2012高考研讨会精品课件：2012全国高考(课标卷)英语学科趋势预测1（完形填空专题）

(共72张PPT)
2012全国高考(课标卷)英语
学科趋势预测（1）
---完形填空专题
完形填空又叫完形程序。这一测试方法1953年由威尔逊 泰勒创设。它是一种测试读者预测和理解不完整的语言信息的能力的方法。
高考中它常常以记叙文为主，或者是一篇夹叙夹议的文章，常常以故事形式出现，从小故事中引出做人或做事的道理，文章难度低于阅读理解题中的短文。它的字数在230-280左右。
完形填空命题规律和特点
Who Perspective
What Theme/Topic
When Time
Where Scene
How
why
Clue
完形填空的解题过程就是对语篇缺失进行推测的过程。它迫使受测者阅读全文，迫使他们利用语言中的多余信息猜测意思，理解句子，弄清句子和句子之间的关系，弄懂全文。
为了答好题，受测者必须努力从字里行间寻找能够利用的线索，例如书写和形态变化线索，词汇线索，句法线索，社会文化线索，上下文线索，根据有关线索进行猜测，作出合理的推断。
如果仅以句子为单位进行分析、解题，那等同于肢解一个完整而连续的语篇，是做不下去的。而以语篇为单位进行分析、解读，从语境、衔接、语义连贯这几个方面来考虑则非常有利于完形填空的解题。
语篇
语言学家哈里斯(Harris)指出“: 语言并非是一些杂乱无章的词句，而是由连贯的篇章形式表现出来的”。
语篇的七项标准
衔接性、连贯性、意图性、可接受性、语境性、信息性和互文性。
语篇的重要条件
衔接是篇章的有形网络，它通过词汇和语法手段使语篇内句与句之间在概念上有联系，在排列上符合逻辑，让语句文理通顺。
连贯是篇章的无形网络，句子连贯是指句中的成分之间具有合乎逻辑的有机联系，句子的表述思路清晰，使交际对方容易得到要领。
衔接是篇章中连接词与词，一种表达方式与其他表达方式等表面关系的网络。
连贯是一种蕴涵于篇章中的概念关系网络。
连贯的衔接手段分为两类:
①显性的(或表层上的)衔接
②隐性的(或深层上的)衔接
显性衔接主要指那些通过语法、词汇实现连贯的衔接手段。在理解文章的连贯时，只须通过明显的衔接手段作为向导，不需要任何间接搭桥。
五种衔接手段(词汇、照应、替代、省略、连接)
时态，语态的一致、音系衔接、句子嵌套和排列顺序等等。
A man may usually be known by the books he reads as well as by the company he keeps; for there is a companionship of books as well as of men; and one should always lived in the best company, whether it be of books or of men.
Their heads and breasts were covered with a thick hair, some frizzled, and others lank; they had beards like goats, and a long ridge of hair down their backs and the fore - part s of their legs and feet; but the rest of their bodies were bare, so that I might see their skins, which of a brown buff color .
(J.Swift: Gulliver’s Travels)
Education makes a people easy to lead, but difficult to drive; easy to govern, but impossible to slave.
隐性衔接则指通过合理的逻辑推理或语言使用者的文化背景知识等实现连贯的衔接手段。在理解文章的连贯时.没有明显的衔接手段作为向导。必须通过合理的搭桥(逻辑推理，背景知识，想象等等作为手段)。隐性衔接主要包括: 语境、逻辑推理、世界知识、共有知识、联想和想像等等。
A. There’s the doorbell.
B. I’m in the bath.
A: What on earth has happened to the roast beef
B: The dog is looking very happy.
完形填空解题技巧
词汇衔接
语篇连贯
词汇衔接
词汇衔接是语篇中两个或多个成分之间所存在的逻辑语义关系,这些词汇常以复现和搭配等形式出现,构成一个衔接的语义整体,从而促成语篇的连贯。英语语篇是一个句子之间相互衔接、语义相互关联的多个衔接链组成的统一连贯的整体。作为语篇建构的一种重要机制,词汇衔接对于语篇组织、语篇连贯具有重要作用。
语篇连贯
语篇并不是将一个个主题互不相关的句子拼凑在一起,而是关于同一主题的短语或句子组成的有意义的连贯的整体。也就是说,语篇具有统一性和连贯性。这就是衔接的特性——使语篇中的各句“粘合”在一起,形成一个有机的整体。
I bought a Ford. A car in which President Wilson rode down the Champs Elysees was black. Black English has been widely discussed. The discussions between the presidents ended last week. A week has seven days. Every day I feed my cat. Cats have four legs. The cat is on the mat. Mat has three letters.
完形填空
【语篇衔接与连贯】 显性 5多 词汇 重复
36(science)38(guess)
43(woman)52(wrong)
同近
49(beginning)
上下46(eye) 53(tool)
概括 the only thing
搭配40(correct)41(learned)
照应 人称He 44 himself (saw)
指示it was 52
比较
从句the 46, which…
省略 39(listening to)
替代
连接 But; and; however
隐性 语境 37(marched)47(methods)
推理 42(trust)48(hear)
50(believed)51(truth)
54(frightened)55(dropped)
世界(常识、领域)
共有(口语语篇)
联想 45(voyage)
词汇复现
There is a boy climbing that tree.
The boy’s going to fall if he doesn’t care.
The lad’s going to fall if he doesn’t take care.
The child’s going to fall if he doesn’t take care.
The idiot’s going to fall if he doesn’t take care.
This is a fine hall you have here. I am proud to be lecturing in it. （照应）
This is a fine hall you have here. I’ve never lectured in a finer one.（替代）
This is a fine hall you have here. I’ve never lectured in a finer. （省略）
照应
语篇中某一成分和另一成分之间在指称意义上的相互解释的关系，它可以使语篇在结构上更加紧凑，从而使语篇成为前后衔接的整体。
人称照应
The gentleman said no and told me that he 42 to go to the nursing home to eat breakfast with his 43 .He told me that she had been 44 for a while and that she had a special disease, I asked if she would be 45 if he was a bit late. （2010全国新课标）
指示照应
指示代词：this, these, that, those
定冠词：the
指示性副词：here, there, now, then
指示代词：this, these, that, those
Rereading the letter, I was 31 by its humor(幽默)and clever expressions, These were all qualities for which I had 32 respected my order brother but 33 he no longer had them. (2010课标卷)
That’s why I’m so 39 to be a part of Career .
Over the years I’ve come to 23 how much of my success I owe to my 24 of those words as one of my values. (2009全国2)
指示性副词：here, there, now, then
He told me that she had been 44 there for a while and that she had a special disease, I asked if she would be 45 if he was a bit late. He replied that she 46 knew who he was ,that she had not been able to 47 him for five years now.
比较照应
“Well, I’ll try it; if I don’t like it I can always go back to my 33 earlier position. ” (2009全国2)
A more embarrassing（尴尬）situation occurs when a student starts falling into sleep and the ___30___ of the head pushes the arm off the___31___, and the movement carries the__32___ of the body along.
The worst time to fall asleep is when __34___ . (2011全国2)
The 29 nearest garage to the office was about 100 yards away and we got there 30 . （2007全国2）
替代种类
One, ones, the same, so
Do, do so
So, not
2009全国2
One of my father’s favorite sayings as I was growing up was “Try it!” I couldn’t say I didn’t like 21 , whatever it might be, 22 I tried it. Over the years I’ve come to 23 how much of my success I owe to my 24 of those words as one of my values. My 25 job was just one I decided to try for a couple of years until I 26 what I want to do as a career（职业）.
I remember how 43 happy I was when I saw the tray stand near the tables; it looked different from the one I was 44 trained on．It had nice handles, which made it 45 easier to move around． （2008全国1海南，宁夏）
We arrived in Spain for the first time a few weeks ago. I decided to 21 a car because we had sold the one we had in England before 22 home. （2007全国2）
照应、替代、省略
Mike enjoys golf more than Mike enjoys tennis.
Mike enjoys golf more than he does tennis.
Mike enjoys golf more than tennis.
3E连接
详述（elaboration）
延伸（extension）
增强（enhancement）
1. 同位（apposition）
①换言（expository）
In other words, that is (to say), I mean (to say), to put it another way
That is：Never 42 your own senses”
(2011课标卷)
②举例（exemplifying）
For example, for instance, thus, to illustrate
If the drivers are ___37____ , they are not seriously hurt. One woman‘s car, ___38 for example____ , went into the river. She woke up in four feet of __39____ and thought it was raining. (2011全国2)
52 Thus Long John Silver the pirate with a wooden leg, was 53 . (2009全国2)
Geese are known to take the first living thing they see as their mother. 42 thus , to these young geese, the girl was their mother.
2. 阐明（clarification）
①矫正（corrective）
Or rather, be more precise
Would you mind telling me 39 you are thinking of leaving 40 or are you going to sit in your car all day ” (2007全国2)
②题外（distractive）
By the way, incidentally
③毋论（dismissive）
In any case, anyway, leaving that aside
④例举（particularizing）
In particular, more especially
⑤继续（resumptive）
As I was saying, to resume, to get back to the point
⑥总结（summative）
In short, to sum up, in conclusion, briefly
⑦确认（verificative）
Actually, as a matter of fact, in fact
My 25 job was just one I decided to try for a couple of years until I 26 what I want to do as a career（职业）. 27 actually I believed I would work for a few years, get married, stay home and raise a family, so I didn’t think the job I took 28 that much.
延伸（extension）
1. 增补（addition）
①肯定（positive）
②否定（negative）
2. 转折（adversative）
3. 变换（variation）
①对立（replasive）
②除外（substrative）
③选择（alternative）
1. 增补（addition）
①肯定（positive）
And, also, moreover, in addition
②否定（negative）
Nor, neither…nor
2. 转折（adversative）
But , yet, on the other hand, however
It was always thought that Treasure Island was the product of Robert Louis Stevenson’s imagination. ___36 however___，recent research has found the true story of this exciting work. (2009)
3. 变换（variation）
①对立（replasive）
On the contrary, instead
Caring about 49 safety, the father decided to pilot the plane himself. However, the birds did not 50 or follow him, and 51instead slept in the grass. （2007全国1）
②除外（substrative）
Apart from that, except for that
32 except for short vacation visits, however, he had lived away from home. (2008全国2)
③选择（alternative）
alternatively
增强（enhancement）
1. 时空（spatio-temporal）
The nurse had him take a 36 in the waiting area, 37 him it would be at least 40 minutes 38 before someone would be able to see him .（2010全国1）
But when I turned into main road I suddenly saw a lot of cars racing 31towards me. I got out of 32 as fast as I could by backing into the garage 33 and the man behind 34 me.（2007全国2）
Suddenly they stood, picked up their 40 and stepped together 41 off the edge of where they were sitting to place the table in the sea water. The man stepped 42 back for the two chairs. （2006全国1）
2. 方式（manner）
Similarly, in a different way
3. 因果/条件（causal-conditional）
“Well, it’s really ___54___I came to a restaurant where I’m known, ” I said. “___55 otherwise___, I might have been in trouble. ” (2005)
4. 话题（matter）
As for
完形训练
语篇词汇衔接提炼
In rock music there is a distinct and almost overwhelming beat. No single beat is characteristic of the music today. But each song has an easily recognizable rhythm. As you listen to a song， your foot usually starts to pick up the beat. Before long， your entire body seems to be moving with it. Your head pounds with the beat， and there is no room for thought. Only the surge of the music is important. In its own way， rock music is as dominant as the rock Gibraltar. Its message is an overgrowing emotional one.
关键词: beat，song，music
近义词: distinct，characteristic， easily recognizable， in its own way;
beat，rhythm, the surge; overwhelming，dominant，overpowering
上下义: music, rock of music
Words that express love, passion, anger, despair – the highest peaks and the lowest depths of emotion, and the things that make us realize we are truly alive. Wuthering Heights, with its tale of doomed (注定失败的) love and its portrayal of both the good and the bad sides of human nature, topped the list of the greatest love stories of all time, released by the New York Public Library in 2008. The latest film version came out in the UK on November 11.
ITALIAN Prime Minister Silvio Berlusconi resigned on November 12 with his country deep in the European debt crisis. Berlusconi stepped down after the Italian parliament (国会) approved the European Union’s austerity (紧缩) measures as he promised on November 8.
语篇词汇衔接替换
I had a very nice childhood. I went to a very nice school in U.S.A. where the teachers were all nice to the children and the lessons were always nice. It was in a very nice part of the country and it seems to me now that the weather was always nice. I thought it was especially nice in winter when it is nice to play in the snow.
Happy, pleasant，kind，interesting，beautiful，fine，enjoyable，exciting
Garden lovers are proud of their little patches (小块地), and ___ there are visitors they love to show them off. They will point at a blooming rosebush, ___ ask the visitor to admire the greenness of the lawn. ___ the visitor stays to tea, he or she may find that the tomatoes in the sandwiches they eat, ___ they sit with their hosts in the sun-drenched garden, have been grown no more than a few meters away.
Whenever
Or
If
As
单句动词辨析
I often attend meeting and sometimes I take part in its discussion．
You may avoid all known sources of contagion．yet not easily escape infection．
Yesterday I beat John at chess．He won only one set，while l won two sets．
Nowadays, many people are advocating a low-carbon life. So how can we students live this way Here are some tips to help you achieve it. First, we should reduce our use of plastic bags, which are made of chemicals and harmful to our health. We can also try to avoid using disposable dishware in order to protect trees from being cut down. In addition, it is important to save water and electricity. For example, we can turn off the lights when we aren’t using them and reuse used water. A low-carbon life not only raises our awareness of environmental protection, but also eases the burden on the Earth. What are you waiting for Take action to live a low-carbon life!
preparations a student who wants to be a volunteer should make
the advantages and disadvantages of student volunteers
volunteers quit half-way
Students are often very enthusiastic and direct. They give us feedback that helps us improve our work. And they value the opportunity we give them to broaden their horizons. However, they are still young and some are not responsible enough. And, sometimes they're lazy and careless.
We had a few volunteers who quit before their contract was up. Some of them didn't understand the job well and thought they weren't suitable. Also, several quit because they wanted to do bigger and greater things and not the trivial stuff here.
Looking for a volunteer opportunity is like job hunting. Students first need to find out what their area of interest is and where they want to volunteer. But they can begin with less-than perfect jobs. This helps them get practice and acquire experience. Meanwhile, if they have an organization in mind, they can get to know its functions and the focus of its work and follow its application information.