2012高考研讨会精品课件：2012全国高考(课标卷)英语学科趋势预测2（写作专题）

(共105张PPT)
2012全国高考(课标卷)英语
学科趋势预测（2）
写作专题
写作
命题规律分析
学生错误分析
英语思维训练
体裁话题预测
近三年高考英语书面表达命题方式对比
形式
题量
年份 提纲式 图表示 图画式 开（半）放式
2011 13 1 5 2（4）
2010 15 3 1 3（3）
2009 16 2 1 1（2）
合计 44 6 7 6（9）
近三年高考英语书面应用文体考查分类对比
体裁
题量
年份 书信：
申请信
自荐信
求职信
给朋友或校方写信等 演讲稿
发言稿
投稿
比赛稿
征文 电子邮件 留言、招聘启事 申请表 日记、周记 回帖 报道、通讯 毕业
留言
2011 6 3 2 0 1 0 1 0 0
2010 5 6 2 1 0 1 0 1 0
2009 6 3 3 2 0 0 0 1 1
合计 17 12 7 3 1 1 1 2 1
近年的高考英语书面表达中，提纲类占绝大多数，以应用文为主，包括书信、电子邮件、网上回帖、发言稿、演讲稿、留言条、招聘启事等，也有一些记叙文、说明文和议论文等。应用文是最常见的一种体裁，与学生的实际学习、生活密切相关，符合学生的认知水平和学能，是今后高考书面表达命题的主流形式，尤其是书信、电子邮件等。
这些提纲类书面表达所给情景比较具体，多数都为考生提供了明确的写作内容要点，考生只需把内容要点稍微加工、变通，把内容要点围绕写作主题组成篇章即可。但是，也有很多为考生提供的情景材料比较简洁，只给出了需要表达的要点提纲，但内容不具体，要点开放，需要考生根据要点提纲组织具体的表达内容，这给考生提供了足够的创造性思维空间，为考生搭建了自主表达的平台，充分体现了新课改的精神。因此，这种写作要点开放的书面表达形式必将成为今后高考书面表达命题的主流。
应用文写作要求
主题明确，内容具体
条理清晰，叙事简洁
语言简要，用词得体
正迁移现象
学生用目的语进行交际时，试图借助母语的语音、结构、语义或文化来表达思想，就会产生语言迁移现象。当母语的某些特征同目的语相类似或完全一致时，会产生正迁移。
反之，一当母语的某些特征同目的语差异较大时，则会产生负迁移现象。当学习者在使用第二语言的句法结构遇到困难时，他们就会使用母语的句法结构。对其而言，把母语的结构作为语言组织和处理的根本原则是很便利的。
简单句
状语从句
汉英用法相同的连词
宾语从句
负迁移现象
英语造句主要采用形合法。所谓形合，指的是句中的词语或分句之间需用专门的形态标记连接起来，表达特定的语法意义和逻辑关系。这些标记包括各类形态变化，如词缀变化，动词、名词、代词、形容词和副词的形态变化(如性、数、格、时、体、语态、语气、比较级、人称等)和不同的连接词。英语常常综合运用上述的关系词、连接词、介词以及其他连接手段，把各种成份连接起来，构筑成长短句子，表达一定的语法关系和逻辑联系。
汉语造句则主要采用意合法，所谓意合，指的是词语或分句之间不用语言形式手段连接，句中的语法意义和逻辑关系通过词语或分句的含义表达。
1. 缺乏一致性
所谓一致性，指的是句子成份在数/性/人称等方面的对应或相同。学生的英语习作中存在着许多主谓不一致，或者名词、代词与先行词不一致的情形。
2. 流水句
汉语主谓结构具有很大的多样性、复杂性和灵活性，因而句式呈“流散型”。 汉语口语里特多流水句，一个小句接一个小句，很多地方可断可连。流水句由一系列语法完整的句子组成的，其间连接词较松散，因此，这种句子会一直持续不断地接下去，而不会分成两个或两个以上的句子。
英语中两个或两个以上的分句之间若使用逗号，是需要用语言形式手段连接起来的。而汉语由于重意合，分句之间的意义联系靠语义表达，大多不需采用形式连接手段，各分句间用逗号就行了。受汉语这一表达习惯的影响，学生的英语写作中也出现了大量的流水句。
连句成段
Keep your face always towards the sunshine, and the shadows will fall behind you.
Laws are like spider webs. If some poor weak creature comes up against them, it is caught. But the bigger one can break through and get away.
3. 省略
汉语是一种意合的语言，它主要利用语义来表明短语和句子之间的逻辑关系，因此，如果在语境中意义清楚的话，几乎任何成份都可省略。
而英语是一种重形合的语言，主要依靠语法手段来表明其分句之间的关系。所以，分句的逻辑主语一般不允许悬着 (dangling)，可学生由于受汉语句法特点的影响，这样的错误在他们的英语写作中常见。
走在下过雨的大街上，空气很新鲜。
4. 词序
词序方面的错误往往是由于学习者生成目标语句子时逐字翻译本族语的表面结构引起的。这是由于本族语的迁移，学习者生成了母语中会出现但目标语不会出现的句子。首先是疑问句中的词序。汉语中没有将wh一疑问句提前的情况，疑问是通过语义和标点来表达的，因此含疑问词的疑问句和陈述句的词序完全相同。
另一种词序迁移是状语的词序，一般说来，英语中的状语常在动词后;而汉语是左分支语言，即被修饰的成份位于修饰语后。该特性也影响了副词短语和从句的词序:汉语中动词之前的状语要比其后的状语多。受汉语的影响，在写作中学生往往将状语位于动词前。
5. 汉语主题突出式迁移现象
英语是主谓结构语言，主谓结构是英语句子的普遍形式，在这个结构中，没有主语不成句子。
而汉语，除主谓结构外，主题结构也是一种句子的普遍形式，即汉语是一种注重主题的语言，其中主题的信息及评论是不可或缺的成分。
汉语中的主语大多被看成是话题，谓语的作用是对在主语位置上的话题进行叙述评论。在汉语中可以充当主语的有很多，如名词短语、动词短语、介词短语、形容词，表示时间的短语，表示地点的短语以及表示条件的短语等等。
但在英语中，只有名词和名词短语可以充当主语。因此，受汉语主题结构的影响，中国学生通常把主题当作主语，从而产生了假主语。
由于这种差异，学生在英语写作中经常出现如下问题:
①主语并非谓语的逻辑主语，
②作主语的词性不符合规范，
③there be结构使用错误等。
杭州绿洲花园小区4天连发2起电梯安全事故，引发担忧。
Two elevator malfunctions in the same residential community in Hangzhou within 4 days have triggered concerns.
6. 汉语动词优势迁移
英语以名词和介词为主，其使用频率远高过动词，而汉语中充塞了大量的动词，其绝对数量不比名词少，与英语相比较而言，其优势非常明显。在写作中，由于受汉语动词优势的影响，学生在可用英语名词和介词表达动作意味的地方也运用了动词，从而使句子表达生硬，文章中简单句罗列，句式单一，缺乏变化。
7. 汉语人称主语表达法迁移
汉语较注重主体思维，往往从自我出发来叙述客观事物，或倾向于描述人及其行为或状态，因而常用人称。
英语较常用物称表达法，即不用人称来叙述，而让事物以客观的口气呈现出来。因此，汉语重人称，英语重物称，这决定了汉语较常使用主动式，而英语常用被动式。而且英语的被动式涉及到动词形态的变化。所以无论在语义的表达上，还是形态的变化上，学生的写作中都有很多不符合英语习惯和特点的表达。
8. 汉语否定句的迁移
汉语里含宾语从句的主从复合句中，对宾语从句的否定是按照自然语序进行的，即就在从句中进行否定，而以“I”为主语的英语同类主从复合句中，对宾语的否定应在主句中进行，在这一点上学生极易出错。
9. 汉语动词并置结构的迁移
汉语句子中有很多属于动词并置结构，所谓动词并置结构指两个或两个以上的谓项并列在一起，没有任何形态标记来表明名词和谓项之间的关系或谓项之间的关系。受形态规则的限制，一个英语句子只能有一个谓项，而受汉语的影响，学生会把两个或两个以上的谓项并列在一个句子中。
10. 汉语语义的迁移
众所周知，语言与人的世界观交互影响，其中思维方式、思维特征对语言的影响更直接和明显。学生在英语写作过程中，受汉语思维方式的影响，往往直接照搬汉语的字面语义，生造出一些不符合英语思维和表达习惯的句子。
英汉民族思维方式的差异在于汉语交流思想重具体形象，而英语侧重抽象表达。因为汉民族的思维是一种形象思维，由类比、比喻和象征等组成，而英语民族思维是一种抽象思维，以概念、推理和判断为基础。因此，中国学生在英语作文时，较多使用意象和形象的习惯，没有转化成英语的抽象思维表达，（文化）
11. 英语典型句型的缺乏
Too delicate to bear a blow.
It is nothing but floating clouds.
I can’t hold it any more.
It is nothing but a miracle.
Whether you believe or not, I do believe so.
英语思维
关键动词
名词介词
组句逻辑
篇章布局
2011
假定你是李华，正在一所英国学校学习暑期课程，遇到一些困难，希望得到学校辅导中心（Learning Center）的帮助。根据学校规定，你须书面预约，请按下列要点写一封信：
1.本人简介； 2.求助内容；
3.约定时间； 4.你的联系方式（Email:lihua@;Phone:12345678）
注意：1.词数100左右；2.可以适当增加细节，以使行文连贯；
3.结束语以为你写好
Dear Sir/Madam,
I’m LiHua, a Chinese student taking summer courses in your university. I’m writing to ask for help. I came here last month and found my courses interesting. But I have some difficulties with note-taking and I have no idea of how to use the library. I was told the Learning Center provides help for students and I’m anxious to get help from you. I have no class on Tuesday mornings and Friday afternoons. Please let me know which day is OK with you. You may email or phone me. Here are my email address and phone number: lihua@;12345678.
Look forward to your reply.
Yours,
Li Hua
2010
假设你是育才中学学生会主席李华。你校将举办一次英语演讲比赛(speech contest)，希望附近某大学的外籍教师Smith女士来做评委。请参照以下比赛通知给她写一封信。
2010
英语演讲比赛
主题:人与自然
时间:6月15日下午2;00-5;00
地点:501教室
参赛选手:10名学生
联系人:李华(电话44876655)
欢迎大家光临
注意:词数100左右。
Dear Ms Smith,
　　I’m Li Hua, chairman of the Students’Union of Yucai Middle School, which is close to your University. I’m writing to invite you to be a judge at our English speech contest to be held in our school on June 1st, which will start at 2:00 pm and last about three hours. Ten students will deliver (give) their speeches on the given topic “Man and Nature”. We hope you will accept our invitation if it is convenient for you. Please call me at 446765560 if you have any questions.
　With best wishes,
Li Hua
2008全国卷II 假定你是李华, 你的英国朋友Peter来信向你咨询如何才能学好中文. 请你根据下列要点写回信.
要点: 1. 参加中文学习班;
2. 看中文书刊、电视；
3. 学唱中文歌曲；
4. 交中国朋友。
注意：1.词数100左右；
2. 可适当增加细节，以使行文连贯；
3. 开头语已为你写好。
June 8, 2008
Dear Peter,
I'm glad to receive your letter asking for my advice on how to learn Chinese well.
Dear Peter,
I’m glad to receive your letter asking for my advice on how to learn Chinese well.
Here are a few suggestions. First, it is important to take a Chinese course, as you’ll be able to learn from the teacher and practice with your fellow students. Then, it also helps to watch TV and read books, newspapers and magazines in Chinese whenever possible.
Besides, it should be a good idea to learn and sing Chinese songs, because by doing so you’ll learn and remember Chinese words more easily. You can also make more Chinese friends. They will tell you a lot about China and help you learn Chinese.
Try and write me in Chinese next time.
2009全国卷II
书面表达（满分30分）
假定你是李华，你的美国朋友 Sarah打算暑期来北京旅游，来信询问改建后前门大街的情况。请你写封回信，简单介绍以下内容：
1. 简况：长800余米、600多年历史、300余家商铺；
2. 位置：天安门广场南面；
3. 交通：公共汽车17、69、59等路，地铁2号线；
4. 特色：步行街、当当车、茶馆、剧院等。
参考词汇：步行街 pedestrian street 当当车 trolley car 地铁 subway
注意：
1. 词数100左右；
2. 可以适当增加细节，以使行文连贯；
3. 开头语已为你写好，请将完整的回信书写在答题卡上。
Dear Sarah,
Thank you for your letter asking about the rebuilt Qianmen Street. Here is something about it.
Dear Sarah,
Thank you for your letter asking about the rebuilt Oianmen Street. Here is something about it.
Qianmen Street is a famous street of over 600 years old. Along this 800-meter street, there are more than 300 shops. As the street is in the center of Beijing, just to the south of Tian’anmen Square, it’s very convenient to get there by bus. You may take Buses No. 17, 69 or 59. Subway Line 2 has a stop there too. Qianmen Street is a pedestrian street, but there are trolley cars to take you not only to the shops, but also to theatres and teahouses where you can experience a truly Chinese way of life. I’m sure you’ll like it.
Yours,
Li Hua
关键动词
Be
Have
Get、 give、 make、 take
See、 find
Think 、want
Ask、 tell
Go
Be
你和汤姆真就擦不出火花。
There's a certain lack of chemistry between you and Tom.
玛丽莲跟性感无关，演的是爱情。
Marilyn wasn't about the sex, she was all about love.
Who are the dragon people
IT is said that people born in the Year of the Dragon share certain characteristics (特点). “Dragons” are said to be creative, confident, brave, outgoing and quick-tempered (性急的). The dragons are the free spirits of the Chinese Zodiac. Everything dragons do is related to big ideas and ambitions (抱负). However, this behavior is natural and isn’t meant for show. Because they are confident and fearless in the face of challenges, “dragons” are often very successful.
Have
还有待雕琢，但你能给点意见会很好。
It's rough. But it'll be great to have your input.
我们连初稿都没写出来，所有人便都忙不迭地开始评头论足。
And then everyone just rushes to judgment, before we even have a first draft.
I have no idea about it.
You have my word.
How long have you had it.
You two don’t have too much contact.
That is what I had with Peter.
Get
因为我不想因为玛丽莲音乐剧跟我丈夫再次吵嘴。
because I don‘t want to get in another fight with my husband about Marilyn the musical.
别让他起这个头，他超级爱那份工作。
Don't get him started, he loves it down there.
好了，我不想再老话重提了， 爸爸
Okay, I'm not getting into this again, Dad
消息传得这么快
It gets out to fast.
拜托， 我们可不可以赶紧搞定这件事
Please, can we please just try to get through this
Give
For another, bicycles are environmentally friendly because they won’t give off waste gas. (2011·江西 )
On one hand, working individually can give the individuals a convenience to arrange and solve the problems. (08·浙江)
Make
Besides, I‘m easy to get along with and I like to make friends. （2011·辽宁卷 ）
The main aim is to make every public rooms smoke free by posting the sign banning smoking. (10·广东)
Practice makes perfect. To learn English well requires a lot of practice. (07·浙江)
He tries various ways to make his classes lively and interesting . (06·湖南)
Take
The reason is that it takes less time to understand the whole story. (06·浙江)
In a word, I suggest .we take photos in time and present them in the album to Mr Li. (05重庆)
名词介词
She would pilot a plane to guide them in 48 .
你飞了那么久, 我觉得你回来应该吃点可口的东西。
You're on flight for so long , I thought , you know, coming home to comfort food would be nice.
介词
57
介词短语（2、3、4）
介词搭配（形、动、名）
Against
For
Across
Along
Beyond
Despite
With
Over
According to
Regardless of
On account of
In memory of
At the expense of
For the benefit of
At
For
From
In
Of
With
To
单一介词练习
Although he drove to work in a shiny new Mercedes Benz, Lal seemed obsessed with cutting expenses. By the time I arrived, he had already eliminated milk from the tea we were served by the office's chai wallah. The newsroom was equipped with a single telephone, which reporters waited patiently in line to use. Only Lal and the top editors enjoyed air conditioning; the rest of us made do with ancient electric fans caked black with dust.
混合介词练习
当初结婚时 你可是一无所有
You came into this marriage with nothing.
这行里大家都针锋相对
We're so hard on each other in this business.
现在这行有才的多如牛毛
We are in an industry abundant in talents.
结构+介词练习
The geologic record suggests that climate ought not to concern us too much when we're gazing into the energy future, not because it's unimportant, but because it's beyond our power to control.
句子层面
连动
兼语
混合
交错
连动
我听过这个故事。
我们有能力完成任务。
我下班骑车去菜市场。
我下班骑车去菜市场买鱼。
我下班骑车去菜市场买鱼回来招待客人。
兼语
你通知Jack星期五到校。
老师安排我们去敬老院。
混合
他扶着老大大上汽车。
小张搀着老大爷过马路。
交错
你把小张叫回来做值日。
李华被叫到校长室做检查。
基本方法
连贯：并列谓语
并行说明或伴随：分词短语、介词短语、副词
目的：不定式、介词短语
条件：分词短语、介词短语、状语从句
重心法
她咬着嘴唇望着跳动的火苗盘算着下一步该怎么办。
Gazing at the leaping tongues of flame, she was wondering what to do next with her lips bitten.
Wondering what to do next, she gazed at the leaping tongues of flame with her lips bitten.
She, wondering what to do next, bit her lips, gazing at the leaping tongues of flame.
组句练习
第一阶段，要进行简单句组合练习。每次以一个语法点为主。学生需要按要求，将两个或两个以上的句子组合成一个句子。
第二阶段，学生要运用句子组合，将围绕一个中心的几个句子，重组为一个段落。通过这种训练，学生不仅学会了句子组合的方法，而且学会了如何从语篇的角度将句子重组为完整的段落。
I returned to my room.
There was a note under my door.
It was from bill.
He said he was in the town.
He was looking for a job.
He hadn’t found anything yet.
When I returned to my room, I found a note from Bill under the door. He said he was in town looking for a job, but he hadn’t found anything yet.
最后一个阶段，学生需要将相互关联的几个句子重组成几个段落。通过这种训练，学生学会了如何将几个句子重组成一个完整的篇章。
Time
Space
General to particular or vice verse
Climax
Comparison and contrast
Analysis and classification
Definition
Causes and effects
Time (09·浙江)
Student Volumteers Broutht Sunshine to the Elderly
On May Day, Li Yue and Zhang Hua, students from Class Three, Grade Two, went to Sunshine Nursing Home and did some voluntary work. Upon their arrival, Li Yue and Zhang Hua were warmly welcomed, and respectfully, they presented the elderly with flowers and fruits. Then, they started working at once, cleaning the windows and sweeping the floor. Everything done, they sat in the yard chatting with the elderly people.
When it was time for the volunteers to leave, the elderly people thanked them for their kindness. They said it was such a beautiful day that they would remember it forever.
Li Yue and Zhang Hua were very happy. What they did has brought joy to others and enriched their own lives.
Space
Guangming High School is in the west of the city, with the Chengxi River running nearby. It covers an area of 130 mu. When you enter the school，you can see a big flower bed in front of you，and two large buildings on both sides- the library on your right and the teaching building on your left. Walking on further，you will find the gymnasium， which is the most beautiful building on the campus， with another round flower bed in front. Behind it， there lie four basketball courts. Next to the courts is the sports ground. Along its east side stand three buildings-the dining hall， and two dormitories for the students and teachers. All the buildings are surrounded by bushes and flowers
应用文写作训练
书信类：
询问(要求)；申请；感谢；邀请；祝贺；推荐；介绍；批评；道歉；求助；建议
询问
Specify what information you need.
Indicate why you need this information.
Specify when you need the information.
Avoid vague or general letters.
A polite request for a quick reply.
询问
Could you please tell me/ explain/ send me information about…
I’d like to have some information about/ directions to…
I was wondering if you could tell me…
Another point I am not certain about is…
I would appreciate it if you could give me detailed information about…
酒店订房
旅游接待
推荐介绍
产品价目
要求
I am a regular listener on the BBC and have enjoyed very much the various programs you offer. I am particularly interested in the program on…, which I find very enlightening. However, I have some difficulty following the exercises as I have no written materials to refer to. I am, therefore, writing to ask whether you could send me the texts and exercises. I believe I will be doubly benefited if I have them as supplement.
Thank you very much indeed.
申请
Indicate clearly why you are interested in ….
Adapt the letter to the requirements of …
Emphasize the most relevant details…
Strive for brevity and clarity.
Write a personal letter.
Leave your name and address clearly.
申请
I am writing to apply for the post of …advertised in…(place) on…(date).
My name is…, a boy (girl) of …years old studying in….
I have the experience of …and …, which not only broadens my horizon but also makes me better equipped for fierce competition.
I have various hobbies ranging from…to…, which are of great benefit to my social skill development and leadership building-up.
I think I will be qualified for the position.
I would be grateful if you can let me know the result of my application in due course.
感谢
Express gratitude.
Stress the importance of the support.
Maintain a relationship with the reader.
感谢
I want take this opportunity to send you a message of deep thanks for … during…in….
The visit to …was a great revelation to me. I am grateful for the time you spent doing…. What I have seen and learned in …will certainly contributes a great deal to my future study.
We do hope you would come to …sometime in the future.
邀请
Outline the event, function, plan or activity.
Specify who is invited.
Specify the date, address and time.
If appropriate, indicate clearly what type of dress is preferred.
Set the deadline of reply.
邀请
It would give me/us great pleasure to have your presence at the… to be held on…(date) at…(place) at…(time).
We should appreciate having your acceptance soon so we may complete our agenda.
祝贺
I was delighted to learn of your success/achievement in….
I was delighted to hear that you were appointed/ promoted to…
It is the most joyful news I have heard. No one deserves such recognition more than you.
Congratulations and all best wishes for an even more prosperous future!
推荐
I am pleased to write this letter of recommendation in support of…’s application for admission to your school.
I have known …for the past…
…impressed me as being very active and imaginative, ready to take up challenges both in academic matters as well as in other situations.
…was outstanding among his/her peers with admirable leadership potential and organization skills.
With regard to his/her personality, …is…
I have no doubt about …’s intellectual ability and potential for …
I should be happy to answer any further questions you would like to know.
介绍
人
物
事（过往经历；预期计划）
批评
公开批评（现象、事件）
商业投诉（服务、产品）
I am writing to express my concern at…
on account of …
on the subject of …
to draw your attention to …
to express my opinion on…
As the holiday which I booked with your agency in august has lived up to none of its promises, I feel I must write to protest.
I believe I have every right to claim compensation from you, and I do hope that someone in charge will take measures to address this problem. Meanwhile, I should appreciate it if you would let me know how you are going to settle my complaint.
道歉
Offer explanations, present strong points and focus on facts.
Avoid blaming others.
Propose a solution.
Satisfy the reader’s emotions.
Establish creditability and trust.
Be polite and thoughtful in vocabulary and tone.
道歉
I am awfully sorry about the delay in…/ the trouble I have caused you / the misunderstanding about (over)…
I believe you will forgive me after you have learnt the reasons. Because …, I …
求助
Clarify what you are asking for.
Justify your request.
Persuade the reader to reply and agree to your request.
Offer incentives.
Specify deadlines.
I would like to make an appointment to speak with you about …
I would be grateful if you could give any assistance in….
I would be very grateful for any advice you can offer.
建议信
Offer advice in great detail.
Provide information as required.
Stress all matters of importance.
Priorities the most important advice.
Show willingness to provide further support.
写作话题
个人情况（简介和规划）
校园情况（建筑和活动）
学习生活（求助和建议）
交流接待（旅行和文娱）
公益活动（志愿和支援）
自然与人（环保和健康）
科技与人（发展和利弊）
重要时刻（节日和纪念）
态度方法