2012中考英语完形填空解题策略指导与实例演练

2012中考英语完形填空解题策略指导与实例演练
Chapter I Cloze Test
完形填空
一、解题策略指导
完形填空（Cloze test）是初中英语试题中必考题型。完形填空主要测试学生在具体语言环境中对文章的篇章结构、中心思想、推理判断、词语辨析、习惯用法、固定搭配等方面的能力要求，及对所学英语的综合运用能力、快速阅读理解能力及逻辑推理判断能力等。这种题型归纳起来有如下特点：
1．在整份试卷中所占的分值较重，占10—15％，短文长度一般在130—200个单词左右。
2．降低了对单词本身的考查要求，重点考查考生对短文的整体理解，上下文的段落衔接，情理分析及推理判断能力。
　　3．针对初中学生的实际水平，一般采用故事类、说明类短文，尽量避免专业性太强的文章或论文体。近年来出现了以意义选择为主、语法选择逐渐减少的趋势。
完形填空有多种形式，但它在基本设计原则上都是一致的。形式都是从短文中抽去若干个词或短语，让考生根据上下文填入适当的词或短语，为了有助于考生填入适当的词，可以提供四个答案（其中包括一个正确答案），让考生选出正确的答案；从所给的单词中，选择适当的词并用其正确形式填空；也可以给出单词首字母作提示将短文补全；也可以不给考生提供任何线索，完全凭借考生对文章的理解和现有的语言能力完成。最常见的还是选择型的完形填空。
抽词的办法可以是有针对性地抽取，也可以是随机地抽取。但目前比较流行的是对文章理解能力的考查，而不是单纯对语法结构的考查。
　　完形填空要求考生不仅要会运用自己学过的词汇和语法知识妥善地处理好每个单句，理解语义，还要处理好单句之间以及单句与全文之间的内在关系，选出适当的词填上，使文章完整与通顺。
　　完形填空题要求填入的词主要有：构成各种时态和用法区别的动词及短语动词；名词和介词；根据上下文意思及结构必须填入的形容词、副词、代词和连词；同义词、近义词等易混词。考查以实词为主，兼顾虚词和语法结构。难点主要集中在根据上下文作正确判断的词的用法上。
　　在做完形填空题时，通常先弄清语境，并依据上下文进行合理的分析、判断，才能作出恰当的选择。具体可分为以下三步：
　　1. 通览全文，了解大意
　　答题时，应先越过空档，通读全文，理顺题意，找出信息词。这是做好完形填空题的关键。因为完形填空的特点是着眼于整体理解。我们如果把短文比作环环相扣的链条，那么由于空格的设置，“链条”从第二句起有些地方就脱节了。有些同学习惯于提笔就填或边读边填，急于求成，然而，欲速则不达，结果往往由于“只见树木不见森林”而事倍功半。因此我们应该依据首句给的启示，通过逻辑思维，借助短文中关键词所提供的信息，越过空档，尽快把全文读完，建立语言的整体感，帮助我们了解短文大意。
　　2. 综合考虑，先易后难
　　通览全文后，认真观察选项，瞻前顾后，仔细推敲，逐项选定。经过通读全文，对短文有了整体印象。在此基础上，可以根据全文大意，展开逻辑思维，分析这一空格处在句中的地位，前后的关系和它所起的作用，确定最佳答案。遇到困难，暂放一边，先易后难，这是解题之道。当遇到难以判断的空档时，不妨先放一边，继续往下做。因为有些答案是必须通过下文的理解后才能作出断定的。有时，前后信息之间还有相互提示作用。因此，当我们遇到难题时，不能久久停留于此，这样会浪费不必要的时间。
　　3. 复读检验，消除疏漏
　　完成所有空档后，还要再次通读全文，看看这时的短文行文是否流畅，意义是否连贯，逻辑关系是否合理。复查时，可从语法入手，检查一下句子的时态、主谓一致、代词的性、数、格以及词语的搭配等是否正确。凡遇疑点，必须根据文章的中心思想，从意义、语法的角度来仔细权衡，加以改正，弥补疏漏。
二、范例解析引路
例一：
　　Every year students in many countries learn English. Some of these students are children, __1__ students are young people. Why do all these people want to learn__2__ It is not__3__to answer this question. Many boys and girls learn English at school. It is one of their __4__. Many people learn English because it is__5__in their work. Some young people learn English__6__their higher studies because some of their books are__7__English. Other people learn English because they want to __8__newspapers in English. Some people learn English because they want to __9__ in the USA, England or Australia. English is very__10__in our life.
　　1. A. all B. the other 　C. both D. other
　　2. A. English B. Chinese 　C. maths D. Japanese
　　3. A. hard B. easy C. good D. nice
　　4. A. books B. classes　C. schools D. subjects
　　5. A. good B. useful C. fine D. pleased
　　6. A. for B. of C. to D. from
　　7. A. in B. with C. at D. of
　　8. A. look B. see C. look at D. read
　　9. A. go B. work C. like D. come
　　10. A. help B. helping　C. helps D. helpful
　　首先，通览全文。通过通览全文，便知本文讲述许多人学习英语。学习英语的人年龄不同，目的各异。其次，本着先易后难的原则开始填空，先根据上下文和自己的语感，推测部分空格的可能答案。然后，再结合选项逐一敲定。
　　1. 选B。some...other(s)...意思是“一些……另一些(泛指)”； some...the other(s)...意思是“一些……另一些(特指)”。由语境可知，在学英语的学生中，除一部分是孩子外，剩余的是青年人(特指)。
　　2. 选A。根据上下文可知是English。
　　3. 选B。由文章内容来看，人们学习英语的原因多种多样，因此回答为什么那么多人学习英语这个问题并不容易。
　　4. 选D。由常识可知，English是学生学习的科目(subject)之一。
　　5. 选B。根据前后文意可知许多人学习英语，那是因为English在他们的工作中很有用(useful)。
　　6. 选A。本题属于介词用法辨析。介词for在此可表示目的、原因。
　　7. 选A。in English是习惯搭配。
　　8. 选D。“读报”英语习惯说read newspapers。
　　9. 选B。根据语境及句子结构，有些人学习英语或想出国(go to a country)或想在这些国家工作(work in a country)。
　　10. 选D。末句点题，"英语在我们生活中是很有帮助的(helpful)"。
　　最后，复读检验。将所有答案代入空格后，重新将短文复读一遍，如果语句通顺，语意清楚，便结束本题，转做其它试题。
　　最后须提醒大家一点，做好完形填空题并非一日之功。我们应从平日学习中做起，多积累，勤学苦练，方可成功！
例二：
parent, tell, call, celebrate, together, why, start, after, shop, newspaper
Most people buy lots of presents just before Christmas. But some people think we buy too much. They have started a special day (1) _______ Buy Nothing Day. They don’t want anyone to go (2) _______ on that day. Buy Nothing Day is November 29. It is (3) _______ Thanksgiving. Often, before Christmas we see many ads in (4) _______ and on TV (5) _________ us to “buy, buy, buy!” The idea for Buy Nothing Day (6) _______ in Vancouver, Canada. Now people all over the world (7) _______ Buy Nothing Day. In California, the US, (8) _________ and children get (9) _______ to read stories, sing songs, and draw pictures. The children talk about (10) _______ they don’t need a lot of toys.?
本文是向考生介绍一个特殊的日子——Buy Nothing Day，因此第1空应填called。既然是Buy Nothing Day，那就应该是不让人们“购物 (go shopping)”。第3空考查常识，Buy Nothing Day的日期是November 29，应该在Thanksgiving之后，故此空白处应填after。“看见广告”通常应在报纸上或电视上，因此第4空白处应填newspapers。结合文意可知第5空白处应填写一个动词，并且能用动词不定式作复合宾语，此动词应是tell，此处应用“动词-ing”形式，即telling。 第6空白处所在的句子是介绍Buy Nothing Day的起源，是过去的事情，应用started。现在，世界各地也像庆祝其他节日一样来庆祝Buy Nothing Day，因此第7个空白处应填写celebrate (庆祝)。第8空白处应填parents与children对应。第9空白处应填together与动词get构成get together短语，意思是“团聚”。第10空白处应填why来澄清“they don’t need a lot of toys”的原因。
三、实践评估自测
Section One
Fill in the blanks with the right forms of the proper words in the box. Each word should be used only once.
(1)
agree, leave, pay, taste, as, thank, place, thief, polite, come
You’ve finished eating a (1)_______ meal in a British restaurant and the bill has been paid. But why are people giving more money Are they mad Not at all. They’re (2)_______ a tip.
A tip is a small amount of money that you give to someone to say “thank you” for good service. Tipping is very common in many (3)_______ in Britain. For example, it’s common to tip in restaurants, taxis, hotels and even hairdressers! People give 10 to 15 per cent of the final bill (4)_______ a tip. Sometimes the tip is added to the bill. Other times you leave the money after having (5)_______.
These days, it can be (6)_______ not to give a tip. It’s normal now to tip people even you haven’t had good service! This new custom has (7)_______ from America. Tipping like this has only been in Britain for the last 20 years.
Lots of British people do not (8)_______ with this. Once, British people would only tip if they had very good service.
British people also tip other people, like window cleaners and the postman as a way of (9)_______ them for doing a good job. People usually do this at a special time of the year, such as Christmas. This is an old British custom.
Some people think the word “tip” comes from a slang(行话) word used by (10)_______ a long time ago in Britain. Then, “tip” meant “to pass one form another”.
(2)
sleep, quick, others, visit, relax, last, possible, weather, popular, either
Each year most Americans take vacations, which are short breaks from work or school. Vacations usually (1) _________ for one or two weeks, and most people take vacations in the summer time because of the nice (2)_________. Families will often drive in their cars to the destination(目的地). On the other hand, if the vacation spot is far away, a plane ride is the (3)__________ way to travel. Many Americans take their vacations at (4)_________ the beach or in the mountains. Other (5)_________ places to vacation include Disney World, resorts, large cities of the USA, or National Parks. Some families enjoy camping, which means that they will (6)_________ in tents or trailers(房式活动车). Other families prefer to rent hotel rooms, cabins, or beach homes. Vacations are intended(有意义的) for relaxation and fun, so Americans choose their vacations based on what they enjoy most. Some people want to spend their time (7)________ by the pool and baking in the sun, while (8)__________ prefer to do as many activities and as much site-seeing as (9)___________. Year after year, Americans often return to the exact same vacation spot; However, some families enjoy (10)___________ new places each year. Nonetheless, a vacation is a great way not only to take a break from everyday life but also to make lasting memories with friends and family.
(3)
dead hit take happy with lonely
after pain since stop even allow
A pet is a lot more than just an animal who lives in your house. Pets can become part of your family. A pet can cheer you up when you’re (1) ________, or be your friend when you’re (2) ________. Your pet is an important part of your life. When that part of your life is gone, it can be (3) ________ and sad. It may feel like a member of your family has died.
Edna always hoped to come home from school to play with her dog Bell. Bell had been a part of Edna’s family (4) ________ Edna was a baby. She loved (5) ________ Bell for walks and playing catch with him. Bell (6) ________ to sleep on her bed. Bell was her best friend.
Then, one day when Edna came home from school, Bell was gone. Her mom told her that Bell was (7) ________ by a car. The girl was very sad. Her best friend (8) ________.
Sometimes pets die in accidents like Edna’s dog did. Other times pets are so sick or in so much pain that they won’t (9) ________ get better. They have to be “put to sleep”. This means that the vet, or animal doctor, will give your pet a shot that helps her die (10) ________ any pain at all.
This may seem like a terrible thing to do. But your pet is hurting. She will never stop hurting. It is nicer of you to let your pet sleep forever than to keep her alive and hurting all the time.
(4)
kid, name, out, sit, festival, make, everywhere, every, they, long
No matter what kind of music you like, in Germany you’ll find something to enjoy.
Music is very important to German people. One out of (1)______ four Germans plays a musical instrument(乐器) or sings in a group.
Many famous musical (2)______ are from Germany, like Johan Sebastian Bach, Luduing van Beethoven and Robert Schumann. (3)______ music is still played across the world.
This great past has (4)______ young people love music. Many German students have music lessons at school. They have lessons twice a week, for two or four hours each time. Piano lessons can be even (5)______!
What do children do in their music lessons Sit down and sing Some German music lessons are different. Students walk around and can try any instrument they like. Sometimes teachers ask them to listen to music and then act it (6)______.
Music is (7)______ in Germany. Don’t forget (8)______ for a while in a restaurant. You can enjoy light music there. Remember to visit a church or a square. There you can listen to people playing music. Many German (9)______ enjoy music with their parents. There are more than 100 music (10)______ in Germany each year.
(5)
quiet love beach little from build call side near century
For many years, Hawaii has been a magic name to people who like to travel. People on both (1)_______ of the Pacific Ocean in Japan and in America, dream of seeing these beautiful islands in the middle of the ocean. Their dreams always include at (2)_______ one scene of a sunset over the ocean. In the tropical lands, the sun drops like a ball of golden fire into the sea, and it drops so quickly that you can almost see it move. The sun leaves behind a glow that lights the skies in the (3)_______ water.
People often have a quiet, peaceful time — perfect for a leisurely walk along the water. This scene is not too different (4)_______ the dramatic beauty that greeted the first strangers to these islands (5)_______ ago. They were Polynesian people who came from Tahiti in canoes not much bigger than small boats.
They found the beautiful white sand (6)_______ and the waving palm trees, but there were no grand hotels like the ones we see nowadays. The first people came to Hawaii (7)_______ two thousand years ago but skyscraper hotels were only (8)_______ in the last 25 years. Now jet airplanes make it possible to fly to Hawaii for a weekend from Tokyo or San Francisco or Los Angeles. Wherever people come from, they really want to see the original beauty of Hawaii. They want to see the (9)_______ beaches and the mountains (10)_______ Diamond Head, which is almost hidden, by the tall hotels.
(6)
example, solve, feel ,teacher, happy, five, who, they, like, about
Police in Boston are teaching young children to stay away from drugs(毒品). The public schools invited 10 police officers to be (1) ______.
The goal is to make young children (2) ______ good about themselves. Police believe (3) ______ children will not want to use drugs.
Robert Tinker is one of the police officers (4) ______ teach. He teaches children in the (5) ______ grade. In his class, children play games and put on skits(表演短剧) (6) ______ drugs. The kids really enjoy (7) ______. Officer Tinker sets a good(8) ______ for the children. The children look up to Officer Tinker and want to be (9) ______ him when they grow up.
Making police officers into teachers is an unusual way to stop the use of illegal drugs. But police in Boston say they have succeeded in helping to (10) ______ the drug problem by teaching children.
(7)
danger, birth, on, late, send, family, success, fan, mean, how
Jackie Chan was born on April 7, 1954, in Hong Kong, China. His parents left mainland China for Hong Kong a short time before his (1)_______. His parents named him “Chan Kongsang”, which (2)_______ “born in Hong Kong”. They wanted to celebrate a safe trip to Hong Kong.
At first, Jackie’s (3)_______ lived in the French Embassy(大使馆). His father was a cook, and his mother was a house-keeper. When Jackie was seven years old, his family moved to Australia. His father got a job in the American Embassy. (4)_______, back in Hong Kong, Jackie’s father (5)_______ him to the China Drama Academy(中国戏剧学院). Jackie studied and worked 19 hours a day. The students practiced Kong Fu and learned (6)_______ to do many stunts(特技表演) there.
When Jackie was 17, he began to do (7)_______ stunts for films. In the early 1980s, Jackie went to Hollywood(好莱坞), but he wasn’t very (8)_______. He went (9)_______ to make films in Hong Kong and had great success. Finally, in 1995, Jackie Chan became famous in the United States. Today, Jackie Chan has both Chinese and American (10)_______, and his films make millions of dollars.
(8)
expensive, address, pocket, number, receive, like, much, work, remember, easy
PDAs are very useful. They are (1)_______ small computers. You can put a lot of information into them. For example, you can put in telephone (2)_______ and e-mail (3)_______. Many people use PDAs to (4)_______ important dates. Some of these super machines can even send and (5)_______ e-mails.
PDAs are small and convenient. A few years ago, they were (6)_______. Now, they are cheap. Many people use them at (7)_______ and at school. People can carry PDAs in their shirt (8)_______.
But, it’s important to be careful. These little machines are (9)_______ to lose. People put so (10)_______ important information into their PDAs. It’s really terrible to lose them.
(9)
every, use, when, mouth, life, ago, find, fun, because, one
If we knew when an earthquake was about to happen, then we could save many (1)_______. In fact, scientists do try to predict(预测) (2)_______ earthquake will happen. They know that earthquakes are regular(有规律的). A size 8 earthquake, for example, happens (3)_______ 8-10 years. (4)_______ of this, if they know when the last earthquake was in an area(地区), it is easy to work out when the next one will be. If the last one was seven years (5)_______, one might happen soon! In the past, people had (6)_______ ways of predicting earthquakes. Many people (7)_______ to think dogs acted strangely when one was coming. In 132 AD(公元), Zhang Heng of the Eastern Han Dynasty(东汉) made the (8)______ machine to predict earthquake. It was made of a ball and eight bronze(铜) frogs. When there was an earthquake, the ball would fall into one of the frogs’ (9)_______! Today, it is still very hard to know exactly when an earthquake will hit. But we do know where they will happen, as earthquakes are only (10)_______ along fault lines.
(10)
as way pay much cost have who decide kid probable
America seems like a very rich country too much of the world. In some (1)______ this is true. However, the (2)______ of living in America is very high. Even someone (3)______ is very careful with their money will (4)______ end up spending at least $1500 a month just to (5)______ their bills and eat. When you consider the fact that Americans (6)______ to save money to buy a house, a car, and pay for their (7)______ college education, you realize that it costs (8)______ to live in America. Americans still see their country (9)_______ a land of opportunity, and many believe that if they work hard and make the right (10)______, they can end up rich.
(11)
ski one tall find danger off climb use tie why
Extreme(极限的) sports are very new in America. They usually come from people trying the craziest things. Bungee jumping(蹦极跳) is a good example. Someone (1)_______ a bungee cord(绳索) to himself one day and jumped (2)_______ a very tall bridge. Bungee cords stretch a lot, so the person lived, but he took a big risk(冒险) to (3)_______ out if his idea would work. Another extreme sport is snowboarding. A (4)_______ decided to stand sideways on one piece of wood to get down the mountain instead of (5)_______ two skis. People like these (6)_______ sports because they are exciting. They often do them for “the rush” they get. The (7)_______ extreme sport might have been mountaineering, or mountain climbing. Sir Edmund Hillary, the first man to (8)_______ Mount Everest, gave another reason for doing something so dangerous. When asked (9)_______ he climbed the world’s (10)_______ mountain, he replied, “Because it was there.”
(12)
offer child especial movie fit pleasant free nothing if teacher
Americans watch a lot of television. Many people, (1)_______ doctors and teachers, think they watch too much. There are at least seven to ten (2)_______ channels in every city, and cable TV (3)_______ up to a hundred stations for around $40 dollars a month. Cable TV stations will often only show one thing: (4)_______, news, sports, entertainment news, financial(金融的) news, there are even stations that show (5)_______ but cooking shows. If you get a satellite TV, you can get 300-500 TV stations. (6)_______ you have time, you can watch every college and professional basketball game in the country. The effect on (7)_______ of this much television is especially troubling. (8)_______ complain that students neglect(忽视) their homework and do not read for (9)_______ any more, and doctors note that children who watch too much TV are often not physically (10)_______.
(13)
good or have buy easy city make other work use
Getting a phone in America is very easy. Almost every home (1)_______ not just one, but two (2)_______ three telephones. This has (3)_______ it very easy to for people to get internet access(接入) in there homes as well. Mobile phones are also (4)_______, but not as much, perhaps, as in the China’s big (5)_______. Young people like mobile phones because they can get in touch with friends (6)_______, but many adults only have them if they need them for (7)_______. Some people who value(重视) their privacy(隐私) don’t like cell phones because people can call them whenever they want. As mobile phones get (8)_______, and offer the ability(能力) to check email, sports scores, news and (9)_______ information, more and more people are (10)_______ and using mobile phones.
(14)
Some people think they have an answer to the (1) of automobile (汽车) crowding and dirty air in large cities. Their answer is the bicycle.
In a great many cities, hundreds of people ride bicycles to work every day. In New York City, some bicycle riders have even formed a group called Bike for a Better City. They claim (2)
if more people rode bicycles to work, there would be (3) automobiles, and therefore less dirty air.
For several years this group has been (4) to get the city government to help bicycle riders. For example, they want the city to draw special lanes (车道) – for bicycles only. Bike for a Better City feels that (5) there were special lanes, more people would use bikes.
However no bicycle lanes have been drawn. Not everyone thinks lanes are a good (6) . Taxi drivers do not (7) the idea – they say it will block traffic. Some store owners on the main streets do not like the idea – they say that if there is (8) traffic they will have less business. And most people live too far from downtown to travel by bike.
The city government has not yet decided (9) to do. It wants to keep everyone happy. On Sundays Central Park is closed to traffic, and the roads may be used by bicycles only. But Bike for a Better City says this is not enough and keeps (10) to get bicycle lanes downtown.
(15)
Dear Editor,
Why do newspapers (1) so many advertisements for electronic equipment Last Sunday I (2) ads for seven kinds of televisions and thirteen kinds of radios in the Atlanta Journal. Besides that, there were pages and pages of (3) for Citizens' Band radios and tape recorders.
Don't you realize what electronic equipment is doing to our daily (4) Everywhere you go you may hear loud music and advertisements over radios; this continual (5) is ruining (毁坏) our ears. Husbands don't talk to (6) any more; they are always watching the (7) or a ball game. Children ruin their eyes (not to mention their minds) with endless hours of watching not only the programs for children but those for grown-ups (8) well. And even (9) , hidden microphones find out about our private lives, and computers keep records of personal information about us. Enough is enough! I think you should limit (限制) the amount of advertising of electronic equipment in the Atlanta Journal. (10) it will make life unbearable for us all.
Jason Collins
Atlanta, Georgia
参考答案
Chapter I Cloze Test
Section One
(1)1. tasty 2. leaving 3. places 4. as 5. paid 6. impolite 7. come 8. agree 9. thanking 10. thieves
(2)1. last 2. weather 3. quickest 4. either 5. popular 6. sleep 7. relaxing 8. others 9. possible 10. visiting
(3)1. happy 2. lonely 3. pain 4. After 5. to take 6. allowed 7. hit 8. dead 9. even 10. stop
(4) 1. every 2. names 3. Their 4. made 5. longer 6. out 7. everywhere 8. to sit 9. kids 10. festivals
(5)1. sides 2. least 3. quiet 4. from 5. centuries 6. beaches 7. nearly 8. built 9. lovely 10. called
(6) 1. teachers 2. feel 3. happy 4. who 5. fifth 6. about 7. themselves 8. example 9. like 10. solve
(7)1. birth 2. means 3. family 4. Later 5. sent 6. how 7. dangerous 8. successful 9. on 10. fans
(8)1. like 2. numbers 3. addresses 4. remember 5. receive 6. expensive 7. work 8. pockets 9. easy 10. much
(9)1. lives 2. when 3. every 4. Because 5. ago 6. funny 7. used 8. first 9. mouths 10. found
(10)1. ways 2. cost 3. who 4. probably 5. pay 6. have 7. kids’ 8. much 9. as 10. decisions
(11)1. tied 2. off 3. find 4. skier 5. using 6. dangerous 7. first 8. climb 9. why 10. tallest
(12)1. especially 2. free 3. offers 4. movies 5. nothing 6. If 7. children 8. Teachers 9. pleasure 10. fit
(13)1. has 2. or 3. made 4. used 5. cities 6. easily 7. work 8. better 9. other 10. buying
(14)1. troubles 2. that 3. fewer 4. trying 5. if 6. idea 7. like 8. less 9. what 10. fighting
(15) 1. carry 2. counted 3. ads 4. life 5. noise 6. wives 7. news 8. as 9. worse 10. Or
little that fight idea trouble
what if like few try
noise bad wife as ads
news or count carry life