高中英语牛津译林版（2019）必修 第三册Unit 1 Nature in the balance 单元知识点详解学案

B3U1 学案
1. harm n.& vt. 伤害，损害
* (2019全国卷I )While the sun's rays can age and harm our skin, they also give us beneficial Vitamin D.
虽然太阳光会老化并伤害我们的皮肤,但它也给我们提供了有益的维生素D。
* Reading the unhealthy information on the Internet will do great harm to them.
看网络上的不健康信息将对他们造成极大的伤害。
* (2020全国I卷)They're short of water and a plant that can detect harmful chemicals in groundwater.
他们缺水，而且缺乏一种可以检测地下水中有害化学物质的植物。
词块积累：
(1) harm sb. /sth. =do harm to sb. /sth. 对某人/物造成损害，损害某人/物
= do sb, /sth, harm
(2)harmful adj.有害的，导致损害的
be harmful to... 对....有害
(3) harmless adj.无害的
[易混辨析]
harm 多指给人的精神、身体等带来损害或引起不安不便
injure 多指意外事故带来伤害、使受伤；还可指伤害名誉、自尊等
hurt 一般用词，可指伤害精神、 肉体、感情等,还可表示身体部位的“疼、痛”
wound 多指在战争、搏斗中用武器伤害身体某部位
小词汇，大文化
* Harm set, harm get. 害人终害己。
即学活用：
(1)语法填空
①Smoking is extremely__harmful______(harm) to your health.
②Do you think that work without rest will do harm __to_____your health?
(2)一句多译
Staying up constantly can harm your health.
=Staying up constantly can do __harm_____ ___to____ your health .
=Staying up constantly can be __harmful_______ ____to_____health.
经常熬夜对你的健康有害。
(3)用hurt /injure/ wound/ harm的适当形式填空。
①The thief___wounded_____ him with a knife.
②I ____hurt____ my leg badly in the football match.
③A bullet___injured_____ his left eye.
④Too much direct sunlight will____harm_____ the plant.
2. What do you think this script is about judging from the title and pictures?
从标题和图片判断, 你认为这篇文本是关于什么的?
【句式解构】
本句中judging from/by. . . “从……判断”, 是现在分词短语作为句子的评注性状语来修饰整个句子, 表明说话者的态度、观点等。
*Judging from his behaviour, he must be mad.
从他的行为来判断, 他一定是疯了。
*Generally speaking, girls are more interested in literature than boys.
一般来说, 女孩比男孩对文学更感兴趣。
*Taking everything into consideration, they ought to be given another chance.
考虑到各方面的因素, 应该再给他们一次机会。
常见的现在分词短语作评注性状语的还有:
supposing“假设”, considering“鉴于”, speaking of“说到”,
generally speaking “一般来说”, taking everything into consideration “从全盘考虑”等。
即学活用：
(1)Judging from what he has said, he is probably in need of help now.
由他所说的话判断, 他现在可能需要帮助。
(2)Considering her young age , she has done much better than her workmate.
鉴于她年龄小, 她已经比她的同事做得好多了。
3. The Amazon River , from which the rainforest gets its name, is about 6,400 kilometres in length--around 100 kilometres longer than the Yangtze River.这片雨林得名于亚马孙河，全长约6400千米，比长江长约100千米。
[句式解构]
本句中from which是“介词+关系代词”结构引导的定语从句，修饰先行词The Amazon River。
* I think the decision was a bitter blow from which he never quite recovered.
我想这个决定对他是个沉重的打击,从此以后他一蹶不振。
* I took a photo of the students , among whom was seated a teacher.
我给这些学生拍了一张照片,他们中间坐着--位老师。
名师点津：
介词后的关系代词只能用which (指物)或whom (指人)，即介词+which/whom，并且关系代词不能省略。
即学活用：
(1)She still remembers the day _____on which________she won the prize. .
她仍然记得自己获奖的那一天。
(2)We didn't know the reason ____for which_________he refused our help.
我们不知道他拒绝我们帮助的原因。
(3) Look, there comes Tom, _____for whom___________I have waiting for an hour.
瞧，汤姆来啦，我等他等了一个小时。
4. Above that is the mass of leaf litter on the dark forest floor.上面是黑暗森林地面上的大量落叶。
[句式解构]
本句使用了全部倒装结构，主语为the mass of leaf litter。其正常语序为The mass of leaf litter on the dark forest floor is above that.
* Then came the total darkness of the polar winter.
接着，漆黑的极地冬夜来临了。
* Gone are the days when we were looked down upon.
我们被瞧不起的日子一去不复返了。
名师点津：
构成完全倒装的条件
(1)表示地点或方位的副词有here, there, up, down, out , in, away；表示时间的副词有now, then；表语以及表示地点的介词短语位于句首。
(2)句子的谓诏动词是系动词be或come, go, lie, stand等不及物动词。
(3)句子的主语是名词。如果句子的主语为代词，主谓不倒装。
即学活用：
(1)______Down jumped_________the man from the horse.
那人从马上跳下来了。
(2)_____In came___________the headmaster.
校长进来了。
(3)In the yard _____________Stands a tall tree_________________.
院子里有一棵大树。
(4)-Look, here _____comes the bus_______________ .
——看，公交车来了。
- Here ______it comes________________.
——它确实来了。
5. survive vi. 生存，存活vt. 幸存，幸免于难
* Although close to extinction in other areas, jaguars can still survive here.
虽然在其他地区濒临灭绝，美洲虎仍然可以在这里生存。
* But some plants and animals did survive through the period of dinosaur extinction.
但是一些动植物确实在恐龙灭绝期间幸存下来了。
* I can't survive on ?30 a week.
我难以靠每周30英镑生存。
* Many strange customs have survived from earlier times.
有许多古怪的习俗源远流长。
* She survived her husband by 6 years.
她比她丈夫多活了6年。
词块积累：
survive on. . . 以.....为生
survive from. .. 从....时期留存下来
survive sb. by+时间段 比某人多活了多长时间
名师点津：survive表示“从地震/火灾/事故等中幸存下来”时，是及物动词，应为survive the earthquake/ fire/ accident等。
即学活用：
(1)语法填空
①Several of those who ___survived______( survive) the accident have been taken to hospital.
②) (2019江苏高考) After all, not everyone has realized that wildlife has thoughts, feelings, and most importantly, equal rights___to survive______( survive).
(2)In the old days, there were no drugs that could help people__survive heart diseases____.
在过去那些日于，没有能帮助人们治疗心脏病而生存下来的药。
(3)Once she was totally self-sufficient, she now has to _______survive on_________income support.
她曾经完全能自给自足，而现在却不得不靠补助金维持生计。
6. in turn 相应地；转而；轮流；依次
* These frogs, in turn, feed on insects which eat leaves and seeds.
反过来，这些青蛙以昆虫为食，昆虫以树叶和种子为食。
* He spends too much time on maths, and this in turn affects the progress of his other subjects.
他在数学上花的时间太多，这相应地影响了他其他学科的进步。
*There were cheers for each of the women as they spoke in turn.
当这些女人们逐一发言时，她们每个人都赢得了喝彩声。
* In return, she received a sense of satisfaction and fulfillment.
作为回报,她收获了满足和成就感。
词块积累：
in return 作为报答;回报
in return for. .. 作为.....的交换;作为....的报答
by turns 轮流;时而....时而.....
即学活用：
(1)语法填空
①He wanted to do something in return ____for_____the kindness that she offered him.
②___In______return, the Czar sent him a troop of his best soldiers.
③People lined up and entered the hall____in_____ turn.
(2)In addition, more traffic jams and more accidents arise from it, which ____in turn______disturbs people' s normal life.
除此之外,它引起了更多的交通阻塞和事故，这反过来妨碍了人们的正常生活。
7. break down使分解(为)；使变化(成)
* When a jaguar dies, a tiny army of microorganisms helps break down its body and return the nutrients to the earth.
当一只美洲虎死亡时，一小队微生物帮助它分解它的身体并将营养物质送回土地。
* If 'Tim carries on working like this, he'll break down sooner or later.
如果蒂姆继续这样工作，身休迟早会垮掉。
* Sorry, I'm late. My car broke down on the halfway.
对不起，我迟到了。我的车在中途抛锚了。
* It's shocking that the peace talks between the two countries broke down.
令人震惊的是两个国家的和谈破裂了。
词块积累：
break down 使分解(为)，使变化(成)；
(机器或车辆)出毛病，损坏；
(讨论、关系或系统)失败，破裂，失灵；
感情失控(痛哭起来).
break into 强行闯入；突然....起来
break out (战争、火灾等)爆发；发生
break in 破门而入;打断(谈话等)
break away from 脱离；逃离
即学活用：
用适当的介、副词填空。
(1 ) The two countries are going to meet to break ____down____some barriers to trade between them.
(2) We had our house broken____into______ last night.
(3) Fire broke ___out_______ during the night.
(4 ) I was encouraged to break away ___from_____old forms and rules.
(5) Dad would occasionally break ___in_____with a suggestion.
8. due to由于，因为
* Over the past 50 years, 17 percent of the rainforest has disappeared due to human activities such as agriculture and cattle farming.
在过去的50年里，17%的雨林因农业和养牛等人类活动而消失。
* It is often reported that we are suffering more and more disasters due to the damaged environment.
经常有报道说，由于环境的破坏，我们正遭受越来越多的灾难。
* (2019全国卷I ) The match is due to be organized this Saturday afternoon in the city's stadium, whose aim is to help us communicate with our friend schools and improve our friendship.
这场比赛将于本周六下午在市体育场举行，目的是帮助我们与友谊学校沟涵,增进友谊。
* The band's first album is due for release later this month.
这个乐队的第一张唱片预计在本月月底发行。
词块积累：
be due to do sth. 预计/预期做某事
be due for.. . 预计..... .
名师点津：
due to"由于，因为”，常作表语，也可作状语,但一般不能放于句首。表示“由于， 因为”的其他常见短语: ①thanks to;②because of;③owing to。
即学活用：
(1)语法填空。
①She is due____to complete_________ ( complete) her study and graduate later this year.
②The accident was due to _____driving______ ( drive) at high speed.
(2) The company's losses were _____due to________ poor management.
公司的损失是因为管理不善。
(3) After only six months he was due _____for_______ a raise if this assessment was satisfactory.
如果这份评价令人满意，预计仅6个月后他就会被提升。
9. impact n. 影响,作用；撞击,冲撞vi.& vt. 有影响；冲击
* The teacher's words always have a deep impact on the future of the students.
老师的话总会对学生的将来产生深远的影响。
* The impact of the blow knocked Jack off balance.
这一记猛击把杰克打了个趔趄。
*Her father's death impacted greatly on/upon her childhood years.
父亲去世对她的童年造成了巨大影响。
词块积累:
have a great/ deep impact on 对....有 重大/深远影响
impact on/ upon 对.....产生影响，
即学活用
(1)语法填空。
①This financial crisis had a much greater impact ___on____ Main Street.
②When a large object ____impacts_________(impact) the Earth, it makes a crater(凹坑).
(2)COVID-19 _________has a great impact on_______________the whole world.
新冠肺炎对全世界影响很大。
10. damage vt. & n.损坏，破坏；损害,伤害
*Don't put any hot things on the table-- you'll damage the surface.
不要把热的东西放在桌而上，会损坏桌面的。
* (2019天津高考) Having studied volcanoes for many years, I am still amazed at their beauty as well as their potential to cause great damage.
研究火山很多年以后，我仍然对它们造成巨大破坏的可能性和它们的美感到惊奇。
*(2020.全国I卷)I have a very strong fear that the lie we're telling is doing spiritual damage to our children.
我非常担心，我们说谎可能会对我们的孩子造成精神上的伤害。
词块积累：
do/ cause damage to 对....造成损害
[易混辨析]
damage 指损害人或物而使之失去价值、功能或正常的外观，但这种破坏具有可修复性。它可以用作动词,也可以用作名词。
destroy 常指彻底的、不能或很难修复的破坏、毁坏，程度较深；也可以指希望、计划等破灭。只能用作动词,名词为destruction。
ruin 指以自然力或人为力量破坏，使其“荒废，毁坏”以致无法恢复原状，强调该物的使用价值发生了问题。可以作名词,也可以作动词。常用短语是in ruins, 表示“破败不堪”。
即学活用:
选词填空(damage/ destroy/ruin)。
(1)In consequence , surfing the Internet occupies much on their priceless time and great ____damage_________has been caused to their health.
(2) His house was completely ___destroyed_______in the earthquake while my strong one was slightly___damaged______.
(3)The constant rain ____ruined______ the crops.
11. build up逐渐增大, 扩大; 创建, 开发; 积累
*The company has built up a large fund for ages.
多年来这家公司已积累了大量资金。
*The secret to oil painting is to build up layer on layer on a canvas.
油画的秘诀在于在画布上逐层作画。
*Why did you bring up the subject of money?
你为什么非要提钱这个话题?
*It took her a few hours to make up for the performance.
她花了好几个小时的时间为演出化妆。
词块积累：
bring up　　　　　　抚养; 养育; 培养; 提出; 呕吐
come up 升起; 长出来; 上来; 被提出
give up 放弃; 戒掉
make up 编造; 弥补; 化妆
take up 占据; 开始从事
即学活用：
(1)He does morning exercise every day so as to build up his body.
他每天晨练, 为的是增强体质。
(2)He made up an excuse for his failure once again.
他为自己的又一次失败编了一个借口。
(3)His grandmother and his father brought him up .
是他的祖母和父亲把他养大的。
(4)I’ve been trying to give up smoking for two years now.
到现在, 我设法戒烟已快两年了。
12. come up with 想出，想到
* AII of them come up with creative ideas on how to solve these problems.
他们都对如何解决这些问题提出了创造性的想法。
* (2019.全国卷I )Researchers from Georgia Tech say that they have come up with a low-cost device that gets around this problem: a smart keyboard.
乔治亚理工大学的研究人员说，他们已经想出了一种解决这个问题的低成本设备:智能键盘。
* Some new issues came up at the conference.
在会上，一些新问题被提出来了。
* The truth is beginning to come out about what happened.
关于所发生的事，真相开始逐渐浮出水面。
词块积累：
come up with 想出，想到
come across 偶遇；偶然发现
come up 发生; 出席；提到，提及
come out 出来；出现；出版；发表
come to 苏醒；清醒；突然想起
come through 到达；接通；穿过
名师点津：不一样的“提出”
come up with“提出，想出”，其主语是sb. ；come up“被提出”，其主语是sth.，如问题、观点、建议等。
即学活用：
用适当的介、副词填空。
(1)Is that the best excuse you can come up _____with_______?
(2) The name Lin Shuhao comes ________up________a lot on TV.
(3) Bats sleep in the daytime and come _______out_______to hunt for food at night.
(4)In a few moments she suddenly came __________to____________.
13. call for (公开)要求；需要
* Some call for the application of modern technology, and others a change of lifestyle.
有人呼吁应用现代技术，也有人呼吁改变生活方式。
* The public are calling for an end to air pollution.
公众呼吁结束空气污染。
* When I'm in Pittsburgh, I call him up.
每到匹兹堡，我都给他打电话。
* I'm going to call on one of my former classmates.
我要去看望我的一位老同学。
词块积累：
call for (公开) 要求；需要
call up 打电话给…；使想起
call in 召集
call on 拜访(某人)；号召
call out 大声喊，呼唤
call off 取消， 下令停止
即学活用：
用适当的介、副词填空。
(1)The game was called ____off______ because of the bad weather.
(2) The smell of the sea called ____up______ memories of her childhood.
(3)The situation calls ____for______ prompt action.
(4)He used his speech to call _____on_____ the world to help his country.
14. application n.应用，运用，申请
* The invention will have wide application in industry.
这项发明会在工业中得到广泛应用。
* It was announced that they had received 50 applications for the post.
据宣布，对这个职位，他们已经收到了500 份申请书了。
* I made an application to the hospital for a job as nurse and to my delight, my application was accepted.
我向这家医院申请了护士的工作，令我感到高兴的是，我的申请被接受了。
* After a short holiday, he applied himself once more to his studies.
经过短暂的假期后，他再次专心于学习。
词块积累：
(1)make an application (to....) for... (向....)申请.....
(2)apply v. 运用；申请；应用
apply to do sth. 申请做某事
apply... to. 将....用在....上
apply (to sb.) for sth. (向某人)申请某物
apply oneself to 致力于；专心于
(3) applicant n.申请人
即学活用：
(1)语法填空。
①Students learned the practical ____application_______ (apply)of the theory they had learned in the classroom.
②His __application________ ( apply) for membership of the organization was rejected.
(2)①The new technology _____had been applied to___________________farming.
这项新技术已应用于农业。
②Faulks has ____applied himself to___________ this task with considerable energy.
福克斯为这项任务倾注了大量精力。
15. As the human population continues to grow , so does the effect we have on animals.随着人口的持续增长，我们对动物的影响也在不断增加。
[句式解构]
本句使用了“So+ be动词/助动词/情态动词+主语”结构构成的倒装结构，表示....也是如此”,用于肯定句，表示同样肯定的看法或做法。
* Yesterday I went shopping , and so did my best friend.
昨天我去买东西，我最好的朋友也去了。
* My father is a teacher and so is my mother.
我父亲是老师，我母亲也是。
* He didn't finish his homework. Neither/Nor did I.
他没有完成作业。我也没完成。
* John likes fish but he doesn't like meat, and so it is with/it is the same with Mary.
约翰喜欢吃鱼但不喜欢吃肉，玛丽也如此。
名师点津：
(1)“Neither/Nor +be动词/助动词/情态动词十另一主语”用于表示前面提到的否定情况也适用于另一主语，意为“.....也不....”。
(2)“So it is/was with ...”和“It is/was the same with...”句式表示前面提到的两种或两种以上的情况也适用于另一主语。
(3)“so+同一主语+be动词/情态动词/助动词”意为“...的确如此”，表示对前面的话加以确认或强调。
*-It was very cold yesterday.
-So it was.
——昨天很冷。
——的确如此。
即学活用：
(1)He can swim and____so can I_______________.
他会游泳，我也会。
(2)If you won't go there, ____neither will I___________________.
如果你不去那里，我也不去。
(3) He doesn't like playing jokes, ___nor does his brother_____________________.
他不喜欢开玩笑，他哥哥也不喜欢。
16. get rid of 摆脱；丟弃；扔掉
* The smog in the air has coloured the sky a smoky grey; it's also given me a cough that I can't get rid of.
空气中的烟雾把天空染成了灰蒙蒙的烟灰，还使我无法摆脱地咳嗽。
* (2020天津高考) Thanks to the Silence Machine, a British invention, you can get rid of the sound without upsetting the boy or his parents.
多亏了英国发明的静音机，你可以在不打扰男孩或他的父母的情况下消除声音。
* Further measures will be taken to rid our streets of crime.
进一步的措施将被采取来防止街头犯罪。
* He wanted to rid himself of the burden of the secret.
他想把秘密说出来，让自己得到解脱。
词块积累：
rid...of ... 使...摆脱...；使......丟......
rid oneself of 摆脱/去掉....
get/be rid of 消除掉....，丢掉......
即学活用：
(1)It's time we _____got rid of___________the drawback of the electronic product.
该是我们除去这一电子产品的缺点的时候了。
(2)To __get rid of smoking_______________, I suggest you eat some sugars and fruit to remove your attention.
为了戒烟，我建议你吃一点糖和水果来转移你的注意力。
(3)Now the air pollution is so serious that we have to make up our minds to ___get rid of_______ this harmful haze.
现在空气污染如此严重，我们得下决心清除这害人的雾霾。
17. protest vi. 反对，抗议 vt. 坚持声称；申辩 n.反对，抗议
* Mr. Smith protested against heavy industry.
史密斯先生抗议重工业。
* Some consumers protested about/ against/at the bad service in the shop.
= Some consumers made a protest against the bad service in the shop.
一些消费者对商店服务质量提出了抗议。
*The protests became more violent and many people were panicked into leaving the country.
抗议变得更加激烈，吓得许多人离开了那个国家。
词块积累：
(1)protest about/ against/at...
=make a protest against ...对..... 提出抗议
(2)without protest 心甘情愿地
under protest 不情愿地，极不乐意地
即学活用：
(1)语法填空。
①All local farmers ____protested_____ ( protest ) against building the airport on their farmland then.
②Many people gathered to protest ____against___________killing animals for food.
(2) The local citizens took to the streets ____to protest against the decision__________.
市民们走上街头，抗议这项决定。
(3) Ben accepted his punishment _____without protest____________________.
本心甘情愿地接受了惩罚。
18. We’ve been taking various measures, including the use of new technologies, to reduce pollution in the production process , even though these measures raise our production costs.
我们一直在采取各种措施，包括使用新技术，以减少生产过程中的污染，尽管这些措施提高了我们的生成本。
[句式解构]
句中的even though意为“即使,尽管”,用来引导让步状语从句，even though可用even if替换。
* (2019浙江高考)Even though there is a common spirit among all music groups , they make very different music.
尽管所有的音乐团体都有一种共同的精神，但他们创作的音乐却大不相同。
* But even if/ though an event is organized carefully, things can go wrong.
即使赛事筹划得很细致，事情仍可能出错。
* It sounds as if you have grown apart from Tom.
听起来好像你和汤姆之间产生了隔阂。
[易混辨析]even if/ though, as if/ though
even if/ though表示“即使,尽管”，引导让步状语。
as if/ though表示“似乎，好像”，引导表语从句或方式状语从句。
即学活用：
(1)语法填空。
Even if it ___rains______( rain) tomorrow ，we won' t change our plan.
(2)选词填空(even if/ though; as if/ though)。
①I will not go to her birthday party ___even if/even though_________I am invited.
②It seemed __as if/though___________ the suit was made to his own measure.
(3) My grandfather still plays tennis now and then, _even though he is in his nineties___.
我祖父尽管90多岁了，仍时而打网球。
19. consequence n.结果；后果；重要性
* (2019全国卷I )Enviable as the cool kids may have seemed，Dr. Prinstein's studies show unpleasant consequences.
尽管这些酷孩子看起来令人羡慕，普林斯坦博士的研究显示了不愉快的后果。
* (2020全国I卷) I wonder if parents should always tell the truth no matter the consequences.
我想知道父母是否应该一直不计后果地讲真话。
*He narrowly lost his life as a consequence of/ in consequence of careless driving.
由于粗心驾驶，他险些丢了性命。
* We have not enough money; consequently we cannot afford a new car.
我们的钱不够，因此买不起新车。
词块积累：
(1)as a consequence (of)= as a result (of)= in consequence (of) 因此，结果.
(2) consequent adj.必然的；当然的
Consequently adv.所以,因此
即学活用:
(1)语法填空。
①As a consequence ____of_______ your laziness and rudeness, I am forced 10 dismiss you.
②All these opinions make sense, and __consequently____(consequence) it is hard to choose the best of them.
(2)I missed the bus this morning and __as a consequence___ I was late for work.
今天早上我错过了公共汽年，因此上班迟到了。
省略（Ellipsis）
要义详析：
为了避免重复，或为了使句子更简练，在一些句子中常常省去一个或某几个成分，这种语法现象在英语中叫省略。
一、简单句中的省略
1.省略主语：一般情况下，主语是不能省略的，但在祈使句和其他不容易引起歧义的情况下,特别是在口语中，主语常常省略，主要是祈使句中的you和疑问句中的主语。
* (You) Come in, please! 请进!
* (I) Thank you for your help. 谢谢你的帮助。
2. 省略宾语：当上、下或前后两个句子的宾语一致时，下句或后句常省略宾语。
*-Do you know Miss Gao?
-I don't know (her).
——你认识高女士吗?
——不认识。
3. 省略主语和谓语(或谓语的一部分)：在某些具体的场合下，主语和谓语都很明确，此时为了简化或显得亲切等，可将主语和谓语(或谓语的一部分)同时省略，只剩下表语宾语、状语或其他成分。
* Who( comes) next?
谁下一个来?
即学活用：
补全下列省略句。
Have a seat , please!
__You have a seat , please!___________________________________
Looks like rain.
__It looks like rain._________________________________________________
Let' s do the dishes. I'll wash and you dry.
_ Let’s do the dishes. I’ll wash and you dry them/the dishes._____________
Got any idea about the plan?
__ Have you got any idea about the plan?_________________________
二、并列句中的省略
在由and或but连接的并列句中，常省略一些重复的词或词组。
1.省略共同的主语或宾语。
* Tom picked up a book on the floor and (Tom) handed it to his teacher.
汤姆在地板上捡起了一本书并把它交给了老师。
2.若主语不同，而谓语部分的系动词、助动词或情态动词相同，则省略后面的系动词、助动词或情态动词。
* My father is a doctor and my mother (is) a nurse.
我的父亲是一名医生，母亲是一名护士。
3.若主语与谓语动词相同,则省略后面的主谓成分。
* His advice made me happy, but (his advice made) Jim angry.
他的建议使我高兴，却使吉姆生气。
4.若主语不同，但主要动词及后续部分相同，则省略主要动词及后续部分。
* He has a knowledge of first aid but his friend doesn't (have a knowledge of first aid).
他具备急救知识，但他朋友不具备。
即学活用：
写出下列句中可以省略的部分。
(1)Some of us study Japanese, and others study English. ( others后的study )
(2)He gave up drinking several months, but he returned to his old way later. ( he )
(3)My friend didn't come to school, but I wonder why he/ she didn't come to school. ( he/she didn’t come to school )
三、复合句中的省略
1.状语从句的省略。
在when, will, if, as if, though, although, as, until, once, whether, unless, whenever等连接的状语从句中，当从句主语与生句的主语相同且从句谓语中含有系动词be或从句的主语为it时，则从句中主语和be动词常被省略。
* (2019北京高考)While (1 Was) Working, I realised how hard it was to work in the fields under a hot sun.
工作的时候，我意识到在烈日下的田野里工作是多么辛苦。
* You should stay where you are, unless (you are) asked to leave.
你应待在你现在的地方不动,除非叫你离开。
* Whenever(it is) possible, they would stop him and ask him the three questions.
只要有可能，他们就让他停下并问他这三个问题。
*Do you come up with good ideas? If(it is) so, we would love to hear from you.
你能想出好点子吗?如果有，我们很愿意收到你的来信。
名师点津：
(1)省略句中的谓语动词和主语之间构成主动关系；则使用现在分词；若构成被动关系，则使用过去分词；若谓语动词表示的动作尚未发生，则使用不定式。
(2)在than, as等引导的比较状语从句中常省略某些成分。
* They don't use more water than (it is) necessary.
他们使用的水没有超出需要量。
* He runs as fast as Bob( runs).
他和鲍勃跑得一样快。
2.定语从句的省略。
(1)在限制性定语从句中,作宾语用的关系代词whom, which, that可省略(但whom, which紧跟在介词后时不能省略)。
* The exact year ( which/that) Angela and her family spent together in China was 2018.
安吉拉和她的家人一起在中国度过的那一年是2018年。
(2)修饰way的关系词that/in which可以省略。
* The way ( in which )/( that) he speaks to us is really annoying.
他对我们讲话的方式真是让人讨厌。
3.宾语从句的省略。
及物动词后接宾语从句时,连接词that一般可以省略，但如果及物动词接两个或两个以上that引导的宾语从句，那么只有第一个that可以省略。
*I truly believe (that) beauty comes from within.
我真的相信美丽来自内心。
*He said (that) the text was very important and that we should learn it by heart.
他说这篇课文很重要，我们应该牢记在心。
即学活用：
(1)把下列句子改为省略句。
①If he is chosen, Mr. Brown, who is rich in experience, will turn out to be an excellent manager.
→___If chosen_________，Mr. Brown, who is rich in experience, will turn out to be an excellent manager.
②Fill in a proper preposition where it is necessary.
→Fill in a proper preposition ___ where necessary ____.
(2)写出下列句中可以省略的部分。
①Jerry did not regret giving the comment but felt that he could have expressed it differently.
( that )
②She didn't go to school yesterday. I don't know why she didn't go to school yesterday.
( she didn’t go to school yesterday )
③Among the many dangers which sailors have to face, probably the greatest of all is fog.
( which )
④Please send us all the information that you have about the candidate for the position.
( that )
四、其他的省略情况
1.动词不定式的省略。
(1)当不定式在形容词afraid, anxious, eager, glad, happy, ready, willing等后作状语时，to后的内容常省略。
* You can't force him to answer the question if he's not ready to ( answer the question) .
如果他不愿意回答这个问题，你不能强迫他。
(2)某些使役动词，如make, let, have等和感官动词，如see, watch, notice, observe, hear等后面作宾语补足语的不定式须省略to，但若这些动词用于被动语态，则to不省略。
* We often hear her sing an English song in the classroom.
我们经常听到她在教室里唱一首英文歌。
* The boy was noticed to enter the office.
男孩被(人)注意到进入了办公室。
(3)当不定式在某些动词后作宾语时，常可省略。常见的动词有agree, afford, expect, forget, hope, know，manage, pretend, remember, refuse, want, wish, would like等。
*I would do it for you, but l don't know how to (do it for you).
我愿意为你做这件事，但是我不知怎么去做。
(4)介词but. except (除了)前有实义动词do的某种形式时，后面的不定式不带to。
* We have nothing to do but (to) wait.
我们现在除了等别无选择。
名师点津:
省略的不定式内容若含有作助动词用的have或be的任何形式时，to后要保留原形的have或be。
*He didn't come, but he ought to have.
他没来，但他应该来。
2.使用so, not等时的省略。
在英语中，可以用so, not或其他方式来省略上文或问句中的一部分或整个句子。
* -Is he coming back tonight? 他今晚回来吗?
-I think so.我认为会回来。
3.介词的省略。
一些与动词、名词或形容词搭配的介词常常可以省略，而保留介词后的动名词。常见的结构：
①have difficulty/ trouble (in) doing sth.
②be busy (in) doing sth.。
③spend some time (in) doing sth.。
④stop/ prevent sb. (from) doing sth. 。
即学活用：
(1)- Is he feeling better today?
-__ I’m afraid not _____________________(恐怕没有好转).
(2)- Tom was injured, or he would have won the race.
-___ I think so ________________________________(我认为如此).
(3) We can do nothing ____ but give up ________________________.
我们只能放弃。
(4)My mother wouldn't __ let me go to see the film __________________.
我妈妈不让我去看电影。
(5)I have some trouble ___(in) learning English _____________________.
我学英语有困难。
语法主题应用
使用本单元所学语法(省略)，结合中文提示补全短文。
___ With the rapid development of economy _____________(随着经济的快速发展)，many people come to realize that we have got the development at the cost of our environment.
If we human beings are clever enough, we should 2.___ take measures to protect the environment ______(采取措施保护环境) right now. We should pass laws to forbid cutting down trees. Those who pollute rivers and seas should be punished. Wild animals should be well
protected, It is necessary that 3.__ everyone should know the importance of protecting environment ________(所有人应该知道保护环境的重要性).
As is known to all, if we act soon enough, we can still have a bright future, 4.__ If we don’t, we will be punished by nature ______
(如果我们不这样做，我们会受到自然的惩罚).