2021中考英语二轮复习语法专题精讲精练1.名词（39张PPT）

专题一　名词
2021中考英语二轮复习 语法专题突破 精讲精练
考点1 名词词义辨析
名词词义辨析主要指考生在不同的语言环境中，通过对上下文的理解或者对一些词义相同或相近的名词进行分析、准确地掌握其意义，然后做出正确的选择。近年来，这一考点成了考查名词的主要形式之一，并且越来越受到各地的欢迎。
1.语境辨析
运用我们的生活经验、知识积累，根据上下文语境及含义推测出空格处所要表达的意思，从而选择正确的单词。做好这类题，必须掌握每个名词的具体含义及用法。
2.近义词辨析
对于具有相近含义的名词之间的不同点，需从语法角度区分其不同之
处。如：
(1)辨析question与problem
question指需要解决或解答的问题。如考试方面的问题，常与ask/answer
连用；problem指被提出的疑难的、困难的、需要解决的问题，例如：失业、人口、环境、安全等问题。
(2)辨析message，news与information
message为可数名词，指口信，常用词组：leave/take a message；news和information为不可数名词，news指新闻，information指消息、信息、资料等。
(3)辨析voice，sound与noise
voice主要指人的说话声、唱歌声；sound泛指所有的声音；noise指令人不愉快的声音，即噪音、嘈杂声。
【典例剖析】
(2020·连云港)The ________ of the meeting is to help teachers and parents achieve better communication.
A.position　　　　　 B.progress
C.period D.purpose
剖析：句意：会议的________是帮助老师和家长实现更好的沟通。position位置；progress进步；period期间；purpose目的。根据空后“to help teachers and parents achieve better communication(帮助老师和家长实现更好的沟通)”可知，这应该是会议的“目的”。purpose符合句意。故选D。
【对点演练】
(　　)1.(2020·福建)—I like ________ best.
—So do I.I take singing classes every weekend.
A.music B.physics C.math
(　　)2.(2020·襄阳)—What's your brother's ________？
—It's about 1.75 meters.He's the tallest in his class.
A.age B.address
C.weight D.height
A
D
(　　)3.(2020·孝感)—Do you know Liu Hui finally entered a top school?
—Certainly.That's the ________ of his hard work.
A.habit B.suggestion
C.result D.decision
(　　)4.(2020·宜昌)—The teenagers clean up the city park every Saturday.
—Sometimes small things can make a________.
A.promise B.conversation
C.difference D.discussion
C
C
考点2 可数名词与不可数名词
{5940675A-B579-460E-94D1-54222C63F5DA}可数名词
不可数名词
分单、复数两种形式
desk—desks bus—buses
没有复数形式
tea；meat
前面可用基数词、不定冠词修饰
three boys；
an orange
不可以被基数词和不定冠词直接修饰，若表示数量可用“单位词＋不可数名词”
a piece of paper；
two cups of tea
可数名词的复数前可用many，some，any修饰
many teachers；some friends
可用much，some，any修饰
much bread；some milk
注意：有些名词既可作可数名词，又可作不可数名词，但意义不同。
work(工作)—a work(著作) glass(玻璃)—a glass(玻璃杯)
paper(纸)—a paper(报纸，文件，试卷) wood(木头)—a wood(小树林)
chicken(鸡肉)—a chicken(小鸡) light(光，光线)—a light(电灯)
exercise(锻炼，运动)—exercises(习题) life(生活)—lives(生命)
orange(橘子汁)—an orange(橘子) time(时间)—times(倍，次数)
hand(帮助)—a hand(手) radio(无线电)—a radio(收音机)
experience(经验)—an experience(经历)
◆可数名词的数
在使用可数名词时，要熟练掌握可数名词变复数的规则：
{5940675A-B579-460E-94D1-54222C63F5DA}情况
变化规则
例词
一般情况
直接在词尾加?s
book—books；
face—faces
以s，x，sh，ch等结尾的名词
直接在词尾加?es
box—boxes；
watch—watches
以“辅音字母＋y”结尾的名词
变y为i，再加?es
baby—babies；family—families
以f或fe结尾的名词
变f或fe为v，再加?es
leaf—leaves；wife—wives；life—lives；knife—knives
{5940675A-B579-460E-94D1-54222C63F5DA}情况
变化规则
例词
以o结尾的名词
初中阶段“一人(hero)，两菜(tomato，potato)”加?es，其余都加?s
tomato—tomatoes；potato—potatoes；radio—radios；zoo—zoos；
photo—photos；piano—pianos
复合名词
将后一个词变为复数
tooth?brush—tooth?brushes；
egg basket—egg baskets
当作定语的名词是man，woman时，两部分都变复数
man doctor—men
doctors；woman teacher—women teachers
{5940675A-B579-460E-94D1-54222C63F5DA}情况
变化规则
例词
不规则变形
改变内部元音字母
foot—feet；tooth—teeth；man—men；mouse—mice
词尾加?ren
child—children
“各国人”名词变复数
中日是一致，英法a改e，其他一律加?s
Chinese—Chinese；Japanese—Japanese；Englishman—Englishmen；Frenchman—Frenchmen；German—Germans
注意：
1.“数词＋名词＋形容词”构成的复合形容词，中间的名词须用单数形式。如：
four?year?old 四岁大的
a 100?meter race 一场百米赛
a ten?storey?high building 一幢10层高的楼房
2.以?s结尾的名词，有的作单数使用，有的作复数使用。
(1)有些物体的名词，在表达具体数目时，要借助量词pair来表示，其谓语动词的单复数形式取决于pair的单复数形式。如：
a pair of trousers 一条裤子
(2)形式为单数，意思为复数。如：people，police
(3)视为整体时，为单数；视为个体时，谓语用复数。如：
family，class，team，group
(4)形式为复数，意思为单数。如：news，the United States
(5)只用复数形式。如：
pants，shorts，clothes，glasses(眼镜)
◆不可数名词的数
不可数名词表示的事物，其数量不可以数清或者难以数清。不可数名词的常见用法如下：
(1)没有复数形式。
(2)不能用不定冠词a/an，基数词，many修饰。
(3)不可数名词的计量：数词或冠词＋表示量的名词＋of＋不可数名词。表示量的名词可以有单复数之分。
(4)能与不可数名词连用的词(组)有some，much，little，any，a lot of，plenty of等。如：
much/a lot of bread许多面包
a bottle of ink一瓶墨水
some rice一些大米
a cup of water一杯水
a piece of advice一条建议
two cups of tea两杯茶
【拓展】常见的不可数名词
{5940675A-B579-460E-94D1-54222C63F5DA}物质名词
食物
bread面包　meat 肉　cheese 奶酪
液体
milk 牛奶　water 水　wine 酒　oil 油
自然物质
soil 土壤　sand 沙子　wood 木头
抽象名词
情感
joy 高兴　friendship 友情　peace 和平
学科
math 数学　geography 地理
physics 物理　chemistry 化学
概念
population 人口　knowledge 知识
【典例剖析】
(2020·广元)Sandy really likes eating meat，but she doesn't like eating________.
A.breads　　 B.vegetables　　 C.chickens
剖析：句意：桑迪真的很喜欢吃肉，但是她不喜欢吃________。bread“面包”，不可数名词，后面不可以加?s变成复数。vegetable“蔬菜”，表示不同种类的蔬菜时通常用复数形式。chicken“鸡肉”，不可数名词；chicken如果加?s变复数，表达的意思是“小鸡”。只有B项符合语法和句意。故选B。
【对点演练】
(　　)5.(2020·黔西南)How much ________ do we need to make a banana milk shake?
A.bananas B.apples C.coffee D.milk
(　　)6.(2020·岳阳)Mike doesn't have enough money，so he can only afford________.
A.a bread B.too much bread
C.a piece of bread
D
C
7.(2020·安顺)Nowadays，shared ________(car) are becoming more and more popular.
8.(2020·临沂)The new plan asks residents(居民) to put their rubbish into four different __________(box)，one for each kind of rubbish.
9.(2020·盐城)More than thirty groups of ____________(scientist) are working to develop a vaccine for COVID?19.
cars
boxes
scientists
考点3 名词所有格
名词所有格用来表示名词之间的所有或所属关系。它有三种形式：'s所有格、of所有格和双重所有格。
{5940675A-B579-460E-94D1-54222C63F5DA}类别
情况
构成方法
示例
有生命的名词
普通单数名词
在词尾直接加's
my father's friend 我父亲的朋友
词尾已有?s的复数名词
在词尾只加'
students' rooms 学生们的房间
词尾不带?s的复数名词
在词尾直接加's
Children's Day儿童节
表示几个词共有的所有关系
在最后一个词的词尾加's
Jane and Mary's room
简和玛丽的房间
{5940675A-B579-460E-94D1-54222C63F5DA}类别
情况
构成方法
示例
有生命的名词
表示几个词各自的所有关系
在每个词的词尾加's
Jane's and Mary's rooms
简和玛丽各自的房间
表示某人的家、店铺、办公室等
在词尾加's，省略其后名词
at my uncle's在我的叔叔家
无生命的名词
时间、世界、国家、城市等
一般在词尾加's
China's capital；Chengdu's industries；the world's population；today's news
其他
一般用of结构
the door of the room；
a map of the world；the legs of the table；a way of life
◆双重所有格的两种形式：of＋名词's；of＋名词性物主代词。如：
a friend of my father's我父亲的一个朋友
a friend of mine我的一个朋友
【典例剖析】
(2020·自贡)—A boy is flying a kite over there.Who is he?
—He is ________ brother.
A.Lucy's and Lily's
B.Lucy and Lily's
C.Lucy's and Lily
剖析：句意：——一个男孩正在那边放风筝。他是谁？——他是________弟弟。表示两个人分别所有，在两个名词后都加“?'s”；表示两个人共同拥有，只在最后一个名词后加“?'s”。根据句意判断是两人“共有”，故选B。
【对点演练】
10.(2020·鄂州)Our government did a lot of things to improve the __________(village) living conditions.
11.(2020·武威)It's about one ________(hour) bus ride from my home to the airport.
12.(2019·淮安)Forty ________(year) development has changed Huai'an into a modern city.
13.(2019·扬州)Follow that ________(teacher) advice and soon you will solve the problem.
14.(2019·鄂州)A Chinese father made some nice dresses for his daughter with his ________(wife) old shirts.
villagers'
hour's
years'
teacher's
wife's
(　　)1.(2019·黄石下陆区、西塞山区5月模拟)I'm tired.This is not the right ________ to ask me to go for a walk.
A.moment B.chance C.change D.season
(　　)2.(2020·华中学校中考一模)It's ________ ride from my home to the factory.
A.two hours and half's B.two and half hours'
C.two and a half hours' D.two hour and a half's
A
C
专题精练
Ⅰ.单项选择
(　　)1.(2020·安徽)—What do you think of your new house built by the local government?
—Pretty good.I have a________ of happinessnow.
A.warning B.tradition
C.feeling D.question
(　　)2.(2020·天水)Lily is a friend of ________.
A.Mary's mother's B.Mary's mother's of
C.Mary mother's D.mother's of Mary
C
A
(　　)3.(2020·大庆)Nobody thought it easy to finish so much work in ________.
A.two days' time B.two?days time
C.two day's time D.two days time
(　　)4.(2020·十堰)—What's your favorite ________？
—Journey to the West.The Monkey King can make 72 changes to his shape and size.
A.color B.book
C.food D.bag
A
B
(　　)5.(2020·达州)—It's said that the two ________ doctors have just come back from Wuhan.
—Yeah，I know them.They are both already in their ________.
A.woman；sixty B.women；sixtieth
C.women；sixties D.woman；sixties
(　　)6.(2020·丹东)—Jim，I have ________ in finishing so much work.
—Don't worry.I can help you.
A.ability B.success
C.experience D.difficulty
C
D
(　　)7.(2019·襄阳)—She is leaving to take part in the final poem competition.
—I'm proud of her.I wish her a great ________.
A.speed B.method
C.pressure D.success
(　　)8.(2019·东营)—Mom，which is the better ________ for me，a senior high school or a vocational(职业的) high school?
—Either is OK.It's up to your future plan.
A.choice B.result
C.experience D.news
D
A
(　　)9.(2019·咸宁)—Creative morning ________ are popular in our school.
—Yes，we dance to fun music，such as the song Calorie(《卡路里》).
A.exams B.exercises
C.examples D.expressions
(　　)10.(2019·黄冈)—Oh，my goodness！We have missed the last bus.What shall we do?
—I'm afraid we have no ________ but to take a taxi.
A.idea B.decision
C.reason D.choice
B
D
(　　)11.(2019·安徽)You can see the ________ in our faces when we talk about the great achievements in the past 70 years.
A.doubt B.pride
C.regret D.ability
(　　)12.(2019·武汉)—Dad，what is the loudspeaker saying?
—It is to the ________.The flight to Wuhan is boarding now.
A.customers B.passengers
C.members D.tourists
B
B
Ⅱ.根据句意及所给提示，填写正确的单词
13.(2020·河北改编)In a restaurant，people usually choose food and drink from the ________(菜单).
14.(2020·抚顺改编)Chinese scientists have made great ________(进步) in medical research.
15.(2020·海南改编)Mr.Huang is an excellent English teacher who has over 20 years' teaching __________(经验).
menu
progress
experience
16.(2020·重庆改编)Would you send me some ________(photo) of yours？I miss you very much!
17.(2020·昆明改编)A 12?year?old boy from Hunan invented a new kind of window because of his ___________(creative).The window can prevent children from falling out.
18.(2019·宿迁)It is reported that the number of working ________(wife) is becoming larger and larger.
photos
creativity
wives
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