X6U4
1．Even_if we start reducing the amount of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases, the climate is going to keep on warming for decades or centuries.即使我们开始减少二氧化碳和其他温室气体的含量，在(未来)几十年或几个世纪内，气候仍会持续转暖。
even if＝even though引导让步状语从句，意为“即使，纵使”。
①Even if we achieve great success in our work, we should not be conceited.
即使我们在工作中取得了巨大的成功，也不应该自满。
②Even if some foreigners speak ill of our Shenzhou Ⅶ spaceship, we still stick to the route of peaceful exploration of the space.
即便某些外国人对中国“神舟”七号说三道四，但我们仍将坚持和平探索太空的路线不动摇。
[即境活用1] (1)Jack felt grateful to his teacher ______ he couldn’t find words to express it.
A．as if B．even though
C．so that D．now that
解析：句意：尽管无法用言语表达，但Jack仍对老师感激不尽。只有even though符合句意要求。
答案：B
(2)The government should protect the old valuable buildings ______ they are not in harmony with the modern ones nearby.
A．even though B．as if
C．so that D．now that
解析：句意为：虽然这些古建筑与附近现代化建筑物不协调，但政府有必要保护它们。只有even though表示让步的意义。
答案：A
2．It is OK to leave an electrical appliance on so_long_as you are using it—if not, turn it off! 在使用电器设备时你可以把它一直开着，如果不用把它关掉！
as/so long as 意为“只要”，用来引导条件状语从句。
①As long as you can be back before 10 o‘clock, you can go out.
只要你10点钟前能回来，你可以外出。
②As long as you accept our conditions, we‘ll start working immediately.
只要你答应我们的条件，我们就立即开始工作。
归纳拓展：as far as “到达某个提及的地方”和“在……范围内；就……而言”。
as many as “多达……”“达到……之多”。与可数名词复数连用。
as much as “多达……”“达到……之多”。与不可数名词连用。
as soon as 作“一……就”解，引导时间状语从句。
as well as 不仅后者，前者也……；除……之外
as good as 和……一样好，实际上相当于……
[即境活用2] (2008·全国Ⅰ)—Have you got any idea for the summer vacation
—I don't mind where we go ______ there's sun, sea and beach.
A．as if B．as long as
C．now that D．in order that
解析：as long as “只要”，引导条件状语从句。
答案：B
X6U5
1．I was_about_to_go back to sleep when suddenly my bedroom became as bright as day.
我刚要睡，突然我的卧室亮如白昼。
be about to do sth. when... 正要干……这时……
①I was about to go out when the telephone rang.
我正要出门，这时电话铃响了。
②The meeting was about to be held when it began to rain.
会议正要开始，这时开始下雨了。
拓展：表示将要发生的动作，除了用一般将来时外，还有以下常见的结构和时态：
(1)be about to do 表示“即将(正要)做某事”，句中不再加时间状语，相当于 be on the point of doing sth.。
(2)be going to do 表示事先经过考虑、打算去做某事或有明显的迹象要发生某事，它可用于条件状语从句中表示将来，而 shall/will 则不行。shall/will 可表示临时作出决定。
(3)be to do表示职责、义务、意图、约定、可能性或注定要发生的动作。
(4)英语中 begin, come, go, leave, sail, start, arrive, return, end, open, close 等表示一个预计将要发生的动作或情况，可用一般现在时表将来。这一动作时间比较固定，基本已成为规律。
(5)英语中 go, come, begin, start, leave, arrive, return, take off 等动词(词组)可用现在进行时代替将来时，表示一个预计将要发生的动作，这种用法要带一个表示将来的时间状语。
[即境活用1] We were ______ to go out for camping ______ it began to rain.
A．hardly; than B．around; as
C．about; when D．nearly; while
解析：be about to...when... “正准备……这时……”，when作“这时”讲，它起并列连词的作用，连接两个并列的分句。
答案：C
2．The other two climbed down into the crater to collect some lava for later study, but this_being_my_first_experience,_I stayed at the top and watched them.另外两人爬下火山口去收集供日后研究用的岩浆，我是第一次经历这样的事，所以留在山顶上观察他们。
句中this being...是独立主格结构。
独立主格结构由“名词/代词＋形容词/副词/现在分词/过去分词/不定式/介词短语/名词/数词”构成，在句中可做条件状语、时间状语、原因状语、伴随状语等。
①I heard that she got injured in the accident, my heart full of worry.(表示结果)
听说她在这场事故中受了伤，我内心充满了担忧。
②The rain having stopped, he went out for a walk.
雨停了，他出去散步。(表示原因)
③More time given, we should have done it much better.
如果给我们更多的时间，我们会做得更好。(表示条件)
④The huntsman entered the forest, gun in hand.
那位猎人手里提着枪走进了森林。(表示补充说明)
⑤Hundreds of people went out of the cinema, some in pairs, others alone.
成百上千的人走出电影院，有的结伴而行，有的独自出来。(表示方式)
提示：(1)独立主格结构一般用逗号同句子其余部分分开。
(2)表示虚义的逻辑主语 it有时可以省略不写。
(3)there be结构的独立主格结构是：there being＋n.。
①(It) Being Sunday, there are no students in the school. 因为是星期天，学校里没有学生。
②There being another chance, he will try his best.
假如再有一次机会，他会尽力而为。
[即境活用2] (2007·山东)The country has already sent up three unmanned spacecraft, the most recent ______ at the end of last March.
A．has been launched
B．having been launched
C．being launched
D．to be launched
解析：句中没有连接词，故不能用谓语动词；the most recent having been launched 为独立主格结构，由 at the end of last March 可知应用完成式。
答案：B
3．It_is_said_that this boy, who had a great gift for languages and persuasion, is the father of the Manchu people. 据说这个男孩子就是满族人的祖先，他具有语言天赋和很强的说服力。
It is said that... 据说……
It is reported that... 据报道……
It is believed that... 人们认为……
(1)以上结构中 it是形式主语，它所代替的是后面的 that引导的主语从句。以上结构均可转化为“主语＋be＋过去分词＋不定式”结构，其中不定式根据需要有时态和语态的变化。如：
It is said that he has gone abroad.
＝He is said to have gone abroad.
据说他出国了。
(2)有时以上结构还可转化为：“as＋be＋v. ed，主句”结构，或者“what＋be＋v. ed＋is＋that从句”结构。如：
It is known to all that China is a country with a long history.
＝As is known to all, China is a country with a long history.
＝What is known to all is that China is a country with a long history. 众所周知，中国是一个历史悠久的国家。
[即境活用3] (2007·重庆)Leonardo da Vinci (1452－1519) ______ birds kept in cages in order to have the pleasure of setting them free.
A．is said to be buying
B．is said to have bought
C．had said to buy
D．has said to have bought
解析：考查 be said to do sth.这一结构。不定式动作发生在 be said 之前，所以要用不定式的完成式，所以答案为B。
答案：B
2. 独立主格结构的用法
[应用2] (1)The children went home from the grammar school, their lessons ______ for the day.
A．finishing B．finished
C．had finished D．were finished
解析：本题考查名词的独立主格结构。名词短语their lessons和动词finish之间是被动完成关系，故用过去分词finished。
答案：B
(2)－Wow! It snowed last night. What a nice world!
－You’re right. But it’s more difficult to find my missing keys with snow ______ the ground.
A．covered B．cover
C．to cover D．covering
解析：本题考查with复合结构做宾补的非谓语动词形式。snow和cover在逻辑上是主谓关系，因此此处用现在分词。
答案：D
(3)He ran after the dog, ______.
A．stick in his hand B．stick in hand
C．a stick in his hand D．having a stick in hand
解析：由“名词＋介词短语”构成的独立主格结构中，当介词是in时，其前后的两个名词均不加任何成分(物主代词或冠词)，但with的复合结构不受此限制。C项中缺少with，故可排除。B项是独立主格结构做伴随状语。
答案：B
(4)The boys were happily making a snowman, ______ with cold.
A．their faces red
B．their faces were red
C．their faces turned red
D．their faces to be red
解析：本题考查由“名词＋形容词”构成的独立主格结构做伴随状语。
答案：A
(5)He was so tired that he fell asleep quickly, the light over his bed ______.
A．burn B．went on
C．lighted D．on
解析：考查“名词＋副词”构成的独立主格结构做伴随状语。选项中，on为副词，表示“已连接，处于工作状态或使用中”。因此，此处应选D做伴随状语。
答案：D
X7U1
1．As_well_as going to the movies and football matches with my friends, I spend a lot of time with my pets.除了和朋友们去看电影、足球比赛之外，我也会花很多的时间和我的宠物一起玩耍。
as well as译为“也，和……一起”，在此句中相当于besides。注意as well as在使用时的主谓一致。
(1)既……又……；也；以及；同……一样
①He gave me clothes as well as food.
他既给我食物，又给我衣服。
②This factory produces cars as well as trucks.
这个工厂既生产卡车也生产小汽车。
(2)as well as可以用于同级比较。“和……一样好”，修饰动词。
①She sings as well as she plays.
她弹得好，唱得也好。
②He speaks French as well as English.
他英语和法语讲得一样好。
(3)A as well as B结构做主语时，谓语动词的数要与A保持一致。
①The teacher as well as his students is doing an experiment in the lab.
老师和他的学生正在实验室里做实验。
②The students as well as their teacher are doing an experiment in the lab.
学生们和他们的老师正在实验室里做实验。
拓展：
as well单独使用于句尾表示“也”“既……，又……”，但是不能用于否定句。
He speaks English as well.他也讲英语。
He is a professor and a writer as well.
他是一位教授，也是一个作家。
[即境活用1] The father as well as his three children ______ skating on the frozen river every Sunday afternoon in winter.
A．is going B．go
C．goes D．are going
答案：C
解析：as well as＋n./pron.短语结构不影响句子的主谓关系，即句子的主语应是the father; 由every Sunday afternoon in winter可知应用一般现在时态。
2．Just accept them for who they are, and give them encouragement to live as_rich and full a_life_as you do.接受现实的他们并给予他们鼓励，让他们能像你们一样过得丰富多彩、充实美满。
as...as 引导状语从句，两个 as之间可以是 adj./adv. 也可以是n.，如果涉及数量可以用 as much/many＋n. as...，或者 as＋adj.＋an/a＋n. as...，此结构还可与 twice, three times, half 等倍数连用。
①This is as good an example as the other is.
这是一个像另一个一样好的例子。
②I can carry as much paper as you can.
你能拿多少纸，我也能拿多少。
拓展：as...as..., not so...as..., so...that..., too...to/for, how 如果与单数可数名词连用，它们的顺序一律是：as/so/too/how＋adj.＋a(an)＋n....
①This is too long a journey for me.
这是一个对我来说太长的旅程。
②She is so lovely a girl that everyone likes her.
她是那样一个可爱的女孩，以至于每个人都喜欢她。
③How hot a day it is! 多么热的一天啊！
[即境活用2] You know nursing is ______ a way of life.
A．as a much job as B．as much a job as
C．as job a much as D．a job as much as
答案：B
解析：考查 as＋adj.＋a＋n. as结构。
X7U2
1．As she turned around, there_stood Gladys Claffern. 她刚一转过身去，就看到格拉迪斯 克拉芬站在那里。
There stands...倒装句。(1)there, here, now, then 等副词放在句首时，句子要完全倒装，谓语动词常用 come, go, be, lie, run 等。
(2)表示方位的副词或介词短语置于句首时，句子也要完全倒装，句中的谓语动词通常是 come, go等表示动作的动词。
(3)在上述全部倒装中，主语如为人称代词，则应放在动词前面。
①There goes the bell. 铃响了。
②Now comes your turn. 现在轮到你了。
③The door opened and in came a teacher.
门开了，进来一位老师。
④Away went the students. 学生们走了。
Away they went. 他们走了。
⑤Present at the meeting are some teachers and students. 一些老师和学生出席了会议。
[即境活用1] —Look! There ______.
—Oh, there______.
A．comes the bus; comes it
B．comes the bus; it comes
C．the bus comes; it comes
D．the bus comes; comes it
答案：B
解析：考查全部倒装。注意主语是代词时，不倒装，故选B。
2．But even though Tony had been so clever, he would have to be rebuilt—you cannot have women falling_in_love_with machines. 但是，尽管托尼很聪明，他还得经过一番改造——你总不能让女人与机器相爱吧。
have sb. doing 意为“叫/让/使某人做某事或让某种情况发生”。宾语后面用现在分词做宾语补足语，表示宾语与现在分词表示的动作之间为主动关系，且动作正在进行或一直进行。won‘t have sb. doing 意为“不让某人做某事”。
①Don‘t have the baby crying! 不要让婴儿啼哭！
②You’d better have your car running slowly.
你最好把车子开慢点儿。
③I won‘t have you talking to your mother like that.
我不允许你这样与你妈妈说话。
拓展：(1)have sb. do 让某人做某事(do表示动作由 sb. 发出)
(2)have sb./sth. done 使某事被别人做(sb./sth. 与动词 do构成动宾关系)
(3)have sth. to do 有事要做(to do做后置定语修饰 sth.，该不定式的动作由主语发出)
(4)have sth. to be done 有事要做(to do做后置定语修饰 sth.，但不定式的动作不是由主语发出的，而是别人)
①I‘ll have the gardener plant some trees.
我要让园丁种些树。
②Why don't you have your hair cut 你为什么不理发？
③I have some clothes to wash.
我有些衣服要洗。(洗衣服是主语发出的动作)
④I have some clothes to be washed.
我有些衣服要洗。(洗衣服不是主语发出的动作，由别人来做)
[即境活用2] You should understand the traffic rule by now. You‘ve had it ______ often enough.
A．explaining B．to explain
C．explain D．explained
答案：D
解析：句中 it指 the traffic rule，故用 have sth. done “使某事被做”。B1U2
Ⅱ.重点句型详解
1．While walking the dog, you were careless and it got loose and was hit by a car.你在遛狗的时候不小心让狗松脱了，接着它被一辆小车撞着了。
While walking the dog＝While you were walking the dog，这是状语从句的省略。
在when, while, if, as if, though, as, where, unless等连词(词组)引导的状语从句中，如果谓语动词有be，而主语又跟主句的主语相同或为it时，则从句的主语和be常常省略。
①When (I was) in Japan, I took many beautiful pictures.
在日本时，我拍了许多漂亮的照片。
②While (I was) waiting, I read newspapers.
我边等待，边看报纸。
③If (it were) not for you, we would not go there.
要不是为你，我们就不会去那儿了。
④He looks as if (he were) drunk.他看上去像喝醉了。
⑤She went on working though (she was) exhausted.
尽管她精疲力竭，但仍继续工作。
⑥Fill in the blanks with the given words; change the form where (it is) necessary.用所给词填空，必要的地方改变形式。
⑦I won't go unless (I'm) invited.
除非被邀请，否则我不会去。
[即境活用1] When first ______ to the market, these products enjoyed great success.
A．introducing B．introduced
C．introduce D．being introduced
解析：将从句补全应为When these products were first introduced to the market，主从句主语一致且从句中有be，可以省略主语和be。
答案：B
2．...tell him/her that he/she should have studied...
……告诉他/她本该学习……
should have done结构表示过去应该做某事而事实上没有做；而shouldn't have done则表示过去本不该做某事而实际上却做了，两者皆含有“责备”的口吻。
①You should have finished your homework yesterday.
你昨天就该做完作业。
②You shouldn't have told him about it.
你本来不应该告诉他这件事情。
拓展：其他“情态动词＋have＋done”结构：
(1)must have done对过去发生的事情的肯定推测。“一定……”。
(2)can't/couldn't have done对过去发生的事情的否定推测。“不可能……”。
(3)needn't have done过去没有必要做却做了。“本来没必要做……”。
(4)ought (not) to have done＝should (not) have done
(5)might/may have done过去可能做了某事(可能性小)。“可能做了……”。
(6)could have done过去本可能做而未做。“本来能做……”。
(7)would have done愿意做某事却不能做。“本来想要做……”。
[即境活用2] Oh, I'm not feeling well in the stomach. I ______ so much fried chicken just now.
A．shouldn't eat B．mustn't have eaten
C．shouldn't have eaten D．mustn't eat
解析：由just now可知，本题谈论过去之事。谈论过去之事，在should或must之后接不定式的完成式。must表示推测只用于肯定句中，shouldn’t have done表说话之前不应该做某事，但事实上却做了，含有责备的口气。
答案：C
3．...it was the first time in a year and a half that I'd seen the night face to face...
……这是我一年半以来第一次观察夜晚……
It is/was the first time(that)．..这是一个固定句式，it可换成this或that; first可换成second, third等，以表达不同的意义。
①This is the fourth time she's rung you in a week.
这是她一周内第四次给你打电话。
②It was the second time that he had been out with her alone.这是他第二次单独跟她外出。
③It will be the second time that I have got the prize.
那将是我第二次获得该奖。
提示：(1)It is the first time that...后接现在完成时；It was the first time that...后接过去完成时；It will be the first time that...后接现在完成时。
(2)the first time可起从属连词作用，引导时间状语从句。
The first time I saw her, my heart stopped.
我第一次见到她时，心脏都停止了跳动。
(3)for the first time意为“第一次”，单独用做状语。
He was cheated for the first time.
他第一次被骗了。
[即境活用3] —Have you ever been here before
—No. This is the first time that I ______ to the Great Wall.
A．comes B．have been
C．came D．had come
解析：This is the first time that...之后的从句需要用现在完成时态。
答案：B
4．Mother asked her if/whether she was very hot with so many clothes on.妈妈问她穿这么多衣服是不是很热。
“with＋n.＋形容词/副词/介词短语/分词/动词不定式”这种结构在句中经常做状语，表示原因、方式或伴随状态。如果分词的动作与前面的名词是主动关系，用现在分词；如果是被动关系，则用过去分词；如果表示一个未来的动作就用不定式。
①He lay on his back, with his eyes looking up into the sky. 他躺着，眼瞅着天空。
②With his homework done, he went out to play.
完成作业，他就出去玩了。
③With the guide to lead us, we'll have no difficulty finding his house.
有导游带路，我们将不费力地找到他家。
④He came in, with a book in his hand.
他手里拿着一本书走了进来。
⑤He is used to sleeping with the windows open.
他已经习惯了开着窗户睡觉。
⑥He often sleeps with the light on.
他经常开着灯睡觉。
[即境活用4] ______ five minutes ______ before the last bus left, we arrived at the station.
A．There were; go B．With; to go
C．It was; left D．It had; left
解析：本题考查with的复合结构，即“with＋宾语＋宾语补足语”。本题用不定式做宾补表示将来的动作。句意：在最后一班公交车离开的前五分钟，我们到了车站。
答案：B
B1U2
Ⅱ.重点句型详解
1．Native English speakers can understand each other even if they don't speak the same kind of English. 以英语作为母语的人，即使他们所说的英语不尽相同，也可以相互交流。
句中 even if 相当于 even though, 意为“即使；尽管”，引导让步状语从句。even if/though 引导的从句中可用现在时代替将来时。
①Even if you don't like flowers, you shouldn't miss the flower exhibition.即使你不喜欢花，这次花展你也不应错过。
②We have decided to visit the museum even if it rains tomorrow.我们决定明天去参观博物馆，即使下雨。
拓展：(1)引导让步状语从句的引导词还有 although, though, no matter when/what..., whenever, wherever, however 等等。
(2)as也可以引导让步状语从句，但要把其表语、谓语或宾语前置，且前置的单数名词不可以加冠词。
①Even though you achieve great success in your work, you should not be conceited.
即使你们在工作中取得了巨大的成绩，也不应该自满。
②Whatever you do, do it well.
不管你做什么，把它做好。
③However hot it is, he won't take off his hat.
不管多热，他都不摘下帽子。
④Girl as she is, she can go alone in the darkness.
尽管她是个女孩，她敢一个人走夜路。
[即境活用1] (2007·浙江)Many of them turned a deaf ear to his advice, ______they knew it to be valuable.
A．as if B．now that
C．even though D．so that
解析：even though＝even if “即使”，引导让步状语从句。
答案：C
2．Believe it or not, there is no such thing as standard English. 信不信由你，(世界上)没有什么标准英语。
(1)believe it or not 信不信由你。常在句中做插入语。
(2)no such thing 没有这样的事情。such与 all, no, some, any, few, little, many, much, several, one 等词连用时，应位于它们的后面。
①Believe it or not, he refused to accept our offer.
信不信由你，他拒绝接受我们的帮助。
②There is no such street in the city.
这城市没有那样的街道。
③He said he didn't have time or made some such excuse.
他说他没有时间或别的诸如此类的借口。
[即境活用2] (2009·安徽)I’m amazed to hear from my school teacher again. ______， it is ten years since we met last.
A．In a word B．What’s more
C．That’s to say D．Believe it or not
解析：句意：想不到又一次收到学校老师的来信，信不信由你，我们上次见面还是在十年前。in a word总之；what’s more而且；that’s to say也就是说；believe it or not信不信由你。
答案：D
3. with的复合结构
[应用3] (1)—Come on, please give me some ideas about the project.
—Sorry. With so much work ______ my mind, I almost break down.
A．filled B．filling
C．to fill D．being filled
解析：with复合结构中，work和fill是主动关系，且表示正在进行，因此其后要用doing结构。
答案：B
(2)John received an invitation to dinner, and with his work ______， he gladly accepted it.
A．finished B．finishing
C．having finished D．was finished
解析：根据work和finish是被动关系，可以判断出答案。
答案：A
(3)______ two exams to worry about, I have to work really hard this weekend.
A．With B．Besides
C．As for D．Because of
解析：根据句意，此处应采用“with＋宾语＋不定式”。
答案：A
(4)It was cold outside, the boy ran into the room ______ his nose red.
A．to B．on
C．in D．with
解析：这个句子考查with的复合结构的用法，用“with＋名词＋形容词”做状语表示伴随情况。而to、on、in作为介词则没有这种用法，故排除A、B、C，答案为D。句意是：外面天气很冷，那个男孩跑进了屋子时，鼻子红红的。
答案：DX7U3
1．“Come_on,_Clancy. To the boat，”．.. “快点，克兰西。快到船上去。”……
Come on. 意为：“来！快！得啦！加油！”表示劝说、激励、不耐烦等语气。
①Come on! We don‘t have much time.
快点！我们的时间不多了。
②Oh, come on—you know that isn‘t true!
哦，得了吧，你知道那不是真的！
拓展：Come along! 快来！赶快！加把劲！
Come again. 请再说一遍！你说什么来着？
How come... 怎么回事？怎么发生的？怎样解释？
when it comes to sth./to doing sth. 当涉及某事/做某事时
①If she spent five years in Paris, how come her French is so bad
既然她在巴黎待了五年，她的法语怎么还会这样糟糕？
②When it comes to teaching students English, he has a lot to say. 当涉及教学生英语时，他有很多话要说。
③Come along! We‘re late already.
快点！我们已经迟到了。
④—She is an actress. 她是一个演员。
—Come again. 请再说一遍。(你说什么来着？)
[即境活用1] —I‘m dead tired. I can’t walk any farther, Jenny.
—______， Tommy. You can do it!
A．No problem B．No hurry
C．Come on D．That's OK
答案：C
解析：Come on. “加油！”表示激励。 No problem. 没问题；No hurry. 别着急；That's OK. 没关系。
2．The fish didn‘t seem to mind me_swimming among them.
鱼儿好像并不介意我游在它们中间。
me 在句中用做 swimming 的逻辑主语，这叫做动名词的复合结构。
动名词的复合结构的其中一种形式是“物主代词或名词所有格＋动名词”，在句中做主语、宾语、表语等。如果不是在句子开头，这个结构常常可以用名词的普通格(或人称代词的宾格)。
①His/Jack's not getting to the station on time made all of us worried.
他/杰克没准时到车站使得我们大家都很担心。(做主语)
②Do you mind my/me/Jack's/Jack leaving now
我/杰克现在离开你介意吗？(做动词的宾语)
③Have you heard of my sister's winning the contest
我妹妹在竞赛中获胜的事你听说了吗？(做动词短语的宾语)
④He left the city without our knowing it.
他离开这个城市我们大家都不知道。(做介词的宾语)
⑤What is most important is Tom's going there at once.
最重要的是汤姆立刻到那里去。(做表语)
注意：在下列情况中，动名词复合结构中的逻辑主语要用名词的普通格或人称代词的宾格：
(1)无生命的事物名词做逻辑主语时一般采用普通格形式。
(2)在口语和非正式语体中，只要不做主语常采用普通格或人称代词宾格。
(3)逻辑主语是一个短语或有修饰语，一般用名词普通格或人称代词宾格。
(4)－s结尾的复合名词做逻辑主语时一般用普通格。
(5)不定代词或指示代词做动名词的逻辑主语时，一般不用或很少用所有格形式。
(6)集合名词、单复数同形的名词或变化不规则的复数名词做逻辑主语并同动名词一起做宾语时，一般用普通格。
(7)it 做逻辑主语时用宾格、所有格均可，但指时间时用宾格。
[即境活用2] Do you mind ______ alone at home
A．Tom leaving B．Tom having left
C．Tom's being left D．Tom to be left
答案：C
解析：mind 后接动名词做宾语，且动名词的逻辑主语是 Tom，表被动意义，故选C。
X7U4
1．But last weekend another teacher, Jenny, and I did_visit a village which is the home of one of the boys, Tombe.
但是上个周末， 我和另一个老师，珍妮，确实拜访了一个村庄，其中一个男孩汤贝的家就在那里。
“do/does/did＋动词原形”可构成强调句。这种强调句只有一般现在时和一般过去时，且只对肯定的谓语动词进行强调，没有否定式和疑问式。do在句中要重读。注意在祈使句中使用时，往往不表示命令，而表示强烈的请求，有时表达更加客气的语气。
①He did come here yesterday.他昨天确实来这里了。
②We do often go to school by bus.
我们确实经常乘公交车去上学。
③Kate does like this game.凯特确实喜欢这个游戏。
④Do finish your homework on time.
一定要按时完成作业。
[即境活用1] Cars moved very slowly in the 1930s, but they ______ faster than in the 1920s.
A．were moving B．did move
C．had moved D．would move
答案：B
解析：did 强调动词 move 表示“确实开得比那时快”。
2．She was dying to see him again but what_if he didn’t want to see her 她渴望再见到他，但如果他不想见她怎么办？
what if“如果……将会怎样；即使……又有什么关系”，为省略结构，相当于What shall we/I do if... what if 中 what可看做是 what should sb. do (某人该怎么办)或 what does it matter (有什么要紧) 或 what would happen (将会如何)的省略。
①What if he gets angry
倘若他生气该怎么办？
②What if they do not come
即使他们不来又有什么关系呢？
拓展：(1)What for “为什么？”相当于 Why
—We‘ll hold a party this weekend.
我们要在这个周末开一个聚会。
—What for 为什么呢？
(2)So what 那有什么了不起/有什么关系？
—He says he doesn’t like you. 他说他不喜欢你。
—So what 那有什么关系呢？
(3)what about...……怎么样；……怎么办
What about inviting him here 邀请他来这儿怎么样？
(4)guess what 告诉你一个消息/情况
Guess what! The boss is getting married.
告诉你个消息！老板要结婚了。
(5)What‘s up 相当于 What’s the matter
What‘s up She is weeping over there.
怎么了？她正在那边儿哭呢。
(6)Now what？下一步会怎样？下一步怎么办？
[即境活用2] ______we moved the sofa over there Would that look better
A．What about B．What if
C．What for D．How come
答案：B
解析：句意为：“如果我们把沙发挪到那边儿，你觉得怎么样？”What if...？“如果……怎么样？”
2. what if/what about/what’s like/so what/what‘s more
[应用2] (1)____________ some settings could endanger children？如果一些装置可能对孩子们构成危险，那该怎么办？
(2)I know Sally is your best friend. ____________？我知道萨莉是你最好的朋友。那又怎么样？
What if //So what
(3)______________ the new captain ______？新来的船长是个怎样的人？
(4)____________ going to Singapore for our holiday this year？今年我们去新加坡度假怎么样？
(5)We invited a new speaker and, ____________， he is happy to come.
我们邀请了一位新的发言人，而且，他很乐意来。
What’s//like//What about//what’s more
X7U5
1．It_was_the_first_time she had ever left her motherland. 这是她第一次离开祖国。
It/This/That is the first/second/third...time (that) sb. has/have done sth.
这是某人第一/二/三……次做某事。
①It is the first time that I have come to the Great Wall.
这是我第一次到长城。
②It was the second time that he had failed in the exam.
这是他第二次考试失败。
③It will be the first time that he has won the prize.
那将是他第一次获奖。
拓展：(1)the first time “第一次”，名词短语引导时间状语从句。如：
He was curious about everything the first time he went abroad.第一次出国他对什么都好奇。
(2)for the first time “第一次”，介词短语在句中做时间状语。如：
When I met him for the first time, he was making a speech.我第一次见他时，他正在演讲。
[即境活用1] I thought her nice and honest ______ I saw her.
A．first time B．for the first time
C．the first time D．by the first time
答案：C
解析：the first time 引导时间状语从句，意为“第一次”。
2．Besides, as_far_as_he_was_concerned,_what other people thought was not the most important thing.此外，他认为，别人的想法并不是最重要的。
as/so far as sb./sth. is concerned是固定句式，意为“在某人看来，就某人或某事而言”。类似短语还有：
so/as far as I can see 依我看来
so/as far as I know 就我所知
as far as the eye can see 就视线所及
as far as it goes 就……而论
as far as 那么远，直到，就……而言
so far＝up to now 迄今为止
by far ……得多，最(修饰比较级或最高级)
①As far as I am concerned, this is the most important point.对我来说，这是最重要的一点。
②As far as money is concerned, she‘s hopeless.
她在金钱方面简直无可救药。
[即境活用2] —Michael was late for Mr Smith's oral class this morning.
—How come ______ I know, he never came late to class.
A．As far as B．So far
C．By far D．As far
答案：A
解析：as far as I know, 据我所知。
1.It's the first time...句式
[应用1] (1)I thought her nice and honest ______ I met her.
A．first time B．for the first time
C．the first time D．by the first time
答案：C
解析：the first time可引导时间状语从句。
(2)－It’s the second time that I ______ to Shanghai.
－What great changes! It’s ten years since I ______ it last time.
A．have been; left B．had been；left
C．am; had left D．come; had left
答案：A
解析：在表时间的句式It be＋time＋since从句中出现了时间状语last time，故从句应用一般过去时，排除C、D两项，结合It be＋the＋序数词＋time(that)从句时态特殊要求，可知A项为最佳选项。
2. besides的用法
[应用2] (1)I don’t mind picking up your things from the store. ______， the walk will do me good.
A．Sooner or later B．Still
C．In time D．Besides
答案：D
解析：besides副词，意为“况且，再说”。该句意为“我很乐意去商店把你的东西取回来。再说走一走对我自己也有好处”。根据题意，D项正确。
(2)(2007·全国Ⅱ)Some people choose jobs for other reasons ______ money these days.
A．for B．except
C．besides D．with
答案：C
解析：考查考生对介词的理解。根据句意“在如今，人们选择工作除了钱还有其他原因”，表示“除了”，只有except与besides有此意。except为排除在外、不包括，而besides为包括在内，故用besides。
3. as far as...的用法
[应用3] (1)______ I can see, there is only one possible way to keep away from the danger.
A．As long as B．As far as
C．Just as D．Even if
答案：B
解析：逗号前后并非表示条件、让步关系，也不是用来加强语气。应用as far as I can see来缓和语气，表示“在我看来，只有一种可能脱离危险的办法”。
(2)______ you can do what you like.
A．As long as I’m concerned
B．As far as I’m concerned
C．As far as I’m concerning
D．As soon as I’m concerned
答案：B
解析：本题考查了固定短语的用法。此句可译为：就我而言，你可以做你所喜欢做的。as far as one is concerned是固定短语，也可写成so far as one is concerned，表示“就……而言”。
X8U1
1．However, it_is_likely_that Native Americans were living in California at least fifteen thousand years ago.
然而，美洲土著人有可能在至少15 000年前就在加州生活着。
本句式中 it为形式主语，真正的主语为 that从句。
It is likely that... ……是可能的。此句型可转化为：Sb./Sth. be likely to do... 某人/物可能干某事。
①She‘s very likely to ring me tonight.
＝It’s likely that she will ring me tonight.
她今晚很可能给我打电话。
②It‘s likely that it will snow tonight.
＝It is likely to snow tonight.
今天晚上可能下雪。
[即境活用1] Ronaldo was ______ to win the 100－meter hurdle race, but he fell to the ground and missed the chance.
A．possible B．probable
C．likely D．maybe
答案：C
解析：当 possible或 probable 做表语时，主语只能是事物或代词 it；而 likely 做表语时，主语可以是人，也可以是物。maybe 是副词，只能做状语，不能做表语。
2．It_is_believed_that before long the mix of nationalities will be so great that there will be no distinct major racial or cultural groups, but simply a mixture of many races and cultures.
过不了多久国籍间相混的程度将如此大以至于不再有明显的种族或文化团体，而仅仅是一个种族和文化的混合体。
本句用的句型是 It is believed that－clause。it 是形式主语，真正的主语是后面的 that－clause。
类似的结构还有：It be said/known/agreed/thought/supposed/reported＋that－clause.
此句型可转化成：
(1)People say/know/agree/think/suppose/report＋that－clause.
(2)Sb./Sth. be said/known/agreed/thought/supposed/reported＋to do.
①It is believed that Mr Smith is innocent.＝Mr Smith is believed to be innocent.
人们认为史密斯先生是无辜的。
②It is believed that Professor Johnson has finished his second novel.＝Professor Johnson is believed to have finished his second novel.
人们相信约翰逊教授已完成了他的第二部小说。
[即境活用2] The lake by the village is believed ______ a number of victims in the past 3 years.
A．to claim B．to have claimed
C．claiming D．being claiming
答案：B
解析：句意为“人们相信村子旁边的湖泊在过去的三年里已要了许多人的命”。在这种形式中，believe 后面不能跟 v．－ing形式；由 in the past 3 years 可知，事情是已发生的，因此，需用不定式的完成式与之相对应。
X8U2
1．Then_came the disturbing news that Dolly had become seriously ill.
接着传来了令人烦恼的消息——多莉得了重病。
(1)表示方位、时间或方式的副词或介词短语，如here, there, now, then, up, down, in, away, off, out, in the room, on the wall等置于句首时，句子倒装。
①Look, here comes the bus.看，公共汽车来了。
②Out rushed the children.孩子们冲了出去。
③There goes the bell.铃响了。
(2)本句中的news与that Dolly had become seriously ill是同位语关系。一个名词或代词后面有时可接一个单词、短语或从句，对前者做进一步的解释，说明它指的是谁或是什么，这就是同位语。
①We heard of the news that our team had won.
我们听说了我们队赢了这一消息。
②We must face the fact that we have run out of all the money.我们必须面对我们已花完了钱这一事实。
[即境活用1] (1)In the dark forests ______， some large enough to hold several English towns.
A．stand many lakes B．lie many lakes
C．many lakes lie D．many lakes stand
答案：B
解析：表地点的介词短语放在句首时用完全倒装，表示某物位于某处用动词lie。
(2)Nobody believed his reason for being absent from the class ______ he had to meet his uncle at the airport.
A．why B．that
C．where D．because
答案：B
解析：考查同位语从句。句意为：他没来上课，因他必须到机场接他叔叔，没人相信这个理由。his reason后接同位语从句，由for being absent from the class隔开，从句是个完整的句子，故选B项。
2．Did she die young because she was a clone
因为她是克隆的，所以才早逝了吗？
young 为形容词，在句中做状语。
在描绘性文字中，形容词(短语)或形容词化的分词有时起状语作用，说明主句所述的原因、时间或主语所处境况或意义增补。
(1)表原因
表原因的形容词(短语)或形容词化的分词多放在句首，句子的主语亦是其逻辑主语。表原因的形容词(短语)相当于原因状语从句。如：
Thirsty and hungry (＝As he was thirsty and hungry), he went to a farmer‘s cottage to ask for something to eat.
由于又饥又渴，他来到一家农舍要点吃的。
Frightened(＝Because she was frightened), she asked me to go with her.
由于害怕，她要我跟她一起去。
(2)表时间
形容词(短语)表主语动作发生的时间，放在句首。其作用相当于一个时间状语从句。如：
Ripe (＝When they are ripe), the oranges taste sweet.
这些橘子熟了时，味道甜美。
(3)说明主语的境况或意义增补
形容词(短语)表示主语所处境况或意义增补时，常放在句末。相当于一个和前面句子并列的句子。如：
Holmes found the man lying on the floor, dead (＝and he was dead). 福尔摩斯发现那个人躺在地板上，死了。
One woman was lying in bed, awake (＝and she was awake). 有位妇女醒着躺在床上。
For a moment she just stood there, unable (＝and she was unable) to believe what had just happened.
她在那儿呆呆地站了一会儿，不敢相信刚才发生的事情。
[即境活用2] (2008·北京)After the long journey, the three of them went back home, ______.
A．hungry and tiredly B．hungry and tired
C．hungrily and tiredly D．hungrily and tired
答案：B
解析：本题考查形容词做状语。B5U4
They lived on the earth tens of millions of years ago, long before humans came into being...
千百万年前它们(恐龙)就在地球上生活，比人类的出现要早得多……
long before 早在……之前很久
before可做连词，连接时间状语从句，做介词，连接时间点或做副词。long before 连接的时间状语从句用一般现在时呼应主句的一般将来时；一般过去时呼应主句的一般过去时或过去将来时。
拓展：(1)before long “不久以后”，相当于 soon after/shortly after, 既可以指将来，也可以指过去，所以与过去时或将来时连用，在句中做状语，不可以引导从句。
(2)long ago (现在的)很久以前。
(3)“It will be long before＋从句(一般现在时)”与 “It was long before＋从句(一般过去时)”的意思是“过很久才……”，强调经过的时间长。
(4)“It will not be long before＋从句(一般现在时)”与“It was not long before＋从句(一般过去时)”，意思是“没过很久就……”，强调经过的时间短。
注意：以上短语、句型中的 long均可以改用普通的时间名词或短语，表达不同的时间长度。
①Long before, there was a big museum here.
很久以前，这里有一座大博物馆。
②I had heard of him long before I came here.
早在我来这儿很久以前我就听说过他的情况。
③Before long he went to Canada to go on with his further education.不久以后他就去加拿大继续深造了。
④It was not long before she came. 没多久她就来了。
⑤It will be long before we see each other again.
我们很久以后才会再见面。
[即境活用]The book was published ______ it was written.
A．soon before B．long before
C．before long D．soon after
解析：句意为“书写完后不久就出版了”，故选 soon after。
答案：D
B2U5
1．At last feeling very upset and sensitive, Freddy and his band realized that they must leave the country before it became too painful for them.最后，由于深感苦恼，神经高度紧张，弗雷迪和他的乐队意识到他们必须在自己感到太痛苦之前离开这个国家。
before做连词表示时间时，根据其在句中的实际情况，译法有多种，具体可译为：
(1)在……之前
(2)……(之后)才……
(3)(不多久)就……
(4)以免……
(5)还没来得及……就……
(6)(宁愿……)也不愿……
①We lived in Paris before moving to London.
我们搬到伦敦之前住在巴黎。
②It was a long time before I got to sleep again.
很长一段时间之后我才重新入睡。
③It wasn’t long before she came back.
不久她就回来了。
④Lock your bike before it gets stolen.
锁好你的自行车，以免被偷。
⑤Before John stopped her, she ran out.
约翰还没来得及阻止她，她就跑了出去。
⑥I’d shoot myself before I apologized to her.
我宁死也不向她道歉。
[即境活用1](2009·上海卷) You can’t borrow books from the school library ______ you get your student card.
A．before B．if
C．while D．as
解析：句意：在你没有学生卡之前，你不能在学校图书馆借书。before在……之前；if如果；while当……时候；as随着，因为。
答案：A
2．Music is more_than just sound.
音乐决不仅仅是声音。
more than＋数词，“……以上；多于……”，等于 over
＋名词，“不仅仅；不只；超过；远不止”
＋动词，“十分；大大地；远远地；不仅仅”
＋...can/could＋v.“不能”
＋adj./adv.，“非常；十分；更加”
①By then he was more than fifty.
那时他已经50多岁了。
②Peace is much more than the absence of war.
和平不仅仅意味着没有战争。
③He more than smiled; he laughed out.
他岂止是微笑，他简直是大笑了。
④That's more than I can tell you.
这一点我是不能告诉你的。
⑤He is more than selfish. 他非常自私。
拓展：(1)more＋adj./n.＋than＋adj./n..与其说……倒不如说……
(2)no more than＋num.＝only 仅仅
(3)not more than＋num.＝at most 至多
(4)no more＋adj./adv.＋than...和……一样不……
(5)not more＋adj./adv.＋than... 不如……
(6)more than one “不止一个”，做主语或修饰主语时，谓语动词用单数。
[即境活用2] (1)Lizzie was ______ to see her friend off at the airport.
A．a little more than sad
B．more than a little sad
C．sad more than a little
D．a little more than sad
解析：more than＋adj./adv. 意为“非常，很”。本句意为“Lizzie很伤心地在机场为她的朋友送行”。
答案：B
(2)—Tom is very stupid. He failed to pass the exam once again.
—He is ______ than stupid.
A．lazier B．no lazier
C．more lazy D．lazier rather
解析：more＋adj.＋than 意为“与其说……倒不如说……”。答句句意为：“与其说他笨倒不如说他懒。”
答案：C
3. before引导时间状语从句
[应用3] (1)—How long do you think it will be______China sends a manned spaceship to the moon
—Perhaps two or three years.
A. when B. until
C. that D. before
(2)—It's a long time ______I last saw you.
—Yes, and it will be another month ______we can meet again.
A．before; since B．when; before
C．since; when D．since; before
(3)(2009·北京四中)She was so angry that she rushed out into the rain ______I could stop her.
A. until B. before
C. when D. unless
(1)It will be long/some time before sb. do/does sth.是典型句式。意为“要过很久/一些时间某人才……”。
答案：D
(2)第一空表示“自上次见到你已有很久不见了”，用 since；第二空表示“再过一个月又会见面的”，用 before。
答案：D
(3)考查 before引导时间状语从句，意为“在……之前；还没来得及”。
答案：B
B3U1
The country, covered with cherry tree flowers, looks as_though it is covered with pink snow.
整个国度到处是盛开的樱花，看上去就像覆盖了一层粉红色的雪。
as though/as if...“好像”，可引导表语从句，也可引导方式状语从句。
It looks as though you are ill today.
今天你看上去好像病了。
He acted as if nothing had happened.
他表现得若无其事。
拓展：(1)as if/as though 引导表语从句时，如果是客观的事实，用真实的语气；如果是不可能发生的事，只是一种想象、猜测，则用虚拟语气。
The clouds are gathering. It looks as if it is going to rain.乌云密布，天看起来像要下雨了。
It looks as if the sky was/were falling down.
天看起来好像要塌下来似的。
(2)as if/as though 引导方式状语从句，要用虚拟语气。
He talks as if he was/were the owner of the world. (与现在相反，从句谓语动词用一般过去时)
他说起话来好像他主宰这个世界似的。
He talks as if he had been to the moon.
(与过去相反，从句谓语动词用过去完成时)
他说起话来好像他去过月球似的。
She talks and talks as if she would never stop.(与将来相反，从句谓语动词用过去将来时)
她说呀说呀，好像永远也说不完。
(3)as if引导方式状语从句时可用省略形式，后面接名词、形容词、副词和介词短语，也可跟分词或不定式。如：
①He talks as if a philosopher.
他谈论起来就好像是一个哲学家似的。
②The lady cried and laughed as if mad.
这位女士哭了又笑，好像疯了。
③Tom dropped his head and didn‘t dare say a word, as if not knowing the answer.
汤姆低垂着头不敢说话，好像不知道答案。
④He talks as if drunk.
从他谈话的样子来看他是醉了。
⑤Tom opened his mouth as if to say something.
汤姆张开嘴好像要说什么。
[即境活用] (1)Eliza remembers everything exactly as if it ______yesterday.
A．was happening B．happens
C．has happened D．happened
解析：考查 as if 从句中的时态。由语境知选D。
答案：D
(2) The man we followed suddenly stopped as if ______ whether he was going in the right direction.
A．seeing B．having seen
C．to see D．to have seen
解析：考查 as if从句中的省略。“停下来去看……”用不定式 to see。
答案：C
(3)The gentleman will be devoted to Lily forever, ______ she treats him badly.
A．even though B．however
C．nevertheless D．as though
解析：考查状语从句。句子表示让步关系，故选 even though“即使”。
答案：A
B3U2
1．Nothing could be better... 再没有比这更好的了……
此句中形容词(或副词)的比较级 better与否定词 nothing连用，表达最高级的含义。常用的否定词有 no, not, never, nothing, nobody, hardly等与比较级连用，表示最高级的含义。
①I think nothing is more pleasant than travelling.
我想没有什么比旅行更令人愉快的了。
②Nobody loves money better than he.
没人比他更贪财。
③—Did you sleep well last night 你昨晚睡得怎样？
—Never better, like a rock. 从来没这么好过，像块石头。
拓展：下列结构也可表示最高级的含义：
(1)否定词＋so＋adj./adv.(原级)
such＋adj.(原级)＋n.
(2)adj./adv.(比较级)＋than＋
any other＋n. (单数)
any of the other＋n. (复数)
①You haven't done such a foolish thing!
你从没有做过这么傻的事！(这是你做过的最傻的事。)
②Bill runs faster than any other boy
any of the other boys in his class.
在班里比尔跑得比别的男孩快。
[即境活用1] (1)(2008·海南东方模拟)—Did you listen to Mr Jackson's lecture
—Yes, I have never heard a ______ one.
A．more exciting B．more excited
C．most exciting D．most excited
解析：考查否定词与比较级连用表示最高级意义，即 never...a more exciting one。
答案：A
(2)(2009·河北唐山期末)—Who is your favourite basketball player in China
—Yao Ming, of course. No one plays ______.
A．better B．best
C．good D．well
解析：No one plays better. 意为“没有人(比他)打得更好”。
答案：A
2．He could not have Yong Hui getting away with telling people lies! 他不可能让咏慧哄骗人们后跑掉！
have sb. doing 在此表示“允许或容忍(某事物)发生”。此处的 have常用在否定句中，特别是用在 will not, cannot 等之后。
归纳：(1)have sb. do sth. “使某人做某事”，不定式做宾补省略 to，但其被动式(sb. be made to do sth.)不能省略 to。含此种“使得”意义的其他动词还有 make, let, lead, drive等，如： No one can have Tom do this. 没人能使汤姆做这件事。
(2)have sth. done 包含两层意思：一种是“请别人做某事”；另一种为“承担外界或别人做某事的后果”。
(3)have sb. (sth.) doing 有两层含义：一种是“使……处于某种状态或作出某种反应”；另一种是“允许、听任某种事情发生”，这种用法一般用于否定句中。
(4)have sth. to do 意为“有某事要做”，have 意为“有，拥有”。不定式 to do是宾语 sth.的定语，句子的主语是不定式动作的执行者。如果是 to be done做定语时，说明该不定式是由别人发出的。
①It is rude of you to speak to Father like that and I won't have you speaking to Father like that in future.
那样跟父亲说话很粗鲁，今后我不会再容忍你那样跟父亲说话。
②He had his audience listening attentively.
他吸引住了听众的注意力。
③No one can have me leave the office.
没有人能使我离开办公室。
④She had her bag stolen.
她的包被偷了。
⑤I have some letters to type.
我有些信要打。(“我”自己动手打)
⑥I have some letters to be typed.
我有几封信需要打。(需要找别人打)
[即境活用2] (1)We can't have people ______ late all the time.
A．arrive B．to arrive
C．arriving D．arrived
解析：用于否定句中 can't have sb. doing 意为“不能允许……”。
答案：C
(2)Is this TV set ______ you wish to have ______？
A．the one; repaired B．which; it repaired
C．the one; it repaired D．which; repaired
解析：第一空填 the one做先行词，其后为省略 which的定语从句，且 which在从句中做 have的宾语，故选A。
答案：A
(3)—Mr Smith, do you have something ______ at this moment
—No, thanks. I'll call you if any.
A．to be typed B．to type
C．typed D．typing
解析：考查 have something to be done结构，因为不定式的主语不是句子主语 you。
答案：A
3．Why_don't_you sit down and try a meal 你为什么不坐下来吃顿饭呢？
Why don't you...？＝Why not do...？为什么不……？(表示建议)
①Why don't you have a try once again
＝Why not have a try once again
为什么不再试一下呢？
②Why don't you call him right now
＝Why not call him right now
为什么不立刻给他打个电话？
拓展：向别人提建议也可以用：
(1)had better do... 最好做……
(2)Let's do..., shall we 让我们做……，好吗？
(3)I advise you (not) to do... 我劝你(别)做……
(4)I suggest that you (not) do... 我建议你(别)做……
(5)Can't we do... 难道我们不可以做……吗？
(6)What/How about doing... 做……怎么样？
(7)Will you please do... 请你做……好吗？
(8)Would you like/love to do... 你愿意做……吗？
(9)I wonder if you should do...
我想知道你是不是应该做……
(10)Shall we do... 我们做……好吗？
[即境活用3] —It's a long time since I saw my sister.
—______ her this weekend
A．Why not visit B．Why not to visit
C．Why not visiting D．Why don't visit
解析：Why not do...？＝Why don't you do... 意为：“为什么不……呢？”用于提出建议。
答案：AB1U3
●重点句型
1．Ever since middle school, my sister Wang Wei and I have dreamed about taking a great bike trip.从高中起，我姐姐王薇和我就一直梦想作一次伟大的自行车旅行。
2．It was my sister who first had the idea to cycle along the entire Mekong River from where it begins to where it ends. 首先想到要沿湄公河从源头到终点骑车旅行的是我的姐姐。
3．When I told her the air would be hard to breathe and it would be very cold, she said it would be an interesting experience.当我告诉她那里空气稀薄，呼吸困难而且天气很冷时，她却说这将是一次有趣的经历。
4．Once she has made up her mind, nothing can change it.她一旦下定决心，什么也不能使她改变。
5．A determined person always tries to finish the job, no matter how hard it is.
有决心的人总是努力完成工作的，而不管它有多难。
1．Ever since middle school, my sister Wang Wei and I have dreamed about taking a great bike trip. 从高中起，我姐姐王薇和我就一直梦想作一次伟大的自行车旅行。
ever since “从那以后”，句子要与现在完成时或现在完成进行时连用，类似的时间状语还有 so far, up till now, by now, recently, lately, since last month, in/for the past＋ 一段时间，since...ago等。
①He came to England three years ago and has lived here ever since.
他三年前来到英国，从那以后便一直住在这里。
②I haven't seen her since ten years ago.
自十年前至今，我没见过她。
③We have completed half of the work so far.
到目前为止，我们完成了一半的工作。
④He hasn't written to me recently.
他最近没给我写信。
⑤The couple have been working very hard for/in the past (last) ten years.在最近的十年里这对夫妇一直努力工作。
拓展：It is/was/has been＋时间段＋since...自从……已经多久了。
It will be/was＋时间段＋before...再有多长时间才……
在 “It is/was＋时间段＋since...”句型中，若 since从句中的动词为延续性动词，句子意思要发生变化。
It is three years since he joined the army. 他参军3年了。
It is three years since he smoked.他戒烟3年了(不吸烟)。
[即境活用1] (2009·天津南开中学)How long do you suppose it is ______ he arrived there
A．when B．before
C．after D．since
解析：考查 “It is＋一段时间＋since...”，表示“自从……到现在多长时间”。
答案：D
2．When I told her the air would be hard to breathe and it would be very cold, she said it would be an interesting experience.当我告诉她那里空气稀薄，呼吸困难而且天气很冷时，她却说这将是一次有趣的经历。
be＋adj.＋to do在“主语＋系动词＋形容词＋不定式”结构中，不定式与主语在意义上是动宾关系，但要用主动形式表被动意义；如果不定式的动词是不及物的，要在不定式后边加介词。用于这种句式中的形容词常为：easy, difficult, heavy, hard, nice, bitter, dangerous, interesting, important, comfortable, pleasant, impossible 等。
①The question is easy to answer.这问题容易回答。
②That book is difficult to understand.那本书难懂。
③The water in that river is not fit to drink.
那条河中的水不宜饮用。
④Harry Potter is pleasant to read.
《哈利·波特》读起来让人感到愉快。
⑤He is easy to get along with.他很容易相处。
拓展：此句式还可以拓展为 “find/feel/think/believe＋宾语＋adj.＋to do”。例如：
I find English tongue twisters pleasant to learn.
我觉得英语绕口令学起来很有意思。
[即境活用2] (1)(2008·全国Ⅰ)I like getting up very early in summer. The morning air is so good ______.
A．to be breathed B．to breathe
C．breathing D．being breathed
解析：考查 be＋adj.＋to do结构。
答案：B
(2)They found the lecture hard ______； they all felt sleepy.
A．to be understood B．for understanding
C．to understand D．to have been understood
解析：考查 “find＋宾语＋adj.＋to do”结构。
答案：C
3．Once she has made up her mind, nothing can change it.
她一旦下了决心，什么也不能使她改变。
“once＋状语从句”意为“一旦……就……”。
在 once引导的状语从句中常用一般现在时代替将来时。
①Once you remember it, you'll never forget it.
一旦你记住它，你就永远不会忘记它。
②Once you have promised, you must do it.
一旦你许下诺言，你就必须履行。
拓展：once 用做副词，可表示：
(1)(for) one time 一次
I have only been here once. 我只来过这儿一次。
(2)at some time in the past 一度，曾经
He once lived in Zambia. 他曾经(一度)住在赞比亚。
(3)all at once＝suddenly 突然
All at once the door opened. 突然门开了。
[即境活用3] (2007·福建)You will be successful in the interview ______ you have confidence.
A．before B．once
C．until D．though
解析：考查 once引导带有时间意味的条件状语从句，意为“一旦……就……”。
答案：B
4．A determined person always tries to finish the job, no matter how hard it is.
一个意志坚定的人总是努力完成工作，不管它多么困难。
no matter ，作“不管”“无论”解，同 what/who/when/where/how 等疑问词连用，引导让步状语从句。
①No matter what he says, I won't believe him.
不管他说什么，我都不会相信他。
②No matter when you come, you are welcome.
无论你什么时候来都受欢迎。
③No matter whose bag this is, it must be kept here for the present. 不管这是谁的包，暂时必须放在这里。
④No matter who knocks, don't open the door.
不管谁敲门，都不要开门。
提示：(1)no matter what/who/when/how/where 可以换成 whatever/whoever/whenever/however/wherever 引导让步状语从句。
(2)whatever, whichever，whoever, whomever 还可以引导名词性从句。 Whoever breaks the law should be punished. 任何违犯了法律的人都应受到惩罚。
(3)however 是副词，修饰形容词、副词＋主＋谓； whatever 是代词，修饰的是名词。如：
①However difficult it is, you must work it out.
不管有多难，你都要解决这件事。
②Whatever difficulty there is, we must work together.
不管有什么样的困难我们都要团结合作。
[即境活用4](1)(2008·上海)______ well prepared you are, you still need a lot of luck in mountain climbing.
A．However B．Whatever
C．No matter D．Although
解析：考查 “however＋adj.＋主＋系动词”引导让步状语从句。
答案：A
(2)(2008·全国Ⅰ)The lawyer seldom wears anything other than a suit ______ the season.
A．whatever B．wherever
C．whenever D．however
解析：whatever 引导让步状语从句，意为“不管什么”。该句后半部分的完整形式应该是 whatever the season is。
答案：A
B1U4
●重点句型
1．In the farmyards, the chickens and even the pigs were too nervous to eat. 在农家院子里，鸡和猪都烦躁不安，以致不吃食。
2．It seemed as if the world was at an end! 世界似乎到了末日！
3．All hope was not lost. 不是所有的希望都破灭了。
1．It seemed as if the world was at an end!
世界似乎到了末日！
It seems (to sb.) that... (对某人来说)似乎……
＝Sb. seems to do/to be doing/to have done...
It seems as if/though... “似乎(好像)……”，可接虚拟语气。
seem＋(to be)＋n./adj. 似乎是……
There seems to be... 好像有……
It seems so. (＝So it seems.) 似乎是那样。
①It seemed that he had known the truth.＝He seemed to have known the truth. 他好像知道了真相。
②His father seems (to be) strict.
他父亲似乎很严厉。
③There seemed to be a voice in the distance.
似乎远处有人说话。
④It always seemed as though everything in my childhood had just happened.我童年的一切仿佛刚刚发生一样。
辨析：seem/look/appear
(1)seem 暗含有一定的根据，往往是接近实际的判断，后可接介词、形容词、不定式或从句。
(2)look 着重由视觉而得出的印象，可与 like连用，但不能与不定式连用。可接 as if从句，不接 that从句。
(3)appear 强调外表给人的印象，而且事实往往并非如此。可接 that从句，不接 as if从句。
[即境活用1]—What a noise! I can hardly stand it.
—It ______ as if they are having a party next door.
A．looks B．seems
C．appears D．happens
解析：C、D项不接 as if从句。A项不合题意。考查 It seems as if...句式。
答案：B
2．In the farmyards, the chickens and even the pigs were too nervous to eat. 在农家院子里，鸡和猪都烦躁不安，以致不吃食。
too...to... 句型表示“太……以至于不能……(表否定)”，可转化为 not...enough to...和 so...that...。
The child is too young to dress himself.
?The child is not old enough to dress himself.
?The child is so young that he can't dress himself.
这孩子太小，不能够自己穿衣。
提示：(1)当 too后接 easy, ready, happy, willing, eager 或 anxious时，to 后的动词表示肯定。例如：
The book is too easy to understand.
这本书太容易理解了。
He was too anxious to leave.
他急于离开。
(2)too...not to... 句式表示肯定意思。例如：
He is too careful not to have noticed it.
他那么细心，不会不注意到这一点的。
(3)too...to...中 too前面用了否定词(如 never)时，表示肯定。例如：
It is never too late to mend.
改过不嫌晚。
(4)only too...to...表示肯定，其中 too后的形容词多数是表示某种心情的，如 glad, pleased, willing, thankful, delighted, determined 等，也有描绘性的形容词，如 good, kind, true等。例如：
The girl is only too kind to help us.
这姑娘非常乐于帮助我们。
[即境活用2] Jim is a kind boy. He is ______willing to help his classmates.
A．so B．such
C．much D．too
解析：too＋glad/pleased/willing...to...表示肯定意义。如用A项应改为 so...as to才对。
答案：D
3．All hope was not lost.不是所有的希望都破灭了。
此句为部分否定。all, both, each, every, everybody, everything, complete, completely, always, all the time, whole, wholly, entirely, altogether 等代词、形容词和副词与否定词 not连用，构成部分否定，表示“不都、并非都”的意思。
①All that glitters is not gold.
发光的并不一定都是金子。
②Both of the brothers don't like the film.
兄弟俩不都喜欢这部电影。
③Not everything went well with him.
他并非每件事情都顺利。
④Not all of the rich are happy.
不是所有有钱人都幸福。
⑤The rich are not always happy.
有钱人并非总是幸福。
⑥You can't fool all the people all the time.
你未必总是能愚弄所有的人。
拓展：全部否定用：no one, none, neither, nobody, nothing，以及 not...any/either来表示。
①None of them are right. 他们都不对。
②Neither of us will go. 我们俩都不去。
③Nobody can win me. 没人能赢我。
[即境活用3] (1)—The exam wasn't difficult at all, was it
—No, but I don't believe ______could pass it.
A．somebody B．anybody
C．everybody D．nobody
解析：not与 everybody 连用表示部分否定。
答案：C
(2)(2008·全国Ⅰ)—Which of the two computer games did you prefer
—Actually I didn't like ______.
A．both of them B．either of them
C．none of them D．neither of them
解析：not... either＝neither 表示全部否定。
答案：BB1U5
●重点句型
1．The last thirty years have seen the greatest number of laws stopping our rights and progress, until today we have reached a stage where we have almost no rights at all.过去30年来所出现的大量法律剥夺了我们的权利，阻挡了我们的进步，一直到今天，我们还处在几乎什么权利都没有的阶段。
2．...only then did we decide to answer violence with violence. ……直到那时我们才决定以暴还暴。
3．I felt bad the first time I talked to a group. 第一次给旅行团作讲解时，我的心情很不好。
1．...only then did we decide to answer violence with violence.……只有到那时我们才决定用暴力反抗暴力。
only 修饰的时间、条件和方式状语，为了强调而提到句首时，句子要用部分倒装形式，把原句中的情态动词、系动词或助动词提到主语前面。only 如修饰从句而提到句首，主句要部分倒装。
①Only at that time did he realize that he had made a mistake.
直到那时他才意识到自己犯的错误。
②Only by practising a few hours every day will you be able to master English.
只有通过每天练习几个小时你才能掌握英语。
③Only with all your time and energy can you do the job well.
只有用上你全部的时间和精力你才能把这项工作做好。
④Only when I came back was I informed of the news.
直到我回来，我才被通知这个消息。
⑤Only if I get a job will I have enough money to go to college.我只有找到了工作才有足够的钱上大学。
提示：(1)在部分倒装句中，如果谓语部分无助动词，则须找助动词来“帮助”它构成倒装句。如：
×Only after the war learned he the sad news.
√Only after the war did he learn the sad news.
(2)only 修饰状语从句时，从句不可倒装。如：
×Only when did he return did we find out the truth.
√Only when he returned did we find out the truth.
(3)only修饰主语时，句子不可倒装。如：
×Only can he answer the question.
√Only he can answer the question.
[即境活用1](2008·江苏)______ you eat the correct food ______ be able to keep fit and stay healthy.
A．Only if; will you B．Only if; you will
C．Unless; will you D．Unless; you will
解析：“only＋if从句”放于句首，主句用部分倒装。
答案：A
2．I felt bad the first time I talked to a group. 第一次给旅行团作讲解时，我的感觉很不好。
the first time 相当于连词，引导一个状语从句，意为“第一次”。这类特殊短语还有：
(1)each time, every time, next time, last time, any time 等也可以做连词用，表示“无论何时”“每当”“每次”等，引导一个时间状语从句。
Every time we come to Beijing, we go to visit the Forbidden City. 每次我们去北京，我们都去参观故宫。
I didn' t have any penny last time I saw you.
上次我看见你时，我身无分文。
(2)immediately, directly, instantly 可活用为连词，引导时间状语从句，表示“一……就……”，相当于 as soon as。
The young man rushed out of the hall immediately he heard the sound.那个年轻人一听到声响就冲出了大厅。
(3)the moment, the minute, the second, the instant 等名词短语也可用做连词，也相当于 as soon as，表示“一……就……”。
The moment Professor Wang appeared on the platform, the audience all stood up and clapped warmly.
王教授一出现在讲台上，听众就站起来热烈鼓掌。
(4)the morning/afternoon/evening, the night, the day, the week, the year, the spring/summer/autumn/winter 等一些表示时间段的名词短语也可以引导时间状语从句。
The morning Mr Smith was walking along the lake, he met an old friend.
那天早晨史密斯先生在湖边散步时遇到了一位老朋友。
[即境活用2] ______I toured Zhangjiajie, I was deeply impressed with its beautiful scenery.
A．For the first time B．At first
C．It was the first time D．The first time
解析：the first time 用做连词，引导时间状语从句。
答案：D
2. 名词短语或副词做连词，引导时间状语从句
[应用2] (1)Betty shows great interest in this poem now, but she thought it boring ______ she read it.
A．at the first time B．the first time
C．for the first time D．at first
答案：B
解析：the first time“第一次时”，引导时间状语从句。
(2)My sister came ______ she got my short message.
A．exactly B．especially
C．directly D．simply
答案：C
解析：directly＝as soon as“一……就……”，引导时间状语从句。
(3)He left Europe ______ World War Ⅱ broke out.
A．the year B．in the year
C．during the year D．for the year
答案：A
解析：the year“在……这一年”，引导时间状语从句。
B2U1
●重点句型
1．Frederick William I, the King of Prussia, could never have imagined that his greatest gift to the Russian people would have such an amazing history.
普鲁士国王腓特烈·威廉一世永远想象不到，他赠给俄罗斯人民的最厚重的礼物会有这样一段令人惊讶的历史。
2．There is no doubt that the boxes were then put on a train... 毫无疑问，这些箱子后来被装上火车……
3．After that, what happened to the Amber Room remains a mystery. 从那以后，琥珀屋的最终所归便成了一个谜。
1．Frederick William I, the King of Prussia, could never have imagined that his greatest gift to the Russian people would have such an amazing history. 普鲁士国王腓特烈·威廉一世永远想象不到他赠给俄罗斯人民的最厚重的礼物会有这样一段令人惊讶的历史。
本句中 could never have imagined为情态动词表推测的用法，can和 could可以用在否定句和疑问句中，后接完成式，表示对已发生的事情的惊讶、怀疑、猜测或不相信等；或接进行时，表示对正发生的事情的惊讶、怀疑、猜测或不相信等；或接原形，表示对现在或一般情况的否定推测。
①Could/Can he have been told the news
他被告知这个消息了吗？
②He knew little about Japanese, so he couldn't have learned it. 他对日语一无所知，因此他不可能学过。
③The light is out. They can't be at home.
灯灭着，他们现在不可能在家。
拓展：(1)can/could主要用于否定推测；must 表推测只用于肯定句；mustn't表示“禁止；不允许”。情态动词 can和 must表推测时，其反意疑问句的动词形式要依据主句中有无具体时间状语而定。
(2)could have done用于肯定句，则表示“本来能够做到却没有做到”，此时 could不能换成 can。
①It seems that he is unhappy. He must have been told the bad news.
看起来他不高兴，他一定已被告知这个坏消息了。
②He could have caught the early bus, but his bike broke down on the way.
他本能够赶上那辆早班车，但是他的自行车在路上坏了。
[即境活用1](1)I ______have been more than six years old when the accident happened.
A．shouldn‘t B．couldn't
C．mustn't D．needn't
解析：本题考查情态动词的用法。must表推测只能用于肯定句，否定句用 can't/couldn't 代替。shouldn't have done表示“本来不该而实际上却做了”，needn't have done表示“本来不必而实际上却做了”，均不合题意。本句译为：当事故发生时我不可能超过6岁。
答案：B
(2)He paid for a seat, when he ______ have entered free.
A．could B．would
C．must D．need
解析：本题考查情态动词 could have done 表示本来能办到的事，而没有做成。本句译为：他本可以免费进入，却买了票。
答案：A
2．After that, what happened to the Amber Room remains a mystery. 从那以后，琥珀屋的最终所归便成了一个谜。
remain a mystery为系表结构，在该结构中，remain为系动词，意为“(继续)保持，仍然处于(某种状态)”，后接名词、形容词、分词、介词短语等做表语。
①Where he has gone remains a mystery.
他去哪里了仍然是个谜。
②Shops remain open till late in the evening.
商店营业到晚上很晚。
③Much work remains undone. 还有大量的工作未做。
④They remained listening. 他们一直在听。
⑤The patient remained in danger. 病人仍处在危险中。
⑥That remains to be seen. 那还有待观察。
⑦Since it's been a secret so long, it had better remain so.
既然它已是长时间的秘密，还是继续保密为好。
拓展：(1)remain还可用做不及物动词，意为“剩下，还有；(继续)待在某处，继续存在，留下”。
①Little of the original architecture remains.
原来的建筑现在留存的已经很少了。
②I'll remain to see the end of the game.
我将留下看比赛的结果。
(2)辨析 remain/stay/keep
①remain继续保持或处于原来的状态。
②stay继续保持或处于原来的状态，与 remain同义，但后面不接 to do或 to be done，多接形容词等构成系表结构。
③keep需要设法才能保持或处于某种状态。
[即境活用2](2008·辽宁)Please remain ______； the winner of the prize will be announced soon.
A．seating B．seated
C．to seat D．to be seated
解析：考查 remain后接分词做表语，seat vt.“使就坐”，用过去分词 seated做表语。
答案：B
B2U2
1．I lived in what you call “Ancient Greece” and I used to write about the Olympic Games a long time ago.
我生活在你们所说的“古希腊”。我曾经写过很久以前奥林匹克运动会的情况。
(1)what you call“Ancient Greece”是由 what引导的宾语从句，做介词 in的宾语，同时 what在宾语从句中做 call的间接宾语。what可以引导主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句及同位语从句等名词性从句，它的含义也比较广泛，可以指事、物、时间、地点、言语、情况等。
①The boss seems not satisfied with what we have done.
老板似乎对我们所做的事不满意。
②We waited what seemed two hours.
我们等了大约两个小时。
③Who invented what is called “wheel”？
谁发明了叫做“轮子”的东西？
(2)used to意为“过去常常”，后接动词原形，其否定和疑问形式，可以使用 used，也可以借助助动词 did。
Your father used to drink a lot, didn't he/usedn't he
你父亲曾喝酒很厉害，对不对？
He didn't use/usedn't to drive to work.
他过去不曾开车上班。
拓展：
①used to do 表示过去经常做某事，也可以表示过去的状态。
be used to doing 意为“习惯于”，be 也可换成 get或 become。
be used to do 意为“被用于做……”，是被动语态。
It used to be a very quiet town.
它过去曾是个非常安静的城镇。
The man got used to living in the countryside.
那个男人已习惯于住在农村。
Wood can be used to make paper.木头可用于造纸。
②used to 表示过去持续的状态或情况，客观地陈述过去的规则行为，现在已不存在此动作，不与表一段时间的状语连用；would表过去不大规则的行为动作，现在可能仍存在，常与 often, sometimes, frequently, for hours 等连用，但不与表示状态的动词连用。如：
There used to be an old temple on the hill.
从前山上有座古庙。
She would sit there for hours doing nothing at all.
她总是一连几个小时坐在那儿，什么也不做。
[即境活用1](1)(2008·天津模拟)He finds his daughter is quite different from ______ she was five years ago.
A．who B．what
C．how D．which
解析：句意：他发现他女儿跟5年前大不一样了。what 引导宾语从句，并在从句中做表语。
答案：B
(2)(2009·惠州质检)When he was there, he ______ go to that coffee shop at the corner after work every day.
A．would B．should
C．used to D．might
解析：强调过去一段时间一直持续的动作用 would。
答案：A
2．－How often do you hold your Games
－Every four years.
——每隔多久举办一次奥运会？
——每四年。
every four years 每四年；每隔三年
every与基数词、序数词、other或 few连用，表示时间或空间的间隔，意为“每……；每隔……”，其具体结构为：
every＋基数词＋复数名词
every＋序数词＋单数名词
every other＋单数名词 意为“每隔……”
every few＋复数名词 意为“每隔……”。
①every four days 每隔三天
②every third day 每隔两天
③every other day 每隔一天
④every few days 每隔几天(注意 few前没有a)
[即境活用2]The teacher asked his students to leave a space in their exercise books______.
A. every a few lines B. each a few lines
C. every few lines D. each few lines
解析：“每/每隔……”短语中只能用 every, 而不用 each；“every few＋名词复数”表示“每隔几……”，few前不能加 a。
答案：C
3．No other countries could join in, nor_could slaves or women！别的国家不能参加，奴隶和妇女也不能参加。
nor/neither“也不”，置于句首引导分句，句子要用部分倒装。即：
“neither/nor＋be(助动词或情态动词)＋主语”，表示前面否定的情况也适合于下文另一人或物，相当于 either 用于否定句。当两个主语是同一个人或物时，只能用 nor。
①She isn't a student; neither/nor is he (＝he isn't a student, either). 她不是学生，他也不是。
②I don't know, nor do I care. (nor不能用 neither替换)
我不知道，也不关心。
拓展：(1)“so＋be(助动词或情态动词)＋主语”，表示上文肯定的情况也适合于下文另外一个人或物。
(2)“so＋主语＋be(助动词或情态动词)”则表示对前述情况的认同或强调，注意前后是同一主语，意为“的确”“确实”。
(3)So it is (was) with sb. (sth.)或 It is (was) the same with sb. (sth.)用于前面陈述的是两种以上的情况或既有肯定也有否定。
①—He dances well. 他舞跳得好。
—So do you. 你也跳得好。
②It's a fine day today. 今天是一个好天。
—So it is! 今天确实是一个好天！
③—He didn't work hard, so he failed the exam.
他不努力学习，所以考试失败了。
—So it was with me.我也是。
[即境活用3](1)(2009·南京质检)If you don't sign up for the game, ______.
A．I don't go, either B．neither will I
C．so will I D．nor do I
解析：if从句中用现在时代替将来时，但主句中需用将来时态，A、D时态不对。
答案：B
(2)You say he works hard. ______ , and ______.
A．So he does; so you do B．So he does; so do you
C．So does he; so do you D．So does he; so you do
解析：第一空表示对前述情况的认同“他确实很努力”，用 so he does；第二空表示这一情况也适合于你，“你也很努力”用 so do you。
答案：B
4．There's just as much competition among countries to host the Olympics as to win Olympic medals. 国与国之间争取奥运会承办权的竞争，就跟争夺奥运奖牌一样激烈。
as...as“像……一样”，引导比较状语从句。
as...as同级比较的形式有：
as＋adj./adv.＋as
as＋adj.＋可数名词复数形式或不可数名词＋as
as＋adj.＋a/an＋可数名词单数形式＋as
注意：(1)同级比较的否定形式为 not so/as...as...。
(2)同级比较可修饰倍数、百分数、分数等。
(3)此结构中第二个 as可为连词也可为介词，做连词可引导一个比较状语从句，从句常用省略形式；做介词时，后接名词，也可接数量词表示某性质达到了什么程度。
①Asia is about four times as large as Europe.
亚洲大约是欧洲的四倍大。
②He owed as many thanks to his parents as (he owed) to his teachers. 他同样地感谢他的父母和老师。
③We walked as far as the lake last night.
昨晚我们散步远到湖边。
④He is not so friendly to me as I am to him.
他对我不像我对他那样友好。
⑤You must give flowers as much water as they need.
你必须给花浇足够多的水。
[即境活用4](1)—What do you think of French
—In my opinion, French is ______ English.
A．a subject so difficult as B．as difficult a subject as
C．as a subject difficult as D．difficult as subject as
解析：考查 as...as表示同级比较。其中第一个 as是副词，后接 adj.＋a＋n.。
答案：B
(2)The farmers wondered if vegetables could bring in ______crops.
A．as many as B．as good as
C．as much as D．as well as
解析：此句意为“农民们想知道是否蔬菜能像庄稼一样带来同样多的 money (利润)”，故为 as much as。
答案：C
1．And my memory became so large that even I couldn't believe it! 我的存储量变得如此巨大，甚至连我自己都不能相信！
so...that... 如此……以致……。 that 引导结果状语从句。另外， such...that...也引导结果状语从句。其结构形式为：
so＋adj./adv.
＋adj.＋a/an＋可数名词单数
＋many/few＋可数名词复数
much/little＋不可数名词that 从句
such＋a/an＋adj.＋可数名词单数
＋adj.＋可数名词复数
＋adj.＋不可数名词that 从句
①She was so excited that she couldn't go to sleep.
她兴奋得睡不着觉。
②It was so hot a day that nobody wanted to do anything.
(＝It was such a hot day that nobody wanted to do anything.)天气如此热，谁也不想干活。
③I made so many mistakes in the composition that the teacher criticized me.
我的作文中出了许多错误，老师批评了我。
拓展：(1)当 so.../such...位于句首时，句子要部分倒装。
So small was the mark that I could hardly see it.
那个标记非常小，我几乎看不见它。
(2)so...that...中的主句和从句的主语是同一个，that 从句也可改为 as to do 形式。
The old lady was so kind that she led me to the hospital.
＝The old lady was so kind as to lead me to the hospital.
这个老太太是那样好心，她把我领到了医院。
(3)so that 连在一起用，可引导结果状语从句，也可引导目的状语从句。so that引导目的状语从句时，从句中常使用 can/could/may/might/will/would/should 等情态动词；引导结果状语从句时，从句中一般不用 can和 may等
词，在 so that前可以有逗号，意思是“因此；所以”。
He hurried up so that he could catch the train.
他匆匆赶路为的是赶上火车。(对比：He hurried up so that he caught the train. 他匆匆赶路，结果赶上了火车。)
[即境活用1](1)______about wild plants that they decided to make a trip to Madagascar for further research.
A．So curious the couple was
B．So curious were the couple
C．How curious the couple were
D．The couple was such curious
解析：考查 so...that...引导结果状语从句，且 so...放于句首时，句子部分倒装。
答案：B
(2)Most children need encouragement in time of failure ______ they can cheer up again.
A．so that B．in case
C．because D．if
解析：考查 so that 引导目的状语从句。
答案：A
2．Anyhow, my goal is to provide humans with a life of high quality.
无论如何，我的目标是为人类提供高质量的生活。
of high quality在句中做定语，属于of＋n.结构。这一结构相当于形容词，在句中可以做表语、定语或宾语补足语。
(1)of＋n.结构中的名词是抽象名词时，相当于其名词所对应的形容词的意思，说明被修饰词具有某种特征或属性。常用的名词有：use, importance, help, value, interest, benefit 等。这些名词前可用 great, no, little, some, any, not much 等修饰，以表示不同程度。
The camel is of great help to the Arab.(＝The camel is very helpful to the Arab.)
骆驼对阿拉伯人有很大帮助。
(2)of＋n.结构中的名词表种类、数量、度量等时，表示不同的人或物的共同特征，此时名词前通常有冠词。常用的名词有：size, type, kind, price, height, depth, length, weight, age, shape, colour 等。
The two are of an age, but are of different height.
这两个人年龄相同，但身高不同。
(3)of＋n.结构还可以表示主语的根源关系，此时的名词多是表示亲属、血统、种族、国籍以及出处的名词，常用的名词有：family, blood, race, origin 等。
We are of the same blood. 我们是同一血统。
(4)of＋n.结构还可以表示人的特点、特性，常用 of＋wealth/education/courage/achievement/ability 等。
Your sister is a girl of wisdom.
你妹妹是一位有智慧的女孩。
[即境活用2] You will find this map of great ______ in helping you to get around London.
A．price B．cost
C．value D．usefulness
解析：be of great value＝be very valuable “很有价值”。
答案：CB4U2
1．Dr Yuan Longping grows what_is_called_super_hybrid_rice.
袁隆平博士种植的是被称为“超级杂交水稻”的稻种。
what is called super hybrid rice用做grows的宾语从句，为一名词性从句，也可称为what?clause；而且what在从句中可用做主语、宾语或者表语。此从句在结构上相当于“the＋名词＋定语从句”。
①After a hard time they came to what is called America today.艰难的努力后他们来到了现在称作美洲的地方。
②We now live in what is called the Information Age.
我们现在生活在所谓的信息时代。
③He graduated from what was called a key high school.
他毕业于一所所谓的重点高中。
[即境活用1] (1)(2008·浙江卷)Some children want to challenge themselves by learning a language different from ______ their parents speak at home.
A．what B．that
C．which D．one
答案：A
解析：句意：一些孩子想学习一门不同于家中父母所讲的语言来挑战自我。what引导名词性从句，在句中做from的宾语。
(2)A modern city has been set up in ______ was a wasteland ten years ago.
A．what B．which
C．that D．where
答案：A
解析：该句意为：一座现代化的城市在十年前是一片废墟的地方建立起来。
2．He would much rather keep time for his hobbies. 他宁愿把时间花在自己的爱好上。
(1)would rather 意为“宁愿，更愿意”，后接动词原形，否定式是在 would rather 后加 not/never。
①—Shall we dine out
—I‘d rather stay at home.
——我们要不要出去吃饭？
——我宁愿留在家里。
②I‘d rather not tell anybody about it.
我不愿把这事告诉任何人。
(2)would rather do sth. than do sth./would do sth. rather than do sth. 意为“宁愿做某事而不去做某事”。
①I would rather listen to others than talk myself.
我愿意听别人说，自己不愿意说。
②He would rather die than give in. 他宁死不屈。
(3)would rather have done sth. 意为“要是做过某事就好了；宁愿做过某事”，表示后悔或遗憾等语气。
I would rather have taken his advice yesterday.
我昨日要是听了他的建议就好了。
(4)would rather 后接 that从句时，从句中的谓语动词用过去时态虚拟语气。
①I would rather (that) he didn‘t come.
我宁愿他没来。
②I’d rather you told me the truth.
我更愿意你给我讲实话。
[即境活用2] (1)Would you mind my using your computer for a little while
—______.
A．No, please don't B．I'd rather you didn't
C．I'm afraid not D．Sure, it's my pleasure
答案：B
解析：考查交际用语。I'd rather you didn't. 常用来委婉拒绝别人的请求。
(2)I would rather ______ the football match last night with my friends; otherwise, I would have finished my paperwork by now.
A．not have watched B．not watch
C．hadn't watched D．haven't watched
答案：A
解析：考查 would rather (not)＋have done 意为“宁愿(未)做过某事”，表示后悔或遗憾。
2. would rather的用法
[应用2] (1)－Did you say anything at the meeting
－Yes, but ______ it.
A．I’d rather not do
B．I’d rather not doing
C．I’d rather not have done
D．I’d rather not did
答案：C
解析：would rather not have done，表示“宁愿没有做，而实际上做了”。
(2)－Would you rather ______ there tomorrow
－No. I’d rather he ______ there instead of me.
A．to go; will go B．go; went
C．go; will go D．going; shall go
答案：B
解析：Would you rather do sth.？“你愿意做……吗？”因此第一个空要用动词原形；第二个空要用虚拟语气，即would rather sb. did sth.“宁愿别人做……”。
(3)－Will you join us in playing cards
－Thank you, but ______ at the moment.
A．I’d like to not B．I’m afraid so
C．I’d rather not D．I’d better not to
答案：C
解析：A项中的not要放在to前才对；B项中的so要改为I can’t才对；D项中的to应去掉才对。
(4)－The final exam is coming. Would you mind my staying up late, going over my lessons
－I’d rather you ______. With the light on, I can’t fall asleep.
A．don’t B．didn’t
C．won’t D．haven’t
答案：B
解析：“would rather＋从句”时，从句的谓语动词用过去时，选B。
B4U3
1．As Victor Hugo once said, “Laughter is the sun that drives winter from the human face”， and up_to_now_nobody has been able to do this better_than Charlie Chaplin. 维克多·雨果曾经说过，“笑容如阳光，驱走人们脸上的冬天”。关于这一点，直到今天也没有人能比查理·卓别林做得更好。
(1)as在此引导定语从句，修饰后面整个句子，此时，定语从句的位置比较灵活，可放在句首、句中或句末，译为“正如，正像”。
①As all his friends agree, he was unusually warm－hearted, loving and generous.
正如他所有的朋友都认为的那样，他非常热心、可亲、慷慨。
②I am as you can imagine short enough of money.
正如你所想象的那样，我很缺钱。
③He was a teacher, as was clear from his manner.
正如根据他的举止所断定的，他是一位老师。
(2)up to now 意为“迄今；到现在为止”，是多用于现在完成时的时间状语，常可与 until now, by now, so far 互换。
①Up to now, about 30 foreign companies have set up branches in this developing zone.
到现在为止，已有大约30家外国公司在这个开发区设立了分公司。
②They have raised more than $1 000 000 for this project up to now/until now/so far.
到目前为止，他们已经为这个项目筹集到一百多万美元了。
(3)．..nobody has been able to do this better than Charlie Chaplin.
当形容词或副词的比较级出现在否定句中时，往往不表示否定的意义而是表示充分的肯定。
—I think students should have more of their own time. Don‘t you think so
我认为学生应该有更多的属于他们自己的时间。你不这么认为吗？
—I can’t agree more. (＝I completely agree.)
完全赞同。
[即境活用1] —Shall I give you a ride as you live so far away
—Thank you. ______.
A．It couldn‘t be better B．Of course you can
C．If you like D．It's up to you
答案：A
解析：It couldn't be better. “再好不过了”，相当于 It's the best.
2．“Well, it certainly will be this morning，” the man said, “because I happen_to_be flying it！”“啊，那今天上午肯定要晚点了，”那人说，“因为碰巧我要驾驶那班飞机！”
happen to do/be 碰巧句型 Sb. happens to do sth.可以转换成 It happens that sb. does sth.，但使用时要注意复合句中从句谓语的时态要与简单句中的动词不定式的形式相呼应。
①When I went to see him, he happened to be away on holiday.
(＝When I went to see him, it happened that he was away on holiday.)
我去看他时，他碰巧在外度假。
②Joseph came to borrow my skiing boards yesterday, but I happened to have lent them to my cousin last week.(＝...but it happened that I lent them to my cousin last week.)
约瑟夫昨天来借滑雪板，不巧的是我上星期借给我的表弟了。
[即境活用2] When the bridge fell down, several cars happened ______ on it.
A．to run B．running
C．to be running D．that they were running
答案：C
解析：句意：那座桥坍塌时，正巧有好几辆汽车正在上面行驶。happen to do 中不定式根据语境可选择不同的形式。
3．The tramp, a poor and homeless man with a moustache, wore large trousers, worn－out shoes and a_small_round_black_hat. 这个流浪汉，一个留着小胡子的穷苦的无家可归的人，穿着大裤子、破鞋子，头顶着黑色的小圆帽。
a small round black hat 中的 hat前有三个形容词做定语，在英语中多个形容词修饰名词时的顺序是：限制词(冠词、物主代词、指示代词、不定代词)＋数词(序数词、基数词)＋描绘性形容词(nice, good, interesting, beautiful...)＋特征形容词(大小、长短、高低、形状、年龄、新旧)＋颜色形容词＋国籍、出处＋物质、材料＋用途、类别＋中心名词。我们可以用下面的一段顺口溜来帮助记忆：
限定描绘大长高，形状年龄和新老。
颜色国籍出材料，作用类别紧跟着。
①all these last few years
所有这些逝去的岁月
②some beautiful little red flowers
一些美丽的小红花
③the first beautiful white Chinese military jeep
第一辆漂亮的白色中国军用吉普车
[即境活用3] —Is it Jim who is driving the new car
—Probably. I know he has recently bought a ______ car.
A．shiny black German
B．black shiny German
C．shiny German black
D．black German shiny
答案：A
解析：考查形容词的排列顺序。
B4U4
Not_all_cultures greet each other the same way, nor_are_they comfortable in the same way with touching or distance between people. 各种文化背景下人们互致问候的方式不尽相同，身体接触和相互间距离的程度也并不一样。
(1)not all...是部分否定，与 not构成部分否定的词还有：both, every, everyone, everywhere, everybody, everything, always, entirely, wholly, altogether。
Not every student passed the exam.
并非所有的学生都通过了考试。
Not all of us can speak English.
并非我们都会说英语。
提示：表示全部否定的词有：none, nobody, neither, never, nothing, nowhere, no one, not at all。
(2)本句后半句是 nor 引起的倒装句，nor 位于句首时，句子需要部分倒装。
She doesn‘t like dance, nor does her sister.
她不喜欢跳舞，她姐姐也不喜欢。
归纳拓展：含有否定意义的词置于句首往往引起部分倒装：
①含有否定意义的副词放在句首，如：not, never, seldom, hardly, rarely, little 等。
Never before has our country been as united as it is today. 我们国家从没像现在这样团结。
②含有否定意义的连词置于句首，如： neither...nor, no sooner...than..., scarcely...when..., hardly...when...等。
No sooner had he left home than it began to rain.
他一出家门天就开始下雨。
③含有否定意义的介词短语置于句首，如： by no means, in no time, in no case, on no account等。
On no account must you accept any money against your conscience.
你无论如何不能违背自己的良心而得到钱财。
[即境活用] (2008·辽宁卷)Bill wasn't happy about the delay of the report by John, and ______.
A．I was neither B．neither was I
C．I was either D．either was I
答案：B
解析：考查 neither 用于句首，倒装。
1．Whichever and whatever you like, there is a theme park for you!
不管你喜欢哪一个，喜欢什么，总有一个主题公园适合你！
whichever和 whatever 的用法
(1)whichever 无论哪一个，任何一个。既可以引导名
词性从句，也可引导让步状语从句。
no matter which (＝whichever) 只能引导让步状语
从句。
whatever 不管/无论什么。既可引导名词性从句，
也可引导让步状语从句。
no matter what (＝whatever) 只能引导让步状语
从句。
whoever 无论谁，任何人。既可引导名词性从句，也
可引导让步状语从句。
no matter who(＝whoever)只能引导让步状语从句。
① Take whatever you want.
你可以拿你想要的任何东西。(≠no matter what，引导宾语从句)
②The content is the same, whichever book you choose.
不管你选哪一本书，内容都是一样的。(＝no matter which, 引导让步状语从句)
③ Whatever he does seems wrong in his father's eyes.
无论他做什么，在他父亲看来都是错的。(≠no matter what，引导主语从句)
④Whatever she does to him, he still loves her.
无论她怎样对他，他都爱她。(＝no matter what，引导让步状语从句)
⑤Whoever (＝No matter who) asks him for advice, he is always ready to help.
不管谁来求助于他，他都乐于帮助。
⑥Whoever(≠No matter who) breaks the law should be punished. 任何犯法的人都该受到惩罚。
提示：whichever和 whatever的区别在于：前者通常有范围，而后者没有范围。
(2)“no matter＋wh－结构”只能引导让步状语从句，都可用相应的 wh－ever 代替。
no matter where＝wherever 无论哪里
no matter when＝whenever 无论何时
no matter how＝however 无论怎样
① Come and see me whenever(＝ no matter when) it's convenient to you.
你何时方便，何时就来看我。
② Wherever (＝No matter where) you go, whatever (＝no matter what) you do and I will be right here waiting for you.无论你去何方，无论你做何事，我就在这儿等你。
③However (＝No matter how) difficult it is, we must complete the task.
不论多么难，我们都要完成任务。
[即境活用1] ______team wins on Saturday will go through to the national championships.
A．No matter what B．No matter which
C．Whatever D．Whichever
解析：whichever引导名词性从句，在句中充当定语，此时不能换成 no matter which。句意为“无论哪个队在周六获胜都将直接参加全国锦标赛”。
答案：D
2．With all these attractions, no_wonder tourism is increasing wherever there is a Disneyland. 有这么多引人入胜的东西，难怪哪里有迪斯尼乐园，哪里的旅游业就会发展。
(It is) No wonder (that)．.. 难怪……；……并不奇怪
①(It is) No wonder you were late! 难怪你来晚了！
②(It is) No wonder that he was so tired!
难怪他这么累！
拓展：(1)It is a wonder that...
令人惊奇的是……
(2)What a wonder!
多么令人惊异！/真想不到！
(3)wonder ＋at/about 对……疑惑/奇怪
＋wh－从句
＋wh－＋to do奇怪；想知道
＋if...用于请求别人做某事
或请求对方许可，语气委婉
①It is a wonder that he remained alive after dropping from the roof of a ten－storied building.
他从一幢十层楼的楼顶上摔下来，但仍然活着，真是一个奇迹。
②I wonder at his rudeness.
我对他的粗鲁感到奇怪。
③He wondered why people built ugly houses, when they could have built beautiful ones.
他很奇怪为什么人们本可以造出漂亮的房屋，而偏偏建造出丑陋的房子来。
④She was wondering whether to go back or stay.
她不知是回去好还是留下来好。
⑤I wonder if you'll help me with the luggage.
我想知道你是否能帮我提这些行李。
[即境活用2] He hasn't slept at all for three days. ______ he is tired out.
A．There is no point B．There is no need
C．It is no wonder D．There is no way
解析：由题意“他已经三天没睡觉了。难怪他都累坏了”，选C。A“没有意义”；B“没有必要”；D“没门”。
答案：C
3. ～ever与no matter wh～的用法
[应用3] (1)(2008·全国Ⅰ)The lawyer seldom wears anything other than a suit ______ the season.
A．whatever B．wherever
C．whenever D．however
解析：句意：无论什么季节，这位律师除了一套西装以外，很少穿其他的。whatever引导让步状语从句，whatever the season即whatever the season is。wherever“无论什么地方”；whenever“无论什么时候”；however“无论怎样”，均不符合语境要求。
答案：A
(2)(2008·浙江)______ wants to stay in a hotel has to pay their own way.
A．Anyone B．The one
C．Whoever D．Who
解析：句意：任何一个想住在旅馆里的人必须支付自己的费用。whoever此处引导名词性从句，相当于anyone who。anyone和the one后少who, who引导定语从句，故被排除。
答案：C
(3)(2008·上海)______ well prepared you are, you still need a lot of luck in mountain climbing.
A．However B．Whatever
C．No matter D．Although
解析：句意：无论你做的准备多么充分，在爬山时，你仍会需要很多运气。however well prepared you are＝no matter how well prepared you are，引导让步状语从句。
答案：A
(4)(2007·山东Ⅰ)Could I speak to ______ is in charge of International Sales, please
A．anyone B．someone
C．whoever D．no matter who
解析：本题考查whoever和no matter who的区别。句意：我可以同负责管理国际销售部的人谈一谈吗？句中to为介词，其后是名词性从句，而从句中缺少主语和关联词，故选择C。D项只能引导状语从句。
答案：CB5U1
1．So many thousands of terrified people died every_time there was an outbreak. 因此每次暴发(霍乱)时，就有大批惊恐的人死去。
这是由名词词组 every time 充当连词的时间状语从句，意为“每当……”，相当于 when。某些表达时间的名词词组可直接充当连词，即“名词连词化现象”。常见的有：
(1)不定代词＋time 如：any time, each time...
(2)序数词＋time 如：the first/last time...
(3)the＋瞬时名词 如：the minute/moment/instant
(4)the＋时间名词 如：the day/night/month/time...
①He brings her flowers every time he goes to see her.
他每次去看她都给她带花。
②The first time he did the experiment, he succeeded.
他第一次做实验就成功了。
③I‘ll give him your message the minute he arrives.
等他一到，我就把你的口信给他。
④He bought a computer the day he got his salary.
他发工资那天买了一台电脑。
[即境活用1] The boys ran off______ they saw the owner of the orchard (果园)．
A．at times B．the hour
C．the moment D．at once
答案：C
解析：句中 the moment 引导时间状语从句，相当于 as soon as。
2．Only_if you put the sun there did the movements of the other planets in the sky make sense. 只有当你把太阳放在中心位置上，天空中其他行星的运动才能说得清楚。
only 修饰副词、介词短语或状语从句，放在句首时，句子要部分倒装，即把助动词、情态动词或系动词 be放在主语之前。
①Only then did I realize the mistakes I had made.
只有在那时我才意识到我所犯的错误。
②Only in this way can you make progress.
只有以这种方式你才能取得进步。
③Only when the war was over in 1949 was he able to get back home.只有在1949年战争结束时他才能回家。
拓展：if only要是……该多好，但愿。if only从句可单独使用，这时要用虚拟语气：表示与过去相反的愿望用 had done；与现在相反的愿望用 did/were；表示与将来相反的愿望用 “would/could/might＋动词原形”。
①If only I had gone to Beijing.
我要是去了北京就好了。
②If only he could come tomorrow.
他要是明天能来就好了。
[即境活用2] ______both sides accept the agreement will a lasting peace be established in this region.
A．Only if B．Unless
C．If only D．As long as
答案：A
解析：主句中用了“will＋主语＋be”倒装结构，故选 Only if。
B5U2
1．Although, nationwide, these cities are not as large as those in China, they have world－famous football teams and some of them even have two! 虽然，全国性的，这些城市不如中国的城市大，但是它们拥有世界著名的足球队，有的城市甚至有两支！
those 在此为代词，用于表示比较的句型中，代指前面提到的复数名词 cities。
辨析：one/the one/ones/the ones/that/those/it
这几个词都用来指代前面提到的名词，但是所指内容不同。
(1)one 代替上文提到的某个可数名词，表示泛指意义，一般指同类事物中的任何一个；而 the one代替上文提到的某个可数名词单数，表示特指。
(2)ones 代替上文提到的可数名词复数形式，表泛指，一般指同类事物中的一些；而 the ones指代上文提到的可数名词复数形式，表示特指。
(3)that 用来代替上文提到的名词，可以是可数名词单数形式，也可以是不可数名词，表示特指。如果代替可数名词单数形式，可以与 the one互换。
(4)those是 that的复数形式，代替上文提到的可数名词复数形式，表示特指，可与 the ones 互换。
(5)it代替前面的同一事物或同一个人。
①I want to buy a house, one with a large garden.
我想买一座房子，一座带有大花园的房子。
②The little boy doesn't like this apple; he wants the red one.
小男孩不喜欢这个苹果，他想要那个红的。
③I bought some new chairs. The old ones should be thrown away. 我买了新椅子，那些旧的也该扔了。
④The bike is cheaper than that made in our factory.
这自行车比我们厂生产的要便宜。(that＝the one)
⑤The population of China is larger than that of Japan.
中国的人口比日本的多。(that 不用 the one 代替)
⑥The cars made here are better than those made in my hometown. 这里生产的小汽车比我家乡生产的好。
⑦—Who is the person that shook hands with the foreigners 那个和外宾握手的人是谁？
—It is our headmaster. 他是我们的校长。
[即境活用1] (1)(2008·济南模拟)The language used in advertisement differs from ______ used in ordinary reading.
A．Which B．what
C．that D．it
答案：C
解析：代替前面的 the language应用 that。
(2)(2007·陕西)—There is still a copy of the book in the library. Will you go and borrow ______？
—No, I'd rather buy ______ in the bookstore.
A．it; one B．one; one
C．one; it D．it; it
答案：A
解析：第一空用 it指代上文中提到的那一本书；第二空用 one相当于 a copy，泛指“一本”。
2．It_seemed_strange_that the man who had developed communism should have lived and died in London.这似乎是一件怪事：这位发展了共产主义的人竟然在伦敦生活过，并且在伦敦去世。
It seems/is strange that...“……有点奇怪”，that 从句常用虚拟语气，谓语动词用“should＋动词原形”，should 意为“竟然”，表示对过去发生的事情感到惊讶。
拓展：在 “It is natural/important/necessary/a pity/a shame＋that 从句”结构中，从句中的谓语动词也用“should＋动词原形”结构；should 在这些句型中表示惊讶、气愤、惋惜等情感。
①It was strange that he should have said that!
他竟然说那样的话，真是奇怪！
②It‘s a pity that he should fail to grasp the chance when it arose.
机会出现时，他竟然没有抓住，真是遗憾。
[即境活用2] —You just think of yourself! You kept me waiting for at least three hours.
—I am sorry that you ______ think so.
A．would B．could
C．should D．might
答案：C
解析：考查情态动词。答句句意：很抱歉你竟然这么想。should 有“竟然”的意思。
B5U3
1．However, I lost sight of Wang Ping when we reached what looked like a large market because of too wany carriages flying by in all directions. 然而，当我们到达一个看上去像是大市场的地方时，由于太多的客车朝四面八方飞奔，我看不见王平了。
what looked like... 是宾语从句，做 reached 的宾语。what 在宾语从句中做主语，表示地点。这时，同学们要注意，别把 what 误用做 where。因为 where是连接副词，在从句中做地点状语，而 what 是连接代词，在从句中做主语、宾语、表语或定语。what 引导名词性从句时，常含有事情、状况、言语、时间和地点的意味。
①What surprised me most was his way of speaking.
最让我吃惊的是他的说话方式。(what 表事情)
②She is no longer what she used to be.
她不再是以前的样子了。(what 表状况)
③We were all confused by what he said.
我们都被他说的话弄迷糊了。(what 表言语)
④He had driven for what seemed three hours.
他开车开了似乎三个小时了。(what 表时间)
⑤They finally reached what was called “a lonely island”．
他们终于来到了一个叫“孤岛”的地方。(what 表地点)
[即境活用1] (1)(2008·北京)The companies are working together to create ______ they hope will be the best means of transport in the 21st century.
A．which B．that
C．what D．who
答案：C
解析：句意：这些公司正在一起努力创造他们所希望的21世纪最好的交通方式。what 引导宾语从句，在从句中做主语。 which “哪一个”，who “谁”，that 在名词性从句中不充当成分。
(2)(2007·浙江)Why not try your luck downtown, Bob That's ______ the best jobs are.
A．where B．what
C．when D．why
答案：A
解析：句意：为什么不去市中心碰碰运气呢，鲍勃？在那个地方有最好的工作。where 在此引导表语从句，在从句中做状语。
2．Exhausted,_I slid into bed and fell fast asleep.
我感到累极了，爬上床很快就睡着了。
exhausted为形容词在句中做伴随状语。
①He spent seven days in the wind and snow, cold and hungry.他又冷又饿地在风雪中过了7天。
②For a moment she just stood there, unable to believe what had just happened.她在那儿呆呆地站了一会儿，简直不能相信刚才发生的事。
③He lay on the bed, awake.
他躺在床上，醒着。
④The boy lay, relaxed on the sofa.
小男孩放松地躺在沙发上。
⑤Confused by the new surroundings, I was hit by the lack of fresh air.新的环境把我弄得心烦意乱的，由于缺乏新鲜空气，我感到受不了。
[即境活用2] (2008·北京)After the long journey, the three of them went back home, ______.
A．hungry and tiredly
B．hungry and tired
C．hungrily and tiredly
D．hungrily and tired
答案：B
解析：句意：长途旅游后，他们三个回到了家，又饿又累。本题考查形容词做状语，表示伴随或结果。
2. 形容词做状语
[应用2] (1)______ at her success, her parents took her to an expensive restaurant to celebrate.
A．To delight B．To be delighted
C．Delighted D．Delighting
答案：C
(2)He lay in bed all night, ______.
A．wake B．awake
C．waken D．woke
答案：B
(3)After his journey from abroad, Richard Jones returned home, ______.
A．exhausting B．exhausted
C．being exhausted D．having exhausted
答案：B
解析：形容词exhausted意为“(感到)精疲力竭的”，在此处做状语，说明主语的特征；exhausting意为“令人精疲力竭的”，常指事物；being exhausted仅能做状语，表示原因，此处与语境不符。
(4)－Why did John ask me about the problem
－______， he tried to find a better way to settle it.
A．Not to be satisfied B．Not satisfied
C．Not being satisfied D．Don’t satisfy
答案：B
解析：过去分词做原因状语，not satisfied相当于because he was not satisfied。A项，表目的；C项，强调动作，此处表状态；D项，不符合句子结构。
B5U4
10．so as to do sth. 以便，为了(做)……(引导目的状语，不放于句首)
in order to 以便，为了……(引导目的状语，可放句首)
so...as to 如此……以致(引导结果状语)
in order that 为了，以便……(引导目的状语从句)
so that 为了……；结果……(引导目的或结果状语从句)
so...that... 如此……以至于(引导结果状语从句)
[即学即练10](1)He ran quickly ____________/______________ catch the last bus.
他跑得很快以便赶上末班车。
(2)We turned on the light __________/_________________we might see what it was.
＝We turned on the light _____________ see what it was.我们把灯打开，以便看看它是什么。
(3)She is ______ angry ____________ say a word in front of him.她如此生气以致在他面前说不出一句话。
so as to/in order to//so that/in order that//so as to//so as to
提示：当用 so as to, in order to时，句子前后动作的主语须一致。否则，用 so that, in order that。
1．Never_will Zhou Yang(ZY) forget his first assignment at the office of a popular English newspaper.周扬将永远不会忘记他在一家流行的英语报社的第一次任务。
Not_only_am I interested in photography, but I took an amateur course at university to update my skills.
对摄影我不仅只是感兴趣，在大学里我还专修过业余摄影课来更新我的技术。
(1)在以具有否定意义的副词、连词及词组开头的句子中，要用部分倒装。
(2)这些词和词组通常有：rarely, never, scarcely, no sooner, little, few, hardly, seldom, at no time, in no way, on no account, nowhere, nobody, not only等。
①Never before has our country been as united as it is.现在我们的国家空前团结。
②Not only does he know French, but also he is an expert at it.他不仅懂法语，而且很精通。
③Seldom does he go to the park at weekends.
在周末，他很少去公园。
[即境活用1] ______I had a few problems to deal with.
A．Hardly have I arrived when
B．Hardly did I arrive than
C．Hardly had I arrived when
D．Hardly had I arrived than
解析：本题考查hardly...when句式的倒装语序。具有否定意义的词hardly位于句首，句子要用倒装语序，注意该句式只倒装主句，when从句不变。
答案：C
2．His discussion with his new boss, Hu Xin (HX), was_to strongly influence his life as journalist. 他与他的新老板胡新的讨论对他的记者生涯会产生重要影响。
be to do在句中表示不可避免将要发生或命中注定的事情，常译为“注定会……，一定……”。
归纳拓展：(1)be to do 句型有三层含义：
①表示“注定要发生……”
②预先安排好的计划或约定
③表示说话人的意图、职责、义务、命令等情态意义。
(2)be about to do sth. 表“马上要做某事，某事即将发生”，通常不与时间状语连用。
(3)be going to do sth. 表打算、想法或某种倾向，用于非正式文体。也可用来表示很可能发生的事或自然现象。
①The experience was to change her life.
这次经历必会改变她的一生。
②No one is to leave the building without the police's permission.没有警方的允许，没有一个人可以离开楼房。
③We are to finish the work before five this afternoon.
我们预定今天下午五点前完成任务。
④The book was not to be found.
那本书根本不可能找到。
[即境活用2] None of them ever thought their products ______ such an important role in the computer market 20 years later.
A．were to play B．played
C．would have played D．had played
解析：考查 be to do 表示“注定会……，一定……”。
答案：A
3．Have you ever had a case where someone accused your journalists of getting the wrong end of the stick 你们有没有过这样的情况：别人控告你们的记者，说他(她)们的报道完全失实？
case “情况”，在本句中为先行词，where 引导定语从句，在从句中做地点状语，相当于 in the case。当先行词为 case, point, situation, position等时，常用 where 引导定语从句。
①Can you think of a situation where this word can be used？你能想出能使用这个单词的语境吗？
②We are in a position where we may lose a large sum of money.我们在这种处境下可能会损失大量金钱。
③He has reached the point where a change is needed.
他到了必须改一改的地步。
[即境活用3] Today, we'll discuss a number of cases ______ beginners of English fail to use the language properly.
A．which B．as
C．why D．where
解析：考查定语从句。当先行词是 case, point, situation 等词时，若定语从句中缺状语，用 where引导该从句。
答案：D
4．So we arranged an interview between the footballer and the man supposed to bribe him.因此我们安排这名球员和被认为行贿的人一起接受采访。
句中supposed to bribe him是过去分词短语做定语，修饰the man，相当于一个定语从句the man who was supposed to bribe him。
(1)be supposed to do sth. 意为“应当做……”或“认为做……是必须的”。如：
①He is supposed to be here in about an hour.
他大约一小时后到。
②He was supposed to be a college graduate but he knew nothing of history.
按说他是大学毕业生，但他对历史一点儿也不知道。
(2)be supposed to have done sth. 则意为“理应做过某事(但可能没有做)”，这里有虚拟的含义。
Jack is supposed to have finished his work now.
杰克现在应当已经完成工作了。
拓展：suppose sb./sth. to be... 认为某人/某物是……
It is supposed that－clause 人们认为……
be supposed to be... 被认为/料想是……
be supposed to do sth. 被期望，应该；获准(用
于否定句)
I suppose so. 我认为是这/那样。
I suppose not. 我认为不是这/那样。
What do you suppose＋陈述语序？你认为……？
Suppose/Supposing/Provided/Providing (that)
是表假设的条件状语从句，从句中将来的事不
用将来时而用一般现在时。
[即境活用4] (2008·荆州模拟)The train ______ arrive at 11：30, but was an hour late.
A．was about to B．was likely to
C．was supposed to D．was certain to
解析：由题意“火车应该11：30到，但是却晚了一个小时”，表示“应该做……而未做”选 be supposed to。A将要；B可能；D一定。
答案：C
B5U5
1．If burns are on arms or legs, keep them higher than the heart, if_possible. 如果烫伤的部位在臂部或腿部，如果可能的话就要把手臂或腿抬到高于心脏的位置。
if possible 为状语从句的省略，其完整形式为 if it is possible。 ①If possible, do it by yourself.
可能的话，你自己做。
②If possible, I‘ll go to Beijing tomorrow.
如果可能的话，明天我要去北京。
拓展：if so 如果这样的话
if not 如果不是的话
if any 如果有的话
if necessary 如果必要的话
if ever 如果曾经有的话
[即境活用1] —I hear Bob has been ill in hospital for days.
—______， let‘s go to see him.
A．If ever B．If any
C．If possible D．If so
答案：D
解析：考查省略句 if so“如果这样的话”。
2．John was_studying in his room when he heard screaming. 约翰正在屋里学习，突然听到一声尖叫。
when 并列连词，意为“这时”，相当于 and then。 when 作并列连词用时，构成并列句，意为“就在这时，恰恰在这时”，多用在下列句型中：
...be doing...when... 正在……这时……
...be about to do...when... 正打算做……这时……
be just going to do...when... 正要……这时……
had just done...when... 刚做了……这时……
be on the point of doing...when... 正要……这时……
①He was sleeping when there was a knock at the door.
他正在睡觉，这时有人敲门。
②I was about to go out when someone knocked at the door. 我刚想出门，这时有人敲门。
③We had just begun to work when the machine broke down. 我们刚开始工作，这时机器坏了。
④The thief was on the point of putting his hand into the lady‘s handbag when the bus suddenly stopped.
小偷正要把手伸进那位女士的手提袋中，这时公共汽车突然停了。
[即境活用2] The children were playing football happily on the playground ______ it began to rain heavily.
A．as B．while
C．when D．suddenly
答案：C
解析：句意为：孩子们正在操场上高兴地踢足球，这时天开始下起大雨。
X6U1
1．Among the painters who broke away from the traditional style of painting were the Impressionists, who lived and worked in Paris.
在这些脱离传统绘画风格的画家中就有生活和工作在巴黎的印象派艺术家们。
此句是一个倒装句，正常语序应为The Impressionists who lived and worked in Paris were among the painters who broke away from the traditional style of painting.此句为表语部分提前而引起的倒装。
①Sitting at the back of the room was a shy girl with two big eyes.
一个腼腆的长着两只大眼睛的女孩坐在屋子的后面。
②Gone are the days when women were looked down upon.妇女受歧视的年代一去不复返了。
[即境活用1] Present at the meeting ______.
A．Mr. Liu was, who taught us English
B．was Mr. Liu, who taught us English
C．was who taught us English, Mr. Liu
D．Mr. Liu, who taught us English, was
答案：B
2．It is amazing that so many great works of art from the late 19th century to the 21st century are housed in the same museum. 令人感到惊奇的是同一家博物馆中收藏了那么多伟大的从19世纪晚期至21世纪的艺术作品。
it在句中做形式主语，真正的主语是 that 从句。it做形式主语，可以代替不定式、动名词、从句，置于句首，无意义，使句式结构更平衡。常见句型有：
(1)It is important (easy, hard, difficult, possible, necessary...) for sb. to do sth.
(2)It is a pity (a shame, a pleasure, one's duty, bad manners...) for sb. to do sth.
(3)It is kind (nice, wise, brave, silly, polite, friendly...) of sb. to do sth.
(4)It's a pity (a shame, a fact, a wonder...) that...
(5)It is strange (obvious, true, good, possible, likely, clear...) that...
(6)It seems (happens, turns out, occurs to me...) that...
(7)It is said (reported, decided, expected...) that...
①It is nice of you to give us so much help.
你这么帮助我们真是太好了。
②It‘s a pity that I didn’t think of it earlier.
真可惜我没有早想起来。
③It is reported that the production has been put into use.
据报道，这种产品已投入使用。
[即境活用2]The foreign minister said, “______ our hope that the two sides will work towards peace.”
A．This is B．There is
C．That is D．It is
解析：it做形式主语，that引导的从句做真正的主语。
答案：D
X6U2
1．There are various reasons why people write poetry.
人们写诗有各种各样的理由。
reason why...。reason 的意思是“原因，理由”，后面的定语从句常用 why和 that, which 引导，后接同位语从句时要用 that引导，对 reason 的内容进行说明或解释，要注意它们所使用的场合。
①The reason why he failed the English exam was that he didn't learn it well.
他英语考试不及格的原因是他没学好。(why在定语从句中做状语)
②I don't believe the reason that/ which you gave me.
我不相信你给我的理由。(that和 which在定语从句中做 gave的宾语)
③We are not going for the simple reason that we can't afford it.
我们不去，原因很简单：我们负担不起。(that 引导同位语从句)
拓展：(1)That is why... 那就是……的原因。(强调结果)
(2)This is because... 这是因为……(强调原因)
(3)在 the reason why...is/was that 结构中，一般用 that 引导表语从句，而不用 because。
[即境活用1](2008·四川模拟)The reason for his success is ______ he worked very hard.
A．why B．that
C．because D．for
解析：考查 the reason 的表语从句，由 that 引导。
答案：B
2．Some rhyme(like B) while others do not(like C)．
有些诗押韵(像B)，但也有些不是这样(像C)。
while的用法归纳：
(1)while 用做并列连词，构成并列句，意为“然而，但是”，相当于 and/but, 强调前后两种情况的对比或转折，此时while 一般位于句中。
(2)while 用做从属连词，引导时间状语从句，意为“当……的时候；和……同时”，此时的主从句谓语动作同时发生，从句谓语通常是延续性动词。
(3)while 引导让步状语从句，常放在句首，意为“尽管”“虽然”，比 although或 though 语气要轻。
(4)while 引导条件状语从句，意为“只要”，其意思和用法相当于 as long as。while 可位于句首，也可位于句中。
(5)while 引导从句时，如果主从句的主语一致，且从句谓语又含有 be，则从句主语和 be可以省略。while 后可直接跟现在分词、名词、形容词或介词短语。
①You like sports, while I prefer music.
你喜欢体育，而我更喜欢音乐。
②I was reading the book while you were talking to me.
你对我说话的时候，我正在看书。
③While it is very cold today, we decide to go out for a walk. 尽管今天天气很冷，我们还是决定出去走走。
④While a spark of life remains, it is a doctor‘s duty to save the patient.
只要病人还有一线生机，医生就有责任抢救。
⑤You have to be very careful while (you are) driving.
你开车时必须很小心。
提示：while 引导时间状语从句时，指一段时间，不用来表示时间点；when引导时间状语从句时，既指时间段，也指时间点。如：
①When/While I was in middle school, I liked English very much.我上中学时非常喜欢英语。
②When he entered, I was watching TV. (不能用 while)当他进来时我正在看电视。
[即境活用2](1)(2008年四川非延考区)In some places women are expected to earn money ______ men work at home and raise their children.
A．but B．while
C．because D．though
解析：while 在此句中意为“然而”，表对比。
答案：B
(2)(2008·湖南卷)______the Internet is of great help, I don't think it's a good idea to spend too much time on it.
A．If B．While
C．Because D．As
答案：B
解析：while 引导让步状语从句，意为“虽然”。
(3)(2008·上海卷)—Are you ready for Spain
—Yes, I want the girls to experience that ______ they are young.
A．while B．until
C．if D．before
解析：while 引导时间状语从句，意为“当……时候”。
答案：A
X6U3
1．Why do_you_think some adolescents start smoking
你认为有些青少年为什么会开始吸烟？
do you think 在句中做插入语。这种句式也可叫做双重疑问句。其构成有两种情况：
(1)做主语的疑问词＋do you think/suppose/believe/imagine/say/suggest＋谓语部分？
(2)非主语的疑问词＋do you think/suppose/believe/imagine/say/suggest＋主语＋谓语部分？
①Which film do you think will win the Golden Lion of the 66th Venice International Film Festival？你认为哪一部电影会赢得66届威尼斯国际电影节金狮奖？
②When do you suggest we hold a meeting to talk about the problem？你建议我们什么时候举行会议谈论这个问题？
③Who do you suppose we shall ask to attend our party
你想我们会邀请谁来参加我们的宴会？
④Why do you think she didn‘t agree with our suggestions？你认为她为什么不同意我们的主意？
提示：(1)如果插入语是 do you suggest 时，句中的谓语要用 should＋do或省略 should。
(2)do you know 不能作为插入语。如：
Do you know which team will win
你认为哪个队会赢呢？
[即境活用1] —I haven't heard from John for a long time.
—What do you suppose ______ to him
A．was happening B．to happen
C．has happened D．had happened
解析：句中 do you suppose 是插入语，句子主干为 What has happened to him
答案：C
2．I knew it_was_time_to quit smoking.
我知道我该戒烟了。
It's time to do... 到了干……的时间了。
It's time for sth. 到了……的时间了。
It's time (for sb.) to do sth. 到了某人干……的时间了。
It's (high/about) time＋that 从句 到了某人干……的时间了。
It/This is the first/second...time that...
这是第一/二……次……
①It‘s time for lunch/to have lunch.
到吃午饭的时间了。
②It’s time that the kids were/should be in bed.
到了孩子们睡觉的时间了。
③This is the first time that I have been to the Great Wall. 这是我第一次参观长城。
提示：“It‘s (high/about) time＋that 从句”中，从句的谓语动词用一般过去时或 “should＋动词原形”，且 should不能省略。
“It/This is the first/second...time＋that从句”中，从句的谓语动词要用完成时态，当句型为 It is the first time that时，从句谓语动词用现在完成时，当句型为 It was the first time that 时，从句谓语动词用过去完成时态。
[即境活用2] It is high time that we ______ action. Otherwise we ______ late.
A．take; will be B．take; are
C．took; will be D．took; would be
解析：本题考查虚拟语气。It is high time that... 结构中从句常用虚拟语气，即谓语动词用一般过去时或 “should＋动词原形”。另外，otherwise 代替了 if虚拟条件句，根据句意，其后的句子应用表示与将来事实相反的虚拟语气。
答案：DB3U3
1．Well, towards nightfall I found myself carried_out to sea by a strong wind.哎，傍晚时分，我发现自己被一阵大风刮到了大海上。
(1)“find oneself＋宾语补足语”，意为“(突然)发现自己……”。
①When he came to, he found himself in a deserted island. 他醒来后，发现自己在一个荒凉的岛上。
②On hearing this, I found myself in an embarrassing position. 听到这后，我突然发现自己处在很尴尬的境地。
(2)find oneself doing sth. 突然发现或惊奇地发现自己在做某事，表示吃惊或不相信等情感。
①Dick found himself walking in the direction of Mike's place. 迪克突然发现自己在朝迈克家的方向走去。
②When he came to, he found himself lying in the hospital.他醒来后，发现自己躺在了医院里。
(3)find oneself done (突然)发现自己被……；不知不觉中发现自己被……
Then I found myself surrounded by half a dozen boys.
然后我就发现自己已被六个男孩围住了。
[即境活用1] Toward ______ sunset, he found himself ______ to a deserted island.
A．the; taken B．/; taken
C．the; taking D．/; taking
解析：第一空 toward 后接时间名词时，名词前通常不加冠词；第二空 “find oneself＋过去分词”，过去分词做宾补，表被动。
答案：B
2．The next morning _I’d just about given myself up for lost when I was spotted by a ship.
第二天早上，我正感到绝望的时候，一艘船发现了我。
had just done...when...刚做完某事，这时……
be doing...when...正在做……这时……
be about to do...when...正要做……这时……
be on the point of doing...when...正要做……这时……
①I had just gone to bed when the telephone rang.
我刚上床睡觉，这时电话响了。
②He was reading newspapers when he heard his name called.他正在读报，这时听到有人叫他的名字。
③I was about to go out when an unexpected visitor came.我正要出门，一位不速之客来访了。
[即境活用2] I had finished my homework and ______ watch the Olympics when the power was cut off.
A．was going to B．was about to
C．was to D．would
解析：be about to do...when...表示“正要做……这时……”，符合语境和语意。
答案：B
3．You must come whenever you want and have whatever you like. 您什么时候想来，您想吃点什么，你就一定要来呀！
(1)whenever, wherever, however 引导让步状语从句，相当于 no matter when/where/how。
(2)whatever, whoever, whichever, whomever 既可引导名词性从句，也可引导让步状语从句，在引导让步状语从句时相当于 no matter what/who/which/whom。
(3)“no matter＋疑问词”只能引导让步状语从句，可放在主句前或主句后。
(4)however 的用法主要有以下三点需要注意：
①用做连接副词，相当于 no matter how，引导让步状语从句，意思是“不管怎样……；无论如何……”，具体结构为：
however＋形容词/副词＋主语＋谓语。例如：
However rich people are, they always seem anxious to make more money.
无论人们有多富裕，他们似乎总是渴望挣到更多的钱。
②用做连词，表示“不管用什么方法”。
③however 还可作“然而”讲，是副词，不能引导从句，常用逗号隔开。
(5)whichever, whatever 在句中还可做定语。
Eat whichever cake you like.
你可以吃任何一块你想吃的蛋糕。
[即境活用3] (1)(2008·辽宁)______ hungry I am, I never seem to be able to finish off this loaf of bread.
A．Whatever B．Whenever
C．Wherever D．However
解析：“however＋adj.＋主＋谓”表示“无论多么……”。
答案：D
(2)______team wins on Saturday will go through to the national championships.
A．No matter what B．No matter which
C．Whatever D．Whichever
解析：根据句子结构可知，本题考查名词性从句，排除A、B项。whatever和 whichever 的不同在于前者没有范围而后者有范围，本句中指“周六参加比赛的获胜队”，是有范围的，故选 whichever。
答案：D
3. ～ever与no matter wh～的用法
[应用3] (1)In peace，too，the Red Cross is expected to send help______there is human suffering.
A．whoever B．however
C．whatever D．wherever
解析：(1)句意为“在和平时期，红十字会也应把帮助送到人们受苦难的地方”。
答案：D
(2)(2009·福建泉州高三质检)All the books I have are here. You may borrow ______ you like.
A．whatever B．whichever
C．whenever D．however
解析：(2)whichever强调“在某一范围内任何一个人/物”。whatever指“任何(某事)”，不强调范围。
答案：B
(3)He tried his best to solve the problem, ______difficult it was.
A. however B. no matter
C. whatever D. although
解析：(3)however 引导让步状语从句，等于 no matter how, 若用 although，应改为 although it was difficult。
答案：A
(4)______，I have to put it away and focus my attention on study this week.
A. However the story is amusing
B. No matter amusing the story is
C. However amusing the story is
D. No matter how the story is amusing
解析：(4)however＝no matter how，引导让步状语从句，后接“adj./adv.＋主＋谓”结构。
答案：C
B3U4
1．This produced a chain reaction, which made it possible for life to develop.
这就形成一个连锁反应，使生命发展成为可能。
本句中 it做形式宾语，真正的宾语为不定式短语 for life to develop。it做形式宾语还可以代替动名词或从句。
①He thinks it his duty to help others.
他认为帮助别人是他的职责。
②He made it a rule to get up at six every morning.
他把每天早晨6点起床作为一项规定。
③We consider it no use going to the seaside.
我们认为去海边没用处。
④We all consider it a pity that you didn‘t come to the party.
我们都认为你没有来参加聚会很遗憾。
⑤I hate it when people speak with their mouths full.
我不喜欢人们说话时嘴里有满满的东西。
⑥You may depend on it that we’re honest.
你可以相信我们是诚实的。
拓展：it还可以做形式主语，代替真正的主语——不定式(或不定式复合结构)、动名词(或动名词复合结构)或从句。
(1)It's＋adj.＋for sb. to do sth. 对某人来说做某事是……的。
(2)It's＋adj.＋of sb. to do sth. 某人做某事……
(3)It's/was/...who/that...是某人/某物做……
(4)It is/was the＋序数词＋time＋that...＋主语＋have/had done...
这是某人第……次做……
(5)It is (high) time that...＋主语＋did/should do...
是……该做……的时候了。
(6)It's said/reported/believed/announced that...
据说/据报道/据猜测/据称……
(7)It‘s a pity/a shame/a wonder...that...
可惜/遗憾/奇怪……的是……
(8)It happens/appears/seems that... 恰巧/看来/好像……
(9)It looks/seems as if... 看起来好像……
(10)It’s up to sb. to do... 该某人做……了
[即境活用1] (1)He didn't make ______ clear when and where the meeting would be held.
A．this B．that
C．it D．these
解析：it做形式宾语，真正宾语为 when and where从句。
答案：C
(2)I'd appreciate ______ if you would like to teach me how to use the computer.
A．that B．it
C．this D．you
解析：it做形式宾语，代替 if从句。
答案：B
2．But when I tried to step forward, I found I was carried twice as far as on the earth and fell over.
而当我试着向前迈步时，我发觉我被送出很远，步子的跨度竟是在地球上的两倍，因而我摔倒了。
倍数的表达方式有：
(1)“A＋倍数＋形容词或副词的比较级＋than＋B”，表示“A比B大(长、高、宽等)多少倍”。
(2)“A＋倍数＋as＋形容词或副词的原级＋as＋B”，表示“A是B的多少倍”。
(3)“A＋倍数＋the size/height/length/width, etc.＋of＋B”，表示“A是B的多少倍”。
(4)“A＋倍数＋what 从句”，表示“A是……的多少倍”。
①Asia is four times as large as Europe.
＝The size of Asia is four times that of Europe.
＝Asia is four times the size of Europe.
＝Asia is three times larger than Europe.
亚洲是欧洲的四倍大(比欧洲大三倍)。
②Our total income of 1994 was double that of 1992.
我们1994年的总收入是1992年的两倍。
③The production now is three times what it was ten years ago.现在的产量是十年前的三倍。
[即境活用2] (1)Though it's a challenging job, he did it ______ it took me.
A．one third a time B．one third time
C．the one third time D．one third the time
解析：考查倍数比较的句型，即“倍数＋the＋n.”结构。
答案：D
(2)What a table! I've never seen such a thing before. It is ______ it is long.
A．half not as wide as B．wide not as half as
C．not half as wide as D．as wide as not half
解析：考查倍数比较 half＋as...as。
答案：C
3．...walking does need a bit of practice now that gravity has changed. ……既然重力改变了，行走的确需要一些练习
(1)句中 does need是一种强调句式。
①在一般句型中，do (does, did)常用来强调谓语动词的语气，在句中要重读，译为“真的”“的确”“确实”等。
You do look nice today. 你今天看起来真的很漂亮。
Jack said he would come and he did come.
杰克说他要来，他果真来了。
②在祈使句中，do表示强烈的请求，而不是命令，有时它可以使邀请对方的心意显得更加客气、热情、友好，而且亲切，此时的 do可译为“千万，务必”等。
Please do sit down. 务必请坐下。
Do be careful next time. 下次千万要小心。
(2)now that 在句中引导原因状语从句，相当于 since，意为“既然，由于”，that 可省略。
Now that you have finished your work, you‘d better have a rest. 既然工作已经做完了，你最好休息一下。
辨析：now that/because/since/as/for
now that 说明已经成为事实的原因，常译为“既然”。
because 语气最强，回答的是用 why提问的问句，表示直接的或为人所不知的原因。
since与 as语气较 because 弱，表示显而易见或已为人所知的原因。since 侧重主句，as主从并重，语气比 since 弱。
for是连词，用来补充说明理由或提供一种解释，不一定是真正的原因，不能放在主句前面。
—Why did you do this 你为什么这么做？
—Because it is good for you. 因为这对你有好处。
Since you have known it, I won‘t repeat it.
既然你已经知道了，我就不重复了。
Wear strong shoes as we shall do a lot of walking.
穿上结实的鞋子，因为我们要走不少路。
It rained last night, for the ground is wet.
昨晚下雨了，因为地面是湿的。
[即境活用3] (1)In my opinion, what Fei Junlong and Nie Haisheng ______ good to our country's international positions.
A．did do does B．did does do
C．does did do D．do do did
解析：第一个 did是 what主语从句中的谓语动词；第二个 does强调谓语 do good to，故选B。
答案：B
B4U1
1．Only_after her mother came to help her for the first few months was she allowed to begin her project.她母亲头几个月来帮她的忙，这才使她得以开始自己的计划。
(1)only在句首修饰做状语的副词或介词短语时，句子要倒装。
(2)only在句首修饰状语从句时，主句要用倒装语序，从句不用倒装语序。
(3)only在句首修饰句子的主语时，不用倒装语序。
①Only then did I realize the importance of communication.只有到那时我才意识到交流的重要性。
②Only in this way can we improve our English.
只有以这种方法，我们才能提高英语水平。
③Only after you have reached eighteen can you join the army.只有当你年满十八周岁后，你才能参军。
④Only he can answer the question.
只有他能回答这个问题。
[即境活用1] (1)______a mobile phone can you ring ______ you want to talk with anywhere.
A．Using; whoever
B．Only on; whomever
C．Only by; whatever
D．With; anyone
答案：B
解析：考查“only＋介词短语”置于句首时，主句要倒装，以及who(m)ever, whatever和anyone的区别。由主句can you...倒装，可排除A、D两项。“用手机”应用on a mobile phone或by mobile phone，故排除C。
(2)Only by following this method ______.
A．we can study English well
B．can we be able to study English well
C．can we study English well
D．study English well can we
答案：C
解析：only引导的状语提前，句子要倒装。B项中的can不能与be able to连用。
2．Further reading made me realize that it_was hard work and determination as well as her gentle nature that got her into medical school. 进一步阅读使我了解到，是苦干、决心及温和的天性使她走进了医学院的大门。
强调句型：It is/was＋被强调成分＋that/who＋其他部分
提示：(1)只能强调句中的主语、宾语和状语，不能用该句式强调句子谓语。
(2)如果强调两个以上的并列主语，该句式仍用 is/was，不用 are/were。
(3)强调部分为表示“人”的名词时，可用 who；其他情况则用 that。
(4)强调 not...until 句型时，要将主句中的 not一起强调。即 It is/was not until...that...
(5)Is/Was it＋被强调成分＋that...？为其一般疑问句形式。
(6)特殊疑问词＋is/was＋it＋被强调成分＋that...？为其特殊疑问句形式。
(7)强调句的特殊疑问句如果用于宾语从句中，该强调句式要用陈述语序。
①It is I that/who am going for a holiday with Mary.
是我要跟玛丽一块儿去度假。
②When is it that we will have a meeting
我们什么时候开会？
③It was not until he took off his dark glasses that I realized he was a famous film star.
直到他摘下墨镜我才认出他是位著名的影星。
④It was in this town that he was brought up.
他是在这个镇上被养大的。(强调句)
⑤It was this town where/in which he was brought up.
这是他被抚养长大的城镇。(定语从句)
[即境活用2](1)(2008·重庆)It was not until midnight ______ they reached the campsite.
A．that B．when
C．while D．as
答案：A
解析：考查强调句型。强调时间状语 not until midnight。
(2)—What did she want to know, Tom
—She wondered ______ we could complete the experiment.
A．when was it B．it was when that
C．it was when D．when it was that
答案：D
解析：考查强调句型的特殊疑问句用于宾语从句中。
2. 强调句型
[应用2] (1)It was ______ back home after the experiment.
A．not until midnight did he go
B．until midnight that he didn’t go
C．not until midnight that he went
D．until midnight when he didn’t go
答案：C
(2)It was in Beihai Park ______ they made a date for the first time ______ the old couple told us their love story.
A．where; that B．that; that
C．where; when D．that; when
答案：A
(3)－He was nearly drowned once.
－When was that
－______ was in 2000 ______ he was having a holiday in Qingdao.
A．That; since B．It; when
C．That; before D．It; that
答案： D
(4)Why! I know nothing about Sanlu Milk Powder Incident. ______ you want me to say
A．What it is that B．What is it that
C．How is it that D．How it is that
答案： B
(5)－Can you tell me ______ makes this book so popular
－Interesting plots and vivid characters.
A．what is it which
B．what it is which
C．what is it that
D．what it is that
答案： DX8U3
1．But once_picked_up,_they tried to bite me.
但是它们一被捡起来，就试图咬我。
(1)once作为连接词引导时间状语从句时，后面可接现在分词或过去分词。
①Once opened, the museum will be very popular with the citizens.
博物馆一旦开放，肯定会受到市民的欢迎。(表被动)
②Once talking with him, you'll find him an easygoing man. 一旦与他交谈，你就会发现他是一个随和的人。(表主动)
(2)once 引导的从句中，要用一般时代替将来时。
①Once you have grasped English, you'll be easy to get a well－paid job.
一旦你掌握了英语，你就会很容易找到一份报酬很高的工作。(现在完成时代替将来完成时)
②Once he arrives, we can start.他一到我们就可以开始。(一般现在时代替一般将来时)
[即境活用1] (2007·福建) You will be successful in the interview ______ you have confidence.
A．before B．once
C．until D．though
答案：B
解析：考查状语从句。once “一旦”引导时间状语从句。before“在……以前”；until “直到……”；though“虽然”。
2．Remember to include one change to your invention in_case it doesn’t work the first time.记住对你的发明要有变化的余地，以防它第一次不起作用。
in case(以防)万一
in case 后可接从句，也可置于句末。
in case of 要是……；在……时候(后接名词或代词)
in this case 如果这样的话
in that case 如果那样的话
in any case 无论如何
in no case 决不(位于句首，句子应使用倒装语序)
①Take your umbrella in case it rains.
拿着你的雨伞以防下雨。
②In case I forget, please remind me of my promise.
如果我忘记了我的诺言，请提醒我。
③In case of fire, open this safety door.
一旦发生火灾，打开这扇安全门。
④In no case may you leave the baby alone at home.
你决不能把孩子一个人留在家里。
[即境活用2] (2007·北京)Leave your key with a neighbor ______ you lock yourself out one day.
A．ever since B．even if
C．soon after D．in case
答案：D
解析：A项意为“自从……以来”，B项意为“即使”，C项意为“不久之后”，D项意为“以防；以免”。句意为“留一把钥匙给邻居，以免有一天你把自己锁在门外”。
X8U4
1．It‘s raining heavily now, isn’t_it
现在雨下得很大，不是吗？
这是一个反意疑问句，使用反意疑问句需注意以下几点：
(1)反意疑问句一般结构：“肯定陈述句＋否定的附加问句”和“否定陈述句＋肯定的附加问句”。
The clock is slow, isn‘t it
这钟慢了，对不对？
We can’t take the book out, can we
这些书我们不能拿出去，对吧？
(2)回答这类问题时，答案是肯定的用 yes，否定的用 no。
You are not going out today, are you
你今天不出去，是吧？
Yes, I am. (我今天要出去)
No, I am not. (我今天不出去)
He wasn't there that day, was he 他那天不在那儿，是吗？
Yes, he was. (他在)
No, he wasn't (他不在)
(3)如果陈述部分中含有 no, never, hardly, scarcely, seldom 等词，这部分就算否定，后边要用肯定的疑问尾句。
You have no classes tomorrow, have you
你明天没课，是吧？
You were hardly twelve then, were you
你那时几乎不到12岁，是吧？
(4)当主语为 none, everyone, somecone, no one 等时，正式语体中常用 he，非正式语体中常用 they。
None of the boys can do it, can he
没有一个男孩子能做这件事，不是吗？
Everyone enjoyed the party, didn‘t they
每个人都在晚会上玩得高兴，不是吗？
(5)当主语为 nothing, something, anything, everything 等时，后面尾句的主语多用 it。
[即境活用1] I don't think a warm winter always has a negative influence on our life, ______？
A．does it B．don't I
C．hasn't it D．do I
答案：A
解析：“I think/suppose/believe＋that 从句”的反意疑问句的主语和谓语应与 that 从句一致。I don't think/suppose/believe that... 属于否定前移现象，因此其反意疑问句用肯定形式。
2．But they betray themselves every_time they open their mouths. 但他们每次开口说话就会露馅。
every time 等表示时间的短语可作为连词用，引导一个时间状语从句，这类词语还有：the instant, the moment, directly, the day, the year, next time, the first (second, third...) time 等。
①You‘re welcome to come back any time you want to.
你想什么时候回来，我们都欢迎。
②He called me the first time he came to Nanjing.
第一次来南京时，他给我打了电话。
③Next time you come, you’ll see him.
下次来时，你就会见到他。
[即境活用2] Do not stop ______ you come to a word or a phrase you do not know.
A．for the first time B．because
C．every time D．since
答案：C
解析：考查 every time “每一次”引导时间状语从句。
2. 反意疑问句的用法
[应用2] (1)(2009·上海卷)Sally’s never seen a play in the Shanghai Grand Theatre, ______？
A．hasn’t she B．has she
C．isn’t she D．is she
答案：B
解析：句中陈述部分是现在完成时的否定句，故反意疑问句选B。
(2)(2009·辽宁卷)It’s the first time that he has been to Australia, ______？
A．isn’t he B．hasn’t he
C．isn’t it D．hasn’t it
答案：C
解析：反意疑问句的构成需依据主句的主语和谓语而定。
(3)(2009·河北唐山调研)The women carrying babies, come in first, ______？
A．will you B．will they
C．don’t they D．don’t you
答案：A
解析：该句陈述部分是祈使句，其中The women carrying babies为称呼语，故反意疑问句选A。
X8U5
1．It is a great pleasure to meet you students from England...
我很高兴遇见你们这些来自英国的学生……
pleasure 本来是抽象名词，在此句中具体化，意思是“乐事；快事”。
①It‘s a pleasure to meet you.
认识你是十分高兴的事。
②She has few pleasures left in life.
她生活中已没有什么乐趣了。
拓展：抽象名词的具体化是高考的常考点之一，现总结如下：(1)表示具有某种特性、状态、特点、情感、情绪的人或事，且表示变化了的词义时，这类抽象名词由于已具体化，
故可变为可数名词。如：
a pleasure 乐事 a success 成功的人或事
a surprise 奇异的事 a failure 失败的人或事
a pity 可惜的事 a must 必要的事
a worry 令人担忧的事 a wonder 奇迹
a great help 有帮助的人或事 a youth 年轻人
a danger 危险的人或物 a beauty 美人
(2)表示抽象的特性、状态、思维、行为的一次、一种、一类、一下、一顿等意思时，常可组成“a/an＋抽象名词”或“a/an＋形容词＋抽象名词”结构。如：
have a sleep 睡觉 die a death 死
take a great interest 表现极大的兴趣
take a look 看 get a high opinion 得到很高的评价
make an apology 道歉
have a good time 玩得高兴
an art 一种艺术
a delicious breakfast (lunch, supper) 可口的早餐(午餐、晚餐)
[即境活用1] She is ______ success, ______ woman as she is.
A．/; / B．a; a
C．/; a D．a; /
答案：D
解析：考查冠词。第一空填a，表示“一位成功人士”；第二空 as引导让步状语从句时，句子需倒装且名词前不填冠词。
2．We have_been_excavating layers of ash almost six metres thick, which suggests that they might have kept the fire burning all winter.
我们一直在挖掘一层层的积灰，几乎有六米厚，这意味着他们可能整个冬天都在烧火。
(1)句中的have been doing是现在完成进行时。
完成进行时是现在完成时的强调形式，表示动作从过去某一时间开始，一直延续到现在，可能还要继续下去，通常与表示一段时间的状语连用，如：for hours, since this morning等，其构成是“have/has＋been＋现在分词”。
I have been looking for my lost book for three days, but I still haven’t found it.
我已经花了三天的时间找我丢失的书，但还没有找到。
【注意】现在完成进行时与现在完成时的区别：
①二者都可以表示动作的延续，区别在于：前者更强调动作的延续性，可以说是后者的强调形式。
We have been living here for ten years.(强调还要继续住下去)
We have lived here for ten years.(不知道是否已经结束)
②在无时间状语的情况下，前者表示动作仍在进行，而后者则表示动作在过去已结束。
The students have been preparing for the exam.(还在进行)
The students have prepared for the exam.(已经结束)
(2)句中的suggest含义为“暗示，表明”，后面接从句时不用虚拟语气。
His pale face suggests he is in bad health.
他面色苍白，说明他身体不好。
当suggest含义为“建议，提出”时，后面跟从句时要用虚拟语气that sb. should do。
I suggested to him that we should handle the problem another way.我向他建议我们用另一种方式处理这个问题。
The dentist suggested that she (should) come another day.牙医建议她改天再来。
[即境活用2] (1)The two countries ______ to maintain their military equation for many years.
A．tried B．was trying
C．have tried D．have been trying
答案：D
(2)The suggestion that the mayor ______ the prizes was accepted by everyone.
A．would present B．present
C．presents D．ought to present
答案：B
3．Abruptly she sat down, only_to_be_scooped_up by her laughing, shouting sister, Luna.
她突然坐下，结果被她又笑又嚷的妹妹鲁娜抱了起来。
only to be scooped up by her laughing, shouting sister, Luna是不定式做结果状语，多表示意料之外的结果。
He hurried to the station only to find that the train had left. 他匆匆忙忙地赶到车站，结果发现火车已经开走了。
提示：－ing 形式做结果状语多表示由于前边的动作自然而然地导致后边的结果。如：
①They can eat a person in two minutes, leaving only bones. 它们可以在两分钟之内把一个人吃光，只剩骨头。
②European football is played in more than 80 countries, making it the most popular sport.
有80多个国家踢欧式足球，这使得它成为最流行的运动。
[即境活用3] The news reporters hurried to the airport, only ______ the film stars had left.
A．to tell B．to be told
C．telling D．told
答案：B
解析：only＋to do 常做结果状语，故排除C、D两项。根据句意可知是“别人告诉记者”，the news reporters 做主语，需用被动式。
3. 现在完成进行时
[应用3] (1)—I'm sure Andrew will win the first prize in the final.
—I think so. He ______ for it for months.
A．is preparing B．was preparing
C．had been prepared D．has been preparing
答案：D
解析：从语境可知 prepare 这一动作从过去一直持续到说话时。故用 have been doing。
(2)She ought to stop working. She has a headache because she ______ all day long.
A．has been reading B．had read
C．is reading D．read
答案：A
解析：主句用了一般现在时，从句强调到现在为止，一直在读书，所以用现在完成进行时。
(3)Cathy is taking notes of the grammatical rules in class at Sunshine School, where she ______ English for a year.
A．studies B．studied
C．is studying D．has been studying
答案：D
解析：凯茜正在阳光学校记语法笔记，她一直在那里学英语，到现在一年了。
(4)Ever since the Greens moved to the country a year ago, they ______ better health.
A．are enjoying B．have been enjoying
C．could have enjoyed D．had enjoyed
答案：B
解析：ever since (自从……以来)引导从句时，主句要用完成时态。本句强调“一直进行”，所以选B。
(5)—Did you find the missing couple in the mountain yesterday
—No, but we ______ to get in touch with them ever since.
A．have tried B．have been trying
C．had tried D．had been trying
答案：B
解析：从情景可知，句子的谓语应使用现在完成时态，排除C、D两项。现在完成时表示动作到现在结束；现在完成进行时则表示动作持续到现在并且要延续到将来。运用到本题表示“过去一直并且以后也要尽力去取得联系”。
