高中英语牛津译林版（2019）必修 第三册Unit 3 The world online 单元知识点详解 学案

B3U3 The world online
Welcome to the unit & Reading
1. access n. 接近或进入的权利/机会/通路; 接近, 通路
v. 进入; 存取(尤指电脑数据); 访问
*We can achieve almost anything online—with access to the Internet come some truly life-changing advantages.
在网上我们几乎什么都能做到。接入互联网(给我们)带来了优势, 真正改变我们的生活。
*To sum up, low price, easy access to information and wide use make students use computers a lot. 总之, 低廉的价格, 容易获得的信息和广泛的使用使学生大量使用电脑。
*The only access to the farmhouse is across the fields.
去农舍的唯一道路是穿过田野。
*He accessed three different files to find the correct information.
他访问了三个不同的文件以找到正确的信息。
*You need a password to get access to the computer system.
使用这个计算机系统需要密码。
【词块积累】
(1)access to… 　　 接近……的机会; 进入……的权利
have/get/gain/obtain access to… 可以接近/会见/进入……
(2)accessible adj. 可进入的; 可使用的
be accessible to 可进入……; 可使用……; 易接近……
【即学活用】
(1)语法填空。
①(2018·江苏高考)Kids shouldn’t have access to violent films because they might imitate the things they see.
②All the sites are free to the public and accessible (access) to anyone with an Internet connection.
③Fallen rocks cut off the only access to the village, so it is not accessible to outside now. (access)
(2)I’m writing to apply for “wild release”, in which you can put the books in the appointed place, and other participants can have free access to them. ?
我写信申请“自由分享”, 即把书放在指定地点, 由其他参与者自由获取。
majority n 大部分, 大多数; 多数票
*No wonder the Internet has now become the first place that the majority of people turn to for information.
难怪互联网现在已经成为大多数人查找信息的首选途径。
*She was elected by a narrow majority.
她以微弱多数票当选。
* In fact, I want to major in English in college and to be a bridge between China and the world.
事实上, 我想在大学主修英语, 这样我就能成为连接中国和世界的桥梁。
*Most of us would maintain that physical attractiveness does not play a major part in how we react to the people we meet.
我们中大多数人都会认为, 外表的魅力在我们待人接物方面并不起主要作用。
【词块积累】
(1)the majority of 　　　大多数
(2)major adj. 主要的; 严重的; 重要的vi. 主修 n. 主修课程, 专业课
play a major part in 在……中起主要作用
major in 以……为专业; 主修……
(3)minor adj.次要的
minority n. 少数; 少数民族
【即学活用】
语法填空
①He majored in English and American literature at university.
②The majority(major)of his friends are against his adventure plan to go across the desert alone.
(2)It is the mother who plays the major part in educating the child (在孩子的教育中起了重要作用). ?
(3)The intelligent young man’s major(那个聪明的年轻人的专业) is chemical engineering. ?
3. deliver vt. 递送, 传送; 发表; 宣布; 交出
*You can have food delivered to you using food delivery apps and sites. 你可以使用送餐应用程序和网站把食物送到你身边。
*I feel very honored to deliver a speech here.
我很荣幸能在这里发表演讲。
*His husband had to deliver the baby himself.
她丈夫不得不亲自接生。
【词块积累】
deliver a letter /message　　　 送信/带信; 传话
deliver a speech /lecture 发表演讲/授课
deliver a baby 接生
【即学活用】
语法填空
①We packed up our old computer and delivered it to my parents’ home.
②Please ask at the Middle Ward shop about our home delivery (deliver) service.
(2)Your lunch will be delivered to (被送到)the front gate of the center at 12: 30. ?
(3)The president will deliver a speech(发表演讲) about schools. ?
(4)写出下列句子中的画线部分的汉语释义。
①When delivering any bad news, they will share the feeling of the receiver. 传递
②The baby was delivered safely on Tuesday night.接生?
③He was employed at the store as a delivery man. 送货员?
4. compare vt. 比较
*You can compare styles and prices quickly and easily in the comfort of your living room.
在舒适的客厅里, 你们可以快速、轻松地比较款式和价格。
*This exercise teaches you to compare yourself only to yourself.
这个练习教会你只拿自己和自己比较。
*It’s much easier compared with last time.
这与上次相比容易得多。
*In comparison with the previous study, the new study expanded research subjects.
与之前的研究相比, 这个新的研究拓宽了研究主题。
【词块积累】
(1)compare A to B 　　　　　　 把A比作B
compared with/to 与……相比
(2)beyond/without comparison 无与伦比
comparison n. 比较
by/in comparison with 与……相比
make a comparison 进行对比
【名师点津】 compare with与compare to
compare 与介词 with或to 搭配时意义有所不同, 但 compared with 和compared to 在句中作状语时意义相同, 都表示“与……相比”。
【即学活用】
语法填空
①Compared with your translation work, your partner’s is better.
②People often compare a teacher to a gardener who takes great care of various plants.
③Recently a survey comparing(compare)prices of the same goods in two different supermarkets has caused heated debate among citizens.
④(2020·浙江高考)The first is declining birth rates , which means old generations are large compared (compare) to younger generations , and so, on average , the population becomes older than before.
⑤ Her beauty is beyond comparison.
(2)Compared with/to the old house(与旧房子相比), the new one is like a huge palace. ?
(3) The interviewers made a comparison (进行对比) among the interviewees and tried to find out which one is the best. ?
(4) In comparison with (与……相比) other students, Mike is more intelligent.
5. arrangement n. 安排; 布置; 约定; 排列
*When you wish to go on holiday, you can make all your travel arrangements just in front of the computer.
当你想去度假时, 你可以在电脑前安排好你所有的旅行。
*Our college is to make arrangements for the meeting.
我们学院将为这次会议做安排。
*Dave arranged for someone to drive him home.
戴夫安排了人开车送他回家。
*You can arrange things from beginning to end, small to large or by some other order.
你可以从头到尾、从小到大或按其他顺序排列。
*He wrote and arranged the famous musical compositions.
他创作并编曲了这些著名的音乐作品。
【词块积累】
(1)arrange for sb. to do sth. 　　　安排某人去做某事
(2)have an arrangement with… 与……有协议
【即学活用】
(1)写出下列句子中的黑体部分的汉语释义。
①Most museums welcome school groups and arrange special activities for children. 安排
②The children were arranged in lines according to height. 排列
③He arranged traditional folk songs for the piano. 改编
(2)If you are interested, please sign up at the office before 5: 00 p. m. next Thursday so that we will make necessary arrangements(做出必要的安排). ?
(3)The school has an arrangement with (与……有协议)local business. ?
(4)There are special arrangements (特殊的安排)for people working overseas. ?
(5)The house was always decorated with imaginative flower arrangements (插花). ?
6. establish vt. 建立(关系或联系); 设立; 确立; 使得到认可; 查实; 确定
*Above all else, the Internet helps us establish and maintain social ties.
最重要的是, 互联网可以帮助我们建立和维护社会关系。
*The company was established in 1980. 该公司成立于1980年。
*By 1909, Picasso had established himself as a painter of great talent in Paris.
到1909年, 毕加索已成为巴黎一位极有才华的画家。
*This novel established the reputation he still enjoys today as one of American’s greatest writers. 这部小说奠定了他至今仍享有美国最伟大作家之一的声誉。
【词块积累】
establish oneself(in sth. ) (as sth. ) 使(某人自己)任职; 安顿
establish contact /a relationship with 与……建立联系/关系
【易混辨析】
found
侧重打下基础或创办, 具体或抽象事物均可用
establish
着重稳固地建成, 可具体指国家、政府、学校或商店等的建立, 也可指信仰、信用、名誉、法律、制度、规则等的建立
set up
作“建立”用时, 侧重于“开始”。可指具体或抽象的建立
【即学活用】
(1)语法填空。
①Our goal is to establish (establish)a new research centre in the north.
②He had already established(establish)a reputation as a journalist.
(2)He has just set up his own business, but it will take him a while to get established(站稳脚跟). ?
(3)A dog’s eating habit requires regular training before (it is)properly established (正确建立). ?
7. contact vt. 联络; 联系 n. 联系; 接触
*No matter where we are, we are able to keep in contact with loved ones, find long-lost friends and discover whole new communities who share our hobbies.
无论我们在哪里, 我们都能与所爱的人保持联系, 找到久违的朋友, 并发现与我们有共同爱好的全新社区。
*Because I am from Canada and I live in China, I keep in contact with my family and my friends using the computer.
我来自加拿大, 现在住在中国, 所以要靠电脑跟我的家人和朋友联系。
*We have lost contact with him since he left last summer.
自他去年夏天离开后, 我们就与他失去了联系。
*You should make eye contact with your audience when you give a speech.
当你演讲的时候, 要跟听众有眼神交流。
*A simple ride on the subway would bring me into contact with dozens of different tongues.
坐一趟地铁就能听到几十种不同的语言。
【词块积累】
be/get/stay/keep in contact with sb. 　 与某人保持联系
lose contact with sb. 与某人失去联系
make contact with sb. 与某人取得联系
bring sb. into contact with sth. 使某人接触某物
【即学活用】
(1)语法填空。
The college has brought me into contact with western ideas.
(2)Give the names of two people who can be contacted(可以联系上的) in case of emergency. ?
(3)Then, after the girl had become famous, he tried to make contact with her(与她取得联系). ?
8. instant adj. 立刻的; 立即的; 速食的 n. 片刻, 瞬间
*When asked about the delay of the meeting, he gave me an instant reply.
当问及会议的延迟时, 他给了我一个即时的回复。
*I could not answer for an instant.
我一时回答不上来。
*In an instant, he took off his coat and jumped into the water.
他立刻脱下外套, 跳入水中。
*The instant (=As soon as ) she stopped asking questions, I got up and went out of the room. 她一停止问问题, 我就站起来走出了房间。
【词块积累】
(1)in an instant　　　 立即, 马上
for an instant 片刻, 一瞬间
the instant+从句(=instantly/as soon as+从句) 一……就……
(2)instantly adv.立刻地 conj. 一……就……
【即学活用】
语法填空。
① But when he looked to the side, he saw instantly (instant) that it wasn’t a dog at all, but a wolf, quickly catching up with him.
② The instant he met Cuddles, he knew he was making the right choice.
(2) Furthermore, voting on the Internet makes instant feedback possible. ?
此外, 网上投票使得即时反馈成为可能。
9. take off 突然大受欢迎, 迅速流行; 开始成功; (飞机)起飞; 脱去(衣服等); 匆匆离开; 休假
*Soon emojis took off throughout the world.
很快, 表情符号风靡全球。
*After his third film, his career of film performance took off.
第三部电影后, 他的电影职业生涯开始成功。
*Three planes were standing on the runway, waiting to take off.
三架飞机停在跑道上, 等待起飞。
*I wish you’d take off that hat when you are in the classroom.
我希望你在教室的时候把那顶帽子摘下来。
*Congratulations, Paulo! Now maybe you can take a few days off.
祝贺你, 保罗! 现在你可以休息几天了。
*The six boys got into the car and took off for the drugstore.
六个男孩上了车, 动身去药店。
【词块积累】
take away　　　 拿走; 夺走
take back 收回; 带回; 使回忆起
take down 写下, 记下; 拆卸
take in 吸收; 理解; 欺骗; 收留
take on 具有, 呈现; 担任, 承担; 雇用
take up 举(拿、捡、拔)起; 占据; 从事
take over 接管; 接任; 控制
【即学活用】
(1)介词填空。
①I know I was completely a fool to trust him, but he is a real charmer who totally takes me in.
②No other organization was able or willing to take on the job.
(2)虽然科技是用来帮助我们的, 但我们不应该让它来控制我们的生活。
译文: Though technology is used to help us, we should not allow it to take over our lives. ?
bring up 使显示在计算机屏幕上, 调出; 养育; 抚养; 教育; 提出; 呕吐
*In the time it takes to find one book in the library, we can use a search engine to bring up millions of results. 在图书馆找到一本书所花费的时间, 我们可以使用一个搜索引擎调出数以百万计的结果。
*Click with the right mouse button to bring up a new menu.
用鼠标右键点击弹出一个新菜单。
*Born into a family with three brothers, David was brought up to value the sense of sharing. 大卫出生在一个有三个兄弟的家庭, 从小就被教育要懂得分享。
*He brought up a practical plan in the meeting, which brought down the cost of production. 他在会上提出了一个切实可行的计划, 这个计划降低了生产成本。
*He was drunk and brought up what he had eaten at midnight.
他喝醉了, 把他半夜吃的东西都吐了出来。
* Brought up in a big city, he found it quite difficult to fit in the countryside.
他在大城市长大, 发现很难适应农村生活。
【词块积累】
bring about　　　 引起; 导致(事故、变化等)
bring back 使某物恢复; 使回忆起某事
bring down 使……降低; 使……倒下
bring in 引入; 赚得; 挣得
bring out 使显现出; 取出; 阐明; 出版
【即学活用】
语法填空
①The reason why the goods are sold at such low prices is that the manufacturers are willing to bring down prices in return for big volume of purchase.
②Sharing with friends helped me bring back my confidence and fit in with others.
③Working with the medical team in Africa has brought out the best in her as a doctor.
(2)The way we are brought up, and our cultural background, will greatly influence how we feel about expressing anger. ?
我们受教育的方式, 以及我们的文化背景, 将会极大地影响我们对表达愤怒的感受。
No wonder the Internet has now become the first place that the majority of people turn to for information. 难怪互联网现在已经成为大多数人查找信息的首选途径。?
【句式解构】
It is no wonder that… =No wonder that… 难怪……
*No wonder my brother wasn’t feeling well.
难怪我兄弟当时感觉不舒服。
* No wonder you’re tired, you’ve been walking for hours.
难怪你累了呢, 你一直走了好几个小时。
*He had made a thorough investigation. No wonder he knew so much about it.
他对此事做了彻底的调查, 怪不得他了解那么多。
*I am wondering if/whether you could tell me more about this activity.
我想知道你是否能告诉我关于这个活动更多的信息。
*I sat, stunned, for about half an hour, wondering what had just happened.
我惊呆地坐在那儿大约半个小时, 想知道刚刚发生了什么。
【词块积累】
in wonder　　　　　　　 惊奇地
no wonder 怪不得, 难怪
do/work wonders 产生奇迹, 有惊人的效果
It is no wonder that… =No wonder that… 难怪……
It’s a wonder tha… 令人惊奇的是……
I wonder if/whether… 我想知道是否……
【巧学助记】 一言巧记wonder
*He was wandering around the pyramid, wondering how on earth this wonder was built.
他在金字塔四周徘徊, 想知道这一奇观究竟是怎样建成的。
【即学活用】
(1)语法填空。
①Excuse me, I wonder if/whether there is a post office around where I can mail something.
②Coral reefs are among the natural wonders (wonder)of the world.
③Nowadays, there are still many people wondering (wonder) when the earth came into existence(产生).
(2)—Linda is busy with her project lately.
—Oh! No wonder(怪不得)I haven’t seen her these days. ?
(3)With his subtle acting, it was no wonder that(难怪) he became known as the little tramp. ?
(4)Her new diet and exercise programme has worked/done wonders(产生奇效)for her. ?
12. The Internet has also made our lives unbelievably convenient, with all sorts of goods and services provided by electronic commerce, more commonly known as e-commerce. 互联网也给我们的生活带来了难以想象的便利, 电子商务提供了各种商品和服务。?
【句式解构】
句中with all sorts of goods and services provided by electronic commerce, more commonly known as e-commerce是with 复合结构, 即“with+宾语+宾语补足语”, 在句中可作定语, 也可作状语, 表示时间、原因、伴随等。该复合结构中, 宾语由名词或代词充当, 宾语补足语由形容词、副词、介词短语、动词不定式、现在分词或过去分词充当。
*With the weather so close and stuffy, ten to one it’ll rain presently.
天气这样闷热, 十有八九要下雨。(原因状语)
*She left the room with all the lights on.
她离开了房间, 灯还亮着。(伴随状语)
*With the children at school, we can’t take our vacation when we want to.
由于孩子们在上学, 所以我们不能在想度假时去度假。(原因状语)
*With all things considered, you’d better invite him to your birthday party.
把所有事情都考虑在内, 你最好还是邀请他来参加你的生日聚会。(原因状语)
*With machinery to do all the work, they will soon have got in the crops.
由于所有的工作都是由机器进行, 他们将很快收完庄稼。(原因状语)
*Anyone with its eyes in his head can see it’s exactly like a rope.
任何一个头上长着眼睛的人都能看出它完全像一条绳子。
【名师点津】 with+宾语+宾语补足语
with + 宾语 +形容词副词现在分词(表示主动或正在进行)过去分词(表示被动或已经完成)动词不定式(表示尚未发生)介词短语
【即学活用】
(1)语法填空。
①The living room is clean and tidy, with a dining table already laid (lay) for a meal to be cooked.
②The old couple often take a walk after supper in the park with their pet dog following(follow)them.
③With a lot of work to do(do), he wasn’t allowed to go out. ?
④John received an invitation to dinner, and with his work finished(finish), he gladly accepted it.
(2)He lay in bed with his eyes focused on the ceiling (盯着天花板). ?
(3)With no one to talk to (由于没有人和她谈话), she felt a little bored. ?
(4)With the final exam approaching (由于期末考试要到了), the students are studying harder. ?
13. comment n. 评论; 批评 vi. &vt. 表达意见
*An instant message, a group chat, a video call, a comment on an update—there are endless ways to share our views or let someone know we care about them.
一个即时消息, 一个群聊, 一个视频电话, 一个更新的评论——有无数的方式来分享我们的观点或让别人知道我们关心他们。
*He refused to comment before he had seen all the relevant information. 在看到全部相关资料之前, 他拒绝评论。
*No matter who told you about some news, you can’t make any comment on it before you check it up.
不管是谁告诉你什么新闻, 你都应该核实后再作评论。
【词块积累】
(1)make comments on/upon/about 对……做出评论
without comment 不予评论
no comment 无可奉告
cause/attract/draw comment 引来/招来评论
ask for comments 征求意见
offer comments 提意见
(2)comment on/upon… 评论……, 对……提意见
【即学活用】
(1)语法填空。
①He was annoyed and refused to comment on/upon the award.
②A girl he knew had annoyed him by commenting (comment) on his increasing weight.
(2)She made helpful comments on/about/upon (对……进行了有益的评论) my work. ?
(3)We are just commenting on/upon (评论) how well you look. ?
(4)—Will you resign, sir?
—No comment (无可奉告)! ?
14. convenient adj. 方便的; 近便的
*The town is well placed for easy access to London and convenient for airport.
这个城镇地理位置优越, 到伦敦和机场都很方便。
*If it’s convenient I can come tomorrow.
方便的话, 我可以明天过来。
*If you have any position available, please grant me a job interview at your convenience.
如果你有任何职位空缺, 请在您方便时给我一次面试的机会。
【词块积累】
(1)It is convenient (for sb. ) to do sth. (某人)做某事方便
sth. is convenient for sb. /sth. 某事对……来说是方便的
…is convenient for/to… ……离……近
(2)convenience n. 方便
for convenience 为方便起见
for one’s convenience 为方便某人
at one’s convenience 在某人方便时
【名师点津】
convenient 误区警示
sb. is convenient (×)
it’s convenient of sb. to do sth. (×)
it’s convenient for sb. to do sth. (√)
【即学活用】
(1)语法填空
①The secretary arranged a convenient(convenience) time and place for the applicants to have an interview.
② We have provided seats for the convenience( convenient) of our customers.
③ It is convenient for you to take a plane because there’s a regular bus to the airport.
④ These meals can be prepared in advance, and served at your convenience.
(2)If it is convenient for (对……方便) you, I will visit you next Tuesday. ?
(3)For convenience (为方便起见), the German translation is printed below. ?
Grammar and usage & Integrated skills
15. belong to v. 属于, 归……所有; 是(俱乐部, 组织等)的成员; 是(某族类或纲目)的一部分
*We hope to build an active community belonging to all art lovers and create an attractive space in which they can freely talk and share ideas.
我们希望建立一个属于所有艺术爱好者的活跃社区, 创造一个有吸引力的空间, 让他们可以自由地交流和分享想法。
*The team consisting of 11 members belongs to our country.
这个有11个人组成的队伍属于我们国家。
*The four countries that belong to the United Kingdom work together in some areas.
所属英国的四个国家在一些领域进行了合作。
*Moreover, unlike some of the other insect eaters, spiders never do the least harm to us or our belongings.
此外, 与其他食虫动物不同, 蜘蛛从不对我们或我们的财物造成丝毫伤害。
【词块积累】
belong 　　　　　　　　　vi. 应在(某处); 适应
belongings n. (pl. )所有物; 财产, 财物
personal belongings 个人财物, 私人用品
【名师点津】
(1) belong to 既不能用于被动语态, 也不能用于进行时态。但可用belong to 的现在分词形式作后置定语。
(2) to 是介词, 后面可跟名词或代词作宾语。
【即学活用】
(1)语法填空。
①The old house belonging (belong) to my grandfather was still in good condition.
②He took away the suitcase not belonging (belong) to him by design.
③I just escaped from the flood and all my belongings (belong) were swept away.
④I don’t know to whom this computer belongs.
(2)He was upset that the valuable watch belonging to him (属于他的)was lost yesterday. ?
(3)Professor Williams keeps telling his students that the future belongs to (属于)the well-educated. ?
16. request n. & vt. 请求; 要求 n 要求, 请求; 要求的事
*For example, she has requested a technical team to develop an app so as to satisfy different users’ needs.
例如, 她要求一个技术团队开发一个应用程序, 以满足不同用户的需求。
*They made a request for further aid. 他们请求进一步援助。
*We will send you full program descriptions at your request .
我们将根据您的要求发送完整的项目描述。
*She requested that no one should be told of her decision.
她要求不把她的决定告诉任何人。
【词块积累】
(1)make requests/a request for　 请求; 要求……
at sb. ’s request=at the request of sb. 应某人的要求
on/upon request 一经要求
(2)request sb. to do sth. 请求/要求某人做某事
request that sb. (should) do sth. 请求某人做某事
It is requested that. . . (should) do sth. 要求……
【即学活用】
(1)语法填空。
①They have made an urgent request for international aid.
②All the students are requested to attend (attend) the annual school celebration. ?
③What’s your opinion of Mr Li’s request that we (should) spend (spend) half an hour reading English aloud every morning? ?
④It is requested (request) that all the visitors should not take pictures of the exhibitions. ?
⑤I sincerely hope that you will give our request your special consideration. ?
我真诚地希望你对我们的请求给予特别考虑。
(2)如果你考虑我的要求, 我愿意向你提供任何进一步的信息。
I’ll be willing to send you any further information if you consider my request. ?
17. basis n. 基础; 基点
*(2020·全国Ⅰ卷)Remember, even world champion athletes practice their skills on a consistent basis.
记住, 即使是世界冠军运动员也要始终如一地练习他们的技能。
*We’re going to be meeting there on a regular basis.
我们将定期在那里见面。
*Your grade will be based on four papers and a final exam.
你的成绩将根据四篇论文和期末考试决定。
*About 1, 200 personnel will remain behind to take care of the air base.
约有1 200名人员将留下来照管空军基地。
【词块积累】
on the basis of　　　　　 在……的基础上, 根据
on a regular/daily/weekly basis 定期 / 每天 / 每周
air base 空军基地
base…on/upon… 以……为基础 / 根据
【易混辨析】 basis/base
basis 指抽象的“基础, 根据”;
base 既可指抽象的“基础, 根据”, 也可指具体的“根基; 基地”。
the basis of friendship友谊的基础
a good scientific research base 良好的科研基础
【即学活用】
(1)语法填空。
The professor could hardly find necessary grounds on which to base his arguments in favour of the new theory.
(2)The decision was made on the basis of(根据)the information we had. ?
(3)We’re going to meet there on a weekly basis(每周). ?
(4)His research formed the basis of his new book.
(5)They set up a base (建立基地) at the foot of the mountain. ?
(6)由于天气不好, 登山队员们不得不返回基地。
The climbers had to return to the base due to the bad weather. ?
18. likely adj. 可能的
*Using apps like this, people are more likely to find satisfactory haircuts.
使用这样的应用程序, 人们更有可能找到满意的发型。
*It’s likely that he will go abroad. 他很有可能出国。
*They say that the low-temperature lake is unlikely to be able to support such large living creatures.
他们说, 温度低的湖泊中不可能存活体形如此巨大的生物。
【词块积累】
be unlikely to do sth. 　　　 不可能做某事
It is unlikely that. . . 不可能……
be likely to do sth. 可能做某事
It is likely that. . . 可能……
【即学活用】
(1)语法填空。
①During the daytime, the frightening creature is unlikely to appear (appear)on the surface of the lake. ?
②It is unlikely that they’ll turn up now—it’s nearly ten o’clock.
(2)I think the temple is unlikely to (不可能) be built at the edge of the woods. ?
(3)It is likely that(有可能) they will make a deal about the export of the cash crops. ?
19. entertainment n. 娱乐活动; 招待, 娱乐
*Can you tell me something about how you entertain yourself?
你可以告诉我你是怎么娱乐自已的吗?
*I entertained my friends to dinner yesterday evening.
昨晚我招待朋友吃晚饭。
*The clown entertained the children with all kinds of tricks.
那个小丑用各种把戏逗乐儿童。
【词块积累】
(1)entertain　　　　　vt. &vi. 使欢乐; 款待
entertain sb. with sth. 用某物使某人娱乐
entertain sb. to sth. 用某物招待某人
(2)entertaining adj. 愉快的; 有趣的
【巧学助记】 语境串记entertain
As entertainers, they entertained their guests with a performance, which made the entertainment quite entertaining. 作为招待人员, 他们为客人提供了一场表演, 使得招待活动变得非常有趣。
【熟词生义】
*I wouldn’t entertain the idea of such an unsociable job.
我不会考虑从事这种不跟人打交道的工作。(vt. 考虑)
【即学活用】
(1)用entertain的适当形式填空
Bob and Liz entertained us to dinner last night. During the time Bob told us many jokes for entertainment, making it an entertaining night.
(2)He entertained us for hours with his stories and jokes. ?
他给我们讲故事、说笑话, 让我们高兴了好几小时。
(3)To my great entertainment/Much to my entertainment, he promised to entertain us to ice cream. ?
令我非常高兴的是, 他答应请我们吃冰淇淋。
20. set up 建立, 设立, 准备, 安排, 放置
*He set up a company two years ago.
他两年前成立了一个公司。
*Give me a call on Friday to set up a time, OK?
星期五给我打电话以安排时间, 好吗?
*Set aside some time each day to write, even if it is only five minutes.
每天留出一些时间来写作, 即使只有五分钟。
*I do not want to set down a series of facts in a diary as most people do.
我不像大多数人那样在日记中记下一系列的事实。
【词块积累】
set about　　　 着手; 开始做
set aside 将……放在一边; 为……节省或保留(钱或时间)
set down 放下; 写下; 登记
set off 出发, 动身; 引发, 使爆炸, 燃放
set out 启程, 动身; 阐述; 陈列; 开始做
【名师点津】 set out与set about“开始”有不同
　　set out和set about都可表示“开始做……”, 但set out后跟动词不定式, set about后跟名词、动名词。
【即学活用】
(1)语法填空。
①Ralph W. Emerson would always set down new ideas that occurred to him.
②Upon graduation, Charlotte returned to Montreal and set up a private clinic.
③They agreed to set aside their differences and work together for peace.
(2)一句多译。
他开始着手粉刷整幢房子, 可是只完成了前面的部分。
①He set about painting the whole house but finished only the front part. (set about)?
②He set out to paint the whole house but finished only the front part. (set out)?
③He began to paint/painting the whole house but finished only the front part. (begin)?
(3)句式升级。
We set up our English club two months ago.
→Our English club was set up two months ago. ?
21. Fiona Lin, the lady running the website , had the idea after she watched her daughter dancing two years ago. 运营该网站的Fiona Lin女士, 在两年前看到女儿跳舞后产生了这个想法。?
【句式解构】running the website是现在分词短语, 作后置定语修饰the lady。
*Enjoy the beautiful countryside as you spend a day driving along the new highway connecting Cusco to lake Titicaca.
当你花一天的时间沿着连接库斯科和的的喀喀湖的公路驾车行驶时, 欣赏一下美丽的乡村。
【名师点津】 分词(短语)作定语
(1)作定语的分词如果是单个分词, 要放在所修饰的名词之前; 如果是分词短语, 则放在所修饰的名词之后。
China is a developing country.
中国是一个发展中国家。(前置定语)
The man standing there is an author.
站在那里的那个人是一名作家。(后置定语)
(2)一般来讲, 现在分词与过去分词都可以作定语, 但现在分词表示主动的、正在进行的含义, 而过去分词表示被动的、已经完成的含义。
(3)不及物动词的过去分词作定语时, 不表示被动, 只强调完成; 不及物动词的现在分词作定语时, 强调动作正在进行。它们一般都放在所修饰的名词之前。
【即学活用】
语法填空。
①For breakfast he only drinks juice from fresh fruit grown (grow) on his own farm.
②He is a student at Oxford University, studying (study) for a degree in computer science.
③The witnesses questioned (question) by the police just now gave very different descriptions of the fight.
④ There’s a note pinned to the door saying(say) when the shop will open again.
⑤Mrs White showed her students some old maps borrowed (borrow) from the library.
⑥The next thing he saw was smoke rising (rise) from behind the house.
⑦Tsinghua University, founded (found) in 1911, is home to a great number of outstanding figures.
Extended reading & Project
22. addict n. 对……入迷的人; 瘾君子 vt. 使入迷; 使上瘾
*The TV addict benefited a lot from the out-door activity.
这个电视上瘾者从这次户外活动中受益很多。
*He admits that recently he has become addicted to playing online games. 他承认最近他迷上了玩网络游戏。
*Addicted to playing the violin, he didn’t notice a thief walk into his house.
他沉迷于拉小提琴, 没有注意到有个小偷走进了他的房子。
【词块积累】
(1)addict oneself to… 沉溺于……; 醉心于……
(2)addicted adj. 入了迷的; 上了瘾的; 成瘾的
be/become/get addicted to (doing) sth. 沉迷于……; 热爱……; 迷上……
addictive adj. (药物等)使人上瘾的
(3)addiction n. 上瘾; 入迷; 嗜好
have addiction to… 对……上瘾
【名师点津】 addict“家族成员”之异同
　　addicted, addiction常与介词to连用, 后跟名词、代词或动名词作宾语。
　　addicted常修饰人; addictive意为“使人上瘾的”, 常修饰物。
【即学活用】
(1)语法填空。
①Addicting themselves to surfing (surf) the Internet, many kids have lost interest in study.
②I discovered an addiction (addict) to housework which I had never felt before.
(2)Learning you are addicted to Chinese culture, I suggest you apply for Peking University, one of the best universities in China. ?
得知你迷上了中国文化, 我建议你申请中国最好的大学之一北京大学。
23. quit vt. 停止; 戒掉; 离开
*He quit school at 15 and left home.
他15岁辍学后离开了家。
*Parents should quit putting more stress on their children.
父母应该停止给孩子施加更多的压力。
【词块积累】
quit one’s office/post/job 　　　　辞职/离职
quit doing sth. 停止做某事
【即学活用】
(1)语法填空
①(2018·北京高考)Susan had quit(quit)her well-paid job and was working as a volunteer in the neighborhood when I visited her last year. ?
②You must quit smoking(smoke)so that you can live a long life.
(2)If you quit your job, you might regret forever. ?
如果你辞掉工作, 你可能会后悔一辈子。
24. appreciate vt. 欣赏; 赏识; 感谢
*Best of all, I began to appreciate the beauty in life with my own eyes, instead of through my smartphone camera.
最重要的是, 我开始用自己的眼睛来欣赏生活中的美, 而不是通过智能手机的摄像头。
*I really appreciate working with someone who does such a good job.
我真的很乐意和工作做得这么好的人一起工作。
*I would appreciate it if you could give me the opportunity.
如果您能给我这个机会, 我将不胜感激。
【词块积累】
(1)appreciate (one’s) doing sth. 欣赏/感激(某人)做某事
I would appreciate it if… 如果……, 我将不胜感激
(2)appreciation n. 欣赏; 感激
【名师点津】 appreciate用法点睛
　　appreciate后不能用不定式, 而要用动名词作宾语。作“感激; 感谢”讲时, 其宾语不能是人, 只能是事或物。
　　appreciate之后不能直接跟if引导的从句, 要先接it再跟if从句。like, hate, dislike, love, depend/rely on等动词(词组)之后接if/when从句有类似用法。
【即学活用】
(1)语法填空。
①I don’t appreciate being treated (treat) like a second-class citizen. ?
②(2017·北京高考) In order to leave some impressive memories on all of us before graduation, our class made a special video to express our appreciation (appreciate) to our school.
③I would like to express my sincere appreciation to you for your help. That is to say, I really appreciate your coming over to help me with my maths. But I would appreciate it if you could help me finish my homework. (appreciate)
(2)句型转换。
I would be grateful to you if you could accept my application. (用appreciate改写)
→I would appreciate it if you could accept my application. ?
25. somehow adv. 不知怎么地; 以某种方式(或方法)
*Then somehow I began to feel free.
不知怎么地, 我开始感到自由了。
Everything is out of order, somehow.
不知怎么地, 一切都乱了套。
【词块积累】
somehow
(1)以某种方式; 以某种方法
(2)由于某种未知的原因; 不知怎么地
anyhow=anyway不管怎样; 无论如何
【即学活用】
(1)Look, she’s so sad. Why don’t you try to comfort her somehow(以某种方式)?
(2)Somehow(不知怎么地) I was always afraid of her.
(3)Don’t worry. We’ll get the money back somehow(通过某种途径).
(4)Somehow(不知怎么地), I just don’t think we can make it on schedule.
26. scary adj. 恐怖的, 吓人的
*That is scary, and we cannot be sure about changes in the future.
这是可怕的, 因为我们无法确定未来会发生什么变化。
*The local farmers used to light a fire to scare away the wolves.
当地的农民过去常常生火吓跑狼群。
*It was a scary adventure and we felt scared at the thought of it.
这是一次可怕的冒险, 我们一想到它就感到害怕。
【词块积累】
scare. . . away/off 　　　　　吓走/吓跑……
scare sb. into doing sth. 威胁/恐吓某人做某事
scare sb. to death 把某人吓得要死
a bomb/health scare 炸弹/卫生恐慌
a scare story 引起恐慌的报道
cause a major scare 引起严重恐慌
【导图理词】

【即学活用】
(1)Many people have been scared into buying (已经被吓得买) organic food. ?
(2)The thunder scared the baby to tears (把婴儿吓得哭了起来). ?
27. be lost in 全神贯注; 沉浸于
*Lost in her study, she didn’t notice me come in.
=Losing herself in her study, she didn’t notice me come in.
由于专心学习, 她没有注意到我走了进来。
*Don’t lose heart, whatever happens.
不管发生什么都不要气馁。
*Not only did he lose his way but also he lost his money.
他不仅迷路了, 而且还丢了钱。
*(2018·浙江高考)He said that if he quit the job, he would lose his drive to work and succeed.
他说如果他辞去工作, 他就会失去工作和获得成功的动力。
【词块积累】
(1)lost 　　　　　　　　　adj. 迷路的; 丢失的; 沉湎其中的
(2)lose (lost, lost) vt. 失去; 丢失; 错过; 输掉
lose heart 灰心, 失去信心
lose one’s way=get lost 迷路
【即学活用】
(1)You can lose everything you own but never lose heart. ?
你可以失去你拥有的一切, 但不要丧失信心。
(2) I was lost in thought when I felt a bump. ?
我想得出了神, 这时, 我感到被撞了一下。
(3)Excuse me. I lost my way/got lost. Could you tell me where the scholar cinema is, please? ?
打扰了, 我迷路了。你可以告诉我学者电影城在哪里吗?
Sometimes I had the uncomfortable feeling that this little machine had taken up too much of my time, and that I could have done something more meaningful than just looking at a tiny screen all day. 有时我有一种不舒服的感觉, 这台小机器占用了我太多的时间, 我本可以做一些更有意义的事情, 而不是整天盯着一个小屏幕。?
【句式解构】
　　that this little machine had taken up too much of my time 和 that I could have done something more meaningful than just looking at a tiny screen all day由连词and连接共同作feeling 的同位语。
*The news that Tom was arrested was untrue.
汤姆被捕的消息是不真实的。
*The suggestion that the students (should) have plenty of exercise is very good. 学生们应该做大量运动的建议是很好的。
*I had no idea that you were here. 我不知道你在这里。
【名师点津】
　　同位语从句在句中作某一名词的同位语, 对名词作进一步解释, 说明其具体内容。
(1)可接同位语从句的名词有fact, news, idea, doubt, thought, question, feeling, promise, truth, report, possibility, problem 等。
(2)连接词。
①连接代词: which, who。
②连接副词: when, where, why, how 等。
③that, whether。
【知识延伸】
that 引导的同位语从句与定语从句
(1)从句意义不同
同位语从句对前面的名词起补充说明的作用, 表示该名词的具体内容; 定语从句修饰或限定前面的名词。
(2)功能不同
同位语从句中that 是连接词, 在从句中不充当成分, 一般不省略; 定语从句中that 是关系代词, 在从句中充当成分, 作宾语时可以省略。
(3)先行词不同
同位语从句的先行词是表示抽象概念的词; 定语从句的则是表示抽象概念或具体概念的词。
【即学活用】
语法填空。
(1)The notice came around two in the afternoon that the meeting would be put off.
(2)I have no idea why this cell phone doesn’t work, so could you fix it for me?
(3)The manager put forward a suggestion that we should have an assistant. There is too much work to do.
(4)There’s a possibility that we will travel to Europe this summer vacation.
(5)There is little doubt in your mind that he is innocent, is there?
(6)The only way to succeed at the highest level is to have total belief that you are better than anyone else on the sports field.
Head down, eyes on my smartphone, I stepped into the road and a car shot past, nearly knocking me off my feet! 我低着头, 眼睛盯着智能手机, 走到马路上, 一辆车飞驰而过, 差点撞倒我! ?
【句式解构】
　　句子中Head down, eyes on my smartphone为“逻辑主语+现在分词”的独立主格结构。独立主格结构的逻辑主语与主句的主语不一致, 它独立存在。
*Mary has written two novels, both of them having been made into television series.
玛丽已经写了两部小说, 这两部小说都被拍成了电视剧。
*All the tickets sold when they arrived, they went away, disappointed.
当他们到达的时候, 票都卖光了, 他们失望地走开了。
【名师点津】 浅谈独立主格结构
　　该结构一般作状语, 表示时间、条件、原因、伴随状况等, 常见的独立结构:
(1)名词/代词+名词。
(2)名词/代词+形容词/副词/介词短语。
(3)名词/代词+现在分词/ 过去分词/不定式。
【即学活用】
(1)The human body is composed of organs, each having a definite job to do (每一个都有特定的工作去做). ?
(2)Lots of work to do(要做), I have to stay at home all day. ?
(3)我手里拿着剑跟着他来到这。
译文: I followed him here, sword in hand. ?
(4)句型转换。
The trees there are extremely tall, and some measure over 90 meters.
→The trees there are extremely tall, some measuring over 90 meters. ?
(5)Then the tiger leapt backwards, back arched(arch) and fur on end, tail held out stiffly. 　　
动词-ing形式作定语、状语和宾语补足语

用所给动词的适当形式补全下列课文原句并体会它们的用法
1. You can compare styles and prices quickly and easily in the comfort of your living (live)room.
2. You also need to show respect when communicating (communicate)with other online users.
3. You can make your argument more convincing (convince)and more likely to be accepted by the reader. ?

一、 动词-ing形式作定语
1. 单个的动词-ing形式可以作前置定语, 一般具有两种含义。
(1)说明被修饰名词的用途和性能。
*a reading room=a room which is used for reading　阅览室
*running shoes=shoes for running　跑鞋
*a working method=a method for working　工作方法
(2)表示所修饰的人或物的动作或状态, 在意思上接近一个定语从句, 可以表示正在进行的动作, 也可表示经常性动作或当时的状态。
*developing countries = countries that are developing
发展中国家
*an ordinary-looking house = a house that looks ordinary
看起来很普通的房子
*a puzzling problem = a problem that puzzles somebody
困扰人的问题
2. 作定语的动词-ing形式如果是一个短语, 则应放在被修饰词的后面, 作后置定语, 相当于一个定语从句。
*They lived in a house facing south. (=which is facing south)
他们住在一所朝南的房子里。
*Do you know the boy playing basketball? (=who is playing basketball)你认识在打篮球的那个小男孩吗?
*The man visiting Japan (=who is visiting Japan ) is my uncle.
正在访问日本的那个男人是我的叔叔。
【即学活用】
语法填空
(1)Laura was away in Paris for over a week. When she got home, there was a pile of mails waiting (wait)for her.
(2)In the following(follow)years he worked even harder.
(3)The man speaking(speak)to the teacher is our monitor’s father.
(4)We felt delighted to see the rising(rise)sun.
(5)A barking(bark)dog doesn’t bite.
二、动词-ing形式作状语
　　动词-ing形式可以作状语, 在句中表示时间、原因、结果、条件、让步、行为方式或伴随情况等。动词-ing形式作时间、原因、条件、让步状语时多位于句首; 作结果、伴随情况状语时常位于句末。
1. 表示时间, 相当于一个时间状语从句。
*Having made full preparations (= After we have made full preparations), we are ready for the examination.
我们已经作好了充分准备, 现在可以应考了。
2. 表示原因, 相当于一个原因状语从句。
*Being ill (= Since he was ill), he didn’t go to school yesterday.
由于生病, 他昨天没有上学。
3. 表示结果, 相当于一个并列谓语。
*His father died, leaving him a lot of money (=and left him a lot of money).
他父亲去世了, 留给他许多钱。
4. 表示条件, 相当于一个条件状语从句。
*Working hard at your lessons (=If you work hard at your lessons), you will succeed. 如果你努力学习, 就一定能成功。
5. 表示让步, 相当于一个让步状语从句。
*Knowing all this (=Although they knew all this), they made me pay for the damage. 尽管知道了一切情况, 他们还是要我赔偿损失。
6. 表示行为方式、伴随情况或补充说明, 相当于一个并列结构。
*He lay on the grass, staring at the sky for a long time (=and stared at the sky for a long time). 他躺在草地上, 盯着天空看了很久。
【即学活用】
he news, the journalists soon arrived at the scene.
②He stayed at home, cleaning(clean)and washing(wash).
③The young writer worked all day and all night, thus making(make)himself near-sighted.
(2)句型转换。
①Because we are good friends, we should help him out.
→Being good friends, we should help him out. ?
②Because they saw their teacher was approaching, the students stopped talking.
→Seeing their teacher approaching, the students stopped talking. ?
③While I was waiting for the plane, I had a chat with him.
→While waiting for the plane, I had a chat with him. ?
三、动词-ing形式作宾语补足语
1. 动词-ing形式作宾语补足语常放在宾语后面, 表示一个正在进行的主动性的动作, 强调一个过程或一种状态。
*When we returned, we found a stranger standing in front of the house.
当我们回来时, 我们发现房子前面站着一个陌生人。
2. 当主句转换为被动结构时, 原来作宾语补足语的动词-ing形式便转换为主语补足语。
*They found the film very exciting.
=The film is found very exciting.
3. 能用-ing形式作宾语补足语的几类动词:
(1)表示感觉和心理状态的感官动词(常见的有see, hear, feel, smell, find, notice, observe, look at, listen to等)+ sb. + doing sth. (作宾语补足语)。
*I felt somebody standing behind me. 我感觉有人站在我身后。
(2)表示指使意义的使役动词(常见的有have, set, keep, get, catch, leave等)+sb. / sth. + doing sth. (作宾语补足语)。
*We kept the fire burning all night long. 我们让火整夜燃烧着。
*I won’t have you running about in the room.
我不允许你在房间里跑来跑去。
4. see, hear, feel, watch等动词之后用-ing形式和省略to的动词不定式作宾语补足语的区别:
*We heard the telephone ring. 我们听到电话响过。
* We heard the telephone ringing. 我们听到电话在响。
前者表示动作的全过程, 后者表示(或强调)动作正在进行。
【即学活用】
语法填空。
(1)The headmaster found those students studying(study)very hard. (表示动作)
(2)I didn’t notice the photographer leaving(leave). (表示动作)
(3)I heard my schoolmate calling(call) my name. (表示动作)
(4)I heard my schoolmate call(call)my name. (表示过程)
(5)With his attention concentrated on his study, he didn’t notice me come (come)in. (表示过程)

语法填空
　　A 90-year-old has been awarded “Woman Of The Year” for 1. being (be) Britain’s oldest full-time employee—still 2. working (work)40 hours a week. Now Irene Astbury works at the pet shop 3. running (run)from 9 am to 5 pm daily. Her years of hard work have 4. finally (final) been acknowledged after a customer nominated(提名)her to be Cheshire’s Woman Of The Year.
5. Picking (pick) up her “Lifetime Achievement” award, proud Irene 6. declared (declare) she had no plans 7. to retire (retire) from her 36-year-old business. Irene said, “I don’t see any reason to give up work. I love coming here and 8. seeing (see)my family and all the friends I 9. have made (make)over the years. ” ?
Granddaughter Gayle Parks said, “We don’t have any idea who put grandma forward. When we got a call 10. saying (say)she was short-listed, we thought it was a joke. But then we got an official letter and we were blown away. We are so proud of her. ”