2021年高考二轮复习 第7讲 定语从句
教材版本
全国通用
课时说明(建议)
120分钟
知识点
定语从句的含义,及关系代词,关系副词的用法
复习目标
掌握关系代词和关系副词的正确运用
复习重点
高考的高频考点,如which和as引导的非限制性定语从句;介词与关系代词的正确选择;关系代词whose引导的定语从句
复习难点
正确分析定语从句的句子成分
一、高考回顾
1. (2020,全国卷1)One afternoon where I was in primary school, I was walking by the school playground.
【答案】where改为when
【解析】根据先行词one afternoon可知用when。
(2019,全国卷2)Now Irene Astbury works from 9am to 5pm daily at the pet shop in Macclesfield, ______ she opened with her late husband Les.
【答案】 which
【解析】非限制性定语从句,先行词是pet shop,“她开的宠物店”,定语从句谓语动词open后缺宾语,所以用which。
3.(2019,江苏卷)We have entered into an age dreams have the best chance of coming true.
A. which B. what C. when D. that
【答案】C
【解析】句意:我们已经进入了一个梦想有很大机会实现的时代。可以看出来是定语从句,分析句子结构可知,后面定语从句不缺乏必要的成分,所以用关系副词,又因为age表示时代,表示的是时间,故答案为C项。
二、知识清单
三、例题精讲
例1 (2018,全国卷I)Two of the authors of the review also made a study published in 2014 _______ showed a mere five to 10 minutes a day of running reduced the risk of heart disease and early deaths from all causes.
【答案】that/which
【解析】定语从句的关键是找到先行词且准确分析从句的句子成分。先行词study研究,定语从句中缺少主语,故填that或which。
【易错点】本题考查定语从句。分析定语从句需抓住两点:1.找准先行词;2.看先行词在从句中所作的成分。抓住这两点,再根据句意,从而能够判断出正确的关系词。
例2(2018,全国卷I)They also had a small pond which they raised fish.
【答案】which前加介词in 或 which---where
【解析】此处考查关系副词引导定语从句的用法或介词+关系代词(which/whom)引导定语从句的用法。先行词为pond(池塘),定语从句中缺地点状语,因此使用where 或 in which。
【易错点】准确分析定语从句中的所缺成分是本题的关键。
例3 (2017,江苏卷28) In 1963 the UN set up the World Food Programme, one of _______ purposes is to relieve worldwide starvation.
【答案】whose
【解析】考查定语从句。先行词是“the World Food Programme”,“世界粮食项目”的目的之一是……,whose在定语从句中作定语,这里限定purposes,故填whose。句意:1963年联合国建立了世界粮食计划署,其目的之一就是为了缓解世界范围内的饥饿问题。
【易错点】准确分析定语从句中的所缺成分是本题的关键。
四、思维点拨
1. 解答技巧或方法策略:
a. 找出主句;
b. 找出被修饰词即先行词;
c. 将先行词代入定语从句;
d. 判断关系词在定语从句中充当什么成分;
e. 如作主语、宾语、表语,需选择关系代词;如作定语,需选择whose, of which或of whom; 如作状语,需选择关系副词。
2. 备考建议:
a. 定语从句是英语三大类从句中最难懂的一类,其难点主要在于英语中的定语从句既不同于英语中普通的定语,更不同于汉语中的定语,很多学生在学习时分不清先行词,不能正确使用关系代词、关系副词,不能正确理解定语从句中的一些特殊表达。因此,在学习定语从句时,务必掌握好定语从句的基本概念,理清关系代词的正确选定,准确判别定语从句、名词性从句、状语从句的差异等。
b.搞清楚that引导的定语从句和同位语从句的区别。
c.加强对非限制性定语从句和名词性关系从句的学习。在平日的学习过程中,经过认真思考之后,将典型的从句分门别类、整理建档,以备考前复习巩固。
d. 从句的学习并非一日之功,平时应加强对从句语法特征和语义特征的思考,形成纯正的英语思维能力。如果不能形成这种思维能力,而仅凭汉语思维去解决英语问题,那么大量的失误是在所难免的。因此,在平日的阅读过程中,碰到从句的时候,先停下来,想一想它的功能和意义。
五、成果巩固
【基础达标】
1. (2017,北京卷)The little problems ________ we meet in our daily lives may be inspirations for great inventions.
【答案】that
【解析】句意:我们在日常生活中遇到的小问题可能就是伟大发明的灵感。此句是定语从句,从句缺少宾语,先行词是problems,用that。
2. (2017,天津卷)My eldest son, ________ work takes him all over the world, is in New York at the moment.
【答案】whose
【解析】句意:我最大的儿子,他的工作带他去全世界,现在在纽约。本句是一个非限定定语从句,先行词是my eldest son,根据句意和空后名词,确定引导词做定语,在定语从句中只有引导词whose修饰名词做定语,意为:…的…。故填whose。
3. (2016,北京卷) I live next door to a couple ________ children often make a lot of noise.
【答案】whose
【解析】试题分析:题目考查定语从句的关系词。a couple是先行词,这对夫妻的孩子很吵,children和couple是所属关系,故用whose作定语,whose children相当于the children of whom,故选A。
4.(2016,浙江卷) Scientists have advanced many theories about why human beings cry tears , none of ________ has been proved.
【答案】which
【解析】句意:关于人类为什么哭的时候会流泪,科学家已经提出了很多理论,没有一个被证明了。使用定语从句,先行词是theories 指物,定语从句中用代词+介词+关系代词which引导。故选B。
5. A baby’s cries can cause unique emotional responses in the brain, ________ makes it impossible for us to ignore.
【答案】which
【解析】空格处引导一个非限制性定语从句,先行词为整个主句,关系词在从句中做主语,故用which。
6. (2018,北京卷)She and her family bicycle to work, _________ helps them keep fit.
A. which B. who C. as D. that
【答案】A
【解析】考查非限制性定语从句。句意:她和家人骑自行车去上班,这有助于她们保持健康。“____ helps them keep fit”是非限制性定语从句,该从句修饰整个主句,引导词在从句中做主语,故该从句应用关系代词which引导。A选项正确。
7.(2018,天津卷)Kate, _________sister I shared a room with when we were at college, has gone to work in Australia.
A. whom B. that C. whose D. her
【答案】C
【答案】考查定语从句关系词。句意:凯特已经去澳大利亚工作了。我们在大学的时候,我和她姐姐共住一室。分析句子,句中先行词为Kate,在非限定性定语从句中作名词sister的定语,故用关系代词whose。故选C。
8. The number of smokers, which is reported, has dropped by 17 percent in just one year.
【答案】which--- as
【解析】根据分析,此处指代的是整个句子,表示“如同,正如”,故用as。
9. The books on the desk, which covers are shiny, are prizes for us.
【答案】which--- whose
【解析】先行词为the books与covers是所属关系,故用whose。
10. Please send us all the information which you have about the candidate for the position.
【答案】which--- that
【解析】先行词the information前有all修饰,故用that。
【能力提升】
1. Creating an atmosphere _____ employees feel part of a team is a big challenge.
【答案】where
【解析】设空处无提示词,主句Creating an atmosphere is a big challenge.从句为 employees feel part of a team,结合语意,本句是定语从句,先行词为atmosphere。进一步分析可知,关系词在从句中还原为in the atmosphere,表抽象的地点概念,作状语,由此判断此处填关系副词where。
2. I’m sorry not to have replied to your letter earlier, for _____, I must say, I apologize.
【答案】which
【解析】I must say为插入语,空格处引导一个定语从句for _____I apologize,先行词为主句,关系词在从句中作for的宾语,故用which。
3.(2019北京卷)The students benefitting most from college are those are totally engaged(参与) in academic life,taking full advantage of the college's chances and resources (资源).
【答案】 who
【解析】本题考查定语从句,先行词为those表人,从句缺少主语,所以填who。
4. Our special thanks go to thousands of volunteers, without _______ tireless work none of this would be possible.
【答案】whose
【解析】空格处引导定语从句,先行词为volunteers,关系词在从句中充当tireless work的定语,故用whose。
5. Life is like a long race ________ we compete with others to go beyond ourselves.
【答案】where
【解析】句意:人生就像一场长跑,我们在这里互相角逐,以超越自己。本空需要关系副词引导定语从句,修饰先行词a long race,并在从句中作地点状语,故用where。
6. I'm glad to introduce Mr. Smith to you, without ________ consideration our project would have ended in failure.
【答案】whose
【解析】考查定语从句。从句中缺少定语,指代Mr Smith's,故填whose。
7. The yellow house ________ windows face south is the place ________ I spent my childhood.
【答案】whose; where
【解析】句中whose windows face south是定语从句,修饰house, whose在定语从句中作定语。第二空where引导定语从句,修饰place, where在定语从句中作状语。
8. I find that looking after children is a fun and challenging job ________ you need to be patient and careful.
【答案】where
【解析】句意:我发现照看孩子是一项有趣而又具有挑战性的工作,在这项工作中你需要耐心和细心。分析句子结构可知,设空处引导定语从句,修饰先行词job,且引导词在从句中作地点状语,故用where引导,相当于in which。
9. Children under fifteen are not permitted to see such kind of film ________ is bad for their mental development.
【答案】as
【解析】从句中缺少主语,故用关系代词,且先行词由such修饰,故用关系代词as。
10.(2018,江苏卷) Self-driving is an area _______ China and the rest of the world are on the same starting line.
A. that B. where C. which D. when
【答案】B
【解析】考查定语从句。句意:自动驾驶是一个中国和世界其它国家都在同一起跑线的领域。句中先行词为area,在从句中作地点状语,故用关系副词where,相当于in which。故选B。
六、课堂小结
定语从句仍将是未来高考的重点之一。命题设置主要涉及which和as引导的非限制性定语从句的比较;表示地点、时间的先行词与关系副词的正确选定仍将是考查重点。此外,介词与关系代词的正确选定以及关系代词whose引导的定语从句也将会受到命题人的关注,所以学好本讲至关重要。