高中英语牛津译林版（2019）必修 第三册Unit 4 Scientists who changed the world 单元知识点详解 学案

B3U4　Scientists who changed the world
Welcome to the unit & Reading
survival n. 生存, 存活; 残存物, 幸存事物
*Thanks to her discovery of qinghaosu, malaria patients all over the world now have had a greatly increased chance of survival.
由于她发现了青蒿素, 世界各地的疟疾患者现在有了极大的生存机会。
*Several buildings in the town have survived from medieval times.
镇上有几座建筑物是从中世纪时期留存下来的。
*He survived the earthquake.
他在地震中幸存下来。
词块积累：
(1)survival　n. 幸存; 残留下来的人(物)
survivor n. 幸存者
(2)A survive B (by. . . ) A比B活得长(……)
survive sth. (经历意外、战争、疾病等后)幸存, 活下来
survive on 靠……生存下来
即学活用：
(1)语法填空。
①How does the family survive on such a small monthly wage?
②It’s said that the woman survived her husband by 10 years.
③Determining where we are in relation to our surroundings remains an essential skill for our survival (survive).
(2)句式升级。
After she had survived that night, she was confident that everything else would be all right.
→Having survived that night, she was confident that everything else would be all right. (用现在分词短语作状语改写)?
2. intend vi. &vt. 想要; 计划; 意指
*In the 1960s, many people were dying of malaria, and in 1969 Tu became head of a team that intended to find a cure for the disease.
在20世纪60年代, 许多人死于疟疾, 1969年屠呦呦担任了一个课题组的组长, 这个小组计划找到该疾病的治疗方法。
*I intend you to come with me. 我打算让你和我一起去。
*We intend that production will start next month.
我们打算下个月开始生产。
*The program was set up with the intention of providing help for homeless people.
设立这个项目的目的是为无家可归的人提供帮助。
【词块积累】
(1)intend doing/to do sth. 　　 打算去做某事
intend sb. to do sth. 打算让某人去做某事
sb. intend(s) that =It is intended that 打算
(2)intended adj. 预期的, 有意的
be intended for. . . 为……准备
(3)intention n. 意图
with the intention of. . . 怀着……的意图
即学活用：
①We intend going/to go (go) to Australia next year. ?
②I didn’t intend her to see (see) the painting until it was finished. ?
③She had a firm intention (intend) within herself to be the best swimmer.
(2)这本词典专为高中生量身打造。(be intended for)
译文: The dictionary is intended for senior high school students. ?
3. inspire vt. 鼓舞; 激励; 启发思考
*Inspired by an over 1, 600-year-old text about preparing qinghao extract with cold water, Tu redesigned the experiments and tried extracting the herb at a low temperature in order not to damage its effective part.
据一本1 600多年前的古籍记载, 古人通过冷水制备青蒿提取物, 受此启发, 屠呦呦重新设计了实验, 为了不破坏其(抗疟的)有效成分, 她尝试在低温下提取。
*How do you inspire your students to do their best?
你如何激励你的学生们, 使他们发挥出最好水平呢?
*I inspired Tom with hope. 我用希望激励汤姆。
*I can not write without inspiration. 没有灵感我写不出东西。
【词块积累】
(1)inspire sb. to do sth. 　 激励某人做某事
inspire sb. with sth. 用……来激励某人
inspire sth. in sb. 激起某人某种情感
(2)inspired adj. 受到鼓舞的
(3)inspiring adj. 鼓舞人心的; 启发灵感的
(4) inspiration n. 灵感; 鼓舞
即学活用：语法填空
①The captain’s heroic effort inspired them with determination.
=The captain’s heroic effort inspired determination in them.
②His speech was so inspiring(inspire)that his students were inspired to study (study) harder than ever before. ?
③Inspired(inspire) by my good friend, I intended to study abroad.
limited adj. 有限的
*Time is limited and let’s come straight to the point.
时间有限, 我们开门见山吧。
*The damage was limited to the roof. 损坏仅限于屋顶。
*We should set a limit to/on what our children can do.
我们应该为孩子们能做的事设定一个限度。
*There is no limit to what you can do if you are hardworking. 你如果努力的话, 成就无可限量。
【词块积累】
(1)be limited to 　　　　　　 限定在……
limit. . . to. . . (=be limited to) 把……限制在……内
limit sb. to (doing) sth. 限制某人(做)某事
(2)limit n. 限度; 限制 vt. 限制; 限定
beyond/over the limit 超过限度
within/without limits 适度地/ 无节制地
set a limit to/on 在……上设定限度
There is a/no limit to. . . ……是有/ 无限度的(to 是介词)
(3)limitless adj. 无限的
即学活用：
(1) 语法填空
① In my opinion, taking cellphones with the students should not be banned, but limited(limit) to certain areas.
②As we all know, a person’s life is limited, but knowledge is limitless. (limit)
③I’ll help as much as I can, but there is a limit to what I can do.
(2)In my opinion, you had better set a limit to the expense of your trip. ?
在我看来, 你们最好给你们的旅行费用定一个限度。
(3)To lose weight, he limits himself to three cups of milk and several fruits a day. ?
为了减肥, 他限制自己一天只喝三杯牛奶, 吃几个水果。
beneficial adj. 有益的; 有用的
*Perhaps the next generation of scientists, drawing on the wisdom of traditional Chinese medicine, will indeed discover more medicines beneficial to global health care.
也许下一代科学家利用中医的智慧, 确实会发现更多有益于全球卫生保健的药物。
*The money is used for the benefit of the poor.
这笔钱是用来造福穷人的。
*The rain will benefit the crops greatly.
这场雨对庄稼大有好处。
*I am sure everyone will benefit a lot from this activity.
我相信每个人都会从这次活动中受益良多。
【词块积累】
benefit 　　　　　v. /n. 使受益/好处
benefit from/by 得益于……, 从……中受益
to one’s benefit 对某人有益
be of benefit to=be beneficial to 对……益处
for the benefit of sb. =for one’s benefit 为了某人的利益
(1)语法填空。
①It is said that yoga is of great benefit to human health. In other words, we can benefit from/by yoga.
②In fact, music education is beneficial(benefit) and important to all the students.
(2)Taking plenty of exercise can be of great benefit to (对……非常有好处) your health. ?
(3)China has been pushing the reform of public hospitals for the benefit of(为了……的利益) all its citizens. ?
6. conduct vt. /vi. 组织, 实施; 指挥; 引导; 举止; 传导n. 行为
*(2020·全国Ⅰ卷)To test the effect of social influence on eating habits, the researchers conducted two experiments.
为了测试社会影响力对饮食习惯的影响, 研究人员进行了两个实验。
*So far we have conducted a variety of activities on English learning.
到目前为止, 我们已经开展了各种各样的英语学习活动。
*The guide conducted us around the West Lake.
导游带我们游览了西湖。
*Make sure you conduct yourself as a good neighbour should.
你一定要像一个好邻居一样行事。
*Confucius suggested a principle for the conduct of life “Do not do to others what you would not want others to do to you. ”
孔子提出了“己所不欲, 勿施于人”的人生准则。
【词块积累】
(1)conduct sb. around. . . 　　　带某人参观……
conduct sb. to. . . 带某人去……
conduct oneself well/badly (行为)表现好/差
(2)conduction n. 传导
conductor n. 指挥, 售票员
(1)语法填空。
①The orchestra(管弦乐队)were all in position, waiting for the conductor(conduct).
②Iron, being a metal, readily conducts(conduct) heat.
(2)写出句中黑体单词的汉语释义。
①His conduct disagrees (不一致)with his words. (行为)
②To conduct the study they chose 15 male dogs and 15 female ones aged between one and six years. (进行)
③He conducted himself far better than expected. (表现)
7. draw upon/on利用; 凭借; 依靠, 依赖; 临近
*Drawing upon more than 1, 500 years of Chinese music, Twelve Girls Band mixes this rich tradition with classical, folk and contemporary sounds.
凭借一千五百多年的中国音乐, 女子十二乐坊把这些丰富的传统与古典、民间和当代的声音融合在了一起。
*As the people draw near they can hear the deep growling roar. 人们走近时能听到深沉的轰隆声。
*It is important to draw a conclusion from the facts.
从事实中得出结论很重要。
*They agreed to draw up a formal agreement.
他们同意起草一份正式协议。
【词块积累】
draw near/close 　　　　　　　 (时间、空间的)临近
draw a conclusion (from. . . ) (从……中)得出结论
draw one’s attention (to. . . ) 吸引某人的注意(……)
draw up 草拟
(1)写出下列句中draw upon/on的含义。
①Musicians often draw upon their imagination for composing. 利用; 凭借
②I will draw upon you for help when necessary. 依靠
③The College Entrance Examination is drawing on, so we must devote ourselves to studying. 临近
(2)Scientists have drawn a conclusion that smoking is greatly associated with lung cancer. ?科学家们已得出结论: 肺癌与吸烟有很大的关系。
8. point out指出
*In her Nobel Lecture, Tu Youyou referred to the strengths of both Chinese medicine and Western medicine, and pointed out that there is great potential for future advances if scientists make good use of these strengths.
屠呦呦在诺贝尔奖演讲中提到了中医和西医的优势, 并指出如果科学家充分利用这些优势, 未来的发展潜力巨大。
*To me, this is a very thought-provoking argument, as it points out the benefits of online friendships.
对我来说, 这是一个非常发人深省的论点, 因为它指出了网上交友的好处。
*He is pointing to the north. 他正在指向北方。
*Bob is pointing at a tree. Bob正在指着一棵树。
*She was on the point of going out when the telephone rang.
她正要出去, 电话铃响了。
point out是由“动词+副词”构成的短语, 所以后面的宾语若是代词, 应把代词放在point与out之间。
【词块积累】
point to　　　 指向(强调方向)
point at 指向(强调目标), 指着
be on the point of doing sth. when. . .
正要/即将……的时候/ 在……之际; 正要
(1)Mike asked me to point out (指出) the mistakes in his exercises. ?
(2)Not far from there, you’ll see a signpost pointing to(指向) the town you want to go to. ?
(3)On the one hand, the expert pointed out the advantages of cloning technology, but on the other hand, he did not support cloning research. ?
一方面, 这个专家指出了克隆技术的优点; 但是另一方面, 他不支持克隆研究。
refer to查阅, 参考; 提到, 谈及, 提交; 指的是
*When they failed to produce any promising results, Tu referred to the ancient books of traditional Chinese medicine again.
当他们没有取得任何有希望的结果时, 屠呦呦再次求助于中医古籍。
*While giving the English speech, one is not allowed to refer to the notes.
在进行英语演讲时, 不允许查阅演讲稿。
*The scientist referred to global warming at least three times in his speech.
这位科学家在演讲中至少三次提到全球变暖。
*The word “business” also refers to an organization that provides goods and services.
商业这个词也指提供商品和服务的组织。
*My colleague said that as the situation was unusual, he would refer the matter to his editor.
我的同事说, 由于情况不同寻常, 他将把此事提交给他的编辑处理。
用所给单词或词块的正确形式替换黑体部分, 使句意保持不变。
mean, look it up in, mention
①In his speech, he referred to a recent trip to Canada. (mentioned)
②When you meet with a new word, you can refer to a dictionary. (look it up in)?
③The term “multitasking” referred to a computer’s ability to carry out several tasks at one time. (meant)
speed up加速
*To speed up the process and ensure its safety, Tu and her team volunteered to test the qinghao extract on themselves first.
为了加快这一过程并确保其安全性, 屠呦呦和她的团队自愿先在自己身上测试青蒿提取物。
*Make the rural economy flourish and speed up urbanization.
繁荣农村经济, 加快城市化进程。
*The boat was on the inside of the huge whirlpool and we were going round in circles at great speed.
船在巨大的漩涡里, 我们正以极快的速度在漩涡里打转。
*The car is running at a speed of fifty kilometers an hour.
这辆小车正以每小时50千米的速度行驶着。
【词块积累】
at full speed　　　　　　　　 以全速
at top speed 以最高速
at a speed of 以……的速度
at the speed of light/sound 以光速/声速
(1)语法填空。
①Do you know the speed at which a rocket travels?
②Standing at the top of the hill, we saw the train gradually speeded up and disappeared in the distance.
(2)The truck was travelling at a speed of(以……的速度) 50 mph. ?
(3)They drove to the hospital at top speed(以最高速). ?
(4)After driving at high/great speed(以高速), Mark arrived at the destination half an hour early. ?
sb. /sth. is likely to do sth. (√)
sb. /sth. is possible/probable to do sth. (×)
likely既可用人又可用物作主语; possible和probable作表语时不能用人或物作主语。
(1)语法填空。
①If you find something you love doing outside of the office, you’ll be less likely to bring(bring) your work home. ?
②It is likely that virtual reality will become a part of modern life in the near future.
(2)选词填空: possible/likely/probable。
①It is highly likely/possible/probable that he will take over his father’s business.
②He is likely to make rapid progress in English because he is studying hard.
③It is possible for you to grow this flower even in winter.
④Brian is gifted in writing music; he is very likely to be a Beethoven.
11. However, it was hard to produce enough qinghao extract for large trials because research resources were limited. ?
然而, 由于研究资源和有限, 很难生产足够的青蒿提取物用于大规模试验。
【句式解构】
　　本句含有“It is+形容词十不定式”结构。其中It是形式主语, 不定式短语是真正的主语。
* It is hard to think of a world without metals.
很难想象一个没有金属的世界(是什么样子)。
*It is considerate of you to see me off.
你为我送行真体贴。
*It is tough for me to finish the task.
完成这项任务对我来说很难。
It is/was+adj. (for/of sb. )+to do sth.
在“It is/was+adj. (for/of sb. )+to do sth. ”结构中, for前面的形容词通常是difficult, necessary, important, quick, easy等, 这些形容词多与事物的特征有关。而 of 前面的形容词常常是wise, kind, stupid, silly, bright, nice, good等, 这些形容词常与人的性格特点有关。
【知识延伸】
It作形式主语的常见句型:
(1)It is+adj. +(for/of sb. ) to do sth.
(2)It is+adj. /n. +that从句
(3)It is no good/use doing sth. 做某事是没有好处/用处的
(4)It is+过去分词+that从句
(1)语法填空。
①Sometimes it may be helpful to use(use) examples to explain abstract concepts. ?
②It’s kind of you to lend me a hand.
③It is difficult for the boy to solve the problem.
④ It’s no use arguing (argue) with her—she won’t listen.
(2)句式升级。
①You are careless to make so many mistakes in the exam.
→It is careless of you to make so many mistakes in the exam. ?
②He didn’t pass the exam and that’s a shame.
→It is a shame that he didn’t pass the exam. ?
【要点拾遗】
12. award n. 奖; 奖品; 奖金 vt. 授予; 颁发; 奖励
*Tu Youyou has become the first female scientist of the People’s Republic of China to receive a Nobel Prize, awarded for her contribution to the fight against malaria, one of the deadliest diseases in human history.
*They awarded the first prize to John.
他们把一等奖授予约翰。
*Learning that he won an award for his album, the composer felt very proud of himself.
得知自己的专辑获奖后, 这位作曲家感到非常自豪。
【词块积累】
get/receive/win an award(for. . . ) 　 因……获奖
give sb. an award 给某人颁奖
present an award 颁奖
award sb. sth. =award sth. to sb. 授予某人某种荣誉
词语辨析award , reward与 prize
(1)award多指奖励、奖赏、奖品, 都与“荣誉”有关, 动词是“授予, 颁发”。
(2)reward含前缀re-“再、又”, 有“返还”之意。是“以回报的方式奖励、奖赏”, 因此常译为“回报、报答、酬谢”等。(a) reward for(doing) sth. (做)某事的奖励
(3)prize指在比赛、竞赛中获得的奖; first prize一等奖
(1)语法填空。
①The Olympic winner received a gold medal as an award.
②It is within our power to reward him for his bravery.
③Mo Yan was awarded(award)the Nobel Prize in Literature in 2012, which made one of the Chinese people’s longheld dreams come true. ?
(4)He won the award for his excellent performance. ?
他由于出色的表演而获奖。
(5)The winner was awarded a gold medal.
=A gold medal was awarded to the winner. ?
获胜者被授予了一枚金牌。
13. pay off成功, 奏效, 达到目的; 还清
*The efforts of Tu and her team finally paid off.
屠呦呦和其团队的努力终于有了回报。
*He studied hard before the examination, and it paid off. He made an A. 他在考试前努力学习, 结果得到了回报。他得了A。
*Once we’ve paid off the debts, we’ll owe money to no one.
一旦我们还清了债务, 我们就不欠任何人钱了。
*Over 1, 000 workers will be paid off if this factory closes.
如果这家工厂关闭, 一千多名工人将获得遣散费。
【词块积累】
pay off
(1)用于pay off sth. 或 pay sth. off结构。
通常接account, debt, loan等作宾语。
(2)用于sth. pay off结构。通常用effort,
hard work, persistence等作主语。
(3)用于 pay sb. off结构。
pay for 支付; 为……付出代价
翻译句子。
①他们将在25年内还清债务。
They will pay off their debts within 25 years. / Their debts will be paid off within 25 years. ?
②辛勤的劳动没有白费。
Hard work pays off. ?

Grammar and usage & Integrated skills
1. surround vt. 围绕; 环绕; 与……紧密相关
*He observed that the bacteria surrounding the mould were dead. 他观察到霉菌周围的细菌都死了。
*When the car stopped in the town square it was surrounded by soldiers and militiamen.
当这辆汽车停在城镇广场时立刻被士兵和民兵包围了。
*Schumacher adapted effortlessly to his new surroundings.
舒马赫非常轻松地适应了新环境。
【词块积累】
surround sb. /sth. with /by. . . 使某人/某物被……包围
surrounding n. 周围的事物; 环境(通常用复数形式) adj. 周围的
(1)语法填空。
①The trees surrounding(surround)the town were planted by the soldiers ten years ago.
②Only in this way can we live in more comfortable and beautiful surroundings (surround).
③Surrounded (surround)by a dozen of children, the women happily celebrated her 80th birthday.
(2)语段填空。
As a famous pop star, he loves ①being surrounded by so many fans coming to visit him before the ②surrounding towns. And he also likes beautiful ③surroundings with green trees and flowers, because he can get much more pleasure from nature (surround). ?
2. indicate v. 指出; 提及; 表明; 暗示; 示意
*The results indicated that something produced by the mould had killed the bacteria.
结果表明, 霉菌产生的某种物质杀死了细菌。
*The number of wells is a fair indicator of the demand for water.
水井的数量能较准确地反映水需求量的大小。
*All the indications are that we are going to receive reasonable support from abroad.
所有迹象都表明, 我们将从国外获得有力支持。
【词块积累】
indicate sth. to sb. 　　　 向某人示意/ 指出某事
indicate that. . . 指示/表明……
indication n. 暗示; 表示; 预兆
indicator 指示器
【巧学助记】 构词记忆 in(向内)+ dic-(说, 讲)+ ate(动词词尾)→indicate v. 暗示
语法填空。
①There is a great deal of evidence indicating(indicate)that music activities engage different parts of the brain.
②The headmaster took out a map and indicated the quickest route to us.
③He indicated that an indicator should give me some indication of how I did in the test. (indicate)
(2)According to an old proverb, a red sky at night often indicates fine weather(预示着好天气)the next day. ?
3. favo(u)r n. 帮助、恩惠; 赞成; 善意的行为; 偏爱; 支持; 有利于
*As Louis Pasteur said, “Fortune favours the prepared mind. ”
正如路易·巴斯德所说: “幸运总是垂青有准备的人。”
*As an examiner, she showed no favour to any candidate.
作为主考人她没有偏袒任何应试者。
*Can I ask you a favour? 我可以请你帮个忙吗?
*I am all in favour of (= completely support) equal pay for equal work. 我完全支持同工同酬。
【词块积累】
(1)ask a favour of sb. 　　 请某人帮忙/照顾
do a favour for sb. =do sb. a favour 给某人恩惠, 帮某人忙
in favour of 支持, 赞同
(2)favourite adj. 最喜爱的
语法填空。
①Most of them were in favour of my opinion while David was against it.
②I owed him a favour, so I couldn’t say no.
(2)I talked to Susie about it, and she’s in favour of going(赞成去). ?
(3)Could you do me a favour/do a favour for me(帮我一个忙)and turn off that light? ?
4. charge v. 充电; 收费; 控告; 谴责; 使……承担责任; 使充满 n. 收费; 控告; 谴责; 掌管
*When a thunderstorm approached, the lightning would charge the key. 当雷雨来临时, 闪电就会给钥匙充电。
*Any driver found drinking will be charged.
所有被发现饮酒的司机将会被罚款。
*He was charged with murder. 他被指控犯有谋杀罪。
*We have to make a small charge for refreshments.
我们得收取少量茶点费。
*He took charge of the farm after his father’s death.
他在父亲去世后掌管了农场。
【词块积累】
(1)in charge (of) 　　　　　 主管; 负责; 照顾
in the charge of=in one’s charge 由某人负责, 由某人管理
take charge of 掌管; 负责, 看管
free of charge=for free 免费
(2)charge sb. with sth. 因某事控告某人
charge sb. (money) for sth. 向某人索取……的费用
表示“控告某人某事”还可以用accuse sb. of sth. 结构。注意介词搭配的不同。
语法填空。
①We choose this hotel because the price for a night here is down to $20, half of what it used to charge(charge). ?
②Your order will be delivered free of charge within a ten-mile limit.
同义句转换。
The shop was in his charge while the manager was away.
①The shop was in the charge of him while the manager was away. ?
②He was in charge of the shop while the manager was away. ?
③He took charge of the shop while the manager was away. ?
5. far from远非
*One might think Fleming discovered penicillin by accident, but actually this is far from the truth. 有人可能会认为弗莱明发现青霉素是出于偶然, 然而实际上, 这远非事实。
*In fact, far from being a book about death, it is a book about life. 事实上, 这不是一本关于死亡的书, 而是一本关于生命的书。
* If you get to know him, you will find he is far from a fool.
如果你和他熟悉了, 就会发现他一点也不傻。
*So far we have done a lot to build a low-carbon economy, but it is far from ideal. We have to work still harder.
到目前为止, 我们已经做了很多工作来建立一个低碳经济, 但它离理想还很远。 我们还要更努力地工作。
【词块积累】
far from+n. /adj. 　　离……很远; 远离; 远非……
far from doing sth. 决不会做某事
far from it 完全相反; 远非如此
语法填空。
(1)Your exam results are far from satisfactory. It’s time for you to double your effort.
(2)Far from helping(help) the situation, you have just made it worse.
6. go through穿过; 经历; 通过; 浏览; 仔细检查; 完成
*He worked out that by flying a kite during a thunderstorm, electricity could go through the wet kite line down to earth.
他发现在雷雨天气放风筝, 电可以通过湿风筝线到达地面。
*You will eventually have to go through that drawer.
你最后需要检查一下抽屉。
*He expected the transfer to go through by today’s noon deadline. 他希望转账在今天中午的最后期限之前完成。
*It is not until he goes through real hardship that he realizes the love we have for our families is important.
直到他经历真正的困难他才意识到我们对家人的爱的重要性。
【词块积累】
get through 　　 通过(考试等); 接通电话: 完成; 用完
look through 浏览; 查看
break through 冲破; 突破
see through 看穿, 识破
(1)写出下列句中go through的含义
①I went through my homework to make sure that nothing had been missed. 详细检查
②As you go through this book, you will find that each of the millions of people who lived through World War II had a different experience. 读完
③It’s love and responsibility that have driven him to go through many hardships and survive. 经历
④As soon as the law goes through, more food in the super-market will have to be marked with its origin. 通过
7. The story goes like this: Franklin had found lightning interesting for years, believing it was actually electricity. 故事是这样的: 多年来, 富兰克林发现闪电很有趣, 他认为它实际上是电。?
【句式解构】find +宾语+形容词, 意为: 发现某物……
*We find the new film that we saw last night very interesting.
我们觉得昨晚我们看的新电影很有趣。
*I find my cat asleep in my bed.
我发现我的猫睡在我的床上。
*After a long search , we found the boy safe and sound.
经过长久的搜寻, 我们发现那个男孩安然无恙。
find+宾语+宾语补足语
“find+oneself+宾语补足语”通常表示“(在事先毫无知觉的情况下)突然发现自己处于某种状态”。find的常见复合宾语结构:
(1)find+宾语十现在分词/过去分词/形容词/介词短语发现某人/某物……
(2)find +it+ 形容词/名词+to do sth.
发现/认为做某事……
(1)语法填空。
①When he came to life, he found himself sitting(sit) on a chair, with his hands tied(tie) back.
②But when the police arrived, they found the door locked (lock) and all windows closed(close).
③The two girls are so alike that strangers find it difficult to tell(tell) one from the other. ?
动词-ed形式作定语、状语和宾语补足语
一、动词-ed形式作定语
　　过去分词作定语往往与被修饰的词靠得很紧, 渐渐地成为一个复合词。这种分词叫分词形容词 (the Participle Adjective), 实际上相当于一个单纯的形容词, 除表示“完成”的动作之外, 还表示“被动”的意义。如: spoken English (英语口语), iced beer (冰冻啤酒), cooked food (熟食), fried chips (炸土豆条)。
　　但要注意不及物动词的过去分词常表示“完成”的动作, 而不表示“被动”意义。如boiled water(开水), fallen leaves(落叶), the risen sun(升起的太阳)等。
(1)前置定语。
　　单个的动词-ed形式, 一般放在被修饰的名词的前面, 作前置定语。
* The excited people rushed into building.
(=the people who were excited)激动的人们冲进大楼。
*Lost time can never be found again.
(=time which is lost)虚度的时光无法挽回。
(2)后置定语。
①少数单个动词的-ed形式, 如left等, 只能作后置定语。
*Everything used should be marked.
所有用过的东西应该做好标记。
*Among the people invited were some ladies.
被邀请的人中, 有些是女士。
*The books left are for my students.
剩下的书是给我的学生的。
② 动词-ed形式短语作定语时, 通常要放在被修饰的名词的后面, 在意思上相当于一个定语从句。及物动词的过去分词作定语用来表示被动, 可改为带被动语态的定语从句; 不及物动词的过去分词(仅限于单个过去分词, 且不能后置)则表示完成, 可改为带有完成时态的定语从句。
*Is there anything planned for tonight? (=that has been planned for tonight)
今晚有什么活动吗?
*The meeting, attended by a lot of people(=which was attended by a lot of people), was a success.
这次会议有很多人出席, 开得很成功。
*We drank some boiled(=which had boiled) water and went on with our work.
我们喝了一些开水后就继续工作。
　　注意: 这里的过去分词的逻辑主语应是被修饰的词, 改为定语从句时关系代词应与之一致。
二、动词-ed形式作状语
1. 过去分词作状语表示被动或完成, 但有些过去分词(短语)因来源于系表结构, 作状语时不表动作而表状态。这样的过去分词(短语)常见的有 lost (迷路), seated (坐), absorbed in (全神贯注于), dressed in (穿着), tired of (厌烦)等。如:
*Absorbed in deep thought, he didn’t hear the sound.
因为沉浸在思考之中, 所以他没听到那个声音。
2. 过去分词作状语来源于状语从句, 在句中一般能作五种状语, 即时间、原因、条件、让步和方式状语。如:
*Caught in a heavy rain, he was all wet.
因为淋了一场大雨, 所以他全身湿透了。
(Caught in a heavy rain 相当于原因状语从句Because he was caught in a heavy rain)
*Grown in rich soil, these seeds can grow fast.
如果种在肥沃的土壤里, 这些种子能长得很快。
(Grown in rich soil相当于条件状语从句If these seeds are grown in rich soil)
点津
①当从句的主语与主句的主语一致时, 才可以把从句的主语省略, 且省略掉的主语与其逻辑谓语是被动关系或表示状态。
*When given a medical examination, you should keep calm.
当你做体检时要保持镇定。
②把状语从句改为过去分词作状语时有时还可保留连词, 构成“连词+过去分词”结构作状语, 即“while (when, once, until, if, though等连词)+过去分词”结构。如:
*Though beaten by the opposite team, the players didn’t lose heart.
尽管这些球员被对方球队打败了, 但他们并没有灰心。
三、动词-ed形式作宾语补足语
1. 能用作宾语补足语的过去分词一般都是及物动词, 表示被动意义或已完成意义, 有时候两者兼而有之。作宾语补足语的过去分词与宾语有逻辑上的动宾关系, 即宾语是过去分词动作的对象。
*My grandfather had his old house rebuilt.
我爷爷找人重修了一下他的旧房子。
*They found all the guests gone when they woke up.
当他们醒来时, 发现所有的客人都走了。
2. 动词的-ed形式可以在“主语+谓语+宾语+宾语补足语”句型中充当宾语补足语。在这一结构中, 动词-ed形式和它前面的宾语构成逻辑上的被动关系。如果这种句子改为被动语态, 原来的宾语补足语变成了主语补足语。
*I must get my bike repaired.
我必须请人修理我的自行车。(宾语补足语)
*The girl was found beaten black and blue.
人们发现那女孩被打得青一块紫一块。(主语补足语)
(1)动词-ed形式可作表示感觉和心理状态的动词的宾语补足语, 这类动词包括see, hear, watch, notice, feel, find, think, suppose, consider等。
*We thought the game lost. 我们认为比赛输了。
*I have never heard him spoken ill of others.
我从未听过有人说他的坏话。
*They considered the matter settled.
他们认为这问题解决了。
(2) 动词-ed形式可作使役动词的宾语补足语, 这类动词包括make, get, have, keep, leave, hold等。
*I have my hair cut once a month.
我每个月理一次发。
*He was trying to make himself understood.
他试图让别人明白他的意思。
“have+宾语+done”结构有三个含义:
① (请人)把某事做完。
*She had her house repaired. 她请人把屋子修好了。
*Where did you have your hair cut? 你在哪儿理的发?
②遭遇某种意外情况。
*He had his hat blown away on his way home.
在回家的路上他的帽子被吹掉了。
*She had her wallet stolen yesterday.
昨天她的钱包被偷了。
③完成某事 (自己也可能参与)。
*I have had all my spelling mistakes corrected.
我把所有的拼写错误都改正了。
(3) 动词-ed形式可作表示希望、要求、命令等动词的宾语补足语, 这类动词包括like, want, wish, expect, order等。
*He won’t like such questions discussed at the meeting.
他不喜欢在会议上讨论这样的问题。
*The students wish the TV serial plays continued.
学生们希望电视连续剧继续播下去。
(4) 过去分词用在“with+宾语+宾语补足语”这一结构中, 过去分词与宾语之间是动宾关系。
*The thief was brought in with his hands tied behind his back. 小偷被带进来了, 双手被反绑在背后。
即学活用
(1)用所给词的适当形式填空, 并与A—C的汉语翻译相匹配。
impress/pour/speak
A. 覆水难收 B. 流连忘返　C. 一言既出, 驷马难追
①Once spoken, a word becomes a promise. C
②Once poured, water cannot be taken back again. A
③Impressed by the beautiful scenery, I forgot to go back home in time. B
(2)语法填空。
①Seen (see) from the top of the hill, the city looks beautiful to us.
②Given (give) time, he’ll make a first class tennis player.
③Looking (look) out of the window, I found many children playing on the playground.
(3)翻译句子。
1.由于被妈妈所说的话感动, 我忍不住哭了起来。
Moved by what my mother said, I couldn’t help crying. ?
2.当问到他出生在哪里时, 约翰说他是纽约人。
When asked where he was born, John said he was a New Yorker. ?
用本单元所学的语法知识填空。
　When a baby is in danger, its mother will be crazy and worried. This is something anyone can relate to, even though we are talking about a mother elephant 1. separated(separate)from her child.
　A video 2. recording(record) the reunion between the elephant and her 8-month-old baby in Kenya was one of the most impressive scenes. The baby fell inside a man-made hole and was unable to climb out, according to the video 3. released(release) by the Amboseli Trust for Elephants. Despite the best efforts 4. made(make)by her desperate mother, the baby seemed helpless until a team of workers rushed 5. to help(help). They had to drive the overprotective mother away first, so that they could get close enough 6. to rescue(rescue)the baby with ropes and a vehicle. ?
　Luckily, the workers managed 7. to pull (pull)the baby to safety. What followed was a 8. touching(touch)scene. As soon as the baby was freed, it ran away across the plain. In the distance, the cries of her mother could be heard as she came 9. running (run)from the opposite direction. The two were reunited, 10. hugging (hug) each other with their trunks. ?
Extended reading & Project
1. show off 显示, 展示; 炫耀, 卖弄; 使夺目, 衬托
*This year’s “Space” theme was truly excellent and showed off all of the students’ creative talent.
今年的“空间”主题非常精彩, 充分展示了同学们的创作才华。
*I had to stand in for her on Tuesday when she didn’t show up. 她周二没来, 我只好顶替她。
*Would you show me around? 你可以带我参观一下吗?
【词块积累】
show sb. around 　　　 带某人参观
show up 暴露, 显露; 来到, 露面
show sb. in/out 带某人进来/出去
【知识延伸】链接“v. +up”型短语
build up 　　　　 增强
bring up 抚养, 养育
keep up 保持; 跟上
take up 占据; 开始从事
turn up 出现; 开大
cut up 切碎
come up 走近; 被提到
look up 查阅; 向上看
cheer up (使)高兴起来
pick up 拾起; 接载; 学会
(1)语法填空。
①It’s bad manners to show off your wealth before others.
② Show the visitor in as soon as he arrives. Don’t make him wait around in the corridor.
③When her dinner partner showed up, she also pulled up a chair.
④Before you start to work, I’ll show you around/round the factory.
(2)The fingerprints on the glass show up(显现出来)due to the sunlight. ?
(3)Many small children like to show off (炫耀) in front of the guests. ?
(4)The guide showed the tourists around(带游客参观了) Tian’anmen Square and the Palace Museum yesterday. ?
2. involve vt. 牵涉, 影响; 包含; (使)参加
*I had to ask myself, “Is there some evil involved in science? ”
我不得不问自己: “科学里是不是有罪恶? ”
*Greetings in Asian countries do not involve touching the other person, but they always involve the hands.
亚洲人打招呼是不接触他人身体的, 但经常会用到手。
*I’d like to involve you more in dealing with clients.
我想让你进一步参与同客户的交易。
*Does your work involve a lot of paper filing and typing?
你的工作是不是涉及很多文件入档案和打字的工作?
【词块积累】
(1)involve sb. in (doing) sth. 　 使某人参与(做)某事; 使某人牵扯到某事中
involve doing sth. 包括做某事; 参与做某事
(2)involved adj. 复杂的; 有牵连的, 有关的
get/be involved in 被卷入……之中; 热衷于, 专心于
involved作前置定语时, 意为“复杂的”; 作后置定语时, 意为“涉及的”。如the involved story 复杂的故事, the people involved所涉及的人。
语法填空。
①Doctors have worked out chart showing how much stress is involved in various events.
There was a serious incident involving(involve) a group of youths.
=There was a serious incident with a group of youths involved(involve).
3. credit n. 赞扬, 认可; 信用 vt. 存入金额; 把……归于
*Of course, if we make good things, it is not only to the credit of science; it is also to the credit of the moral choice which led us to good work. 当然, 如果我们做了善事, 不仅归功于科学, 还归功于引导我们行善的道德选择。
*Much of the team’s success can be credited to their manager. 这个队的成功在很大程度上要归功于他们的经理。
*Most new cars are bought on credit. 大多数新车是赊购的。
*I can’t take all the credit for the show’s success — it was a team effort.
这个节目的成功不能全归功于我——那是团队的努力。
【词块积累】
to sb. ’s credit 　　　 为某人增光; 值得赞扬
on credit 赊账
credit card 信用卡
get /take credit for 因……而出名, 获得荣誉
give sb. credit for 为……而称赞某人
写出下列句子中credit的汉语释义。
①Giving public credit to someone who has earned it is the best leadership technique in the world. 赞扬
②Word that I was trustworthy and hard-working got around town. A local clothing store offered me credit although I was only in seventh grade. 赊账
③The library has lockers for students to store course literature. When you have obtained at least 40 credits, you may rent a locker. 学分
④It was hard to credit some of the stories we heard about her. 信任; 相信
⑤He is a great young man who is a credit to his family and to his school. 为…增光
⑥What’s the credit limit on your credit card? 信用额度
4. ignorance n. 无知; 愚昧
*The scientist has a lot of experience with ignorance and doubt and uncertainty, and this experience is of great importance.
科学家经常会经历无知、怀疑和不确定, 而这种经历是十分重要的。
*They fought a long battle against prejudice and ignorance.
他们同偏见与无知进行了长期的斗争。
*We cannot afford to ignore their advice.
我们不能不考虑他们的劝告。
*At that time I was ignorant of events going on elsewhere.
那时我并不了解其他地方发生的事情。
【词块积累】
ignore advice/danger/facts 不听劝告/不顾危险/不顾事实
be ignorant of 不了解, 不清楚, 不知道
ignorant adj. 无知的; 愚昧的
Last week a tennis ball hit me on the head, but I tried to ignore(ignore) the pain, believing that it would go away sooner or later. ?
2.That unsuitable remark exposed his ignorance(ignore) of the subject.
3. Some people always do everything they like, but are ignorant(ignore) of others’ feelings.
5. take it for granted 想当然地认为; 认为……是理所当然
*Now, we scientists take it for granted that it is perfectly possible to live and not know.
现在, 我们科学家理所当然地认为, 活在世上并对许多事情不了解是完全合乎事理的。
*But often they just pass by, taking the human traffic signal for granted. 但是大多数情况下, 他们(司机)开着车就过去了, 把人体交通标志视为理所当然。
【词块积累】
take. . . seriously 　　　　　　　认真对待……
take. . . into consideration 把……考虑在内
take it easy 轻松点
take one’s time 慢慢来, 不紧张
语法填空。
1.We take having an endless supply of clean water for granted.
2.Don’t take what she said seriously(serious)—she was only teasing.
3.There is no hurry. You can take your time(慢慢来)doing your homework. ?
4.“Just take it easy. (放轻松)”, doctor said. “You’ll feel better presently. ”?
6. permit vt. &vi. 允许, 准许, 许可; 使有可能 n. 许可证
*Visitors are not permitted to take photographs.
参观者请勿拍照。
*We hope to visit the cathedral, if time permits.
如果时间允许, 我们希望能参观一下主教堂。
*She took the car without permission.
她未经许可擅自使用了汽车。
*He asked permission to leave the room.
他请求准许离开房间。
【词块积累】
(1)permit doing sth. 　　　　允许做某事
permit sb. to do sth. 允许某人做某事
if time permits 如果时间允许
(2)permission n. [U]允许, 许可, 批准
have permission to do sth. 获得许可做某事
with one’s permission/with the permission of sb. 在某人的许可/准许下
without permission 未经许可

(1)语法填空。
①We do not permit smoking (smoke) in the office.
②It was announced that only when the fire was under control would the residents be permitted(permit) to return to their homes. ?
③We’ll have a picnic at the beach, weather permitting (permit).
④As a punishment, she was not permitted to attend(attend) any school activities. ?
⑤I’ll see you after the meeting, if time permits(permit).
(2)In our school, no student can go out of the classroom without permission(未经许可). ? ?
7. declare vt. 表明, 宣称; 公布, 宣布; 申报
*It is our responsibility as scientists, knowing the great progress that is the fruit of freedom of thought, to declare the value of this freedom, to teach how doubt is not to be feared but to be welcomed and discussed; and to demand this freedom as our duty to all coming generations. 作为科学家, 我们明白巨大进步来源于思想自由, 因此, 我们有责任宣扬这种自由的价值, 有责任教育人们不必害怕疑问, 而应对此持欢迎态度并展开讨论, 有责任确保我们的后代都享有这种自由。
*The company declared that it would recall the machines under guarantee. 这个公司表明会召回那些在保修期内的机器。
*Germany declared war on France on 1 August 1914.
德国在1914年8月1日向法国宣战。
【词块积累】
declare sth. /sb. to be/as 　　　 宣布……为……
declare that-clause 宣布/宣称……
declare war (on/against. . . ) (向……)宣战
declare the meeting open/closed 宣布大会开幕/闭幕
(1)declare指正式地、明确地向公众“宣布; 宣告; 声明”, 侧重“当众”发表, 多用于宣战、议和、宣判等。
(2)announce指正式地“公开; 发表; 宣布”, 侧重“预告”人们所关心或感兴趣的事情, 尤指新闻之类的消息。
(1)选词填空(declare/announce)。
①The school office announced that the sports meeting would be put off.
②An Italian physician has declared that he wants to be the first to clone a human being.
(2)The teacher declared him (to be/as) our monitor. ?
老师宣布他为我们的班长。
(3)The country had no other choice but to declare war on their enemy. ?
这个国家没有其他选择, 不得不向他们的敌人宣战。
(4)On August 5, our headmaster declared the sports meet open.
8月5日, 我们的校长宣布运动会开幕。
长难句分析
(1)When we look at any question deeply enough, we feel the excitement and mystery coming to us again and again. (宾语补足语)?
译文: 当我们足够深入地看待任何问题时, 我们就会感到一次又一次的兴奋和神秘。
(2)With more knowledge comes(谓语) a deeper, more wonderful mystery, inspiring one to look deeper still(现在分词作结果状语)(倒装句). ?
译文: 知识越多, 谜团就越深, 越奇妙, 越能激励人去看得更深。
(3)Never concerned that the answer may let us down(状语), with pleasure and confidence we turn over each new stone to find unimagined strangeness(主句) leading on to more wonderful questions and mysteries(现在分词作结果状语). ?
译文: 我们从不担心这个(问题的)答案会让我们失望, 带着愉悦和信心, 我们翻开每一块新的石头, 发现无法想象的陌生感, 带来更多奇妙的问题和谜团。 Book?3? Unit?4?短语荟萃
refer/r?'f??(r)/?to?查阅,参考;提到，谈及(44)
speed?up?(使)加速(45)
pay?off?成功，奏效，达到目的(45)
through?trial?and?error反复试验(45)
by?accident?偶然,意外地(48)
with?a?bang?很成功；引人注目，有强烈影响(51)
let?sb?down?使某人失望(54)
as?to?关于，至于(54)
take?it?for?granted?/'ɡrɑ?nt?d/??想当然地认为，认为…是理所当然(54)
put?forward?提出,提议,建议(55)
（2）课本中其它短语（102）
a?desire?for?truth?(p.43)?对真理的渴望
the?school?Science?Festival?学校科学节
make?a?fact?file?制作纪实文案
make?a?difference?有影响，有作用
A?Brief?History?of?Time?时间简史
a?life-saving?medicine?(p.44)?救命药
fight?against?与……作斗争，反对……
in?human?history?在人类历史上
thanks?to?幸亏，由于
a?greatly?increased?chance?of?survival?生存的机会大大增加
after?graduation?毕业之后
the?Academy?of?Traditional?Chinese?Medicine?中国中医药研究院
acquire?a?broad?knowledge?博学，获得广博的知识
in?the?1960s?在20世纪60年代
die?of?死于
a?cure?for?……的疗法
produce?any?promising?results?产生有希望的结果
at?a?low?temperature?(p.45)?在低温下
work?day?and?night?日夜工作
the?trials?on?patients?对病人的试验
have?sufficient?safety?data?有足够的安全数据
volunteer?to?do?sth?志愿做某事
a?key?part?of?……关键的部分
draw?on凭借;利用;动用;（时光）渐渐过去
(be)beneficial?to?对……有好处
win?a?Nobel?Prize?(p.46)获得诺贝尔奖
in?one’s?opinion?在某人看来
great?potential?for?future?advances?(p.47)?未来发展潜力巨大
make?good?use?of?好好利用
conduct?research?进行研究
the?survival?rate?存活率
explain?a?term?解释一个术语
a?world-changing?discovery?(p.48)?一个改变世界的发现
come?from?unlikely?sources来自不太可能的来源
be?considered?to?be?被认为是
perform?some?tests?进行一些测试
treat?wounds?治疗伤口
catch?the?attention?of?引起…的注意
mass?production大量生产；成批生产
far?from?the?truth?绝非真实
get?sth?started?开始某事
win?an?award?(p.49)?获奖
work?out?想出，得到；解出；发生，进展，圆满结束；锻炼
a?silk?ribbon?丝带
on?a?stormy?day?在一个暴风雨天
a?deadly?electric?shock?致命的电击
theory?of?continental?drift?大陆漂移理论
the?eastern?coastline?of?South?America?南美洲东部海岸线
fit?together?组合在一起
put?forward?提出，推荐
the?driving?force?动力，驱动力，推动力
come?up?(p.50)?上来；走近；被提及，被讨论；即将发生，即将到来，突然发生；上市；升起；开庭审理
take?an?interest?in?对…感兴趣
develop?skills?培养技能
take?part?in?the?workshop?参加讨论会
hand?in?上交
a?well-known?scientist?著名的科学家
take?notes?记笔记
as?brief?as?possible?尽可能简洁
go?off?(p.51)进行，进展；离开；对…不再喜欢，失去对…的兴趣；爆炸，开火；停止运转，（灯）灭了；变质，坏掉
amazing?fun?非常有趣
In?Thursday's?Science?Workshop?在周四的科学研讨会上
with?great?interest?怀着极大的兴趣
get?a?taste?of?尝一尝，体味……
live?in?outer?space?生活在外层空间
The?Science?Fair?科学博览会
look?like?a?space?station??看起来像空间站
a?huge?success?巨大的成功
due?to?由于，因为
hold?a?Science?Festival?(p.52)举办科学节
give?a?lecture?on?做……的讲座
move?smoothly?平稳地移动，进展顺利
work?on?the?atomic?bomb?(p.53)研究原子弹
put?one’s?future?at?risk?置前途于危险之中
(be)involved?in?卷入，涉及，参与
put?another?way?换句话说
devote?oneself?to?致力于
to?the?credit?of?science?科学的功劳，归功于科学
lead?sb?to?good?work?带领某人做好工作
an?enabling?power?促进力量
do?either?good?or?bad?做好事或坏事
intellectual?enjoyment?(p.54)?智力享受
again?and?again?一次又一次
turn?over?（使）翻转，翻身；细想；移交，交托
unimagined?strangeness不可思议的怪事
lead?on?to?引向，引起，导致
turn?to?转向；翻到；求助于
in?some?doubt?有点怀疑
out?of?a?deep?and?strong?struggle?against?authority?在与权威的激烈斗争中
in?the?early?days?of?science?在科学的早期
leave?room?for?doubt?给怀疑留出空间
permit?sb?to?do?sth?允许某人做某事
the?fruit?of?freedom?of?thought?思想自由的果实
in?different?fields?(p.55)?在不同领域
personal?information?个人信息
scientific?research?科学研究
published?works?已出版作品
the?theory?of?evolution?by?natural?selection?自然选择进化论
On?the?Origin?of?Species?论物种起源
make?up?one’s?mind下决心
the?Nobel?Prize?in?Physiology?or?Medicine?(p.56)?诺贝尔生理学或医学奖
be?awarded?to?sb?授奖给某人
金句集锦Reading?(P.44-45)
1.Tu Youyou has become?the first?female?scientist of the People's Republic of China?to receive?a Nobel Prize,?awarded for?her contribution to the fight against malaria,?one of the deadliest diseases?in human?history.?
屠呦呦成为中华人民共和国首位获得诺贝尔奖的女科学家，她获奖是因为她为抗击疟疾所做出的贡献——疟疾是人类历史上最致命的疾病之一。
2.Born?in 1930, in Ningbo, Zhejiang Province, Tu studied medicine at university in Beijing between 1951 and 1955.
1930年，屠呦呦出生于浙江宁波，1951年至1955年，屠呦呦在北京读大学，学习药学。（过去分词短语开头作状语）
3.She completed further training courses in traditional Chinese medicine,?acquiring?a broad knowledge of?both traditional Chinese medicine and Western medicine.
她完成了中医领域的培训课程深造，获得了广泛的中西医知识。
（acquiring引出现在分词短语作状语。）
4.In the 1960s, many people?were dying of?malaria, and in 1969 Tu became?head of a team that intended to find?a cure for?the disease.
20世纪60年代，许多人死于疟疾，于是1969年屠呦呦担任了一个旨在找到疟疾疗法的小组组长。
5.When they failed to produce any?promising?results, Tu referred to the ancient books of traditional?Chinese medicine again.
当这些未能取得任何有希望的效果时，屠呦呦就再次查阅中医典籍。
6.They worked?day and night?and their health began to suffer?because of?the poor conditions, but they never gave up.他们夜以继日地工作，由于条件恶劣，他们的健康开始受损，但却从未放弃。
7.The trials on real patients?were likely to?be postponed because they did not have sufficient safety data.
由于没有足够的安全数据，对真人患者的试验可能会推迟。
8.In her Nobel Lecture, she encouraged scientists?to?further explore?the treasure house of?traditional Chinese medicine and?raise?it to a higher level.
在她的诺贝尔获奖演讲中，她鼓励科学家们进一步探索中医这座宝库，并让其更上一层楼。
9.Perhaps the next generation of scientists,?drawing on?the wisdom of traditional Chinese medicine, will indeed discover more medicines beneficial to human health care.也许下一代的科学家，汲取l传统中医的智慧，确实能发现更多有益于全世界医疗的药物。
P.47 10.However,?it was not until?the 1970s?that?Tu succeeded in discovering qinghaosu, after many failed experiments.
然而，直到20世纪70年代，屠呦呦经过多次失败的实验，才成功地发现了青蒿素。（however过渡，主体部分使用强调句型，内含not until短语。）
P.48 11.As?Louis Pasteur said, “Fortune favours the prepared mind.”
正如路易斯·巴斯德所说：“幸运眷顾有准备的人。”（引用名言）
P.49 12.The story goes like this:?Franklin had found lightning?interesting?for years,?believing?it was actually electricity.
故事是这样的：富兰克林多年来一直觉得闪电很有趣，认为它实际上是电。
13.However, some people questioned whether he had actually done the experiment, arguing that if he had really done it, he would have received a deadly electric shock.?
然而，一些人质疑他是否真的做了这个实验，认为如果他真的做了，他会受到致命的电击。
14.Whatever the truth,?Franklin?did make?contributions to the studies of electricity.
不管真相如何，富兰克林的确对电学的研究做出了贡献。
P.51 15.The most popular experiment was "Planets in a bottle",?in which?students tried to recreate the conditions of different planets inside glass bottles.
最受欢迎的实验是“瓶子里的行星”，学生们试图在玻璃瓶子里重现不同行星的状况。（非限制性定语从句）
16.The Science Festival has?proved?to be?a huge success?due to?all of the students’?hard work—it was a real team effort.
由于全体学生的努力，科学节取得了巨大的成功，这是一次真正的团队合作。
（proved做连系动词，构成主系表结构，success抽象名词具体化，变成可数名词，表示“成功的人/事”。）
Extended reading?(P.53-54)
17.Put another way, what is the value of the science I had long?devoted myself to—the thing I had loved—when I saw what terrible things it could do?
换言之，在我发现科学可能造成的恶果之后，我一直投身其中的科学——我曾经的挚爱——其价值何在？（Put another way“换句话说”起过渡作用，破折号中间内容起补充说明作用。）
18.Of course, if we make good things, it is?not only?to the credit of?science；it is?also?to the credit of?the moral choice which led us to good work.
当然，如果我们做了好事，不仅归功于科学，还归功于引导我们行善的道德选择。（not only...also关联）
19.With more knowledge?comes?a deeper, more wonderful mystery,?inspiring?one to look deeper still.?随新知而来的是更深刻、更精妙的奥秘，激励我们更深入地去探究。
20.Never concerned that?the answer may?let us down, with pleasure and confidence we?turn over each new stone?to find unimagined strangeness?leading on to?more wonderful questions and mysteries.
我们从不担心答案会令人失望，带着愉悦和信心，我们翻开每一块新的石头去发现意想不到的奇妙，它们指向更多精妙的问题与奥秘。
21.The scientist has a lot of experience with ignorance and doubt and uncertainty,?and this experience is?of great importance.
科学家经常会经历无知、怀疑和不确定，而这种经历非常重要。
22.When?a scientist doesn't know the answer to a problem, he is ignorant.?When?he has an idea?as to?what the result is, he is uncertain.?And when?he is pretty sure of what the result is going to be, he is still in some doubt.
当科学家不知道某个问题的答案时，他是无知的。当他对于结果是什么有主意时，他是不确定的。当他非常确信结果将会怎样时，他仍旧有所怀疑。
23.Now, we scientists?take it for granted that?it is perfectly possible to live and not know.
如今，我们科学家理所当然地认为，生而有所不知是完全有可能的。
24.It is our responsibility?as scientists, knowing the great?progress?that?is the fruit of freedom of thought,?to declare?the value of this freedom,?to teach?how doubt is not to be feared but to be welcomed and discussed,?and to?demand?this freedom as our duty to all coming generations.
作为科学家我们深知伟大的进步是思想自由的成果，我们有责任闸明这种自由的价值；我们有责任教导人们怀疑不可怕，它值得欢迎和探讨；我们更有责任强烈要求拥有这一自由，这就是我们对后世的义务。