、让步状语、伴随状语等。分词作状语的原则,其逻辑主语必须和句子的主语保持一致。
eg:Finishing
doing
his
homework,
the
boy
played
football.(时间状语)
做完作业,男孩踢足球。
Given
a
difficult
maths
problem,
I
will
think
it
over
and
solve
it.
给一道数学难题,我会仔细考虑并解决它。(时间状语)
Getting
hurt
badly
in
the
match,
he
has
to
stay
at
home.
(原因状语)
因为他在比赛中受了重伤,只好呆在家里。
Taken
good
care
of,
the
old
man
is
living
a
happy
life.
(原因状语)
因为照顾得好,所以老人过着幸福的生活。
Language
points
eg:I
want
to
go
shopping
this
Sunday.
这个星期天我想去购物。(目的状语)
My
father
went
fishing
with
a
dog.
我父亲和一条狗去钓鱼。(目的状语)
Working
hard,
you
will
succeed.
努力工作,你会成功的。(条件状语)
Given
a
few
minutes,
I
will
finish
it.
(条件状语)
再给我几分钟,我就做完。
Her
husband
died,
leaving
her
with
two
sons.
(结果状语)
她丈夫死了,留下两个儿子。
I
went
home,
finding
the
door
locked.
(结果状语)
我回了家,结果发现门锁了。
The
boy
went
to
school,
taking
a
bus.
(方式状语)
那男孩坐公共汽车去上学。
Jack
came
here,
running.
杰克跑过来。(方式状语)
Language
points
eg:Having
lived
in
America
for
three
years,
he
can't
speak
English
well.
尽管在美国住了三年,他还是说不好英语。(让步状语)
Explained
many
time,
he
still
couldn't
understand.
(让步状语)
尽管解释了很多次,他还是不明白。
The
old
man
often
takes
a
walk,
followed
by
his
dog.
(伴随状语)
这位老人经常散步,后面跟着他的狗。
He
stood
there,
watching
the
children
playing
games.
(伴随状语)
他站在那里,看着孩子们玩游戏。
Language
points
六、非谓语其他知识考点
1、动名词作宾语与不定式作宾语的区别
一般来说,接to
do作宾语的动作时间发生在“谓语动词之后,是将来的事情”,一般都是单一动作;接doing作宾语的动作时间发生在“以谓语动词为核心,向前后延伸,一般都是过去发生的动作一直持续的事情”,一般都是重复、持续的动作。
Language
points
?
只能接不定式作宾语。
只能接不定式做宾语的这类动词通常用来表明意图、强调态度、展示能力,宾语的动作一般都发生在谓语动词之后。接不定式的常见动词:want,like,wish,hate,prefer,hope,continue,manage,try,ask,offer(主动提出),start,forget,promise,mean,pretend(假装),intend(打算),begin,attempt(试图),decide,learn,desire(渴望),agree,care,choose,determine(查明),expect等。
eg:Some
students
hate
to
study
English.
有些学生不喜欢研读英语。
He
likes
to
go
to
the
movie.
他喜欢去看电影。
She
wants
to
help
Mary.
她想要帮助玛丽。
She
pretended
not
to
go.
她假装不去。
Language
points
?
只能接动名词作宾语。
只能接动名词作宾语的这类动词,宾语的动作一般都发生在“以谓语动词为核心,向前后延伸,一般都是过去发生的动作一直持续的事情”,一般都是重复、持续的动作。接不定式的常见动词:mind,finish,enjoy,suggest,consider,miss,keep(on),avoid(避开;躲开),stand(忍受),allow
,practice,give
up,put
off,look
forward
to(期待;期望),feel
like(想要),prevent…from…(阻止),can't
help(禁不住),be/get
used
to,be
worth
doing,be
busy
doing等。
eg:His
wife
doesn't
allow
smoking
inside
the
room
and
often
advised
him
to
give
up
smoking.
他的妻子不允许在房间里吸烟,经常劝他戒烟。
I'm
looking
forward
to
hearing
from
you
soon.
She
doesn't
feel
like
eating
anything,
being
ill
for
a
few
days.
Language
points
?
有些词后面既可以接不定式,也可接动名词,但其意义有很大区别

remember
to
do
sth.
记住要做某事(未做)
remember
doing
sth.
记得做过某事(已做)
eg:Remember
to
close
the
door,
please.
记着关门.
I
remember
closing
the
door.
我记得关了门了.

forget
to
do
sth.
忘记去做某事(未做)
forget
doing
sth.
忘记做过某事(已做)
eg:The
light
in
the
office
is
still
on.
He
forgot
to
turn
it
off.
办公室的灯还在亮着,
他忘记关了.
He
forgot
turning
the
light
off.
他忘记他已经关了灯了.
Language
points

regret
to
do
sth.
遗憾要做某事(未做)
regret
doing
sth.
后悔/抱歉做过某事(已做)
eg:I
regret
to
tell
you
that
you
can't
pass
the
examination.
我很遗憾地通知你你不能通过这次考试.
I
regret
disturbing
yo
so
long.
我很抱歉打扰了你那么久.

try
to
do
sth.
努力做某事
try
doing
sth.
尝试做某事
eg:He
didn’t
try
to
do
it.
他不肯努力去干
She
tried
washing
her
hair
with
a
new
shampoo.
她试着用一种新的香波洗头发。
Language
points

mean
to
do
sth.
计划做某事
mean
doing
sth.
意味着做某事
eg:I
meant
to
go,
but
my
father
would
not
allow
me
to.
我想去,但是我父亲不肯让我去。
Doing
that
means
wasting
time.
那样做意味着浪费时间。

can’t
help
to
do
sth.
不能帮助做某事
can’t
help
doing
sth.
情不自禁做某事
eg:I
can't
help
to
do
such
stupid
thing.
我不能帮着做这样愚蠢的事。
The
movie
is
so
funny.
I
can't
help
laughing!
这部电影如此搞笑。我情不自禁地笑了。
Language
points

go
on
to
do
sth.
继续做另一件事
go
on
doing
sth.
继续做同一件事
eg:He
went
on
doing
his
homework
in
his
room
after
supper.
晚饭后他继续在自己的房间里做家庭作业。
After
finishing
his
homework,
he
went
on
to
read
the
text.
写完家庭作业后,他又继续读课文。

stop
to
do
sth.
停下来去做另一件事
stop
doing
sth.
停下正在做的事情
eg:The
two
girls
stopped
talking
when
they
saw
me.
那两个女孩一见到我就停止了讲话。
The
two
girls
stopped
to
talk
to
me
when
they
saw
me.
这两个女孩一看到我就停下来和我讲话
Language
points
2、-ing形式和-ed形式形容词的用法
-ed形式的形容词,一般用来形容人的感受,表示“感到……的”,主语通常是人。-ing形式的形容词,一般用来形容事或物本身具有的性质,也可表示某物让人具有的某种感觉,表示“令人……的”,主语通常是物。
eg:I’m
interested
in
interesting
people.
我对有趣的人感兴趣。
They
were
excited
about
the
exciting
news.
他们对这个令人兴奋的消息很兴奋。
I’m
bored
with
what
he
said.
我对他说的话厌烦极了。
I
find
the
story
very
boring.
我发现这个故事很无聊。
Language
points
常见的-ed形式和-ing形式的形容词有:
excited/exciting
兴奋
interested/interesting
有趣
relaxed/relaxing
放松
surprised/surprising
惊讶
amazed/amazing
惊奇
frightened/frightening惊吓
disappointing/disappointed
失望
tiring/tired
疲劳
pleasing/pleased
高兴
satisfying/satisfied
满意
worrying
/worried
担心
boring/bored乏味,无聊
https://www.21cnjy.com/help/help_extract.php中小学教育资源及组卷应用平台
人教版九年级中考英语总复习语法专题
非谓语动词讲义
一、非谓语动词概述
一个简单句本来只有一个主要动词(一个谓语),如果出现了两个或以上动词,那么另外的动词就要变形,改变外形的动词称为“非谓语动词”。如:“write写”是动词,可用作主要动词,但是添加符号-ing和to后,形成writing和to
write就不再是动词了,就变成了名词、形容词、副词三重词性了。to
write就叫做“不定式”,而writing有两种叫法,如果呈现的是名词词性就叫“动名词”,呈现的形容词、副词词性时就叫“分词”。分词又分为现在分词和过去分词两种。现在分词通常由“动词原形+-ing”构成,有主动、进行之意;过去分词通常由“动词原形+-ed”构成,有被动、完成之意,现在分词和过去分词都有不规则变化形式。不管是现在分词还是过去分词,都呈现的是形容词、副词词性。
“动名词”字面意思就是动词变成了名词,因而动名词具备名词词性。分词的“分”表示区分,区分事物就需要用形容词、副词对其修饰,因而分词同时具备形容词、副词双重词性。不定式中的“不定”即不稳定,同时具备名词、形容词、副词三种词性就是词性不稳定的体现。
谓语动词
非谓语动词
原形
不定式
动名词
分词
watch
to
watch
watching
watching
动词
名词、形容词、副词
名词
形容词、副词
谓语
主语、宾语、表语、
定语、状语、补语。
主语、宾语、
表语、定语、
表语、定语、
状语、宾补。
eg:He
lives
in
Shanghai.
他住在上海。(live为谓语动词)
He
wants
to
live
in
Shanghai.
他想住在上海。(want谓语动词,to
live非谓语动词)
The
girl
to
live
in
Shanghai
is
my
sister.(is谓语动词,to
live非谓语动词)
住在上海的女孩是我妹妹。
Swimming
is
a
good
form
of
exercise.
(非谓语动词作名词成分,动名词充当主语)
游泳是一种很好的运动。
Reading
and
writing
are
necessary
skills.
(非谓语动词作名词成分,动名词充当主语)
读和写是必备的技能。
I
enjoy
playing
football.
他喜欢踢足球。(非谓语动词作名词成分,动名词充当宾语)
I
like
doing
research.
我喜欢做研究工作。(非谓语动词作名词成分,动名词充当宾语)
I
often
go
swimming(分词做状语)
in
the
swimming(动名词做定语)
pool
near
my
home.
我经常去我家附近的游泳池游泳。
二、动词不定式
动词不定式是由“to+动词原形”构成的,否定形式为“not
to+动词原形”构成的,这里的to没有词义,只是为了构成不定式的一种符号,是非谓语动词形式的一种,动词不定式具有名词、形容词、副词词性,所以动词不定式除了不能作谓语以外,其他成分都可以作,因此,在句中可以作主语、表语、宾语、定语、状语和补足语。
1、动词不定式作主语
这种情况一般要改成it作形式主语的形式,后接不定式,为了避免头重脚轻。
?
“It
is+形容词+for
sb.+to
do
sth.”意为“做某事对某人来说是……的”,此句中的形容词多为描述性的词语,不对人或物的品格进行评价。如difficult,easy,hard,important,dangerous,impossible等。
eg:To
learn
English
is
very
important
for
me
对我来说学英语很重要。
=It
is
very
important
for
me
to
learn
English.
For
you
to
make
more
friends
is
a
good
plan.
广交朋友是个好办法。
=
It's
a
good
plan
for
you
to
make
more
friends.
?
“It
is+形容词+of
sb.+to
do
sth.”意为“做某事对某人来说是……的”。此句中的形容词用于描述人的性格、品质。如:kind,good,nice,right,wrong,clever,careless,polite,foolish等。
eg:It
was
stupid
of
him
to
press
the
emergency
button.
他按了紧急按钮,这真愚蠢。
2、动词不定式作宾语
?
“谓语动词+动词不定式”,此类动词很多,这些动词通常用来表明意图、强调态度、展示能力。常见的有:want,like,wish,hate,prefer,hope,continue,manage,try,ask,offer(主动提出),start,forget,promise,mean,pretend(假装),intend(打算),begin,attempt(试图),decide,learn,desire(渴望),agree,care,choose,determine(查明),undertake(承担,承诺),expect等
eg:Some
students
hate
to
study
English.
有些学生不喜欢研读英语。
He
likes
to
go
to
the
movie.
他喜欢去看电影。
She
wants
to
help
Mary.
她想要帮助玛丽。
She
pretended
not
to
go.
她假装不去。
?
另外tell,advise,show,teach,find
out,decide,discuss,learn,forget,know,explain等动词(短语),常跟“疑问词+不定式”作宾语。
eg:Please
teach
me
how
to
play
the
piano.
请教我怎么弹钢琴。
No
one
could
tell
me
where
to
get
the
book.
没有人能告诉我去哪里得到这本书。
?
find,think,feel等动词可用于“动词+it+adj./n.+to
do
sth.”句型,其中it作形式宾语,动词不定式为真正的宾语。
eg:I
think
it
necessary
for
us
to
have
a
good
rest
after
the
boring
work.
我认为对我们来说,在烦闷的工作之后好好休息是有必要的。
She
felt
it
her
duty
to
help
the
old
man.
她觉得帮助这个老人是她的责任。
3、动词不定式作宾语补足语
动词不定式做宾语补足语可以分为两种情况,一种是,带to的动词不定式做宾补,另一种是,主动语态里不带to,而变为被动语态时候要加上to。
?
带to的动词不定式做宾补的动词主要有:请求允许与建议(ask,allow,advise);期望邀请与鼓励(expect,invite,encourage);教导告诉与想要(teach,tell,want);希望等待与愿意(wish,wait
for
would
like)
eg:I
told
him
not
to
give
up.
我叫他不要放弃。
Do
you
want
me
to
go
there
instead
of
you?
要不要我代你到那儿去?
The
father
allowed
his
son
to
travel
abroad
alone.
父亲答应让他的儿子单独出国旅行。
?
动词不定式做宾补,主动语态里不带to,而变为被动语态时候要加上to。多属于感官使役:一注意(notice);一感觉(feel);二听(hear;listen
to);三让(make,have,let);四看(see,look
at,watch,observe观察到)。例如:make/have
sb.
do
sth.
常见的感官使役动词有:
记忆口诀:一感:feel
二听:hear,listen
to
三让:make,let,have
五看:look
at,see,watch,notice,observe
使用口诀:感使动词真奇怪,
to在句中象妖怪。
主动句里它走开,
被动句里它回来。
动词let要除外,
to词可来可不来。
eg:I
made
him
do
it.
我叫他做这事。
I
saw
him
play
basketball.
我看见他在打篮球
They
had/made
the
girl
clean
the
floor.
他们叫这个女孩打扫地板。
4、动词不定式作状语
动词不定式作状语,主要掌握,不定式作目的状语,原因状语和结果状语。
?
目的状语,位于句首或句末,位于句首时表示强调。
eg:I
went
to
town
to
buy
some
books.
我去城里买了一些书
To
make
sure
that
he
was
at
home,I
called
him
up
in
advance.
为了确定他在家,我事先打电话给他。
He
came
to
China
to
learn
Chinese
twenty
years
ago.
他在20年前到中国学中文。
?
原因状语,多用于:sb.+be+adj.+to
do……
常用在
glad,sorry,happy,sad,surprised,troubled等与情绪有关的形容词后。
eg:I
am
glad
to
see
him.
我很高兴看到他。
Sue
was
troubled
to
see
trash
everywhere.
苏看到到处是垃圾很苦恼。
Sara
was
excited
to
see
the
rock
band.
莎拉看到摇滚乐团很兴奋。
?
结果状语,多用于“too……to与enough
to……”结构中。
eg:He
lived
to
be
200.
他活到了200岁。
I
am
too
tired
to
study
well.
我太累了而不能学习好
5、动词不定式作表语
动词不定式作表语,通常是说明主语的内容是什么,性质,特征等。
eg:His
wish
is
to
be
a
teacher.
他的愿望是当一名老师.
My
dream
is
to
be
a
scientist.
我的梦想是当一名科学家.
6、动词不定式作定语
?
主谓关系:被修饰词的名词或代词实际上是不定式的逻辑主语。
eg:We
need
someone
to
help
with
the
work.
我们需要有人帮忙做这项工作。
=Someone
help
with
the
work.(主谓关系)
?
动宾关系:被修饰词的名词或代词实际上是不定式的逻辑动宾。
eg:I
have
many
letters
to
write.
我有许多信要写。
=to
write
many
letters
(动宾关系)
?
同位关系:被修饰词的名词实际上是指的同一件事。
eg:I
made
a
plan
to
learn
from
Lei
Feng.
我指定了一个学习雷锋的计划.
?
状语关系:被修饰词的名词实际上是动词不定式动作的方式,时间等,这些名词多是抽象名词
eg:That
is
the
way
to
do
it.
那样做才对。
I
don't
have
time
to
go
there.
我没有时间去那里。
7、带疑问词的动词不定式
动词不定式前可与疑问词
[how/what/when/where/which/whose(+名词)]
+动词不定式,意为“应该如何做/何时做/何地做/做哪些事……”。在句子里作主语,宾语,表语等,注意why后的不定式不带to。
eg:I
don't
know
what
to
do
next.
我不知道接下来做什么.(作宾语)
We
haven’t
decided
where
to
go
for
lunch.
我们还没有决定去哪里午餐。(作宾语)
Where
to
go
is
not
decide
yet.
去哪儿还没有决定。(作主语)

可以单独使用,相当于一个特殊疑问句
eg:What
to
do
next?=
what
will
you
to
do
next?
下一步怎么办?
Why
go
there?=Why
do
you
go
there?
为什么去那里?
8、动词不定式难点
不定式与它所修饰的词构成动宾关系,如果不定式是不及物动词的时候,后面必须加上适当的介词。
eg:I'm
looking
for
a
house
to
live
in.
我正在找一个房子住。
I
need
a
piece
of
paper
to
write
on.
我需要一张纸在上面写字。
There's
nothing
to
worry
about.
没什么可担心的。

不定式作定语且修饰的名词是:place
time
或ways时,不定式后的介词要省去。
eg:He
has
no
money
and
no
place
to
live.
他没有钱也没有地方住
动词不定式的否定形式
不定式的否定式不难理解,就是not/never
to
do……,不带to的不定式是not/never
do……。
eg:He
decided
not
to
play
football.
他决定不去踢足球。
I
told
him
never
to
play
football
in
the
street.我告诉他不要在街上踢球。
10、动词不定式的几个重要知识考点
?
带疑问词的动词不定式(疑问词+to+动词原形)可以和宾语从句互换。
eg:I
don't
know
what
to
do.
=1
don't
know
what
I
should
do.
我不知道应该做什么。
We
don't
know
how
to
solve
this
problem.
=We
don't
know
how
we
can
solve
this
problem.
我们不知道如何解决这个问题。
?
不带to的动词不定式变被动语态时,被省略的to需要还原。
eg:They
heard
the
children
sing
that
morning.
那天早上他们听到孩子们唱歌。
→The
children
were
heard
to
sing
that
morning.
The
teacher
made
the
little
boy
stand
in
the
classroom.
老师让那个小男孩站在教室里。
→The
little
was
made
to
stand
in
the
classroom
by
the
teacher.
We
saw
them
play
football
just
now.
我们刚才看见他们踢足球。
→They
were
seen
to
play
football
just
now.
We
often
hear
her
sing
in
English.
我们经常听到她用英语唱歌。
→She
is
often
heard
to
sing
in
English.
?
“too…to…”结构常与“so…that…”
和“not……enough
to……”进行转换。
eg:He
is
too
young
to
go
to
school.
他太小了,不能上学。
=He
is
so
young
that
he
can't
to
go
to
school.
(that后为否定句)
=He
is
not
old
enough
to
go
to
school.
(old是young的反义词)
He
is
too
poor
to
buy
it.
他太穷了,以至于买不起这东西。
=He
is
so
poor
that
he
cannot
buy
it.
(that后为否定句)
=He
is
not
rich
enough
to
buy
it.
(rich是poor的反义词)
?
Why
don't
you
+动词原形?=Why
not
+不带to的不定式?表示“为什么不……?”
eg:Why
don't
you
ask
your
teacher?
为什么不问你的老师呢?
=Why
not
ask
your
teacher?
Why
don't
you
get
her
a
photo
album?
为什么不给她买个相册呢?
=Why
not
get
her
a
photo
album?
?
had
better
+(not)+不带to的不定式,表示“最好(不)做……”。
eg:You
had
better
not
eat
too
much.
你最好不要吃太多。
You'd
better
not
stay
there
today.
你今天最好别待在那儿。
?
Would/Could/Will
you
please+不带to的不定式?
建示“你能……吗?”
eg:Would
you
please
wait
for
me?你能等我一下吗?
Will
you
please
close
the
door?你能把门关上吗?
?
prefer
to
do
sth.
rather
than
do
sth.
表示“宁愿做某事而不愿做某事”。
eg:I
prefer
to
stay
at
home
rather
than
go
shopping.
我宁愿待在家里也不愿去购物。
I
prefer
to
play
basketball
rather
than
go
fishing.
我宁愿打篮球也不愿去钓鱼。
三、动名词
动名词是由“动词原形+-ing”构成的,但是它不是表示正在做,而只是表示“做……”这件事!“动词原形+-ing”有两种叫法,如果呈现的是名词词性就叫“动名词”,呈现的形容词、副词词性时就叫“分词”。动名词的构成和现在分词一样,但功能完全不同,动名词具有名词的功能,又保留了动词的性质。分词具有形容词、副词的功能且保留了动词的性质。因此动名词在句中作主语、宾语、表语、定语等。
1、动名词作主语
?
动名词作主语,谓语动词一般用三单形式。
eg:Reading
is
an
art.
读书是一种艺术。
Climbing
mountains
is
really
fun.
爬山真是有趣。
?
动名词作主语,在动词的基础上加-ing,使该动词或动词短语,有名词的各种特征,可作名词使用。
eg:It
is
fun
playing
with
children.
和孩子们一起玩真好。
There
is
no
joking
about
such
matters.
对这种事情不是开玩笑。
?
动名词作主语的几种类型

直接位于句首做主语。
eg:Swimming
is
a
good
sport
in
summer.
游泳是夏天的一项好运动。

用it作形式主语,把动名词(真实主语)置于句尾作后置主语。动名词做主语时,不太常用it作先行主语,多见于某些形容词及名词之后。
eg:It
is
no
use
telling
him
not
to
worry.
告诉他不要担心是没有用的。
注意:常见的能用于这种结构的形容词还有:better,wonderful,enjoyable,interesting,foolish,difficult,useless,senseless,worthwhile等。important,essential,necessary等形容词不能用于上述结构。

用于“There
be”结构中。
eg:There
is
no
saying
when
he'll
come.
很难说他何时回来。

用于布告形式的省略结构中。
eg:No
smoking
(
=No
smoking
is
allowed
(here)
).
禁止吸烟
No
parking.
(禁止停车)
2、动名词作宾语
?
作动词的宾语
eg:I
enjoy
singing.我喜欢唱歌。
He
always
avoids
offending
others.
他总是避免冒犯别人。
My
brother
enjoys
dancing
disco.
我弟弟喜欢跳迪斯科。
She
always
advises
saying
quietly.
她经常建议小声说话。
?
作介词的宾语
eg:The
rain
prevented
us
from
completing
the
work.
下雨妨碍我们完成工作。
I
know
who
is
responsible
for
breaking
the
window.
我知道窗户是谁打破的。
We
are
thinking
of
making
a
new
plan
for
the
next
term.
我们正考虑为下学期制定新的计划。
Shall
we
have
a
rest
or
get
down
to
doing
our
work?
我们休息呢还是开始干活?
On
leaving
school,he
went
into
business.
一离开学校,他就投身到商业中去了。
补充:下列动词和词组只能用动词-ing形式作宾语。
enjoy喜欢
consider
考虑
escape逃脱
give
up放弃
risk冒险
deny否认
object
to
反对
imagine
想像
delay耽误
put
off推迟
advise建议
allow允许
admit承认
permit允许
finish完成
suggest
建议
practise练习
avoid避免
mind介意
keep
(on)继续
miss错过
be
good
at擅长
be
used
to习惯于
can't
help忍不住
3、动名词作表语
多数情况下动名词作表语可转换成作主语,但分词不转换成作主语
eg:Her
hobby
is
reading
novels.
=Reading
novels
is
her
hobby.她的业余爱好是看小说。
One
of
the
best
exercises
is
swimming.
游泳是最好的运动项目之一。
His
favourite
sport
is
hiking.
他最喜欢的体育项目是徒步旅行。
My
job
is
playing
all
kinds
of
musical
instruments.
我的工作是演奏各种乐器。
4、动名词作定语
动名词作定语,说明被修饰词的性质、特征或用途。
eg:He
may
be
in
the
reading
room.
他可能在阅览室里。
They
set
up
an
operating
table.
他们搭起一个手术台。
I
often
go
swimming(分词做状语)
in
the
swimming(动名词做定语)
pool
near
my
home.
我经常去我家附近的游泳池游泳。
四、分词
分词分为现在分词和过去分词两种。现在分词通常由“动词原形+-ing”构成,有主动、进行之意;过去分词通常由“动词原形+-ed”构成,有被动、完成之意。注意现在分词和过去分词也有不规则变化形式。不管是现在分词还是过去分词,都呈现的是形容词、副词词性,因此分词在句中作表语、定语、状语、宾补等。
一般来说,不定式所表示的动作发生在谓语动词所表示的动作之后;现在分词所表示的动作与谓语动词所表示的动作同时发生;过去分词表示的动作发生在谓语动词所表示的动作之前。
1、分词作定语
分词具有形容词的性质,因此可以在句中作定语,作定语时可以分成两种情况:单个分词修饰名词,常前置;如果是分词短语修饰名词,则常后置。
?
现在分词做定语
eg:Do
you
know
the
boy
standing
at
the
door?
你认识站在门口的那个男孩吗?(后置)
→Do
you
know
the
boy
who
is
standing
at
the
door?
A
developing
country
needs
to
change.
发展中国家需要改变。(前置)
→A
country
that/which
is
developing
needs
to
change.
They
lived
in
a
house
facing
the
south.
他们住在一所朝南的房子里。(后置)
→They
lived
in
a
house
that
faced
the
south.
The
man
wearing
a
red
tie
is
our
head.
戴红领带的那个人是我们的头。(后置)
→The
man
who
wears
a
red
tie
is
our
head.
?
过去分词做定语
eg:The
broken
window
was
repaired
this
morning.
打破的窗户今天早上修好了。(前置)
→The
window
that/which
was
broken
this
morning
was
repaired.
He
is
a
man
loved
and
respected
by
all.
他是一个被所有人所爱和尊敬的人。(后置)
→He
is
a
man
who
is
loved
and
respected
by
all.
补充:现在分词作定语与动名词作定语的区别。

现在分词作定语时可以位于名词之前,也可以位于名词之后作后置定语。
eg:We
need
to
keep
up
with
the
fast
changing
world.
我们需要跟上快速变化的世界。(前置)
The
girl
singing
in
the
next
room
is
my
friend.
在隔壁房间唱歌的女孩是我的朋友。(后置)

现在分词一般表示所修饰的名词,表示该名词的动作,而动名词表示该名词用途,目的等。
eg:现在分词:a
flying
bird
飞行的鸟
a
swimming
boy
正在游泳的男孩
动名词:waiting
room
候车室
a
swimming
suit
泳衣
2、分词作表语
现在分词表示主语的性质、特征;过去分词表示主语处于某种状态。
eg:The
situation
is
encouraging.
形势令人鼓舞。
The
boy
is
too
excited
to
say
a
word.
男孩激动得说不出话来。
The
door
remained
unlocked.
门仍然没锁。
补充:?
如何区分现在分词作表语与进行时态

现在分词作表语主要用于说明主语的性质或特征。
eg:The
idea
was
so
exciting.
这想法是那样激动人心。
His
story
was
simply
amazing.
他的故事简直令人吃惊。
The
present
situation
is
terrifying.
目前形势令人惊恐。

动词的进行时态表示动作正在进行。
eg:They
are
repairing
the
bridge.
他们正在修桥。
I
am
looking
for
my
glasses.
我正在找我的眼镜。
This
question
is
being
discussed
at
the
meeting.
这个问题正在会上讨论。
?
如何区分过去分词作表语与被动语态

过去分词作表语表示主语的特点或所处的状态,被动语态则表示一个被动的动作。
eg:The
cup
is
broken.
杯子是破的。(过去分词表状态)
The
cup
was
broken
by
my
brother.
这个杯子是我弟弟打破的。(被动语态表动作)

过去分词作表语除用于系动词be后面外,还可用于get,become,grow,turn等词后面,而被动语态没有此种用法。
eg:We
became/got
excited.
我们变得兴奋起来。(√)
We
were
excited
by
the
news.
听到这个消息我们很兴奋。(√)
We
became/got
excited
by
the
news.
(×)
?
分词作表语与动名词作表语的区别
虽然现在分词和动名词都可以作表语,但意义上也是有区别的。现在分词作表语相当于形容词作表语,而动名词作表语则相当于名词作表语。
eg:The
job
is
tiring.
这工作很累人。
(现在分词作表语)
The
street
there
is
disgusting.
那里的街道令人恶心。
(现在分词作表语)
He
hobby
is
painting.
他的爱好是画画。
(动名词作表语)
One
of
her
duties
is
keeping
the
files.
她的职责之一是管理档案。
(动名词作表语)
3、分词作宾语补足语
分词作宾语补足语时,若宾语与分词之间是主动关系,则用现在分词表示主动;如果宾语与分词之间是被动关系,则用过去分词表示被动。
eg:He
was
heard
singing
in
the
next
room.
有人听见他在隔壁房间唱歌。
(主语he与补足语“唱歌”之间是主动关系,故用现在分词singing)
One
of
the
glasses
was
found
broken.
发现一只玻璃杯坏了。
(主语one
of
the
glasses与补足语“打破”之间是被动关系,故用过去分词broken)
Don't
leave
the
water
running
while
you
brush
your
teeth.
刷牙时不要让水流淌。
(宾语the
water与补足语“淌”之间是主动关系,故用现在分词running)
?
感官动词feel,hear,listen
to,see,watch,notice,observe,look
at(一感二听五看)及find等既可以接现在分词又可以接过去分词充当补足语。
eg:If
you
wave
your
book
in
front
of
your
face,
you
can
feel
the
air
moving
against
your
face.
如果你在脸前挥舞你的书,你能感觉到空气在你脸上移动。
The
air
can
be
felt
moving
against
your
face,
if
you
wave
your
book
in
front
of
your
face.
如果你在脸前挥动你的书,可以感觉到空气在你的脸上移动。
The
next
morning
she
found
the
man
lying
in
bed,
dead.
第二天早上,她发现那个男人躺在床上,已经死了。
The
next
morning
the
man
was
found
lying
in
bed,
dead.
第二天早上,人们发现那人躺在床上,已经死了。
?
表示“致使”动词get,have,leave等既可以接现在分词又可以接过去分词充当补足语。
eg:-Good
morning.
Can
I
help
you?
早上好,
有什么能为您效劳?
-I’d
like
to
have
the
package
weighed,
madam.
夫人,我想称一下包裹的重量。
?
表示“意欲;命令”的动词如like,want,wish,order等常接过去分词充当补足语。
eg:You
must
tell
us
exactly
what
you
would
like
done.
你必须准确地告诉我们该做什么。
The
father
wants
his
daughter
taught
the
piano.
这位父亲想让女儿学钢琴。
I
wish
it
done
quickly.
我希望很快将此事做完。
注意:set,start,catch常跟现在分词作宾语补足语,make常跟过去分词作宾语补足语。
eg:Set
sb.thinking
/
start
sb.coughing
He
looked
around
and
caught
a
man
putting
his
hand
into
the
pocket
of
a
passenger.
他环顾四周,发现一个人把手伸进一位乘客的口袋里。
The
speaker
raised
his
voice
but
still
couldn’t
make
himself
heard.
演讲者提高了嗓门,但还是听不清。
4、分词作状语
在英语中,分词主要有两种:现在分词和过去分词。在句子中作状语的时候,可以用来表示目的状语、时间状语、条件状语、原因状语、结果状语、方式状语、让步状语、伴随状语等。分词作状语的原则,其逻辑主语必须和句子的主语保持一致。
eg:Finishing
doing
his
homework,
the
boy
played
football.做完作业,男孩踢足球。(时间状语)
Given
a
difficult
maths
problem,
I
will
think
it
over
and
solve
it.
(时间状语)
给一道数学难题,我会仔细考虑并解决它。
Getting
hurt
badly
in
the
match,
he
has
to
stay
at
home.
(原因状语)
因为他在比赛中受了重伤,只好呆在家里。
Taken
good
care
of,
the
old
man
is
living
a
happy
life.
(原因状语)
因为照顾得好,所以老人过着幸福的生活。
I
want
to
go
shopping
this
Sunday.
这个星期天我想去购物。(目的状语)
My
father
went
fishing
with
a
dog.
我父亲和一条狗去钓鱼。(目的状语)
Working
hard,
you
will
succeed.
努力工作,你会成功的。(条件状语)
Given
a
few
minutes,
I
will
finish
it.
再给我几分钟,我就做完。(条件状语)
Her
husband
died,
leaving
her
with
two
sons.
她丈夫死了,留下两个儿子。(结果状语)
I
went
home,
finding
the
door
locked.
我回了家,结果发现门锁了。(结果状语)
The
boy
went
to
school,
taking
a
bus.
那男孩坐公共汽车去上学。(方式状语)
Jack
came
here,
running.
杰克跑过来。(方式状语)
Having
lived
in
America
for
three
years,
he
can't
speak
English
well.
(让步状语)
尽管在美国住了三年,他还是说不好英语。
Explained
many
time,
he
still
couldn't
understand.
(让步状语)
尽管解释了很多次,他还是不明白。
The
old
man
often
takes
a
walk,
followed
by
his
dog.
(伴随状语)
这位老人经常散步,后面跟着他的狗。
He
stood
there,
watching
the
children
playing
games.
(伴随状语)
他站在那里,看着孩子们玩游戏。
五、现在分词与动名词的区别
虽然现在分词与动名词的格式完成相同,但它们在句子中的作用却是有明显的区别的。
1、动名词相当于名词,现在分词相当于副词和形容词
动名词相当于名词,所以在句子中可以充当的成分与名词类似,即主要充当主语、宾语、表语等成分。而现在分词的作用类似于副词和形容词,在句子主要充当状语、定语、补语、表语等。
eg:Hearing
the
noise,
they
immediately
stopped
talking.
(现在分词作状语)
一听到有声音,他们立刻就停止谈话。
He
asked
an
embarrassing
question.
他提了一个令人难堪的问题。(现在分词作定语)
I
felt
somebody
patting
me
on
my
shoulder.
(现在分词作宾语补足语)
我感觉到有人拍了拍我的肩膀。
Growing
roses
is
her
hobby.
种玫瑰是她的爱好。
(动名词作主语)
She
like
talking
very
much.
她很喜欢讲话。
(动名词作宾语)
He
insisted
on
writing
at
once.
我坚持马上就写。
(动名词作介词宾语)
2、现在分词一般表示所修饰的名词的动作,而动名词表示用途,目的等。
eg:现在分词:a
flying
bird
飞行的鸟
a
swimming
boy
正在游泳的男孩
动名词:waiting
room
候车室
a
swimming
suit
泳衣
3、虽然现在分词和动名词都可以作表语,但意义上也是有区别的。
现在分词作表语相当于形容词作表语,而动名词作表语则相当于名词作表语。试比较下面的句子。
eg:The
job
is
tiring.
这工作很累人。
(现在分词作表语)
The
street
there
is
disgusting.
那里的街道令人恶心。
(现在分词作表语)
He
hobby
is
painting.
他的爱好是画画。
(动名词作表语)
One
of
her
duties
is
keeping
the
files.
她的职责之一是管理档案。
(动名词作表语)
六、非谓语其他知识考点
1、动名词作宾语与不定式作宾语的区别
一般来说,接to
do作宾语的动作时间发生在“谓语动词之后,是将来的事情”,一般都是单一动作;接doing作宾语的动作时间发生在“以谓语动词为核心,向前后延伸,一般都是过去发生的动作一直持续的事情”,一般都是重复、持续的动作。
?
只能接不定式作宾语。
只能接不定式做宾语的这类动词通常用来表明意图、强调态度、展示能力,宾语的动作一般都发生在谓语动词之后。接不定式的常见动词:want,like,wish,hate,prefer,hope,continue,manage,try,ask,offer(主动提出),start,forget,promise,mean,pretend(假装),intend(打算),begin,attempt(试图),decide,learn,desire(渴望),agree,care,choose,determine(查明),expect等。
eg:Some
students
hate
to
study
English.
有些学生不喜欢研读英语。
He
likes
to
go
to
the
movie.
他喜欢去看电影。
She
wants
to
help
Mary.
她想要帮助玛丽。
She
pretended
not
to
go.
她假装不去。
?
只能接动名词作宾语。
只能接动名词作宾语的这类动词,宾语的动作一般都发生在“以谓语动词为核心,向前后延伸,一般都是过去发生的动作一直持续的事情”,一般都是重复、持续的动作。接不定式的常见动词:mind,finish,enjoy,suggest,consider,miss,keep(on),avoid(避开;躲开),stand(忍受),allow
,practice,give
up,put
off,look
forward
to(期待;期望),feel
like(想要),prevent…from…(阻止),can't
help(禁不住),be/get
used
to,be
worth
doing,be
busy
doing等。
eg:His
wife
doesn't
allow
smoking
inside
the
room
and
often
advised
him
to
give
up
smoking.
他的妻子不允许在房间里吸烟,经常劝他戒烟。
I'm
looking
forward
to
hearing
from
you
soon.
She
doesn't
feel
like
eating
anything,
being
ill
for
a
few
days.
?
有些词后面既可以接不定式,也可接动名词,但其意义有很大区别

remember
to
do
sth.
记住要做某事(未做)
remember
doing
sth.
记得做过某事(已做)
eg:Remember
to
close
the
door,
please.
记着关门.
I
remember
closing
the
door.
我记得关了门了.

forget
to
do
sth.
忘记去做某事(未做)
forget
doing
sth.
忘记做过某事(已做)
eg:The
light
in
the
office
is
still
on.
He
forgot
to
turn
it
off.
办公室的灯还在亮着,
他忘记关了.
He
forgot
turning
the
light
off.
他忘记他已经关了灯了.

regret
to
do
sth.
遗憾要做某事(未做)
regret
doing
sth.
后悔/抱歉做过某事(已做)
eg:I
regret
to
tell
you
that
you
can't
pass
the
examination.
我很遗憾地通知你你不能通过这次考试.
I
regret
disturbing
yo
so
long.
我很抱歉打扰了你那么久.

try
to
do
sth.
努力做某事
try
doing
sth.
尝试做某事
eg:He
didn’t
try
to
do
it.
他不肯努力去干
She
tried
washing
her
hair
with
a
new
shampoo.
她试着用一种新的香波洗头发。

mean
to
do
sth.
计划做某事
mean
doing
sth.
意味着做某事
eg:I
meant
to
go,
but
my
father
would
not
allow
me
to.
我想去,但是我父亲不肯让我去。
Doing
that
means
wasting
time.
那样做意味着浪费时间。

can’t
help
to
do
sth.
不能帮助做某事
can’t
help
doing
sth.
情不自禁做某事
eg:I
can't
help
to
do
such
stupid
thing.
我不能帮着做这样愚蠢的事。
The
movie
is
so
funny.
I
can't
help
laughing!
这部电影如此搞笑。我情不自禁地笑了。

go
on
to
do
sth.
继续做另一件事
go
on
doing
sth.
继续做同一件事
eg:He
went
on
doing
his
homework
in
his
room
after
supper.
晚饭后他继续在自己的房间里做家庭作业。
After
finishing
his
homework,
he
went
on
to
read
the
text.
写完家庭作业后,他又继续读课文。

stop
to
do
sth.
停下来去做另一件事
stop
doing
sth.
停下正在做的事情
eg:The
two
girls
stopped
talking
when
they
saw
me.
那两个女孩一见到我就停止了讲话。
The
two
girls
stopped
to
talk
to
me
when
they
saw
me.
这两个女孩一看到我就停下来和我讲话
2、-ing形式和-ed形式形容词的用法
-ed形式的形容词,一般用来形容人的感受,表示“感到……的”,主语通常是人。-ing形式的形容词,一般用来形容事或物本身具有的性质,也可表示某物让人具有的某种感觉,表示“令人……的”,主语通常是物。
eg:I’m
interested
in
interesting
people.
我对有趣的人感兴趣。
They
were
excited
about
the
exciting
news.
他们对这个令人兴奋的消息很兴奋。
I’m
bored
with
what
he
said.
我对他说的话厌烦极了。
I
find
the
story
very
boring.
我发现这个故事很无聊。
常见的-ed形式和-ing形式的形容词有:
excited/exciting
兴奋
interested/interesting
有趣
relaxed/relaxing
放松
surprised/surprising
惊讶
amazed/amazing
惊奇
frightened/frightening惊吓
disappointing/disappointed
失望
tiring/tired
疲劳
pleasing/pleased
高兴
satisfying/satisfied
满意
worrying
/worried
担心
boring/bored乏味,无聊
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