2020-2021学年牛津译林版九年级下册英语 Unit 2 Great people考点汇总

9B
Unit
2
Great
people
Comic
strip
&
Welcome
to
the
unit
Who
do
you
think
is
the
greatest
person
in
history,
Eddie?
(P.
20)
【语法点】
do
you
think在句中作插入语，意为“你认为”，它后面的部分常用陈述语序。插入语一般是对一句话作适当的附加解释，若将其去掉，对整个句子并无多大影响。若把插入语提到句子的前面，它就会成为主要部分，而原来的主要部分则成为一个从句。试比较：
e.g.
你认为她什么时候会回来？
When
do
you
think
she
will
be
back?
(do
you
think为插入语)
Do
you
think
when
she
will
be
back?
(do
you
think为主句)
【拓展】
①
一般疑问句形式的插人语用于特殊疑问句中时，常放在疑问词之后。
e.g.
What
do
you
think
is
needed
to
make
a
movie
or
a
play?
你认为制作电影或戏剧需要什么？
e.g.
In
what
ways
do
you
think
she
is
successful?
你认为她是用什么方法成功的?
②
如果疑问词后是一个完整的句子，则疑问词后的句子仍用陈述语序，不用疑问语序。
e.g.
When
do
you
think
he
will
be
back?
你认为他什么时候会回来？
e.g.
How
much
do
you
think
she
paid?
你认为她付了多少钱？
I’ve
never
heard
of
him.
(P.
20)
【重点单词】
never副词，“永不；从不”。
【惯用法】
①
never通常置于实义动词之前，be动词、助动词或情态动词之后。
e.g.
My
younger
brother
never
get
up
early
on
Saturday
morning.
e.g.
Mary
is
never
late
for
school.
②
never常用于完成时中，表示“从未；尚未；一次也没有”。
e.g.
I
have
never
been
to
the
Great
Wall.
e.g.
I
have
never
seen
such
a
film
before.
以前我从未看过这样一部电影。
③
never可置于句首，构成祈使句。
e.g.
Never
eat
too
much!
千万别吃太多！
e.g.
Never
give
up!
永不放弃！
④
never表示否定意义，当陈述句中含有never时，其反意疑问句要用肯定式。
e.g.
Tom
has
never
been
to
London,
has
he?
汤姆从未去过伦敦，是吗?
【短语】
hear
of
=
hear
about
听说
hear
from
收到……的来信
e.g.
Did
you
hear
of/about
Hua
Chenyu
from
Super
Boy?
e.g.
I
hear
of/about
the
news
the
day
before
yesterday.
【拓展】
①
hear表示“听到、听说”，强调听的结果，listen则表示“听”，强调听的动作。类似的还有：look“看”，see“看到”；look
for“寻找”，find“找到”。
e.g.
I
listened
carefully
but
I
couldn’t
hear
what
he
said.
②
hear
sb.
doing
sth.
听到某人正在做某事
e.g.
Can
you
hear
the
girl
singing
in
the
next
room?
③
hear
sb.
do
sth.
听到某人做某事的全过程
e.g.
Parents
heard
the
teacher
scold（责骂）their
son
for
half
an
hour.
He’s
an
inventor.
He
invented
my
favourite
food.
(P.
20)
【重点单词】
invent作动词，意为“发明、创造”，其名词形式为inventor“发明者”和invention“发明物”。
e.g.
Can
you
tell
me
who
invented
the
telephone?
e.g.
He
always
tried
to
invent
something
new.
【易混词辨析】
易混词
词义
用法
例句
invent
发明
指发明以前没有或不存在的事物；
He
has
invented
a
new
way
of
making
silk.
他发明了一种生产丝绸的新方法。
Bell
invented
the
telephone
in
1876.
Edison
invented
the
light
bulb.
爱迪生发明了电灯泡。
discover
发现
指发现已经存在但不为人知的事物，有时也指认识到某种情况。
He
discovered
some
hidden
gold.
他发现了一些隐藏的黄金。
Columbus
discovered
America
in
1492.
【小试牛刀】
①
I
think
he
can
______
a
lot
of
things
because
he
is
so
creative
and
imaginative.
A.
invent
B.
discovers
C.
find
D.
find
out
②
I
_______
that
the
boy
is
very
clever.
A.
invent
B.
look
C.
discover
D.
discovery
答案：A
C
explorer名词“探险家”，由动词explore
+后缀-r构成。
explore动词“探险；考察”
e.g.
The
explorer
was
ever
awake
for
the
dangers
that
surrounded
him.
这位探险家时刻提防着周围的危险。
e.g.
He
bought
a
ship
and
used
it
to
explore
under
the
sea.
他买了一条船，并且用于海底探险。
【构词法】
①“动词+后缀-er”变为名词，表示动作的执行者。如：teacher，reader，worker，fighter（战士）等。
②“动词+后缀-or”变为名词，也表示动作的执行者。如：visitor，inventor，director等。
③“名词/动词/形容词+后缀-ist”变为名词，表示“从事……的专家”。如：artis（艺术家），tourist（旅行家），typist（打字员），specialist（专家）等。
South
African,
a
fighter
for
the
rights
of
black
Africans
all
his
life
(P.
21)
南非人，一位终生为非洲黑人权利而奋斗的战士
【短语】
South
African
南非人；南非（人）的
South
Africa
南非
e.g.
Three
South
Africans
visited
our
school
yesterday.
昨天三位南非人参观了我们的学校。
e.g.
She
is
a
South
African
girl.
她是个南非女孩。
【归纳】
一些表示国家或地区的名词，可加后缀-(a)n，构成形容词/名词，“……的/人”。
Africa
非洲
African
非洲的；非洲人（的）
Asia
亚洲
Asian
亚洲的；亚洲人（的）
Europe
欧洲
European
欧洲的；欧洲人（的）
Australia
澳大利亚
Australian
澳大利亚的；澳大利亚人（的）
Canada
加拿大
Canadian
加拿大的；加拿大人（的）
Germany
德国
German
德国的；德国人（的）
Italy
意大利
Italian
意大利的；意大利人（的）
Russia
俄罗斯
Russian
俄罗斯的；俄罗斯人（的）
【重点单词1】
fighter可数名词，“战士”。动词fight加后缀-er构成。
e.g.
He
was
a
fighter
for
racial
equality.
他是一个为种族平等而奋斗的战士。
e.g.
Doctor
Bethune
is
a
great
international
fighter.
白求恩大夫是个伟大的国际战士。
【拓展】
①
fight不及物动词，“与.……作斗争”，常与介词against或with连用。
e.g.
They
fought
against
the
enemy
fiercely.
他们猛烈地还击敌人。
e.g.
She
was
always
fighting
with
her
neighbors
about
the
fence.
她和她的邻居总是为了栅栏的事争吵。
②
fight及物动词，“战斗；反对”，可直接跟宾语。
e.g.
They
fought
their
enemies
bravely.
他们勇敢杀敌。
e.g.
We
must
band
together
to
fight
the
common
enemy.
我们必须联合起来，对抗我们共同的敌人。
【重点单词2】
right可数名词，“权利”，当表示这一意思时，right也可用作不可数名词。
e.g.
The
right
to
work
is
a
basic
right
of
the
citizens.
劳动权是公民的一项基本权利。
e.g.
You
have
no
right
to
stop
me
from
doing
that.
你无权阻止我那样做。
【拓展】
right用作副词：
①
“在右边，向右”。
Turn
right
at
the
crossroads.
在十字路口向右拐。
②
“正确地，恰当地”。
judge
right
判断公正
③
“直接地”。
Walk
right
on.
直着走。
right用作形容词：
①
“右面的”（反义词left）。the
right
hand
右手
②
“对的”（反义词wrong)。Your
answer
is
right.
right作名词，意为“右边”。
e.g.
He
sat
on
the
left,
and
she
sat
on
the
right.
Italian,
one
of
the
first
Europeans
to
discover
America.
(P.
21)
【惯用法】
the
first
(one)
to
do
sth.意为“第一个做某事的人”。动词不定式常用作定语修饰序数词或序数词修饰的名词。
e.g.
Li
Ming
is
always
the
first
one
to
get
to
the
classroom.
e.g.
Jim
is
the
first
boy
to
get
it.
Reading
He
became
interested
in
flying
when
he
took
his
first
flight
at
the
age
of
six.
(P.
22)
【短语】
become/be
interested
in
=
take/have
an
interest
in
对……感兴趣
e.g.
He
became
interested
in
music
when
he
was
a
baby.
e.g.
I
am
interested
in
writing
English
novels.
我对写英文小说感兴趣。
e.g.
The
foreigners
took/had
a
great
interest
in
the
culture
of
China.
外国人对中国的文化很感兴趣。
【易混词辨析】
易混词
意义与用法
例句
interested
“感兴趣的”，作表语，主语是人。
be
interested
in
(doing)
sth.
I
am
interested
in
English.
He
is
interested
in
playing
football.
interesting
“有趣的”，作表语或定语，主语是物。
The
book
is
very
interesting.
That
is
an
interested
film.
interest
“兴趣”作为主要宾语
take/have
interest
in
对……感兴趣
His
main
interests
are
reading
and
playing
the
piano.
He
has
an
interest
in
American
school
life.
【重点单词】
flight
n.
飞行，班机
a
smooth
/
comfortable
flight
平稳的/舒适的空中飞行
international
flight
国际航班
flight
safety
飞行安全
【词形】
fly
v.
(flew-flown)
飞，飞行
【小试牛刀】
①
你知道他乘的航班是多少?
Do
you
know
what
his
flight
number
is?
②
He
became
interested
in
flying
ever
since
he
took
his
first
flight
(第一次坐飞机)
at
the
age
of
six.
③
同义句转换
1.
My
father
became
interested
in
driving
a
car
two
years
ago.
My
father
____________________________________________________.
2.
When
he
was
20
years
old,
he
left
his
hometown.
He
left
his
hometown
________________________________.
3.
The
girl
was
very
nervous
when
she
took
a
plane
for
the
first
time.
The
girl
was
very
nervous
when
she
____________________________________.
答案：
1.
has
been
interested
in
driving
a
car
since
two
years
ago
2.
at
the
age
of
20
3.
took
her
first
flight
Armstrong
joined
the
navy
in
1949
and
served
as
a
pilot
for
three
years.
(P.
22)
【易混词辨析】
易混词
意义与用法
例句
join
“参加；加入”，普通用词，指加入党派、团体、人群等，成为其中一员。
He
joined
the
Party
at
the
age
of
18.
I
join
the
volleyball
club
one
month.
join
in
join
sb.
in
(doing)
sth.意为“和某人一起做某事”；join
in
+某活动表示“参加某活动”（=
take
part
in）。
Please
join
in
the
game.
Would
you
like
to
join
us
in
the
computer
game?
take
part
in
“参加”，侧重参加群众性、集体性活动并在其中其积极作用。
Students
took
an
active
part
in
the
sports
meeting.
College
students
join
in
many
activities
after
class.
【重点单词2】
navy
n.
海军
【短】
join
the
navy
参加海军
【小试牛刀】
He
has
been
in
the
navy
(参加海军)
for
five
years.
【重点单词3】
serve不及物动词，“服役；充当，作……之用”。
e.g.
He
has
served
in
the
army
for
three
years.
他已在军队里服役3年了。
e.g.
This
served
as
a
reminder
that
we
must
never
forget
the
past.
这可以提醒我们绝不要忘记过去。
serve及物动词，“接待，招待”，后接名词、代词作宾语。
e.g.
We
should
serve
customers
heart
and
soul.
我们应该全心全意地为顾客服务。
e.g.
The
waiter
served
him
a
glass
of
beer.
服务员给他上了一杯啤酒。
【小试牛刀】
Each
citizen
should
work
hard
_______
their
country.
A.
service
B.
to
service
C.
serve
D.
to
serve
答案：D
思路分析：考查serve服务的用法。work
hard
to
serve
their
country
努力为国家服务。
He
flew
over
1,100
hours
and
tested
all
types
of
aircraft.
(P.
22)
【短语】
all
types
of
=
all
kinds
of
意为“各种类型的；形形色色的”。
e.g.
In
China,
all
types
of
schools
are
training
students'
self-regulated
learning
ability.
在中国，各种类型的学校都在培养学生的自主学习能力。
e.g.
He
likes
all
types
of
music.
He
and
David
Scott
managed
to
join
two
spacecraft
together
for
the
first
time
in
space.
(P.
22)
【短语】
manage
to
do
sth.意为“设法做成某事”，指经过努力达到了目的，强调结果。
e.g.
Lily
managed
to
get
the
driving
licence
and
she
was
very
happy.
莉莉成功拿到了驾照，她很高兴。
e.g.
Do
you
think
you
can
manage
to
get
us
some
tickets?
你看能想办法给我们弄几张票吗?
【小试牛刀】
The
teacher
__________________the
match.
All
the
students
are
proud
of
her.
A.
has
managed
to
win
B.
has
tried
winning
C.
managed
winning
D.
tried
to
win
答案：A
思路分析：manage
to
do
sth.
设法做某事，有成功完成之意。
【重点单词】
space不可数名词，其前不加冠词，in
space意为“在太空中”。
e.g.
There
are
many
different
kinds
of
stars
in
space.
在太空中有许多不同种类的星体。
e.g.
The
six
astronauts
will
spend
ten
days
in
space.
这6名宇航员将在太空度过10天。
【拓展】
in
the
space意为“在某一场所或在某一时间内”，其中space意为“场所；空地；时间”。
e.g.
We
can
put
nothing
in
the
space
between
two
desks.
在两张桌子的中间我们什么也放不进去。
e.g.
I
went
from
Shanghai
to
Beijing
twelve
times
in
the
space
of
a
few
days.
几天之内我从上海到北京去了12趟。
However,
on
their
way
back
to
the
Earth,
the
spacecraft
began
spinning
out
of
control.
(P.
22)
【短语】
on
one's
way
back
to...意为“在某人返回……的途中”，on
one's
way
to...意为“在某人去……的路上”。此结构中，to为介词，其后接副词时，应省略介词to。
e.g.
Let's
wait
a
few
minutes.
He's
on
his
way
back
home.
e.g.
On
my
way
to
the
supermarket,
I
met
my
best
friend.
【重点词组】out
of用法归纳：
①
从……里出来
e.g.
We
should
remove
the
machine
out
of
the
room.
我们应该把这台机器从室内搬出去。
e.g.
He
is
running
out
of
the
classroom.
他正从教室跑出来。
②
在……外，离开
e.g.
Fish
can't
live
out
of
water.
鱼离开水就不能活。
e.g.
He
ordered
us
out
of
the
house.
他命令我们离开这所房子。
③
由于，出于……原因
e.g.
They
helped
us
out
of
kindness.
他们出于好心帮助了我们。
e.g.
I
helped
her
out
of
love,
not
out
of
pity.
我帮助她是出于爱，而不是出于同情。
④
缺乏，没有
e.g.
He
is
out
of
breath.
他上气不接下气。
e.g.
Out
of
power,
he
is
out
of
favour.
当他失去权力之后，他也就不再受人欢迎。
【重点单词】
control用作名词或者动词，意为“控制”。
【词组拓展】
beyond
control
难以控制
under
control
被控制
in
control
of
处于控制地位
out
of
control
失去控制的
e.g.
Sorry,
it
is
beyond
my
control.
e.g.
The
football
fans
have
got
out
of
control.
【小试牛刀】
The
plane
got
____________________and
crashed.
A.
out
of
control
B.
in
control
C.
out
for
control
D.
not
controlled
答案：A
思路分析：考查out
of
control
失去控制。题意：这架飞机失去控制坠毁了。
Armstrong
received
the
order
to
cut
the
flight
short.
(P.
22)
【重点单词1】
order
意为“命令”，可以用作名词或者动词。
e.g.
If
you
make
any
more
noise,
I’ll
order
you
out
of
the
room.
【拓展】
①
order
名词或者动词，意为“订单，订货”。
e.g.
This
is
an
order
for
five
hundred
bags.
②
order
名词，意为“次序，顺序”。
e.g.
Please
put
them
in
the
right
order.
【重点单词2】
cut
v.
(cut-cut)
剪下，切下，割下
【短语】
cut...short意为“缩短”。
e.g.
We'll
have
to
cut
our
visit
short,
as
we
have
to
get
back
before
dark.
我们必须缩短访问时间，因为天黑前还得赶回去。
e.g.
I'll
cut
the
long
story
short.
我会把这个长故事缩短。
cut
(...)short的其他用法：
①
剪短
e.g.
I
would
like
a
change,
maybe
have
my
hair
cut
short.
我想作一番改变，或许把头发剪短。
e.g.
It
doesn't
suit
you
to
have
your
hair
cut
short.
你不适合剪短发。
②
突然停止；中断
e.g.
Their
conversation
was
cut
short
by
the
telephone
ring.
他们的谈话被电话铃声打断了。
e.g.
He
was
about
to
go
on
talking
when
his
mother
cut
him
short.
他正要继续讲下去，这时他妈妈打断了他。
【cut短语拓展】
cut
down
砍伐，砍倒，缩短
cut
grass
割草
cut
across
抄近路
cut
off
切除，割掉，剪下
cut
out
裁剪
cut
up
切碎
【小试牛刀】
It
doesn't
suit
her
_____________________.
A.
to
have
her
hair
cut
short
B.
to
have
her
hair
cutting
short
C.
to
cut
her
hair
shorten
D.
having
her
hair
cut
short
答案：A
思路分析：考查cut…short缩短，to
have
her
hair
cut
short
把她的头发剪短。
He
successfully
brought
the
spacecraft
down
into
the
western
Pacific
Ocean.
(P.
22)
【重点单词】
successfully
adv.
-
successful
adj.
-
success
n.
e.g.
He
passed
the
driving
test
successfully.
他成功通过了驾驶考试。
e.g.
They
landed
the
spacecraft
on
the
moon
successfully.
他们成功地把宇宙飞船在月球着陆。
【短语】
bring
down“（使飞机）降落”，是“动词+副词”短语，代词作宾语，应放在bring和down之间。
e.g.
The
pilot
managed
to
bring
down
the
plane
safely.
飞行员成功地使飞机安全降落。
e.g.
The
pilot
brought
the
plane
down
gently.
飞行员使飞机徐徐降落。
【拓展】bring
down的其他用法：
①
减少（价格）；使跌落
e.g.
Sellers
at
last
agreed
to
bring
down
the
prices
by
5%.
卖方最终同意以降低5%的价格出售。
e.g.
How
much
do
you
think
you
could
bring
the
price
down?
你认为你能降价多少?
②
打垮；击败
e.g.
Even
the
failure
did
not
bring
him
down.
甚至失败也没有打垮他。
e.g.
The
bad
news
of
my
friend's
accident
really
brought
me
down.
我朋友出事的坏消息使我感到很沮丧。
Together
with
Buzz
Aldrin,
he
landed
the
spacecraft
Apollo
on
the
Moon.
(P.
23)
【重点单词1】
with作介词，with
sb.意为“和……在一起”，与后面的sb.构成介词短语，在句中作伴随状语，不影响谓语动词的形式。
e.g.
Jim
lives
with
his
grandmother.
e.g.
Bill,
with
his
parents
goes
to
the
cinema
every
weekend.
【拓展】
主谓一致
①
有一类连接词，其后的谓语动词要与连接词前一部分的主语保持一致。此类连接词有together
with,
with,
along
with,
as
well
as,
besides,
like,
without,
except（but），including等。
e.g.
Tracy,
like
many
girls,
loves
dancing.
特蕾西像很多女孩一样，喜欢跳舞。
e.g.
No
one
except（but)
me
knows
about
this
news.
除了我，没有人知道这个消息。
e.g.
All
the
students，including
Tom,
are
leaving.
所有的学生，包括汤姆都要走了。
②
还有另一类连接词，句中的谓语动词要与靠近的主语保持一致。此类接词有or，either...or...，neither...nor...，not
only...but
also...等。
e.g.
Neither
you
nor
I
am
wrong.
你和我都没错。
e.g.
Not
only
the
students
but
also
the
teacher
wishes
for
a
holiday.
不仅是学生，就连老师也期盼一个假期。
【重点单词2】
land可以用作及物动词，表示“使着陆、使登录”；用作不及物动词，表示“着陆、落下、跌下”。
e.g.
The
aeroplane
landed
us
at
the
airport
in
Barcelona.
e.g.
The
plane
will
land
an
hour
later.
e.g.
A
book
fell
from
the
shelf
and
landed
on
my
head.
He
said
the
famous
words
"one
small
step
for
(a)man,
one
giant
leap
for
mankind”
as
he
stepped
out
onto
the
Moon's
surface.
(P.
23)
当他踏上月球表面时，他说了句名言：“对于个人是一小步，对于人类是一个巨大的飞跃”。
【一词多义】
①
step可数名词，“步，脚步；步骤”。
e.g.
We
need
a
push
to
take
the
first
step.
我们需要一点儿鼓励才能迈出第一步。
e.g.
The
next
step
is
to
put
the
theory
into
practice.
下一步是要将理论付诸实践。
②
step名词，“台阶”。
e.g.
Mind
the
steps
outside
the
door.
小心门口的台阶。
e.g.
We
walked
down
some
stone
steps
to
the
beach.
我们走下几级石阶，来到海滩上。
③
step动词，“迈步；踩；踏；行走”。
e.g.
He
calmly
stepped
onto
the
platform.
他从容地走上了讲台。
e.g.
I
saw
her
step
in
the
street
and
disappear
into
the
post
office.
我看见她在街上步行，进了邮局就不见了。
【单词1】
giant形容词，“巨大的；伟大的”。
【短】a
giant
person
巨人
a
giant
stone
巨石
e.g.
What
a
giant
tree!
多高大的树啊！
e.g.
Shakespeare
is
a
giant
writer.
莎士比亚是位大文豪。
【单词2】
leap名词，“跳跃；跃升；激增”。作“激增”讲时，表示数量的增加，后常跟介词in。
e.g.
He
got
over
the
stream
with
a
single
leap.
他一跃就跳过了小溪。
e.g.
There
has
been
a
great
leap
in
the
number
of
births
in
these
past
five
years.
这5年来，出生人数有很大的增长。
leap作动词，过去式、过去分词为leapt，leapt或leaped,
leaped。作动词时的用法如下：
①
意为“跳跃”。
e.g.
I
leaped
for
joy
at
the
good
news.
我听到这个好消息高兴得跳了起来。
②
意为“猛冲；突然做（某事）”。
e.g.
His
name
leapt
out
at
me
from
the
newspaper.
报纸上他的名字一下子跃入我的眼帘。
③
意为“骤增；剧增；猛涨”。
e.g.
Profits
leapt
to
$300
million.
利润骤增至3亿美元。
【短语】
step
onto意为“步入；踏上”。
e.g.
He
often
steps
out
onto
the
street
wearing
his
pajamas.
他时常穿着睡衣就上街了。
e.g.
I
open
a
glass
door
and
step
onto
the
balcony.
我打开一扇玻璃门，走到阳台上。
They
collected
Moon
rocks
to
take
back
to
the
Earth
for
further
research.
(P.
23)
【重点单词】
further是far的比较级，far的比较级有两种形式，即farther和further；farther表示具体的距离上“更远、较远”；further除了表示距离上“更远”以外，还可以表示抽象意义上“更进一步”。例如：
e.g.
He
walks
a
little
further.
e.g.
Jim
can
jump
farther
than
his
brother.
e.g.
Many
students
send
their
children
to
foreign
countries
for
further
study.
He
was
the
pride
of
the
whole
world.
(P.
23)
【重点单词】
pride表示“骄傲”，take
pride
in“对……感到骄傲”，相当于be
proud
of。
【同义句转换】
The
man
is
proud
of
his
past
achievements.
=
The
man
takes
pride
in
his
past
achievements.
a
piece
of
paper
that
shows
you
are
allowed
to
do
something
(P.
24)
一张证明你被允许做某事的纸
【惯用法】
be
allowed
to
do
sth.意为“被允许做某事”，其主动形式是allow
sb.to
do
sth.，意为“允许某人做某事”。
e.g.
The
villagers
didn't
allow
them
to
do
this.
村民们不允许他们这样做。
e.g.
Students
should
be
allowed
to
choose
their
own
clothes.
学生们应该被允许选择他们自己的衣服。
Grammar
I
am
working
on
a
history
project
this
week.
(P.
26)
【短语】
work
on
致力于，从事
e.g.
The
scientists
are
still
working
on
inventing
new
methods
of
reaching
outer
space.
科学家们仍在致力于发明到达外太空的新办法。
e.g.
He
has
been
working
on
a
new
novel
for
over
a
year
now.
近一年多来，他一直在写一部新小说。
【拓展】work
on其他用法：
①
继续工作；不断工作
e.g.
The
director
worked
on
in
the
office
until
ten
o'clock
last
night.
主任昨晚在办公室工作到十点。
e.g.
They'll
work
on
till
sunset.
他们将继续工作，直到日落。
②
对……发生影响；对……起作用
e.g.
The
doctor
told
him
that
this
kind
of
medicine
may
work
on
him.
医生告诉他这种药对他可能有效。
I
am
leaving
for
Shanghai
tonight.
(P.
26)
【重点用法】
①“leave
for
+地点”意为“动身去某地”。
e.g.
I'm
leaving
for
Dalian
tomorrow.
我打算明天动身去大连。
e.g.
They
left
for
Beijing
yesterday.
昨天他们动身去北京了。
②“leave
+A地点+
for
+B地点”意为“离开A地前往B地”。
e.g.
He
left
Paris
for
London
yesterday.
他昨天离开巴黎去伦敦了。
③
leave
“遗留，遗赠”，后可接双宾语，leave
sb.
sth.“留给某人某物”。其间接宾语sb.可转换为介词to的宾语，即leave
sth.
to
sb.。如：
e.g.
She
left
her
daughter
one
million
dollars.
=
She
left
one
million
dollars
to
her
daughter.
她遗留给女儿100万美元。
④
leave接复合宾语，“使……处于……状态”，其复合宾语中的补语可以由形容词、介词（短语）、名词等来充当。
e.g.
Leave
the
door
open.
让门开着。
e.g.
Leave
the
books
in
the
classroom.
把书留在教室里。
⑤
leave“忘了带；丢下”，其后可接地点状语。
e.g.
I've
left
my
bag
on
the
bus.
我把包忘在公共汽车上了。
⑥
leave名词，意为“假期”。
e.g.
a
six-week
leave
一个6周的假期
e.g.
ask
for
leave
请假
Many
modern
inventions
have
made
a
great
difference
in
our
life.
(P.
28)
【短语】
make
a
great
difference
(in...)
（在……方面）产生很大的影响
make
a
difference
to
对……产生影响（to是介词，其后可接名词、代词或动名词。）
e.g.
One
false
step
will
make
a
great
difference.
（谚）失之毫屋，谬以千里。
e.g.
Education
can
make
a
big
difference
to
the
quality
of
a
person's
life.
教育对一个人的生活质量有很大影响。
e.g.
The
accident
has
made
a
great
difference
to
his
life.
这次事故对他的人生产生了重大影响。
e.g.
It
makes
no
difference
to
me.
这对我没什么影响。
In
the
past,
people
washed
their
clothes
by
hand.
(P.
28)
【短语】
by
hand表示“用手、手工的”。
e.g.
This
coat
is
made
by
hand.
e.g.
Do
you
know
the
Great
Wall
was
made
by
hand?
【短语拓展】hand相关短语：
give
sb.
a
hand
帮助某人
hand
in
hand
手拉手
on
the
one
(other)
hand
一方面（另一方面）
shake
hands
(with)
（与……）握手
hand
in
上交
hand
out
分发
【拓展】with,
in,
by表示“用”的不同：
1.
with
用具体的工具
He
is
writing
a
letter
with
his
new
pen.
他正在用那支新笔写信。
We
see
with
our
eyes.
我们用眼睛看。
2.
in
用某种材料
You
can
draw
the
picture
in
pencil.
你可以用铅笔画这幅画。
The
students
often
do
homework
in
ink.
学生们用钢笔做作业。
3.
by
用来表示手段或方式，也可表示工具。by还可表达交通方式。
The
room
is
lighted
by
electricity.
房间用电照明。
I
will
contact
you
by
letter.
我会给你写信联系你的。
My
father
goes
to
work
by
bus.
我爸爸乘公共汽车上班。
【小试牛刀】
How
beautiful
the
scarf
is!
I
hear
that
it
is
made
__________________.
A.
in
hand
B.
with
hand
C.
by
hand
D.
use
hands
答案：C
思路分析：by
hand
手工的。
【语法讲解】
初中常用的动词时态
1.
动词时态结构
(1)
一般现在时:
主语
+
be动词(am/is/are)/动词原形/动词的第三人称单数形式
+
其他。
(2)
一般过去时:
主语
+
动词的过去式
+
其他。
(3)
现在进行时:
主语
+
am/is/are
+
动词的现在分词
+
其他。
(4)
过去进行时:
主语
+
was/were
+
动词的现在分词
+
其他。
(5)
一般将来时:
主语
+
shall/will/be
going
to
+
动词原形
+
其他。
(6)
现在完成时:
主语
+
have/has
+
动词的过去分词
+
其他。
2.
时态标志词
时态
标志词
一般现在时
often,
usually,
sometimes,
every
day,
once
a
week,
on
Sundays等
一般过去时
yesterday,
three
days
ago,
last
night/week,
just
now等
现在进行时
now,
at
this
time,
at
the
moment,
these
days等
过去进行时
at
that
time,
at
this
time
yesterday等
一般将来时
tomorrow,
the
day
after
tomorrow,
next
week/month等
现在完成时
already,
just,
yet,
ever,
never,
in
the
past
three
years,
over
the
years,
since+时间点/一般过去时的句子，for+时间段等
注意：以下几种情况多用一般现在时
(1)
在if,
unless等引导的条件状语从句或when,
until,
as
soon
as等引导的时间状语从句中,当主句是一般将来时,从句通常用一般现在时表示将来。例如:
We’ll
have
a
sports
meeting
if
it
doesn’t
rain
next
Saturday.
(2)
当宾语从句陈述的是客观真理时,不管主句是何种时态,从句都要用一般现在时。例如:
My
mother
told
me
that
the
sun
rises
in
the
east.
3.
非延续性动词和延续性动词在现在完成时中的应用。
(1)
若句中出现时间段,则必须使用延续性动词。如:
Her
lovely
dog
has
been
dead
for
10
days.
(2)
常见的非延续性动词与延续性动词之间的转化
非延续性动词
延续性动词
非延续性动词
延续性动词
begin/start
be
on
come/go
be
in/at
die
be
dead
leave
be
away
buy
have
become
be
get
married
be
married
borrow
keep
【易混时态对比】
一般现在时和现在进行时
一般现在时
表示经常性或者习惯性发生的动作或存在的状态。
I
often
take
a
bus
to
school.
表示客观事实或者客观真理。
The
earth
is
round.
Light
travels
faster
than
sound.
当主句为一般将来时时，在以if,
as
soon
as,
until,
when等引导的时间/条件状语从句中，用一般现在时表示将来。
When
I
grow
up,
I
will
go
to
America.
If
it
doesn’t
rain
tomorrow,
we
will
go
to
the
zoo.
与一般现在时连用的时间状语有：always,
usually,
often,
sometimes,
on
Sundays,
every
day,
every
morning,
once
a
year等。
2、现在进行时
表示现在或者现阶段正在进行的动作或持续的状态。
They
are
singing
in
the
next
room
now.
The
students
are
working
on
the
farm
these
days.
现在进行时表示将来的动作，这种结构的动词有：go,
come,
start,
begin,
arrive,
leave等，表示即将发生的动作或者安排好要做的事情。
We
are
leaving
for
Shanghai.
The
bus
is
coming
soon.
③
常与现在进行时连用的时间状语和标志词有：now,
these
days,
look,
listen等。
一般过去时和过去进行时
1、一般过去时
表示过去发生的动作或者存在的状态。
We
visited
a
farm
last
Sunday.
When
I
was
in
the
countryside,
I
used
to
swim
in
the
river.
表示过去的习惯或者经常发生的动作。
When
I
was
in
the
countryside,
I
used
to
swim
in
the
river.
与一般过去时连用的时间状语有：yesterday,
last
night,
last
week,
three
days
ago,
in
1990,
in
the
past,
just
now,
the
other
day,
at
that
time。
2、过去进行时
表示过去某一时刻或者一段时间正在进行的动作，常和表示过去的时间状语连用如then,
at
that
time,
this
time
yesterday,
at
ten
yesterday。
I
was
reading
when
my
mother
came
in.
过去进行时常用于when和while引导的时间状语从句的主从复合句中。
When
the
teacher
came
in,
we
were
talking
loudly.
While
the
family
were
having
dinner,
the
doorbell
rang.
go,
come,
leave,
arrive,
start等动词的过去进行时表示过去按计划即将发生的动作。
一般过去时和现在完成时
1、现在完成时
表示发生在过去的或已经完成的对现在仍有影响的动作。
I
have
lost
my
key.
I
have
already
seen
the
film.
表示一个动作或者状态发生在过去，并持续到现在，可能还要持续下去，常和“for+时间段”或者“since+时间点/从句”连用，这时只能用延续性动词。
Mr.
Zhang
has
taught
English
for
20
years.
几个副词在现在完成时中的用法
just意为“刚刚”，表示动作刚刚结束，常放在助动词与过去分词之间。
He
has
just
come
back
from
America.
ever意为“曾经”，用于疑问句和否定句中，放在助动词和过去分词之间。
Have
you
ever
been
to
London?
never意为“从来没有”，常与before连用，放在助动词和过去分词之间。
I
have
never
been
to
Beijing
before.
before意为“以前”，指过去不确定的某个时候，总放在句末。
I
have
never
heard
of
this
singer
before.
延续性动词和非延续性动词在现在完成时中的用法
现在完成时可表示动作从过去某个时候开始一直持续到现在，与一段时间连用时谓语动词必须是延续性动词，非延续动词不能和一段时间连用。
我离开家乡已有10年了。
误：I
have
left
my
hometown
for
10
years.
正：I
have
been
away
from
my
hometown
for
10
years.
非延续性动词若与一段时间连用，必须转换为延续性动词，常见的情况如下：
buy→have
borrow→keep
open→be
open
close→be
closed
begin/start→be
on
come→be
her
go→be
there
die→be
dead
catch
a
cold→have
a
cold
fall
asleep→be
asleep
join→be
in/be
a
member
of
leave→be
away
⑤
常与现在进行时连用的时间状语有：already,
yet,
never,
ever,
just,
so
far,
up
to
now,
until
now,
by
now,
in
the
past/last
few
years,
for+一段时间，since+时间点/从句。
2、现在完成时和一般过去时的区别
方面
时态
意义及用法区别
举例
侧重点不同
现在完成时
与现在有关的时态，属于现在时间范畴，侧重过去发生的动作对现在造成的影响
I
have
seen
the
film
already.
一般过去时
是一种过去时态，侧重于表示过去的动作，与现在无关
I
went
to
Nantong
yesterday.
时间状语不同
现在完成时
already,
yet,
just,
so
far,
until
now,
up
to
now,
by
now,
ever,
never,
before,
in
the
past/last
few
years,
for,
since
Have
you
ever
picked
flowers
or
stepped
on
the
grass
in
a
park?
一般过去时
...ago,
yesterday,
last...,
just
now,
in
1990
My
father
bought
this
bike
five
years
ago.
Integrated
skills
&
Study
skills
Help
Millie
complete
her
notes
with
as
much
information
as
you
can.
(P.
29)
用尽可能多的信息帮助米莉完成她的笔记。
【句型】
as...
sb.
can/could
=
as...as
possible
尽可能……地
e.g.
Some
people
think
the
government
should
spend
as
much
money
as
they
can
to
explore
other
planets.
一些人认为政府应该尽可能多地花钱去探索其他星球。
e.g.
I
speak
English
as
much
as
possible
every
day.
=
I
speak
English
as
much
as
I
can
every
day.
我每天尽可能多地讲英语。
【常用搭配】
as
much
time
as
possible
=
as
much
time
as
you
can
尽可能多的时间
as
soon
as
possible
=
as
soon
as
you
can
尽快地
as
often
as
possible
=
as
often
as
you
can
尽可能经常地
as
quickly
as
possible
=
as
quickly
as
you
can
尽快地
moved
to
Paris
(P.
29)
【重点单词】
①
move不及物动词，“迁移，搬家”，后接地点名词作宾语时，需带介词to，表示“搬到……”。
e.g.
My
family
moved
to
Beijing
two
years
ago.
②
move
不及物动词，“移动”。
e.g.
Don't
move,
or
you'll
be
in
danger!
③
move及物动词，“移动；搬动”。
e.g.
Move
the
chair
to
the
desk,
please.
e.g.
We
moved
house
last
week.
④
move及物动词，“感动，打动”。
e.g.
His
speech
moved
the
audience
to
tears.
他的演讲让听众感动得意泪。
married
a
French
scientist
called
Pierre
Curie
in
1895
(P.
29)
【重点单词】
marry表示“结婚”时为及物动词，marry
sb.表示“同某人结婚”，be/get
married
to
sb.“与某人结婚”，be
married表示状态，可以延续；get
married表示动作，不可以延续。
e.g.
The
lady
married/got
married
to
that
man
in
2011.
e.g.
The
couple
have
been
married
for
three
years.
The
couple
won
the
Nobel
Prize
for
Physics
in
1903
for
the
discovery
of
radium.
(P.
30)
【介词for】
for此处用作介词，意为“因为，由于”。
e.g.
Thank
you
for
coming
to
see
me.
e.g.
He
was
sent
to
prison
for
robbery.
他因为抢劫而坐车。
【归纳】for作介词的其他用法：
①
（表目的）为了
e.g.
That's
what
we're
here
for.
那正是我们来这里的目的。
e.g.
They
went
out
for
a
walk.
②（表用途）用于，用来
e.g.
Knives
are
used
for
cutting
things.
小刀是用来切东西的。
e.g.
It's
a
machine
for
slicing
bread.
这是用来切面包的机器。
③
为得到，为取得
e.g.
We
went
to
our
teacher
for
advice.
我们向老师寻求建议。
e.g.
She
often
asked
her
parents
for
money.
她经常问父母要钱。
④（表时间、距离、数量等）达，计
e.g.
I've
been
here
for
ten
years.
我来这儿有10年了。
e.g.
He
walked
for
ten
mile.
他走了10英里路。
⑤
适于，适合
e.g.
Do
you
have
any
books
for
children?
你有适合小孩看的书喝？
e.g.
He
is
the
very
person
for
the
work.
他是最适合做这项工作的人。
⑥
支持，赞成
e.g.
Are
you
for
or
against
the
plan?
你是支持还是反对这个计划?
e.g.
I'm
all
for
the
young
enjoying
themselves.
我完全赞成年轻人多玩玩。
【拓展】
for可作并列连词，意为“因为，由于”。表示附带或推断的理由，引导的分句常有逗号，for引导的分句不在句首。
e.g.
He
must
be
ill,
for
he
is
absent
today.
他一定是病了，因为他今天缺席了。
e.g.
We
rarely
stay
in
hotels,
for
we
can't
afford
it.
我们很少住旅馆，因为我们住不起。
Marie
Curie
won
her
second
Nobel
Prize,
but
sadly,
Pierre
was
not
there
to
share
the
joy
with
her
-
he
died
in
a
traffic
accident
in
1906.
(P.
30)
【重点单词】
share及物动词，“分享，分担”，常与with，among，between连用。
e.g.
We
share
a
small
room
between
us.
我们合用一个小房间。
e.g.
I
shared
my
lunch
with
him.
我与他分享了我的午饭。
【拓展】
①
share不及物动词，“共同承担，分担”。
e.g.
I
try
to
get
the
kids
to
share
in
the
housework.
我努力让孩子们分担家务洁儿。
e.g.
There
is
only
one
bedroom,
so
we'll
have
to
share.
只有一间卧室，所以我们得合着用。
②
share可数名词，“份额”。
e.g.
They
divided
the
sweets
into
equal
shares.
他们把糖果平分了。
e.g.
Your
share
of
the
cost
is
10
pounds.
分摊到你身上的费用是10英镑。
It
was
brave
of
him
to
go
to
a
place
that
was
unknown
to
humans
at
that
time.
(P.
30)
【句子分析】
此句中that
was
unknown
to
humans
at
that
time
是定语从句，用来修饰前面的名词a
place,
that
是引导词，又称关系代词。
【定语从句】
定义：在复合句中修饰名词和代词的从句叫做定语从句。
先行词：被定语从句修饰的名词或代词叫做先行词。
关系代词有：who,
which,
that，在定语从句中作主语，宾语，定语（作宾语时可省略，放在介词后不可省）。
（1）由who
引导的定语从句，who在从句中作主语，修饰表示人的先行词。
例句：this
is
the
man
who
helped
me.
这就是帮我的那个人。
（2）that引导的定语从句，that在从句中作主语或宾语，修饰表示人或物的先行词，作宾语时可省略，不能放在介词后面做宾语。
例句：The
letter
(that/which)
I
received
was
from
my
father.
我昨天收到的那封信是我爸爸写来的。
（3）which引导的定语从句，which在从句中作主语，也可做宾语，或介词的宾语，修饰表示物的先行词，先行词可以是词，短语，句子。
例句：the
building
which
stands
near
the
river
is
our
school.
【重点句型】
①
It's
+
adj.
+
of
sb.
to
do
sth.意为“某人做某事是怎样的”，of前的形容词为描述人物品质及性格特征的词。该句型中用作表语的形容词常见的有如下几类：
（1）表示聪明或愚蠢的形容词，有clever，wise，foolish,
stupid,
silly,
unwise等。
e.g.
It's
silly
of
him
to
do
such
a
thing!
e.g.
It's
clever
of
you
to
work
out
the
maths
problem.
（2）表示正确或错误的形容词，有right，wrong，correct，incorrect等。
e.g.
It
was
right
of
her
not
to
come
here.
她没有来这儿，太对了！
e.g.
It's
wrong
of
him
to
go
alone.
他一个人去真是错了。
（3）表示好坏等品性的形容词，此类词较多，有nice,
kind，sweet，friendly，lovely,
bad,
unkind，naughty（淘气的）等。
e.g.
It's
friendly
of
you
to
come
and
see
me.
你能来看我，真够朋友！
e.g.
It's
very
nice
of
you
to
offer
me
a
seat.
你给我让座真好。
（4）除上述情况外的其他形容词还有brave，polite,
careless（粗心的），selfish（自私的）等。
e.g.
It
was
brave
of
you
to
manage
to
do
it.
你居然能做成这件事，真勇敢！
e.g.
It
is
careless
of
him
to
lose
so
many
things.
他丢了这么多东西，真是太粗心了。
②
It's
+
adj.
+
for
sb.
to
do
sth.意为“对某人来说做某事是……的”，for前的形容词为描述事物特征的词。此类形容词有easy，difficult,
boring,
impossible,
dangerous,
interesting等。
e.g.
It's
very
dangerous
for
children
to
cross
the
busy
streets.
对孩子们来说，穿过繁忙的街道很危险。
e.g.
It's
difficult
for
us
to
finish
the
work.
对我们来说，完成这项工作很困难。
【重点单词】
unknown作形容词，意为“未知的、不出名的”，反义词是known“出名的”，常见的短语有be
unknown
to意为“对……是未知的”。
e.g.
The
unknown
world
is
full
of
amazing
things.
e.g.
Its
greater
part
is
unknown
to
me.
She
also
pushed
for
the
use
of
X-ray
machines,
which
are
now
widely
used
in
hospitals.
(P.
30)
【重点单词】
widely表示抽象意义上的“宽”，意为“广泛地，普遍地”。
e.g.
English
is
widely
used
in
the
world.
【拓展】
wide可以用作副词，意为“充分地”，表示实际意义上的“宽”。
e.g.
That
man
died
with
his
eyes
open
wide.
wide还可用作形容词，意为“宽广的，宽阔的；……宽的”。
e.g.
Our
classroom
is
10
metres
long
and
8
metres
wide.
【句子分析】
be
widely
used意为“被广泛使用”，be
used为被动形式。
e.g.
The
computer
can
be
used
as
a
tool.
计算机可以当作工具使用。
e.g.
The
recorder
is
used
in
class
by
teachers.
录音机被老师们在课堂上使用。
【小试牛刀】
The
famous
doctor
was
__________________known
all
over
the
country.
A.
wide
B.
widely
C.
hard
D.
hardly
答案：B
思路分析：widely
广泛地。题意：这位著名的医生全国闻名。
【易混用法辨析】
①
be
used
to
do
sth.“被用来做某事”，是一种被动形式。
e.g.
The
waste
water
is
used
to
water
flower.
废水被用来浇花。
e.g.
Wood
is
used
to
make
desks
and
chairs.
木头被用来制作课来和椅子。
②
used
to
do
sth.“过去常常做某事”，与现在作比较，暗含“现在不做了”之意。
e.g.
I
used
to
go
to
school
by
bus.
我过去常常乘公共汽车去上学。
e.g.
He
used
to
get
up
at
6:00
when
he
was
in
the
countryside.
他在乡下时常常六点钟起床。
③
be
used
to
doing
sth.“习惯于做某事”，多指现在的情况。
e.g.
Father
is
used
to
watching
TV
after
supper.
父亲晚饭之后习惯看电视。
e.g.
He
is
used
to
living
in
the
country.
他习惯住在农村。
Greetings
such
as
Hi
and
Hello
are
informal
language.
(P.
31)
诸如“嗨”和“你好”等问候语是非正式用语。
【短语】
such
as“例如，诸如此类的”，相当于like或for
example，用于举例，若后接动词，通常用动名词形式。
e.g.
I
have
a
lot
of
hobbies,
such
as
reading
and
singing.
e.g.
I
know
four
languages,
such
as
Japanese
and
English.
【拓展】
①
such
as用来列举整体之中的部分同类人或事物，such
as之前一般用逗号和主句隔开，之后没有退号，直接加名词或名词性短语。
e.g.
Some
classmates
of
mine,
such
as
Lucy,
Li
Mei,
are
very
generous.
②
for
example常列举整体之中的一个，在句子中多用作插入语，位置可以在句首、句中或句末，用逗号与句子其他部分隔开。
e.g.
Noise,
for
example,
is
a
kind
of
pollution
as
well.
嗓音，打个比方，也是一种污染。
It's
said
that
it's
a
lot
of
trouble
being
Harry
Potter,
especially
when
you're
a
78-year-old
man
and
happen
to
share
the
name
of
a
world-famous
boy
with
magic
powers.
【句型】
①
It
is
said
that...意为“据说……”
e.g.
It
is
said
that
is
will
snow
tomorrow.
据说明天会下雪。
e.g.
It's
said
that
quite
a
few
boys
in
your
school
like
playing
football.
据说你们学校有不少男生喜欢踢足球。
【拓展】类似“It
is
said
that...”的句式：
①
It
is
believed
that...
据说……，据信……
e.g.
It
is
believed
that
our
team
will
win
the
match.
我们相信我们队会赢得这场比赛的胜利。
e.g.
It
is
believed
that
the
couple
have
left
the
country.
据说那对夫妇已离开了这个国家。
②
It
is
known
that...
众所周知……，人们认为……
e.g.
It
is
known
that
he
is
honest.
众所周知，他是个老实人。
e.g.
It
is
known
that
her
father
is
an
expert.
人们认为他的父亲是一位专家。
③
It
is
reported
that...
据报道……
e.g.
It
is
reported
that
many
new
houses
are
being
built
at
present
in
the
disaster
area.
据报道，灾区如今正在建设许多新房子。
e.g.
It
is
reported
that
the
police
will
soon
look
into
the
case
of
the
two
missing
children.
据报道，警察会很快调查这起两个儿童失踪案。
【复合形容词】
78-year-old是一个复合形容词，在句中作定语。这种复合形容词有两个特点：一是数词、名词、形容词之间要用连字符连接，二是数词后的名词用单数形式。
e.g.
Tom
is
a
10-year-old
boy.
汤姆是一个10岁的男孩。
e.g.
Lily
is
an
8-year-old
girl.
莉莉是一个8岁的女孩。
另一种类似的复合形容词作定语的结构是：数词+名词所有格+名词（单数）：
e.g.
a
two-month
holiday
=
two
months'
holiday
一个为期两个月的很期
e.g.
a
ten-minute
walk/drive/ride
=
ten
minutes'
walk/drive/ride
步行/开车/骑车10分钟的路程
“The
kids
want
to
know
if
I'm
Harry
Potter,”
he
says
with
a
smile.
(P.
31)
【介词with】
with
a
smile意为“面带微笑；笑着”，其中with短语在句中作伴随状语。
with介词，在此意为“具有：带有”，其反义词为without。
e.g.
She
is
a
girl
with
long
hair.
她是一个留着长发的女孩。
e.g.
China
is
a
large
country
with
a
long
history.
中国是一个幅员辽间、历史悠久的国家。
【with用法小结】
①
with表示“和……一起；跟……一起”。
e.g.
I'll
go
to
Beijing
with
my
friends.
我将和朋友们一起去北京。
②
with表示“在……身边：在……身上”。
e.g.
Do
you
have
some
money
with
you?
你身上带钱了吗?
③
with表示“用（工具、手段等）”。
e.g.
We
see
with
our
eyes
and
hear
with
our
ears.
我们用眼睛看，用耳朵听。
④
with表示“关于……，对于……”。
e.g.
What's
wrong
with
you?
⑤“with+名词/代词十介词短语/形容词/副词/动词不定式/分词”构成with复合结构，在句中常作状语或定语，表示行为方式或伴随情况。
e.g.
He
soon
fell
asleep
with
the
light
on.
他很快就开着灯睡着了。
However,
the
real
Harry
Potter
says
the
Harry
Potter
series
isn’t
his
cup
of
tea,
and
he
doesn’t
care
if
he
is
famous
or
not.
(P.
31)
【惯用法】
isn't
one's
cup
of
tea“不是某人的菜（不是某人的爱好）”。
e.g.
Soccer
isn't
his
cup
of
tea.
足球不是他的菜（即他不喜欢足球）。
e.g.
Fishing?
That's
just
my
cup
of
tea.
钓鱼吗?那正是我喜欢的。
【重点单词】
if连词，“是否”，引导宾语从句，同义词为whether。
e.g.
I
don't
know
if/whether
he
will
come.
我不知道他是否会来。
e.g.
He
asked
if/whether
we
were
hungry.
他问我们是否饿了。
【易混用法辨析】if与whether
①
放在句首引导宾语从句时，只能用whether，不能用if。
e.g.
Whether
he
will
come.
I
don't
know.
我不知道他是否会来。
②
介词后，只能用whether，不能用if。
e.g.
I
worry
about
whether
I
hurt
her
feeling.
我担心我是否伤害了她的感情。
③
与or
not直接连用时、只用whether，不用if。
e.g.
It
remains
to
be
seen
whether
or
not
this
idea
can
be
put
into
practice.
这一想法能否付诸实践还有待于观察。
④
与动词不定式连用时，只用whether，不用if。
e.g.
She
doesn't
know
whether
to
get
married
now
or
wait.
她不知道是现在结婚还是再等等。
⑤
作discuss等动词的宾语时，只用whether，不用if。
e.g.
We
are
discussing
whether
we
should
close
the
shop.
我们正在讨论是否该关闭那家商店。
【拓展】
if作连词，还常用来引导条件状语从句，意为“如果；假如”。在含有if引导的条件状语从句的主从复合句中，若主句为一般将来时，if从句用一般现在时表将来。
e.g.
We'll
go
to
play
football
if
it
doesn't
rain
tomorrow.
如果明天不下雨的话，我们就去踢足球。
Task
saw
people
die
of
hunger,
so
began
research
into
hybrid
rice.
(P.
32)
【重点单词】
单词
意义
例句
die
vi.
死亡
He
has
died.
dying
adj.
濒临死亡的
The
snake
is
dying.
He
is
very
ill
and
I'm
afraid
he's
dying.
dead
adj.
死的，失去生命的
He
has
been
dead
for
ten
years.
death
n.
死亡
He's
drinking
himself
to
death
(=
so
that
it
will
kill
him).
他这样喝酒非醉死不可。
【重点词组】
die
of/from意为“死于”，of强调内因，如疾病、年老、悲伤或饥饿等；from强调外因，如受伤、灾害、事故等。
e.g.
The
old
man
died
of
lung
cancer.
e.g.
The
worker
died
of
illness.
e.g.
A
lot
of
people
died
from
the
earthquake.
e.g.
That
soldier
died
from
the
crash.
happen
to
find
a
natural
hybrid
rice
plant
that
had
many
advantages
over
others.
(P.
32)
【重点单词1】
happen表示“发生”的时候，作不及物动词，常用的结构为：sth.
happens
to
sb.“某人发生了某事”。
e.g.
An
accident
happened
to
him
yesterday
and
now
he
lay
in
hospital.
e.g.
What
happened
to
the
old
man
yesterday?
【拓展】
①
happen
to
do
sth.意为“碰巧做某事”。
e.g.
If
you
happen
to
talk
to
him,
have
him
call
you.
②“It
happens
that
+从句”意为“碰巧……”，(=
happen
to
do
sth.)。
e.g.
It
happened
that
I
had
no
money
yesterday.
=
I
happened
to
have
no
money
yesterday.
碰巧昨天我没有钱了。
③
It
(so)
happened
that...
（如此）碰巧……
e.g.
It
(so)
happened
that
the
famous
actor
was
her
elder
brother.
=
The
famous
actor
(so)
happened
to
be
her
elder
brother.
那个著名的演员（如此）碰巧是她哥哥。
【小试牛刀】
A
strange
thing
_______
this
morning.
A.
happened
to
him
B.
was
happened
with
him
C.
took
place
to
him
D.
happened
him
答案：A
【重点单词2】
natural形容词，“自然的，天然的”；其名词为nature，“自然，自然界”；其副词为naturally，“天生地，自然地”。
e.g.
The
country's
natural
resources
include
forests,
coal
and
oil.
e.g.
It
is
natural
for
a
child
to
love
his
mother.
【重点单词3】
advantage
n.
优势，优点
【反】disadvantage
n.
劣势，弱点，缺点
【惯用法】
have
the/an
advantage
over意为“与……相比有某种优势，优于……”。
【重点单词4】
①
over介词，“与……相比；与……比较而言”，与choose,
like,
prefer等动词连用。
e.g.
Being
tall
gave
him
an
advantage
over
the
other
players.
他个子高，比其他运动员有利。
e.g.
We
must
choose
risk
over
refuge.
我们必须选择挑战而不是逃避。
②
over介词，“（数目、程度等）高于，超过”，（=
more
than）。
e.g.
He
is
over
fifty.
他50多岁了。
e.g.
Frank
collected
over
500
stamps.
弗兰克收集了500多张邮票。
③
over作介词时，还可意为“在……正上方；在……上面（未接触）”，其反义词为under。
e.g.
a
bridge
over
a
river
河上的一座桥
e.g.
the
roof
over
one's
head
头上的屋顶
developed
a
new
type
of
hybrid
rice
plant,
which
produced
20%
more
rice
per
unit
than
other
common
kinds
(P.
32)
【重点单词1】
①
produce及物动词，“产生，生产”，接名词或代词作宾语。
e.g.
What
does
the
farm
produce?
这个农场生产什么？
e.g.
The
factory
produces
1,000
cars
a
month.
这家工厂每月生产1000辆汽车。
②
produce不可数名词，意为“产品；农产品”。
e.g.
He
took
the
produce
of
his
garden
to
the
market
every
Sunday.
他每个星期天把自己园中的农产品带到集市去。
【重点单词2】
common形容词，“普通的；常见的”，主要指因许多人或物所共同具有或使用而常见。
e.g.
Grass
is
a
very
common
plant.
草是一种很普通的植物。
e.g.
Snow
is
common
in
cold
countries.
雪在寒冷的国家是常见的。
【易混词辨析】
两者都有“常见的；平常的”之意，其区别是：
易混词
意义与用法
例句
common
用于物，指“不稀奇，很平常”；用于人，指“没有职位，不高贵”。
He
wasn't
a
hero
but
just
a
common
man.
他不是一个英雄，而只是一个平常人。
usual
指“经常的，惯用的”，强调习惯性的，符合规章制度的或一贯如此的。
Playing
chess
is
his
usual
pastime.
他经常用下棋来打发时间。
【拓展】
common名词，“共有：平常”，in
common意为“共同；共有”。
e.g.
I
noticed
nothing
out
of
the
common.
我没有注意到有什么异常的地方。
e.g.
He
has
a
lot
in
common
with
his
father.
他和他父亲有许多共同之处。
e.g.
In
small
groups,
discuss
what
they
have
in
common.
在小组中讨论他们有什么共同之处。
this
new
type
of
hybrid
rice
was
introduced
into
the
USA
(P.
32)
【短语】
be
introduced
into意为“被引入，传入”。
e.g.
Potatoes
were
introduced
into
Europe
from
South
America.
土豆是从南美传入欧洲的。
e.g.
Pandas
have
been
introduced
into
other
countries
from
China.
大熊猫已由中国引入其他国家。
his
achievements
have
increased
rice
production
by
20%-30%,
and
in
some
places
even
more
(P.
32)
【重点单词1】
achievement名词，“成就，业绩（可数名词）；实现，达到，成功（不可数名词）”。
e.g.
We
felt
a
great
sense
of
achievement
when
we
reached
the
top
of
the
mountain.
当我们到达山顶时，我们有一种巨大的成就感。
e.g.
We
are
proud
of
our
new
achievement.
我们为我们的新成就感到骄傲。
【拓展】
①
achieve及物动词，“达到；完成；成功”，其宾语可以是“实现”的目标、梦想等，也可以是“取得”的胜利、成功、名誉、地位等。
e.g.
Everybody
should
be
given
the
chance
to
achieve
their
aims.
每个人都应该有机会实现自己的目标。
e.g.
She
achieved
success.
她获得了成功。
②
achieve
有时与this，that，what,
all,
much,
anything,
nothing,
a
little等代词（词组）连用，表示“获得（成功）”或“取得（成就）”等。
e.g.
No
one
can
achieve
anything
without
effort.
谁也不可能不努力而有所作为。
【重点单词2】
increase
by意为“增加了”，如：increase
by
$10“增加了10美元”。
increase
to意为“增加到”，如：increase
to
$10“增加到10美元”。
e.g.
The
population
of
this
town
has
increased
by
5
percent.
这个镇的人口增长了5%。
e.g.
The
population
of
this
city
has
increased
to
one
million.
这座城市的人口已增长到了100万。
【拓展】类似的用法：
reduce
by意为“减少了”，如：reduce
by
5%
“减少了5%”。
reduce
to意为“减少到”，reduce
to
5%
“减少到5%”。
has
spent
all
his
life
on
the
research
and
development
of
better
rice
plants.
(P.
32)
【重点单词】
development
n.
发展
-
develop
v.
发展
【短语】
with
the
development
of...
在……发展下，随着……的发展
【拓展】
developing
adj.
发展中的
developed
adj.
发达的
e.g.
What
do
you
think
today’s
developments
will
mean
for
him?
e.g.
China
is
a
developing
country.
e.g.
America
is
a
developed
country.
That
is
why
I
admire
him
so
much.
（P.
33）
这就是我如此钦佩他的原因。
that's
why...意为“这就是……的原因”，后接某事产生的结果。
e.g.
That's
why
he
was
late.
那就是他迟到的原因。
e.g.
That's
why
I
trust
you
to
keep
this
secret.
这就是我相信你会保守这个秘密的原因。
【拓展】
①
That's
because...意为“那是因为……”，后接某事发生的原因。
e.g.
I
was
late
for
the
meeting.
That's
because
I
met
my
old
friend
on
the
way.
我开会迟到了，是因为我在来的路上遇到了我的一位老朋友。
e.g.
I
met
my
old
friend
on
the
way,
and
that's
why
I
was
late
for
the
meeting.
我在来的路上遇到了我的一位老朋友，因此我开会迟到了。
②
That's
what...for意为“这就是……的目的”，强调目的。
e.g.
That's
what
he
gets
up
early
every
day
for.
这就是他每天早起的目的。
e.g.
That's
what
group
work
is
for!
这就是小组合作的目的！
2